moldy corn

8/14/2019 MOLDY CORN

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OutbreakInvestigation ofAcute Sudden Death

Syndrome in Mule herdsof Udayapur 2063

Dr.Kedar Karki

Dr. Purnima Manandhar

Dr.Pragya Koirala


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Objective of Study

Identification of the possible cause of the

Syndrome.

To identify the causative agent involved.

To correlate similar outbreak

To Suggest the possible treatment and

prevention Methods.


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Material and Methods

Field investigation.

Laboratory investigation of the relevantsample.

Review of clinical and laboratory finding.


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s ory p em o ogy

The DLSO Udayapur reported

the periodic acute sudden

death of total 31 adult mules ina herd of 900, during May

October,2006


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History: SymptomsReported before death

Increased respiratory rate,

Trembling, Tremor,Excessive , Sweating,

Sudden death,


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Review of World wide

Epidemiology of Syndrome In 1995, 38 horses died to moldy corn poisoning in

Kentucky and Virginia (U.S.A).

From 1995-2004, 75 horses affected byneurological disorder in Norway due to feeding of

moldy silage

Purdue Indiana,(U.S.A.)1/6 horse died due tomoldy corn poisoning from1997-2004


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World wide Epidemiology of

syndrome

Southern Brazil (spring of 1996) 3 males and 1 female; died (3 to 4 years

old thoroughbred horses) native grass supplemented with 2 kg of

corn/horse/day.


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syndrome

Brazil (1994)

41/58 died

caused by fumonisin concentration lowerthan 10 ppm.

Oaxaca, Mexico (1998) donkeys died showing a neurological

syndrome,


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syndrome

Iran (2003),

Equine Leukoencephalomalacia

Spain(1988)leukoencephalomalacia (eaten corn with a pinkish fungal

growth)

The fumonisins were discovered in 1988 following the1970 outbreak ofEquine Leukoencephalomalacia in

South Africa.


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World wide Epidemiologyof syndrome

North Carolina (1989)

white-tailed deer

Leukoencephalomalacia

moldy field corn (Fusarium moniliforme)


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Preliminary outbreak

InvestigationOn field investigation/ physical

examination

mule/horses - normal health, fed 20-25% cracked and moldy corn.


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Aspergillus affected Maize


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MOLDY CORN


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Moldy maiz


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Preliminary FieldInvestigation

Post-mortem examinationSevere congestion of liver, lung, spleen,

heart,Serosangqinus fluid in thoracic cavity.Hemorrhage in stomach mucosa.

Preliminary cause of sudden death wassuspected for moldy grain poisoning.


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Samples for Laboratoryfrom dead/healthy mule

Bacteriologicalexamination

Nasal swab, blood (healthy mules)

Histopathology examination

Liver, lung, spleen, heart tissue

Parasitological examination

Blood, Fecal samples (healthy mules)


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Samples for Laboratoryfrom dead/healthy mule

Toxicological analysis

Liver, lung, spleen, heart, intestine (dead)

Serological examination

Serum (healthy mules)

Mycological culture

Feed grains: Maize, Gram


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Result and Discussion

Bacteriological culture of tissue specimen,

swab blood - revealed no growth of any bacteria.

Blood parasite - Negative.

Chemical toxin in tissue Negative

Intestinal parasite - Mixed Stongyles spp.


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Laboratory Investigation:

Results

Penicillium, Aspergillus, Candida sppon mycological media (CVL).

60-110 CFU/gm Penicillium coloniesrecorded in feed samples.

(Department of Food Tech and Quality

Control Kathmandu)


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Unacceptably High Fungal Levels

Identified in Horse Feeds

Common fungus

(Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium) Equine feed

(proposed limit of 104 cfu per gram).


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The Mycobiota and Toxicity of

Equine Feeds

Feed mould counts -


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Mycoflora of the toxic feeds associated withmoldy corn poisoning in equine outbreaks

in Brazil

The Mycoflora of 39 feed samples associated with29 EquineLeukoencephalomalacia (ELEM)outbreaks was studied from in Brazil. mostfrequent mold which occurred Fusarium spp. in

97.4% of samples followed by Penicillium spp. in61.5% and Aspergillusspp. in 35.9%, (1988 to1990,)


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Molds, Mycotoxins and Their Effect

on Horses

Pasture grasses, hay, grain, straw and stubble can

all support the growth of various fungi.

Aspergillus,Claviceps, Stachybotrys, Fusarium

and Penicillium. Ontario Canada (September2003 )


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Horse Feed Recall Affects East

Coast U.S.A.

The products might contain an ingredient

with an unacceptably high level of

aflatoxin. Aflatoxins are a form of

mycotoxins, and are secondary

metabolites produced by Aspergillus spp.

fungi. by: Erin Ryder, TheHorse.comNews Editor

May 05 2008, Article # 11810


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Histopathological changes

Liver Fatty degeneration of hepatocytes Mononuclear cells infiltration in the form of

few nodules.

Lungs

Perivascular cuffing Infiltration of mononuclear cells in the formof nodules.


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Histopathological changes

Kidney

Deep medullary region reveals infiltrationof mononuclear cells.

Spleen

The number of white cells seems to be

increased in the area of white pulp.Suggestive ofchronic/viral disease.

(C.V.L.Patholigy Unit)


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Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory

Purdue University

Histological description of hepatocytes necrosisand vacuolization with bile duct proliferation ismore characteristic of poisoning by themycotoxins, Aflatoxins, also produced primarily

by Aspergillus sp. molds. In many species otherthan horses, fumonisin does cause liver damage,however in horses, the lesions are primarily in thebrain and can often be seen at post-mortem andhistologically..

Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory


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Animal Disease Diagnostic LaboratoryPurdue University

It is unfortunate that there still is not a post-mortem test for fumonisins in tissues and that westill must rely on analysis of feed for confirmationof the presence of fumonisins.

Steve Hooser

Stephen B. Hooser, DVM, PhD, DABVT

Head, Toxicology Sect. & Asst. Director,

Animal Disease Diagnostic LaboratoryPurdue University


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Cardiovascular change with

Moldy corn poisoning

Interfere the metabolism of fat -sphingolipids.

Increased serum, sphingolipids, decreased cardiac

function preceding neurological signs.

Uncontrolled dilatation of blood vessels ofbrain,swelling,increased itracranial pressure, brain

damage


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Laboratory Investigation:

Results

Serum sample-

Revealed positive for Japanese's

Encephalitis (Elisa)


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Treatment and Control Measure

advised

Advised for proper drying of grain before

feeding.

Commercial toxin binders, (Varishta,

Toxicurb) @ 1kg/tone of grain for 15days

along with Liver tonic, (Hepatocare,bioliv),

Immunomodulaters, (immunocare),

Promin,Vitamin B complex).


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Final Diagnosis

Moldy Corn Poisoning in Mule

Situation Today- Mortality under control

1200 mules plying on Udayapur Khotang

Rout


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Conclusion Findings of this investigation indicates that moldy feed

grains and ingredients are infested with toxic fungus isemerging as a new health hazard for livestock andpoultry. Seasonal prevalence of mycobiota of feed

forage need to be assessed.

Simultaneous use of toxinbinder,adaptogen likelivertonic,mineralmixture and Immunomodulaters drugspromises to help in minimizing health risk in livestock

and poultry production should be looked into.


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Acknowledgement Dr.Rebatiman Shrestha, Dr.Sadananda Deo, Dr.Ganesh Raj Panta, Dr.Salina Manandhar, Dr.Vinaya Kumar Karna, Dr.Keshab P.Shah, Dr.Shanker Yadav Mr.Sonfi Shah, Mr. .B.B.Kunwar,

Mr.Tek B.Air. Mr.Gyan B.Bogti. Mr.Samir Gurung Polchem Hygiene lab Pune Mr.Nishant Bhattarai Varsha Multi tech.Banglore

For their contribution in Field and laboratory investigation and

control of this disease syndrome


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moldy corn

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