Motion StudyMotion Study

Vanni LegaspiVanni Legaspi

IR212IR212

IntroductionIntroduction

Achieving work efficiency and productivity Achieving work efficiency and productivity through the elemental use of body motion; through the elemental use of body motion; ‘arrangements and conditions’ of the ‘arrangements and conditions’ of the workplace; and the design of appropriate workplace; and the design of appropriate tools and equipments.tools and equipments.

Main concern is to reduce or eliminate Main concern is to reduce or eliminate ineffective motion and make possible a ineffective motion and make possible a more effective movement in doing tasks. more effective movement in doing tasks.

Goal of motion study?Goal of motion study?

Scheduling and sequencing of workScheduling and sequencing of work Efficient and best way of doing workEfficient and best way of doing work Safe and easiest way of accomplishing Safe and easiest way of accomplishing

taskstasks

What is motion study?What is motion study?

““The study of the body motions used in performing The study of the body motions used in performing an operation, to improve the operation by an operation, to improve the operation by eliminating unnecessary motions; simplifying eliminating unnecessary motions; simplifying necessary motion and establishing the most necessary motion and establishing the most favorable motion sequence for maximum favorable motion sequence for maximum efficiency.”efficiency.”

Andris FreivaldsAndris Freivalds

Methods, Standards and Work DesignMethods, Standards and Work Design

Early contemporaries of Early contemporaries of motion studymotion study

Carl G. BarthCarl G. Barth – developed a production – developed a production slide rule for determining the most slide rule for determining the most efficient combinations of speeds and efficient combinations of speeds and feeds for cutting metals considering feeds for cutting metals considering the depth of cut, size of tool, and the depth of cut, size of tool, and lifespan of the tool used.lifespan of the tool used.

Early contemporaries of Early contemporaries of motion studymotion study

Harrington EmersonHarrington Emerson – applied scientific – applied scientific methods to work by enforcing methods to work by enforcing procedures for efficient work procedures for efficient work operation – reorganized the operation – reorganized the company; installed standard costs company; installed standard costs and bonus plan; utilizing tabulating and bonus plan; utilizing tabulating machines to do accounting work machines to do accounting work (efficiency engineering).(efficiency engineering).

Early contemporaries of Early contemporaries of motion studymotion study

Henry GanttHenry Gantt

- developed simple graph aimed at - developed simple graph aimed at ‘measuring performance while ‘measuring performance while visually showing projected schedules’ visually showing projected schedules’ (Gantt chart) and compare actual (Gantt chart) and compare actual work accomplishment vs. set target.work accomplishment vs. set target.

- Recognized the wage payment - Recognized the wage payment system to reward exemplary workerssystem to reward exemplary workers

Frederick TaylorFrederick Taylor“Frederick Taylor (1900’s) Studied motions of iron workers –attempted to “mechanize” motions to maximize efficiency – including proper rest, ergonomics, and other body movements.”

Frank and Lillian GilbrethFrank and Lillian GilbrethThe Gilbreths pioneered the study of manual motion and developed basic laws of motion economy through detailed motion picturestudies, known as the ‘micromotion studies’ – analysing highly repetitive manual operations.

Motion study techniqueMotion study technique

““Study of the body motionsStudy of the body motions used in used in performing an operation, to improve performing an operation, to improve the operation by the operation by eliminating eliminating unnecessary motions, simplifying unnecessary motions, simplifying necessary motionsnecessary motions, and then , and then establishing the most favorable establishing the most favorable motion sequence for maximum motion sequence for maximum efficiency.”efficiency.”

Motion study Motion study

Detailed study of body motions to Detailed study of body motions to increase production, reduce fatigue, increase production, reduce fatigue, and utilize the best method of and utilize the best method of performing tasks.performing tasks.

17 basic motions (therbligs)17 basic motions (therbligs)

Effective therbligs directly advance Effective therbligs directly advance the progress of work; they can often the progress of work; they can often be shortened but not totally be shortened but not totally eliminated.eliminated.

Ineffective therbligs do not advance Ineffective therbligs do not advance the progress of work and should be the progress of work and should be eliminated. eliminated.

17 basic motions (therbligs)17 basic motions (therbligs)1.1. Transport empty Transport empty (TE) – reach for an (TE) – reach for an

objectobject

2.2. GraspGrasp (G) – grasp an object (G) – grasp an object

3.3. Transport loadedTransport loaded (TL) – move and (TL) – move and object with hand and armobject with hand and arm

4.4. HoldHold (H) – hold an object (H) – hold an object

5.5. Release loadRelease load (RL) – release control of (RL) – release control of an objectan object

17 basic motions (therbligs)17 basic motions (therbligs)6.6. UseUse (U) – manipulate a tool (U) – manipulate a tool

7.7. Pre-positionPre-position (PP) – position object for (PP) – position object for next operationnext operation

8.8. PositionPosition (P) – position object in defined (P) – position object in defined locationlocation

9.9. AssembleAssemble (A) – join two parts (A) – join two parts

10.10. DisassembleDisassemble (DA) – separate multiple (DA) – separate multiple parts that were previously joinedparts that were previously joined

17 basic motions (therbligs)17 basic motions (therbligs)11.11. SearchSearch (Sh) – attempt to find an object using eyes (Sh) – attempt to find an object using eyes

and handand hand

12.12. SelectSelect (St) – choose among several objects in a (St) – choose among several objects in a groupgroup

13.13. PlanPlan (Pn) – decide on an action (Pn) – decide on an action

14.14. InspectInspect (I) – determine quality of object (I) – determine quality of object

15.15. Unavoidable delayUnavoidable delay (UD) – waiting due to factors (UD) – waiting due to factors beyond worker controlbeyond worker control

16.16. Avoidable delayAvoidable delay (AD) – worker waiting (AD) – worker waiting

17.17. RestRest (R) – resting to overcome fatigue (R) – resting to overcome fatigue

Classification of TherbligsClassification of Therbligs

Effective therbligsEffective therbligs Transport emptyTransport empty GraspGrasp Transport loadedTransport loaded Release loadRelease load UseUse AssembleAssemble DisassembleDisassemble InspectInspect RestRest

Ineffective therbligsIneffective therbligs Hold Hold Pre-positionPre-position PositionPosition SearchSearch SelectSelect PlanPlan Unavoidable delayUnavoidable delay Avoidable delayAvoidable delay

Micromotion analysisMicromotion analysis

Disregard the ineffective therbligsDisregard the ineffective therbligs Avoid holding objects with hands – Avoid holding objects with hands –

use tools or ‘work holder’use tools or ‘work holder’ Combine therbligs using left and Combine therbligs using left and

right hand motions simultaneouslyright hand motions simultaneously Simplify overall methodSimplify overall method Reduce time for a motion Reduce time for a motion

Micromotion analysisMicromotion analysis

Establish the best sequence of Establish the best sequence of therbligs.therbligs.

Investigate any substantial variation Investigate any substantial variation in therblig and determine the causein therblig and determine the cause

Examine and analyze hesitations, to Examine and analyze hesitations, to determine and then eliminate causesdetermine and then eliminate causes

Aim for the least amount of time Aim for the least amount of time utilised by the therbligsutilised by the therbligs

Use of human bodyUse of human body

Both hands should be fully utilisedBoth hands should be fully utilised – – both hands should be used as equally both hands should be used as equally as possibleas possible

Two hands should begin and end their Two hands should begin and end their motions at the same timemotions at the same time – design – design work method that is evenly divided work method that is evenly divided between the right and left hand.between the right and left hand.

Use of human bodyUse of human body The motions of the hands and arms should be The motions of the hands and arms should be

symmetrical and simultaneoussymmetrical and simultaneous – this will – this will minimize hand-eye coordination required; less minimize hand-eye coordination required; less concentration is required as both hands concentration is required as both hands perform similar actions.perform similar actions.

Work should be designed to emphasize the Work should be designed to emphasize the worker’s preferred handworker’s preferred hand – preferred hand is – preferred hand is faster, stronger and more practical to use at faster, stronger and more practical to use at workwork

Use of human bodyUse of human body The workers’ two hands should never be The workers’ two hands should never be

idle at the same timeidle at the same time – avoid, if possible, – avoid, if possible, both hands from being idle at the same both hands from being idle at the same time.time.

Use momentum to facilitate taskUse momentum to facilitate task – – maximise the use of ‘force’ or maximise the use of ‘force’ or momentum when available and momentum when available and necessary to make tasks easier.necessary to make tasks easier.

Use of human bodyUse of human body Take advantage of gravity – not oppose itTake advantage of gravity – not oppose it – –

proper layout and work area arrangement to proper layout and work area arrangement to take advantage of the energy required to take advantage of the energy required to move.move.

Natural cadence of motions should be Natural cadence of motions should be involved in work methodsinvolved in work methods – observe the – observe the regular recurrence of motion and have a regular recurrence of motion and have a regular sequence and flow of work action regular sequence and flow of work action (rhythm).(rhythm).

Emergence of work designEmergence of work design

Designing of task, work stations, and Designing of task, work stations, and work environment to fit the capacity work environment to fit the capacity of the ‘human operator’ or worker.of the ‘human operator’ or worker.

‘‘human factors’ also ‘ergonomics’ to human factors’ also ‘ergonomics’ to maximize efficiency and minimize maximize efficiency and minimize worker fatigueworker fatigue

Relate the design of tools and Relate the design of tools and equipments with the user.equipments with the user.

Benefits of motion studyBenefits of motion study Increase in productivity Increase in productivity Reduce exhaustion of workersReduce exhaustion of workers Minimize or eradicate unnecessary Minimize or eradicate unnecessary

work and actionswork and actions Life of tools and machines may be Life of tools and machines may be

increasedincreased Decrease in labor cost due to less Decrease in labor cost due to less

wastage in resources and workplacewastage in resources and workplace

Present trendsPresent trends Other factors such as gender, age, Other factors such as gender, age,

health, physical strength, aptitude, health, physical strength, aptitude, training attitudes, job satisfaction and training attitudes, job satisfaction and motivation have direct impact on motivation have direct impact on productivity.productivity.

A more “humane approach” to A more “humane approach” to accomplish tasks required.accomplish tasks required.

There is “always a better way” of doing There is “always a better way” of doing things.things.

ReferencesReferences Freivalds, Andris. Niebel’s methods, Freivalds, Andris. Niebel’s methods,

standards and work designstandards and work design Robbins, Stephen & Mary Coulter. 2007. Robbins, Stephen & Mary Coulter. 2007.

Management 9Management 9thth edition. Pearson edition. Pearson Education Education 

http://www.svtuition.org/2010/08/what-is-motion-study.html

http://www2.ie.psu.edu/Freivalds/courses/ie327classic/motion.html

Thank youThank you