mondo tb1206
TRANSCRIPT
Low Oil Absorption Talc for High Solids Coatings
Technical Bulletin 1206
Contents
2 Mondo Minerals B.V. . Technical Bulletin 1206
Abstract
High solids coatings are one solution of the paint
industry to solve the emission problem of volatile
organic compounds (VOC) in the paint formulations.
A lot of attention has been given to develop new
binder systems that have low solvent emissions (VOC)
with good application and protection properties. New
generation binders are low molecular weight and
low viscosity resins with low pigment binding power
and so they set new requirements for pigments and
extenders.
Traditionally talc is the preferred extender in protective
coatings due to its’ good barrier and anti-corrosion
properties. The high oil absorption value of a conven-
tional type of talc makes it difficult to get low enough
VOC-content in modern protective coatings. New, low
oil absorption, talc extender with controlled top size
has been developed in response to this challenge. This
new talc product is based on pure, macro-crystalline
talc ore which means good barrier and corrosion
protection due to high platyness and hydrophobic
character of the talc. What is unique is the optimized
particle size distribution for high solid coatings. The
coarse fraction is sharpened is such a way that the
fineness of grind requirements are met. The fines con-
tent is also reduced to lower the resin demand to the
level that enables the production of VOC-compliance
coatings. This paper demonstrates how the solid
content and pigment volume concentration (PVC) in
the solvent based protective coating can be increased
without increasing the viscosity and at the same time
anti-corrosion properties of coating are also improved.
Content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Talc.as.mineral.filler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Talc.grades.used.in.the.study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Description.of.experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Results.and.discussions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
First.test.series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Second.test.series.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3Mondo Minerals B.V. . Technical Bulletin 1206
Introduction
One of the most important development targets in the
paint and coating industry for many years has been
to reduce the volatile organic compounds (VOC) in
the formulations. The development of high solids and
water based coatings has been an attempt to reduce
VOC emissions. In the movement towards low VOC
solvent borne coatings, little attention has been given
to pigmentation. With a new generation of polymer
binders adequate pigmentation is absolutely necessa-
ry to provide a paint film with necessary optical and
protective properties. In these new developments
extenders became more specific and more functio-
nal than before. In the sectors of metal protection,
maintenance and marine coatings, all developments
tendencies are towards low VOC systems. However,
official international VOC limits for the products for
such applications are absent [1]. The European Unions
(EU) paint product directive, 2004/42/EC, concerns
decorative paints, varnish, wood stains and vehicle
repair paints, but not other industrial coatings. The
current VOC-legislation that controls the VOC emissi-
ons of industrial protective coatings is a solvent emis-
sion directive 1993/13/EC, that concerns the manuf-
acturing plants and work using the coatings, but not
directly the coating products themselves.
The talc is the preferred extender in traditional protec-
tive coatings due to its good barrier and anti-corrosion
properties. However the high oil absorption value of
pure and platy talc with conventional particle size dis-
tribution (PSD) makes it difficult to get sufficiently low
enough VOC-content in modern high solid coatings.
A new, low oil absorption, talc with specially designed
PSD has been developed to response this challenge.
This new type of talc product, Plustalc D30E, is based
on pure, macro-crystalline talc ore, however the both
ends of PSD curve is cut. The coarse fraction is shar-
pened is such a way that the fineness of grind requi-
rements are met. The fines content is also reduced to
lower the resin demand to the level that enables the
production of VOC-compliance coatings.
The purpose of this study was to compare the per-
formance of the new low oil absorption talc, Plustalc
D30E, with the performance of three other commonly
used talc types. The talc grades were tested in a com-
mercial solvent based 2 pack epoxy primer whose pig-
ment volume concentration (PVC) and solid content
were relatively high.
Talc.as.mineral.filler
Talc is a natural mineral that is mined from the earth’s
crust. Talc stones are often referred to as soapstone.
These stones are crushed, refined and fine milled
to PSD that is suitable for various paint and coating
applications. The fine structure of the talc is presented
on the Figure 1 [2]. Chemically, talc is a magnesium
silicate, Mg3Si4O10(OH)2, with a sandwich type of crys-
tal structure. Its’ theoretical chemical composition is
31,88 % MgO, 63,37 % SiO2 and 4,75 % H2O.
Figure.1:.
The.fine.
structure..
of.talc ..
Si+4
O-2
OH-
Mg+2
4 Mondo Minerals B.V. . Technical Bulletin 1206
In nature talc does not exist in its’ theoretical form
or purity, but a small fraction of Mg and Si atoms
can be replaced by iron (Fe), aluminium (Al) or nickel
(Ni). Typically, the colour of talc stones is pale green
or white, but the colour can vary from pinkish to dark
green. The surface of talc stone has slippery feeling
and pearly lustre.
The unique fine structure of talc makes it ideal filler for
protective coatings:
➤ Talc’s surface is electrically neutral, which makes talc
highly hydrophobic, thus water.repellent.
➤ Talc’s particle form is platy, which is important for
an optimum filler packing in the paint film. The
platy particles also create a. good. barrier against
unwanted substances such as water, CO2 and O2.
The platyness helps also to design the right structu-
ral viscosity for the paint to reduce.the.settling.of.solid. particles,. improve. application. properties.(sprayability.and.brushablity).and.improve.the.sag/levelling.balance. The platy particle form of
talc reduces the shrinkage of binder system during
curing and so promotes. the. adhesion of paint
film to substrate.
➤ Talc is softest known mineral. The softness comes
from the platy structure. The talc plates slide across
each other when the plate pack is stressed by the
force, for instance when shearing the talc powder
between the fingers. The slippery feeling comes also
from this phenomena. The softness together with
the platy particle form improve.the.sandablity of
primers and improve.the.flexibility of paint film.
➤ Talc is highly inert. The talc does not dissolve in
acids or in bases, which is very important property
for the filler in many paint applications.
The particle form of talc is not always platy; it can be
also blocky. Blocky talcs are also called as a micro-
crystalline. The oil absorption of micro-crystalline talc
is lower than that of macro-crystalline (platy) talc at
the same Hegman fineness, even if the specific surface
area as measured by nitrogen adsorption is higher
with micro-crystalline talc.
There is no ideally pure talc deposit existing in the
nature, but the mineralogical composition of commer-
cial talc grades varies widely. The typical by-minerals
for the talc are carbonates like calcium carbonate,
dolomite or magnesite. The other typical by-minerals
are chlorite (Mg-Al-silicate) and mica. To be able to
utilise the protective functionality properties of talc
it should be pure and platy. The purity secures the
good water repellency and the platyness good barrier
properties.
Talc.grades.used.in.the.study.
The properties of talc grades used in this study are
given in table 1. All the talc grades had the same
fineness of grind (Hegman fineness), but they varied
in mineralogical composition and shape of PSD curve.
The oil absorption value of the talc used in protective
coating is very important. The oil absorption of talc is
effected by its’ mineralogical composition, morpho-
logy and PSD. Pure and platy talc has quite high oil
absorption at a given fineness. When talc contains
by-minerals such as magnesite (MgCO3), dolomite
(Ca,Mg-carbonate) or chlorite (Al-Mg-silicate) its’ oil
absorption is lowered. The platyness of talc varies
from deposit to deposit and it has big impact on the
oil absorption value. The talc grades that consist of
small plates have lower oil absorption than the talcs
with big plates. The less platyness is beneficial for oil
absorption point of view, but the protective properties
are reduced compared with platy talc. The best protec-
tion is therefore achieved by pure platy talc whose oil
absorption value is reduced by modifying its’ PSD. The
figure 2 shows how the PSD and mineralogical com-
position affect the oil absorption value of talc product
at the constant fineness of grind.
5Mondo Minerals B.V. . Technical Bulletin 1206
Property Unit MethodPure,.platy,.standard.
talc
Magnesite.rich.talc
Chlorite.rich.talc
Plustalc.D30E
Composition:
Talc %
XRD + LOI + Acid solubles
97 63 50 94
MgCO3 % 1,5 37
Chlorite % 1,5 50 6
Dolomite %
Loss.on.Ignition % 1000 °C/0,5 h 5,8 20,6 8,2 7,3
Acid.solubles % 1 M HCL, 100 °C 3,0 36,9 6,7 7,0
Particle.size:
Hegman fineness ASTM D 1210-79 4 4 4 4
Average PS, D50 µm Sedigraph 5100 4,5 4,5 5,2 9,8
Top cut, D98 µm Sedigraph 5100 20 20 20 22
Oil.absorption g/100g ISO 787/5 43 36 29 28
Specific.Surface.Area m2/g BET, ISO 4652 6,1 6,6 4,2 5,1
Whiteness,.Ry % DIN 53163 83 77 82 90
Table.1:..
The.properties..
of.talc.grades..
used.in.the.study .
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100 10 1 0,1
PSD
by
Sedi
grap
h 51
00
OA = 43g/100g
OA = 36g/100g
OA = 28g/100gOA = 29g/100g
Conventional talc Plustalc D30E
Magnesite rich talc Chlorite rich talc
Figure.2:..
Particle.size..
distribution.of.
traditional.types.
of.talcs.and.low.
oil.absorption.
talc.at.the.same.
fineness.of.grind.
(Hegman.4) .
Figure 2 shows very clearly that if the talc contains
by-minerals like magnesite (MgCO3) and/or chlorite
(Al-Mg-silicate) the oil absorption value is lowered at
certain fineness of grind. Figure 2 shows also how the
reduction of fines of pure, platy talc reduces the oil
absorption value. The oil absorption can be reduced
from 43 to 28 g/100 g when the finest fraction of
talc particles is removed. This permits a remarkable
reduction in resin and solvent amounts in the coating
formulations.
6 Mondo Minerals B.V. . Technical Bulletin 1206
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
0 50 100 150
ICI-v
isco
sity
of
talc
s te
sted
Talc
mix
ed in
100
g o
f lin
seed
oil
Talc load in g‘s
Pure, platy, standard talc Magnesite rich talc
Chlorite rich talc Plustalc D30E
When the oil absorption of the talc is reduced, it is
possible to optimise the filler loading in a coating.
Figure 3 illustrates the viscosity profiles of the talc
grades used in this study. The viscosity was measured
by ICI-viscometer after the talc was dispersed gradu-
ally increasing amounts in a linseed oil. As figure 3
shows the viscosity of standard type of talc increases
exponentially while the low oil absorption talc (Plustalc
D30E) demonstrates clearly moderate viscosity build
up.
Figure.3:..
The.viscosity..
profiles.of..
different..
talc.grades.in..
linseed.oil .
7Mondo Minerals B.V. . Technical Bulletin 1206
Description.of.experiments
The paint formulation used was solvent based 2 pack
epoxy primer that was based on solid epoxy resin and
a polyamide hardener. The components were mixed
in the stoichiometric ratio 4:1 by volume. The starting
formulation was the commercial general purpose anti-
corrosion primer for steel protection.
Two series of paints were evaluated. In the first series
each talc grade was milled to the PVC and solid
content that had the same application viscosity as
the starting formulation where pure, platy standard
talc was used. The target viscosity was 3000-4000 cP
measured by Brookfield RVDV-II+ viscometer (spindle
6, 50 rpm). In practise the amount of talc and solvent
content were changed in the formulations.
In the second series the PVC was kept constant (PVC=
51 v%) and the solids content was changed in such a
way that the same application viscosity was achieved
as in the first test series. In this series the amount of
solvent was changed and other components in the
formulation were kept constant. The magnesite rich
talc was not used in the second test series because it
had worse loadability than the standard talc.
The starting formulation:
Raw.material w%
Solid epoxy 19,47
Auxiliary resin 1,80
Acrosolv PM 3,00
Thickener 0,93
Wetting agent 1 0,26
Wetting agent 2 0,26
Talc, pure, platy standard type 24,88
BaSO4 18,93
TiO2 7,03
Pigment 1,08
Xylene 15,68
Iso-butanol 6,71
Total, w%
100
PVCtot, v% 51
Solid content by weight, w% 68,9
Solid content by volume, v% 45,1
Density, g/ml 1,514
VOC, g/l 471
The anticorrosion properties of the paints were stu-
died according to ISO-standards:
➤ continuous neutral salt spray, 381 h (ISO 7253)➤ water condensation, 240 h (ISO 6270).
The paints were applied on sand blasted steel panels
(Sa 21/2) by using high pressure airless spray gun. The
panels were 150 x 75 x 2 mm in size. The dry film
thickness was 80-90 µm. After the application the
panels were left to be dried at room temperature for
one week before the start of tests. Three parallel test
panels were prepared for each paint.
The visible defects on the test panels (degree of
rusting and blistering) were evaluated immediately
after end of the test according to ISO 4628 standard.
The adhesion tests were carried out according ISO
4624 standard by using hydraulic pull-off tester. The
diameter of the pull-off button was 20 mm.
8 Mondo Minerals B.V. . Technical Bulletin 1206
Results.and.discussions
First.test.series
The anticorrosion performance of different the talc
grade in the first test series is given in table 2 and
figure 4. In this series PVC and solids content were
adjusted to give the same application viscosity as the
reference paint had by differing the talc and solvent
loads. These types of adjustments were done to be
able to have the truly comparable formulation on each
talc type.
There were no surface defects (blistering or rust dots)
in any of the paints after humidity test for 240 hours.
The adhesion was also good for all the paints after the
humidity test. However the drop of adhesion was least
with Plustalc D30E.
After the salt spray test (381 h) the blisters with the
size of class 2 and some rust dots appeared on all
test panels. The rusting degree is classified from 0
(best= no rusting) to 5 (worst= 40-50 % of coated
area was rusted) according to the ISO 4628 standard.
The reference talc and magnesite talc had a few small
rust dots all over the panels, and the rusting class of
these talc grades was between 0 and 1. The reference
talc had also a few blisters all over the panels. Other
panels contained a few blisters and some rust dots
only at the scratch site. The amount of rust dots and
blisters were lowest with Plustalc D30E.
It must be noted that the paint with Plustalc D30E had
very high PVC (56 v%) and yet anti-corrosion proper-
ties were better than the reference paint of lower PVC
(PVC= 51 v%). Also the solids content was 4 v%-units
higher with Plustalc D30E than in the reference paints.
So the anti-corrosion properties can be improved with
increased PVC by using low oil absorption talc. The
anti-corrosion properties were improved until approa-
ching the critical PVC, after which the coating film
becomes too porous and the anti-corrosion properties
collapse.
Pure,.platy,.stan-dard.talc.=.Ref .
Magnesite..rich.talc
Chlorite..rich.talc
Plustalc.D30E
PVCtot,.v% 51 50 53 56
Solids.by.volume,.v% 45,1 44,3 46,9 49,3
Solids.by.weight,.w% 68,9 68,0 70,6 72,7
Talc.content,.w% 24,9 22,8 27,3 31,2
Density.of.paint,.g/ml 1,514 1,495 1,547 1,595
VOC,.g/l 471 478 455 435
Adhesion.(ISO.4624).before.tests..in.MPa.and.type.of.breakage
5,6 (100 % B) 5,6 (100 % B) 6,5 (100 % B) 6,0 (100 % B)
Condensation.(ISO.6270,.240.h):
Visible surface defects (ISO 4628) – – – –
Adhesion after test, MPa 4,8 (100 % B) 4,8 (100 % B) 6,3 (100 % B) 6,5 (100 % B)
Salt.spray.test.(ISO.7253,.381.h):
Degree of rusting (ISO 4628)Ri = 0-1;
a few rust dots all over the panel.
Ri = 0-1; a few rust dots
all over the panel.
Ri = 0-1; a few rust dots
at scratch.
Ri = 0-1; a few rust dots
at scratch.
Blistering (ISO 4628)2 (S2); blister all over the panel.
2 (S2); blisters at scratch.
1 (S2-3); a few blisters at scratch.
1 (S2); a few blisters at scratch.
Adhesion after test, MPa 4,8 (100 % B) 6,9 (100 % B) 6,2 (100 % B) 5,8 (100 % B)
Overall.performance Adequate Adequate Good Very good
B = cohesion type breakage of coating film.
Table.2:.
Anti-corrosion..
properties.of..
different.talc..
types.in.solvent.
based.2.pack..
epoxy.primer.at.
constant.appli-.
cation.viscosity.
(3000-4000.cP..
by.Brookfield.
RvDV-II) .
9Mondo Minerals B.V. . Technical Bulletin 1206
Figure.4:
Adhesion.of.diffe-
rent.talc.types.after.
water.condensation.
(ISO.6270,.240.h).
and.neutral.salt.
spray.tests.(ISO.
7253,.381).in.sol-
vent.based.2.pack.
epoxy.primer.at.
constant.application.
viscosity.(3000-4000.
cP.by.Brookfield.
RvDV-II) .
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Pure, platy, standard talc=
Ref.
Magnestic rich talc
Chlorite rich talc
Plustalc D30E
Adh
esio
n by
Pul
l-Off
Tes
t
Beforere tests After water condensation test After salt water test
PVC= 51 v%Solids= 45,1 v%
PVC= 56 v%Solids= 49,3 v%
PVC= 53 v%Solids= 46,9 v%
PVC= 50 v%aSolids= 44,3 v%
Second.test.series.
Anti-corrosion performance of different talc grades
in the second test series is given in table 3 and figure
5. In this series the PVC was kept constant and the
amount of solvents was reduced to get the same
application viscosity as the reference paint had.
The highest solid content was achieved by Plustalc
D30E; 51,1 v % (reference had 45,1 v %). The VOC-
content could be reduced from 471 g/l of the
reference paints to 420 g/l with Plustalc D30E.
There were no visible surface defects on the paints
films after the humidity test (ISO 6270, 240 h). The
reduction in adhesion was lowest with Plustalc D30E
after humidity testing.
A few blisters with size of class 2 and some small rust
dots appeared on the scratches of chlorite rich talc
and Plustalc D30E panels and the rusting degree (Ri)
was 0. The reference panels contained blisters and
rust dots all over the panels (Ri=0-1). The adhesion
after the salt spray test was best with Plustalc D30E.
10 Mondo Minerals B.V. . Technical Bulletin 1206
Pure,.platy,..standard.talc.=.Ref .
Chlorite...rich.talc
Plustalc.D30E
PVCtot,.v% 51 51 51
Volume.based.solids,.v% 45,1 49,0 51,1
Mass.based.solids,.w% 68,9 72,2 73,8
Talc.content,.w% 24,9 26,1 26,7
Density.of.paint,.g/ml 1,514 1,575 1,603
VOC,.g/l 471 438 420
Adhesion.(ISO.4624).before.tests..in.MPa.and.type.of.breakage
5,6 (100 % B) 6,6 (100 % B) 6,9 (100 % B)
Condensation.(ISO.6270,.240.h):
Visible surface defects (ISO 4628) – – –
Adhesion after test, MPa 4,8 (100 % B) 5,5 (100 % B) 7,1 (100 % B)
Salt.spray.test.(ISO.7253,.381.h):
Degree of rusting (ISO 4628)Ri = 1;
a few rust dots all over the panel.
Ri = 0; a few rust dots at and below scratch.
Ri = 0; a few rust dots
at scratch.
Blistering (ISO 4628)2 (S2);
blister all over the panel.2 (S2);
blisters at scratch.1 (S2);
a few blisters at scratch.
Adhesion after test, MPa 4,8 (100 % B) 6,4 (100 % B) 7,0 (100 % B)
Overall.performance Adequate Good Very good
B = cohesion type breakage of coating film.
Pure, platy, standard talc=
Ref.
Chlorite rich talc Plustalc D30E
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Adh
esio
n by
Pul
l-Off
Tes
t
Beforere tests After water condensation test After salt water test
PVC= 51 v%Solids= 45,1 v%
PVC= 56 v%Solids= 49,3 v%PVC= 51 v%
Solids= 41,0 v%
Figure.5:
Adhesion.of.dif-
ferent.talc.types.
after.water.con-
densation.(ISO.
6279,.240.h).and.
neutral.salt.spray.
tests.(ISO.7253,.
381).in.solvent.
based.epoxy.coa-
tings.at.constant.
PVC.(51.v%).and.
at.constant.appli-
cation.viscosity.
(3000-4000.cP..
by.Brookfield.
RvDV-II) .
Table.3:..
Anti-corrosion.pro-
perties.of.different.
talc.types.in.solvent.
based.epoxy.primer.
at.constant.PVC..
(51.v%).and.at.con-
stant.application.
viscosity.(3000-4000.
cP.by.Brookfield.
RvDV-II) .
11Mondo Minerals B.V. . Technical Bulletin 1206
Conclusions
The anti-corrosion performance of new low oil absorp-
tion talc (Plustalc D30E) was compared with three
other commercial talc types in solvent borne general
purpose epoxy primer. The formulation was based on
solid epoxy resin and a polyamide hardener. The com-
ponents were mixed in the stoichiometric ratio 4:1 by
volume. The starting formulation had high pigment
volume concentration (PVC= 51 v%) and relatively
high solid content also (solids by volume= 45,1 v%).
The talc types tested were:
➤ pure, platy standard talc (reference)➤ magnesite rich talc➤ chlorite rich talc➤ pure, platy, low oil absorption talc (Plustalc D30E)
All the talc grades had the same top cut: Hegman
fineness 4.
The study showed that by pure, platy and low oil
absorption talc (Plustalc D30E) the solid content
and PVC in the paint formulations can be increased
without increasing the viscosity compared with tradi-
tional high solvent containing formulations and at the
same time the anti-corrosion properties are improved.
This means that Plustalc D30E-type talc helps to deve-
lop VOC-complaint paints with reduced formulation
costs and with improved coating performance. The
benefits of low resin and diluent demand of Plustalc
D30E can be utilised in all the paint and coating
systems were an increased solids content is desired.
The performance of different talc types can be sum-
marised as follows:
Water..repellency
Anti-corrosion.properties.(blistering.&.rusting)
Adhesion Load-.ability
Viscosity Solids.content
Reduction.of.VOC
Pure, platy standard talc ++ + + 0 0 0 0
Magnesite talc 0 + + – – – –
Chlorite talc – + + + + + +
Pure, platy low oil absorption talc (Plustalc D30E)
++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++
– negative impact0 no effect+ positive impact++ very positive impact.
References
[1]. CEPE Presentation “Proposal for Inclusion of PC into Product Directive 2004/42/EC”, December 2007.
[2]. http://www.ima-eu.org/en/talcwhat.html, 24.2.2004.
MONDO MINERALS B.V. . www.mondominerals.comKajuitweg 8 . NL -1041 AR Amsterdam . Phone +31 20 448 7 448 . Fax +31 20 448 7 437 . E-Mail: [email protected]
The information contained in this Technical Bulletin relates only to the specific tests designated herein and does not relate to the use of products in combination with any other material or in any process. The information provided herein is based on technical data that Mondo Minerals believes to be reliable, however Mondo Minerals makes no representation or warranty as to the completeness or accuracy thereof and Mondo Minerals assumes no liability resulting from its use for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party. Recipients using this information must exercise their own judgement as to the appropriateness of its use, and it is the user‘s responsibility to assess the materials suitability (including safety) for a particular purpose prior to such use.