nakakalaw-ka casebook .docx

7/25/2019 NakakaLaw-Ka Casebook .docx

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TABLE OF CONTENTSCaseNumber Case Name

1 Lara v. Del Rosario, 94 Phil. !" Ta#a$a v. Tuvera 1%& S " a#$ 14& S 44&

%Na'(a(aisa#' )arali*a v. )ili*ar+ Shri#e Servies, -

u#e "/1%

4 0ao ee v. S+ 2o#3ales, 1& S %&

- Boar$ o Commissio#ers v. Dela Rosa, 19 S !-%

& Arue'o, r. v. CA, "-4 S 11

Ber#abe v. Ale5o, "1 a#uar+ "//"

! 2u+ v. CA, -/" S 1-1

9 Ti#' v. Ti#', %1 )arh "//9

1/ A+ala Cor6 v. Rosa Dia#a Real*+, 1 Deember "///

11 P6. v. 7e#eraio#, "49 S "-11" Rol$a# r. v. )a$ro#a, 4 Se6*ember "//"

1% Phil. Rabii* Bus Li#es v. Aria'a, 14! S 4%!

14 8rsua v. CA, 1/ A6ril 199&

1- CR v. Prime*o:#, "! Au'us* "//

1& Laba$ v. 8#iversi*+ o Sou*her# Phil, 9 Au'us* "//1

1 CR v. Prime*o:#, "! Au'us* "//

1! Reio v. Reio, " O*ober "//1

19 Llore#*e v. CA, "% November "///

"/ 7a# Dor# v. Romillo, 1%9 S 1%9

"1 A3#ar v. 2aria, S 9-

"" Bellis v. Bellis, "/ S %-!

"% PCB v. Esoli#, -& S "&&

"4 Ameria# Airli#es v. Cour* o A66eals, 9 )arh "///

"- 2o v. Cor$ero, 4 )a+ "/1/

"& 7illa#ueva v Ros;ue*a, 19 a#uar+ "/1/

" Cru3 v NLRC, Februar+ "///

"! 2lobe )a+ v Barrios, 119 S 4&1

"9 RCP v CA, 14% S &-

%/ 8E v a$er, 1 Februar+ "///

%1


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4/ )a#a#*a# v CA, "9 a#uar+ "//1

41 Bo#i*e v >osa, 1&" S 1%

4" Co5ua#'o v CA, " ul+ 1999

4% Alua3 v PSBA, 1&1 S

44 No# v Dames, 1!- S -"%

4- Ara?les v Phili66i#e our#alis*s, "- )arh "//44& #*er#a*io#al Flavors v Ar'os, 1/ Se6*ember "//1

4 )aria v CA, 1"/ S

4! Rui3 v 8ol, 1-% S 14

49 Barre$o v 2aria, % P &/

-/ Ca6ili v Peo6le, % ul+ "/1%

-1 Bel*ra# v Peo6le, "/ u#e "///

-" Dia3 v )ere$, 1/9 P 1--

-% Co#*i#e#*al S*eel v )o#*a#o, 1% O*ober "//9

-4 2elu3 v CA, " S !/1

-- Ca*ala# v Basa, %1 ul+ "//

-& P6 v Ba+o*as, "%& S "%9

- )aros v CO)ELEC, "4! S %//

-! Re+es v CO)ELE, "- u#e "/1%

-9 RP v Albios, 1& O*ober "/1%

&/ Es6i#osa v Oma#a, 1" O*ober "/11

&1 Es*ra$a v Esri*or 4/! S 1

&" A#he*a v A#he*a, 4 )arh "//4

&% P6 v Borromeo, 1%% S 1/&

&4 Aba$illa v Tabilira#, "49 S 44

&- Dela Rosa v


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!4 Navarro v Duma'*o+, "-9 S 1"9

!- Fu5i(i v )ari#a+, "& u#e "/1%

!& Te#have3 v Esa#o, 1-S %--

! RP v +o+, "1 Se6*ember "//-

!! Pila6il v ba+Somera, %/ u#e 19!9

!9 ui*a v CA, %// S 4/&9/ Sa# Luis v Sa# Luis, -14 S "94

91Cor6u3 v S*o Tomas a#$ *he Solii*or 2e#eral, 11Au'us* "/1/

9" RP v Orbei$o , 4" S 114

9% Ba#'a+a# v Ba#'a+a#, % ul+ "/14

94 Abbas v Abbas, %/ ul+ "/1%

9- )allio# v Ala#*ara, %1 O*ober "//&

9& Co5ua#'o Sr v Palma, 4%! S %/&

9 Re6ubli v CA, "%& S "-

9! S+ v CA, %%/ S --/

99 )a#3a#o v Sa#he3, %-4 S 11// Ni#al v Ba+a$o', 14 )arh "///

1/1 De Cas*ro v De Cas*ro, 1% Februar+ "//!

1/" RP v Da+o*, "! )arh "//!

1/% Cosa v Pala+6a+o#, "% S "49

1/4 Pere3 v Ca*i#$i', 1/ )arh "/1-

1/- Nollora v Peo6le, 9 Deember "/11

1/& P6 v O$*uha#, 1 ul+ "/1%

1/ )aarrrubo v )aarrubo, " Februar+ "//4

1/! )i5ares v 7illa Lu3, "4 S 1

1/9 =ie'el v Sem6io Di+, 14% S 499

11/ Balabo' v Balabo', )arh 199

111 arillo v Peo6le, "9 Se6*ember "//9

11" Tama#o v Or*i3, "9 u#e 199!

11% Re6ubli v CA, 4 S "

114 Re6ubli v Ber#u$es, "99 S -

11- Re6ubli v Nolaso, 1 )arh 199%

11& 7al$e3 v Re6ubli, ! Se6*ember "//9

11 Bie#ve#i$o v CA, "% S &&

11! )a#uel v Peo6le, 4& S 4&1

119 Calis*erio v Calis*erio, %%/ S "/1

1"/ Cari#o v Cari#o, " Februar+ "//11"1 )era$o v Ta#, 1 Au'us* "///

1"" Domi#'o v CA, ""& S -"

1"% Chi )i#' Tsoi v CA a#$ Lao, "&& S %"4

1"4 Sa#*os v CA, "4/ S "/

1"- Re6ubli v CA a#$ Olavia#o, "&! S 19!

1"& Barelo#a v CA, 41" S 41

1" To#'ol v To#'ol, -% S 1%-


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1"! ala: v Fer#a#$e3, 14 a#uar+ "/1-

1"9 RP v E#ela#, 9 a#uar+ "/1%

1%/ RP v CA, 1" November "/1"

1%1 )e#$o3a v RP, 1" November "/1"

1%" Ohosa v Ala#o a#$ RP, "& a#uar+ "/11

1%% 0ambao v Re6uli, "4 a#uar+ "/111%4 )arable v )arable, 1 a#uar+ "/11

1%- A'ravia$or v A'ravia$or, ! Deember "/1/

1%& Li'eral$e v Pa*ali#'hu' e* al, 1- A6ril "/1/

1% Re+es v Re+es, 1! Au'us* "/1/

1%! Tori#' v Tori#' a#$ RP, % Au'us* "/1/

1%9 Sua3o v Sua3o a#$ RP, 1" )arh "/1/

14/ A3ue*a v Re6ubli, -!! S 19&

141 Ala3ar v Ala3ar, 1% O*ober "//9

14" As6illa'a v As6illa'a, "& O*ober "//9

14% Na5era v Na5era, % ul+ "//9

144 Te v Te, 1% Februar+ "//9

14- Paras v Paras, Au'us* ", "//

14& >amora v CA, Februar+ "//

14 Ferraris v Ferraris, 49- S %9&

14! A#*o#io v Re+es, 1/ )arh "//&

149 Sia+#'o v Sia+#'o, 4 O*ober "//4

1-/ 7illalo# v 7illalo#, 4- S -"

1-1 Bue#ave#*ura v CA, 4-4 S "&1

1-" RP v


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1" 7al$e3 v 7ales, %1 ul+ 199&

1% 7illa#ueva v CA, " O*ober "//&

14 A#a+a v Palaroa#, %& S 9

1- Bua* v Bua*, " P 19

1& P6 v Sa#*ia'o, -1 P &!

1 Re+es v >aballero, !9 P %91! ime#e3 v Re6ubli, 1/9 P "4

19 Cal$ero# v Roas, 9 a#uar+ "/1%

1!/ O#' v O#', -/- S &

1!1 Ba#e3 v Ba#e3, %4 S %4/

1!" 2au$io#o v Pe#ara#$a, " November 19!

1!% Prima Par*osao v CA, "1& S &9"

1!4 Arro+o v CA, 19 November 1991

1!- 2i#e3 v Bu'a+o#', 1// P &1&

1!& Peo6le v >a6a*a a#$ Bo#$o, 1& )aa+ 19-1

1! Oam6o v Flore#ia#o, "% Februar+ 19&/

1!! )a*ubis v Paree$es, 1/9 P !9

1!9 P6 v Sh#e(e#ber'er, % P 41%

19/ P6 v Sa#sa#o, -9 P %

191 Be#e$i*o v Dela Rama, % P %4

19" Bro:# v 0ambao, 1/" P 1&!

19% Co#*reras v )aarai', %% S """

194 Ara#e*a v Co#e6io#, 99 P /!

19- SomosaRamos v 7ameri*a, 4& S 11/

19& Sabalo#es v CA, 14 Februaru 1994

19 Es6riri*u v La+u' v CA, 1- )arh 199-

19! La6u3 S+ v Euemio, 4% S 1199 La6eral v Re6ubli, & S %-

"// Siohi v 2o3o#, 1! )arh "/1/

"/1 P6 v uma:a#, "1 A6ril "/14

"/" mbo#' v Ohoa, ! A6ril "/14

"/% lusorio v lusorio, 1" )a+ "///

"/4 Arro+o v 7as;ue3Arro+o, 4" P -4

"/- 2oi*ia v Cam6os Rue$a, %- P "-"

"/& Cue#a v Cue#a, ! Deember 19!!

"/ 2o v CA, "" S -"

"/! 7ali#o v A$ria#o, "" A6ril "/14

"/9 Cha# v Cha#, "4 ul+ "/1%"1/ Araba v 7$a, De Ba*oael, %/ S 414

"11 )a*abue#a v Cerva#*es, %! S "!4

"1" 2reio v Su# Lie, 4! P -%

"1%


6/514

"1& 7illa#ueva v CA, 4" S 4%9

"1 Chi#' v CA, 4"% S %1

"1! Ta# v CA, "% S ""9

"19 Ros a#$ A'ue*e v PNB Laoa', & A6ril "/11

""/ Cheesma# v AC, "1 a#uar+ 1991

""1 )a**he:s v Ta+lor, "" u#e "//9""" A''abao v Parula#, 1 Se6*ember "/1/

""% Fue#*es e* al v Roa e* al, "1 A6ril "/1/

""4 S6s De Leo# e* al v De Leo# e* al, "% ul+ "//9

""- S6s Bau*is*a v Silva, -/" S %%4

""&


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"&/ 8+ v CA, %4& S "4&

"&1 Reluio v Lo6e3, 1& a#uar+ "//"

"&"


8/514

%/4 A#'eles v )a'la+a, 4&9 S %&%

%/- ao v CA, 1-" S %-9

%/& A#$al v )aarai', !9 P 1&-

%/ Babiera v Ca*o*al, %%% S 4!

%/! Be#i*e3Ba$ua v CA, ""9 S 4&!

%/9 Li+ao v Ta#ho*iLi+ao, )arh "//"%1/ Es*a*e o ua# Di3o# v CA, %&& S 499

%11 Ti5i#' v CA, ! )arh "//1

%1" 2o im


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%4! Dela Cru3 v 2aria, %1 ul+ "//9

%49 7ereles v Posa$as, -"" S -1!

%-/ # Re A$o6*io# o S*e6ha#ie 2aria, 4-4 S -41

%-1 P6 v 2labo, %1 S -&

%-" )a#'ulab#a# v AC, %1 )a+ 199/

%-% To#o' v CA, %& S -"%%-4 RP v Aba$illa, %/" S %-!

%-- )osses'el$ v CA, %// S 4&4

%-& Silvia v CA, "- S &/4

%- Davi$ v CA, "-/ S !"

%-! De Sa#*os v A#'eles, 1" Deember 199-

%-9 Aba$illa v Tabilira#, "49 S 44!

%&/ Re6ubl v


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%9" 2amboa


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1. LARA V. DEL ROSARIOG.R. No. L-6339

FACTS:In 1950, defendan !e"on#$o De$ Ro%a"#o, &"., o'e"aed a a(# )*%#ne%% *nde" +e nae of aa$Ta(#. /e e'$oed +"ee e+an#% and 29 +a*ffe*"% o" d"#e"%, +e $ae" +a#n 4o"ed fo"'e"#od% "an#n f"o o 37 on+%.On Se'e)e" 2, 1950, De$ Ro%a"#o %o$d +#% 5 *n#% o" a)% o La 8a$$o"a, a "an%'o"a#ono'an. A% a% a "e%*$, +e '$a#n#ff% $o% +e#" o)% )ea*%e La 8a$$o"a fa#$ed o on#n*e +e#"e'$oen.T+e )"o*+ +#% a#on aa#n% De$ Ro%a"#o o "eoe" o'en%a#on fo" oe"#e 4o""ende"ed )eond e#+ +o*"%, on S*nda% and $ea$ +o$#da%, a% 4e$$ a% one on+ %a$a"e%ada; '"o#ded fo" #n a"#$e 30 of +e Code of Coe"e )ea*%e +e#" fo"e" e'$oe"fa#$ed o #e +e one on+ no#e '"#o" o +#% a#on. S*)%e% '*)$#a#on #n +e Off##a$ Ga?ee. /ene, +eo'en%a#on fo" +e a$$eed e"#na#on of %e"#e% of +e '$a#n#ff% daed Se'e)e" 2, 1950 #%no $one" oe"ed ) A"#$e 30 of +e Code of Coe"e@ +*%, +e ne4 C##$ Code %+a$$a''$.8o"eoe", a%%*#n +a A"#$e 30 of +e Code of Coe"e 4a% %#$$ #n fo"e, 'a"#*$a"$ +e%a$a" o""e%'ond#n o %a#d on+, oon$ no4n a% e%ada. S#$$, +e '$a#n#ff%, )e#n 'a#d#n a o#%%#on )a%#% and +ae no f#(ed %a$a" e#+e" ) +e da, 4ee, o" on+, # 4o*$d )e#'o%%#)$e fo" +e#" f#(ed %a$a" o )e o'*ed. /ene, A"#$e 30 of +e Code of Coe"e%+a$$ no a''$ a% # on$ "efe"% o e'$oee% "ee##n a f#(ed %a$a".

. A. TANADA, ET AL. V. T=VERA, ET AL.


12/514

GR No. L-63915

FACTS:

!e##one"% f#$ed fo" a 4"# of anda*% o +e S*'"ee Co*", o o'e$ +e "e%'onden '*)$#

off##a$% o '*)$#%+, and o" a*%e +e '*)$#a#on #n +e Off##a$ Ga?ee of %ee"a$ '"e%#den#a$de"ee%, $ee"% of #n%"*#on%, ene"a$ o"de"%, '"o$aa#on%, e(e*#e o"de"%, $ee"% of#'$eena#on, and ad#n#%"a#e o"de"%. !e##one"% #noe +e Con%#*#ona$ "#+ o )e#nfo"ed on ae"% of '*)$# one"n, a% 4e$$ a% +e '"#n#'$e +a $a4%, o )e a$#d andenfo"ea)$e, *% )e '*)$#%+ed #n +e Off##a$ Ga?ee o" o+e"4#%e effe#e$ '"o*$aed.Re%'onden%, +"o*+ +e So$##o" Gene"a$, '"aed fo" +e d#%#%%a$ of +e a%e, a"*#n +a +e'e##one"% +ae no $ea$ %and#n o )"#n +e #n%an 'e##on )efo"e +e o*".

ISS=E:

+e+e" o" no '*)$#a#on #% needed )efo"e +e '"e%#den#a$ de"ee%, $ee"% of #n%"*#on%,

ene"a$ o"de"%, '"o$aa#on%, e(e*#e o"de"%, $ee"% of #'$eena#on, and ad#n#%"a#eo"de"% an ae effe, de%'#e +e %ae '"o#d#n fo" +e#" o4n effe## dae%.

R=LING:

e% # #%. T+e 'o#n %"e%%ed #% an+o"ed on A"#$e of +e C##$ Code 4+#+ %ae% +a, BLa4%%+a$$ ae effe afe" f#feen da% fo$$o4#n +e o'$e#on of +e#" '*)$#a#on #n +e Off##a$Ga?ee, *n$e%% # #% o+e"4#%e '"o#ded. T+e '"o#%#on doe% no '"e$*de +e "e


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. . TANADA, ET AL. V. T=VERA, ET AL.G.R. No. L-63915

FACTS:

!e##one"% a"e o#n fo" +e "eon%#de"a#on $a"#f#a#on of +e 195 de#%#on. T+e %*e%+a +e"e %+o*$d )e no d#%#n#on )e4een $a4% of ene"a$ a''$#a)#$# and +o%e 4+#+ a"e no@+a '*)$#a#on ean% o'$ee '*)$#a#on@ and +a +e '*)$#a#on *% )e ade fo"+4#+ #n+e Off##a$ Ga?ee. T+e OSG, #n +#% oen, $a#ed +a +e o#on 4a% on$ fo" a "e


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"*$e% anno )e "eon#?ed a% )#nd#n *n$e%% +e#" e(#%ene and onen% a"e onf#"ed ) aa$#d '*)$#a#on #nended o ae f*$$ d#%$o%*"e and #e '"o'e" no#e o +e 'eo'$e.


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3. NAGAAISANG 8ARALITA V. 8ILITAR S/RINE SERVICESG. R. No. 1757

FACTS:

IN 1957, !"e%#den Ca"$o% Ga"#a #%%*ed !"o$aa#on No. 23, "e%e"#n 'a"e$% of $and #n!a%#, Ta*#, !a"aJa


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C##n TaJada . /on. T*e"a, +e SC a$%o "e#e"aed +a "e% '*)$#a#on #n +e Off##a$ Ga?ee. Nee"+e$e%%, +#%doe% no #'$ +a +e "e


17/514

2. AO EE %. S GONALESG.R. No. L-55960

FACTS:

S #a, a C+#ne%e na#ona$, d#ed on &an*a" 17, 1977 $ea#n )e+#nd '"o'e"#e% +e"e #n +e!+#$#''#ne%.T+e"eafe", A#da S-Gon?a$e% e a$ f#$ed a 'e##on fo" +e "an of $ee"% ofad#n#%"a#on a$$e#n +a +e a"e +e +#$d"en of +e deea%ed 4#+ A%*n#on G#$$eo. T+e'e##on 4a% o''o%ed ) ao ee e a$ a$$e#n +a ao ee #% +e $a4f*$ 4#fe of +e deea%ed4+o +e a""#ed #n C+#na. T+e "#a$ o*" "ende"ed de#%#on #n fao" of +e o''o%##on. Ona''ea$, +e Co*" of A''ea$% "ende"ed a de#%#on, od#f#n +e de#%#on de$a"#n +e a""#aeof S #a o ao ee a% no +a% )een '"oen a$#d #n ao"dane 4#+ +e $a4% of C+#na. /ene,)o+ 'a"#e% oed fo" "eon%#de"a#on o 4+#+ +e S*'"ee Co*" "aned.

ISS=E:

+e+e" o" no +e a""#ae of ao ee and S #a #% a$#d #n ao"dane 4#+ !+#$#''#ne $a4%.

R=LING:

e$$-e%a)$#%+ed #n +#% *"#%d##on #% +e '"#n#'$e +a !+#$#''#ne o*"% anno ae *d##a$no#e of fo"e#n $a4%. T+e *% )e a$$eed and '"oen a% an o+e" fa. To e%a)$#%+ +ea$#d# of a""#ae, +e e(#%ene of fo"e#n $a4 a% a


18/514

197 S 53

FACTS:

T+e )oa"d of %'e#a$ #n


19/514

6. AR=EGO V. CAG.R. No. 11193

FACTS:

On 8a"+ 7, 193, a o'$a#n fo" o'*$%o" "eon##on and enfo"een of %*e%%#ona$"#+% 4a% f#$ed )efo"e RTC 8an#$a ) +e #no"% Anon#a A"*eo and a$$eed +e %#%e" Ee$nA"*eo "e'"e%ened ) +e#" o+e" L*? Fa)#an. T+e o'$a#n 4a% o''o%ed ) +e $e##ae+#$d"en of &o%e A"*eo &". T+e o'$a#n ae"% +a +e $ae &o%e 8. A"*eo, S"., a a""#ed an,+ad an ao"o*% "e$a#on%+#' 4#+ L*? 8. Fa)#an %oe#e #n 1959 *n#$ +#% dea+ on 8a"+ 30,19. O* of +#% "e$a#on%+#' 4e"e )o"n Anon#a F. A"*eo and Ee$n F. A"*eo on Oo)e" 5,196 and Se'e)e" 3, 1963, "e%'e#e$.T+e RTC "ende"ed *den #n fao" of Anon#a A"*eo. A 'e##on fo" e"#o"a"# 4a% +en f#$eda$$e#n +a +e "#a$ o*" $o% *"#%d##on oe" +e o'$a#n on +e "o*nd of '"e%"#'#on.ISS=E:

+e+e" o" no +e 'e##on f#$ed on 8a"+ 7, 193, o" a$o% one 1; ea" afe" +e dea+ of +e'"e%*ed fa+e" on 8a"+ 30, 19, +a% $ea"$ '"e%"#)ed *nde" +e ne4 "*$e a% '"o#ded #n +eFa#$ Code and anno )e #en "e"oa#e effeR=LING:T+e a#on )"o*+ ) '"#ae "e%'onden Anon#a A"*eo fo" o'*$%o" "eon##on andenfo"een of %*e%%#ona$ "#+% 4+#+ 4a% f#$ed '"#o" o +e aden of +e Fa#$ Code, *%)e oe"ned ) A"#$e 5 of +e C##$ Code and no ) A"#$e 175, 'a"a"a'+ of +e Fa#$

Code. T+e '"e%en $a4 anno )e #en "e"oa#e effe #n%ofa" a% +e #n%an a%e #% one"ned,a% #% a''$#a#on 4#$$ '"e*d#e +e e%ed "#+ of '"#ae "e%'onden o +ae +e" a%e de#ded*nde" A"#$e 5 of +e C##$ Code. T+e "#+ 4a% e%ed o +e" ) +e fa +a %+e f#$ed +e"a#on *nde" +e "e#e of +e C##$ Code. !"e%#nd#n f"o +#%, +e on$*%#on +en o*+ o )e+a +e a#on 4a% no e )a""ed, no4#+%and#n +e fa +a # 4a% )"o*+ 4+en +e '*a#efa+e" 4a% a$"ead deea%ed, %#ne '"#ae "e%'onden 4a% +en %#$$ a #no" 4+en # 4a% f#$ed, ane(e'#on o +e ene"a$ "*$e '"o#ded *nde" A"#$e 5 of +e C##$ Code. /ene, +e "#a$ o*",4+#+ a


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. 8IC/AEL C. G= V. CAG.R. No. 163707

FACTS:On &*ne 13, 1997, '"#ae "e%'onden-#no"% a"en Oane% e# and a#$$e Oane% e#,

"e'"e%ened ) +e#" o+e" Reed#o% Oane% f#$ed a 'e##on fo" $ee"% of ad#n#%"a#on )efo"e+e RTC of 8aa# C#. !"#ae "e%'onden% a$$eed +a +e a"e +e d*$ ano4$eded#$$e##ae +#$d"en of S#a e#, 4+o d#ed #ne%ae #n 8aa# C# on Oo)e" 199. /e $ef ane%ae a$*ed a a$o% 10 #$$#on on%#%#n of "ea$ and 'e"%ona$ '"o'e"#e%. /#% no4n +e#"% a"e+#% %*"##n %'o*%e S+#"$e G* and +#$d"en, E, &eanne, C"#%#na, Geo"e and 8#+ae$, a$$%*"naed G*.!e##one" '"aed fo" +e d#%#%%a$ of +e 'e##on. !e##one" a%%e"ed +a +#% deea%ed fa+e" $efno de)% and +a +#% e%ae an )e %e$ed 4#+o* %e*"#n $ee"% of ad#n#%"a#on. /e f*"+e"a"*ed +a '"#ae "e%'onden% %+o*$d +ae e%a)$#%+ed +e#" %a*% a% #$$e##ae +#$d"end*"#n +e $#fe#e of S#a e# '*"%*an o A"#$e 175 of +e Fa#$ Code. 8o"eoe", +ea"*ed +a +e '"#ae "e%'ondenM% $a# +ad )een 'a#d, 4a#ed, a)andoned o" o+e"4#%ee(#n*#%+ed ) "ea%on of Reed#o%M Re$ea%e and a#e" of C$a# %a#n +a #n e(+ane fo"+e f#nan#a$ and ed*a#ona$ a%%#%ane "ee#ed f"o 'e##one", Reed#o% and +e" #no"+#$d"en d#%+a"e +e e%ae of S#a e# f"o an and a$$ $#a)#$##e%.RTC and CA )o+ den#ed +e 'e##on.ISS=E:

+e+e" Reed#o%> Re$ea%e and a#e" C$a# 4a#e% +e %*e%%#ona$ "#+% of +e" da*+e"%H

+e+e" +e "e%'onden% a"e )a""ed f"o f#$#n and '"o#n +e#" f#$#a#on o S#a e#H

R=LING:T+e Co*" DIS8ISSED +e 'e##on. A% "ea"d% Reed#o%M Re$ea%e and a#e" of C$a#, +e%ae doe% no )a" '"#ae "e%'onden% f"o $a##n %*e%%#ona$ "#+%. T+e Re$ea%e anda#e" of C$a# doe% no %ae 4#+ $a"# +e '*"'o%e of #% e(e*#on. I e"e$ %ae% +aReed#o% "ee#ed an ed*a#ona$ '$an and f#nan#a$ a%%#%ane. T+e do*en doe% no%'e#f#a$$ en#on '"#ae "e%'onden%M +e"ed#a" %+a"e #n +e e%ae of S#a e#, +*% #anno )e on%"*ed a% a 4a#e" of %*e%%#ona$ "#+%. 8o"eoe", +e" +#$d"en a"e %#$$ #no"%and *nde" A". 1022 of +e C##$ Code, %*e%%#ona$ "#+% of #no"% an on$ )e 4a#ed )*d##a$ a*+o"#?a#on.

8o"eoe", #n +e '"e%en a%e, '"#ae "e%'onden% o*$d no +ae 'o%%#)$ 4a#ed +e#"%*e%%#ona$ "#+% )ea*%e +e a"e e o '"oe +e#" %a*% a% ano4$eded #$$e##ae+#$d"en of +e deea%ed. A "#+ anno )e 4a#ed *n$e%% %*+ "#+ #% a$"ead e%ed. S#ne +e+#$d"en a"e )o"n *nde" +e "e#e of +e C##$ Code, A". 5 +a% e%ed +e +e "#+ o a''$fo" "eon##on a% #$$e##ae +#$d"en 4#+#n 2 ea"% afe" +e "ea+ +e ae ao"#.


21/514

9. TING V. TINGG.R. No. 16656

FACTS:On Oo)e" 1, 1993, afe" )e#n a""#ed fo" o"e +an 1 ea"% o 'e##one" and, Ca"en f#$eda e"#f#ed 'e##on )efo"e +e RTC of Ce)* C# fo" +e de$a"a#on of n*$$# of +e#" a""#ae)a%ed on A"#$e 36 of +e Fa#$ Code. S+e $a#ed +a ena#n %*ffe"ed f"o '%+o$o#a$#na'a# een a +e #e of +e e$e)"a#on of +e#" a""#ae, 4+#+, +o4ee", on$ )eaean#fe% +e"eafe".On &an*a" 9, 199, +e $o4e" o*" "ende"ed #% de#%#on de$a"#n +e a""#ae )e4een'e##one" and "e%'onden n*$$ and o#d. T+e RTC ae "edene o D". Onae>% f#nd#n% and +ead#%%#on% ade ) ena#n #n +e o*"%e of +#% de'o%##on, and fo*nd +# o )e'%+o$o#a$$ #na'a#aed o o'$ 4#+ +e e%%en#a$ o)$#a#on% of a""#ae. On Oo)e"19, 000, +e 'e##one" a''ea$ed o +e CA, "ee"%#n +e "#a$ o*">% de#%#on.ISS=E:+e+e" o" no +e CA o""e$ "*$ed +a +e "e


22/514

G.R. No. 1322FACTS:

!e##one" Aa$a Co"'o"a#on 4a% +e "e#%e"ed o4ne" of a 'a"e$ of $and $oaed #n A$fa"o

S"ee, Sa$edo V#$$ae, 8aa# C#. On A'"#$ 0, 1976, Aa$a Co"'o"a#on %o$d +e $o o 8an*e$S 4+o #% a""#ed o V#$a !o and S a #en 4+o #% a""#ed o Ro%a C+an. T+e Deed of Sa$ee(e*ed )e4een Aa$a Co"'o"a#on and +e )*e"% ona#ned S'e#a$ Cond##on% of Sa$e andDeed Re%"##on%. T+e S'e#a$ Cond##on% of Sa$e 4e"e: a; +e endee% %+a$$ )*#$d on +e $o and%*)# +e )*#$d#n '$an% o +e endo" )efo"e Se'e)e" 30, 1976 fo" +e $ae">% a''"oa$ ); +eon%"*#on of +e )*#$d#n %+a$$ %a" on o" )efo"e 8a"+ 30, 1977 and o'$eed )efo"e 1979.efo"e %*+ o'$e#on, ne#+e" +e deed of %a$e %+a$$ )e "e#%e"ed no" +e #$e "e$ea%ed een #f+e '*"+a%e '"#e %+a$$ +ae )een f*$$ 'a#d and ; +e"e %+a$$ )e no "e%a$e of +e '"o'e".ISS=E:

+e+e" o" no +e deed of "e%"##on an )e enfo"ed ) Aa$a Co"'o"a#on.R=LING:

Con"a*a$ o)$#a#on% )e4een 'a"#e% +ae +e fo"e of $a4 )e4een +e and a)%en ana$$ea#on +a +e %ae a"e on"a" o $a4, o"a$%, ood *%o%, '*)$# o"de" o" '*)$# 'o$#,+e *% )e o'$#ed 4#+ #n ood fa#+. T+e 'a" *#$ of #o$a#n +e deed of "e%"##on%a on$ )e +e$d a$e"na#e$ $#a)$e fo" %*)%#*e 'e"fo"ane of #% o)$#a#on, +a #%, fo" +e'aen of daae%.


23/514

11. !EO!LE V. VENERACIONG.R. No. 11997-

FACTS: On A**% , 1992, "e%'onden Lo"en?o !. Vene"a#on, +e '"e%#d#n &*de of +e RTCof Na#ona$ Ca'#a$ &*d##a$ Re#on, "ef*%ed o #'o%e dea+ 'ena$ o +e fo*" a*%ed +a

4e"e fo*nd *#$ )eond "ea%ona)$e do*) of "a'e 4#+ +o##de of a %een ea" o$d #"$.In%ead of dea+ 'ena$, +e #'o%ed a "e$*%#on 'e"'e*a o ea+ of +e a*%ed. T+e #'"o%e*o" f#$ed a o#on fo" "eon%#de"a#on '"a#n +a +e 'ena$ of dea+ )e #'o%ed *'on+e fo*" a*%ed. T+e "e%'onden *de "ef*%ed o a.ISS=E: +e+e" o" no A"#$e 9 of +e C##$ Code of +e !+#$#''#ne% +a% )een #o$aed ) +e"e%'onden *de fo" #'o%#n 'ena$ $o4e" +an +a '"e%"#)ed ) $a4.R=LING: e%. T+e S*'"ee Co*" andae% +a afe" an ad*d#a#on of *#$, +e *de %+o*$d#'o%e +e '"o'e" 'ena$ '"o#ded fo" ) +e $a4 on +e a*%ed "ea"d$e%% of +#% o4n "e$##o*%o" o"a$ )e$#ef%. In +#% a%e +e "e%'onden *de *% #'o%e +e dea+ 'ena$. T+#% #%on%#%en #n +e "*$e $a#d do4n #n +e C##$ Code A"#$e 9 +a no *de o" o*" %+a$$ de$#ne o"ende" *den ) "ea%on of +e %#$ene, o)%*"#, o" #n%*ff##en of +e $a4%


24/514

1. ROLDAN V. 8ADRONAG.R. No. 1599

FACTS:

!e##one", +e o4ne" of a 'a"e$ of $and, a''$#ed fo" a !"#ae Land T#)e" !e"# !LT!; f"o+e DENR, fo" +# o * %oe "ee% fo" a '"o'o%ed "oad and 'o*$" fa" #n +#% '"o'e". +#$e+#% 'e"# 4a% )e#n '"oe%%ed, 'e##one" '"oeeded 4#+ *#n %a#d "ee% and *%#n +e *$o% o )*#$d +#% +#en ae%. Fo$$o4#n +#%, "e'"e%ena#e% f"o CENRO of +e DENR and'e"%onne$ f"o +e ISAF! of Ta$o)an C# "a#ded 'e##one">% '$ae, a$$eed$ 4#+o* a %ea"+4a""an, and ond*ed #neno" of +e * "ee%, +en en"*%ed +e * "ee% o a aa4ad.+en a 4a""an 4a% #%%*ed, +e CENRO "o*' and ISAF! "e*"ned and onf#%aed a n*)e" of%a4n $*)e"f$#+e% and fe$$ed #)e" $o%. A o'$a#n 4a% +en f#$ed ) CENRO o +e C#!"o%e*o" of O"o fo" #o$a#on of Se#on 6 of !D 705, +e $ae" #%%*#n a "e%o$*#on, f#nd#n'"o)a)$e a*%e o on# 'e##one". An #nfo"a#on 4a% f#$ed and *"#%d##on 4a% "an%fe""ed o+e RTC. !e##one" 4a% #%%*ed a 4a""an of a""e% )* +e f#$ed a o#on fo" *d##a$ dee"#na#onof '"o)a)$e a*%e and +e "ea$$ of +#% 4a""an of a""e%. T+#% o#on 4a% den#ed )* +e )a#$ of+e 'e##one" 4a% "ed*ed. /ene, +e #n%an 'e##on.ISS=E:

+e+e" o" no # #% a$#d fo" +e 'ena$ fo"


25/514

12 S 23

FACTS:

On A**% 2, 1960, Ta*"#no S#n%on, a 'a#n 'a%%ene" on )oa"d a )*% )e$on#n o +e

!+#$#''#ne Ra))# *% L#ne% In., %*%a#ned *$#'$e %e"#o*% '+%#a$ #n*"#e% 4+en +e %a#d )*%"a%+ed +*% +e f#$ed a o'$a#n fo" on"a*a$ o". T+e defendan #ne"'o%ed +e defen%e +a+e o$$#%#on 4a% d*e o a fo"*#o*% een. A a %+ed*$ed "#a$ on A'"#$ 9, 1967, afe" '"e#o*%'o%'oneen%, on$ +e defendan a''ea"ed and *'on o#on of #% o*n%e$, +e Co*" d#%#%%ed+e a%e fo" non-a''ea"ane of '$a#n#ff. T+e '$a#n#ff>% o*n%e$ +"o*+ 8#%% 8a A$*na"ee#ed +e o"de" of d#%#%%a$ on 8a 6, 1967. On &*$ 6, 1967, '$a#n#ff f#$ed a !e##on fo"Re$#ef ao'an#ed ) an aff#da# of %a#d '$a#n#ff #nd#a#n +e "ea%on of +#% non-a''ea"ane.T+e $o4e" o*" "aned +e 'e##on. Afe" +e o#on fo" "eon%#de"a#on f#$ed ) +edefendan>% o*n%e$ 4a% den#ed, +e defendan f#$ed a 'e##on fo" e"#o"a"# )efo"e +e Co*" ofA''ea$% )* %a#d 'e##on 4a% $ae" den#ed.ISS=E:

+e+e" o" no +e Co*" of A''ea$% e""ed #n +o$d#n +a +e 60-da 'e"#od '"o#ded #n Se. 3of +e R*$e% of Co*" #% andao" and non-e(end#)$e and +a +e %a#d o*" e""ed #n a''$#n+e "*$ed of e


26/514

FACTS:!e##one" Ce%a"#o ="%*a 4a% on#ed fo" #o$a#on of Se. 1 of CA No. 12, a% aended ) RA605 o+e"4#%e no4n a% BAn A o Re*$ae +e =%e of A$#a%e% ) +e RTC of Daao C#4+#+ 4a% aff#"ed ) +e CA. A$$eed$ 'e##one" 4+en a%ed ) +#% o*n%e$ o ae +#% $ee"of "e


27/514

V#e C+a#" of !"#eo4n, G#$)e" a', a''$#ed on 8a"+ 11, 1999 fo" a "ef*nd o" "ed# of#noe a( 4+#+ !"#eo4n 'a#d #n 1997. /e $a#% +a +e a"e en#$ed fo" a "ef*nd )ea*%e+e %*ffe"ed $o%%e% +a ea" d*e o +e #n"ea%e of o% of $a)o" and ae"#a$%, e. /o4ee",de%'#e +e $o%%e%, +e %#$$ 'a#d +e#"


28/514

1996. T+e o'$a#n% "ooed on D#%+one%, 8#%ond*, and =nf#ne%% a% a ea+e", 4+#+#no$ed #n#den% 4+en La)ad $#ed of +e ao*n %+e 'a#d fo" +e ea")oo, #o$a#on of RA7079 Ca'*% &o*"na$#% A of 1991;, no "e$ea%e of +e %a#d ea")oo, and a)*%e of %*den%.T+e Ine%#a#on Co#ee, on%"*ed ) =S!, +e$d +a +e"e %+o*$d )e a non "ene4a$ ofLa)ad>% '"o)a#ona" %a*%. T+e %a$#en dae% a"e %*a"#?ed a% fo$$o4%:

A'"#$ 12, 199- C##$ Se"#e aff#"ed +e Ine%#a#on Co#ee>% de#%#onDee)e" 11, 199- C##$ %e"#e% Co#ee den#ed La)ad>% 8o#on fo" Reon%#de"a#on.Dee)e" , 199- La)ad f#$ed a 8o#on fo" E(en%#on o f#$e !e##on o CA.&an*a" 1, 1999- La)ad f#$ed a !e##on fo" Re#e4 o CA.Fe)"*a" 17, 1999- La)ad "ee#ed a Re%o$*#on "an#n +e" !e##on fo" E(en%#on.8a"+ 10, 1999- La)ad "ee#ed a Re%o$*#on f"o +e CA d#%#%%#n +e" !e##on fo" Re#e4. I%aed +a on%#de"#n +a +e 'e##on fo" "e#e4 4a% f#$ed on &an*a" 1, 1999 ) "e#%e"eda#$, )eond +e e(ended 'e"#od 4+#+ e('#"ed on &an*a" 10, 1999, +e 'e##on fo" "e#e4 #%d#%#%%ed.On 8a"+ 2, 1999, 'e##one" f#$ed a o#on fo" "eon%#de"a#on.

On &*$ 9, 1999, o*n%e$ of 'e##one" "ee#ed a o' of +e Re%o$*#on of +e Co*" of A''ea$%daed &*$ , 1999 den#n +e o#on fo" "eon%#de"a#on of 'e##one". T+e Re%o$*#on %aed+a on%#de"#n +a 'e##one" +e"%e$f ad#% f#$#n +e 'e##on a $ea% one da $ae, +e o#onfo" "eon%#de"a#on #% +e"e) den#ed.ISS=ES:+e+e" o" no +e CA e""ed #n d#%#%%#n +e !e##on fo" Re#e4 f#$ed ) 'e##one" )efo"e # on+e "o*nd +a +e 'e##on 4a% f#$ed $ae+e+e" +e e(en%#on 'e"#od %a"ed on Dee)e" 6, 199 o" on Dee)e" , 199.

R=LING:In o'*#n an 'e"#od of #e '"e%"#)ed o" a$$o4ed ) +e%e R*$e%, o" ) o"de" of +e o*",o" ) an a''$#a)$e %a*e, +e da of +e a o" een f"o 4+#+ +e de%#naed 'e"#od of #e)e#n% o "*n #% o )e e($*ded and +e dae of 'e"fo"ane #n$*ded. If +e $a% da of +e 'e"#od,a% +*% o'*ed, fa$$% on a Sa*"da, a S*nda, o" a $ea$ +o$#da #n +e '$ae 4+e"e +e o*"%#%, +e #e %+a$$ no "*n *n#$ +e ne( 4o"#n da.a%ed on Se#on 1, R*$e of +e R*$e% of Co*" and a% a''$#ed #n %ee"a$ a%e%, 4+e"e +e $a%da fo" do#n an a "e


29/514

A% a "*$e, +e e(en%#on %+o*$d )e aed o +e o"##na$ 'e"#od and oene #ed#ae$ afe"+e e('#"a#on of %*+ 'e"#od. In +#% a%e, 'e##one" %'e#f#a$$ an#fe%ed +a %+e )e "anedan e(en%#on of 15 da% f"o Dee)e" , 199 o" *n#$ &an*a" 1, 1999 fo" +e" o f#$e +e"'e##on fo" "e#e4. /ene, +e 'e"#od fo" "eon#n +e oeneen of +e add##ona$ 15 da%%+o*$d +ae )een f"o Dee)e" , 199, and no Dee)e" 6, 199. T+*%, +e 'e##on f#$ed

) 'e##one" 4#+ +e Co*" of A''ea$% on &an*a" 1, 199, e(a$ 15 da% f"o Dee)e" ,199, 4a% f#$ed on #e.T+e *nde"'#nn#n on%#de"a#on #n 8o%o4%#, Vda. de Ca'*$on and #n +e a%e a )a", #% +e$#)e"a$ #ne"'"ea#on of +e R*$e% o a+#ee %*)%an#a$ *%#e. !e##one" 4o*$d )e o*"#+den#ed +e" "#+ o a''ea$ #f +e o"##na$ 'e"#od of Dee)e" 6, 199 4o*$d )e +e )a%#% of +e15da e(en%#on 'e"#od. +#$e +e "#+ o a''ea$ #% a %a*o", no a na*"a$ "#+, none+e$e%% ##% an e%%en#a$ 'a" of o*" *d##a$ %%e and o*"% %+o*$d '"oeed 4#+ a*#on %o a% no ode'"#e a 'a" of +e "#+ o a''ea$, )* "a+e", en%*"e +a ee" 'a"-$##an +a% +e a'$e%o''o"*n# fo" +e '"o'e" and *% d#%'o%##on of +#% a*%e, f"eed f"o +e on%"a#n% ofe+n#a$##e%.T+e S*'"ee Co*" "aned +e 'e##on and +e a%e #% "eanded o +e a''e$$ae o*" fo"f*"+e" '"oeed#n%.


30/514

17. CIR !RI8ETONG.R. No. 16155

FACTS:

V#e C+a#" of !"#eo4n, G#$)e" a', a''$#ed on 8a"+ 11, 1999 fo" a "ef*nd o" "ed# of#noe a( 4+#+ !"#eo4n 'a#d #n 1997. /e $a#% +a +e a"e en#$ed fo" a "ef*nd )ea*%e+e %*ffe"ed $o%%e% +a ea" d*e o +e #n"ea%e of o% of $a)o" and ae"#a$%, e. /o4ee",de%'#e +e $o%%e%, +e %#$$ 'a#d +e#"


31/514

GR No. 12371FACTS:T+e deea%ed Lo"en?o N. L$o"ene 4a% an en$#%ed %e"#ean of +e =n#ed Sae%. On 1937,Lo"en?o and 'e##one" !a*$a, 4e"e a""#ed. Lae", Lo"en?o 4a% ad#ed o +e =n#ed Sae%##?en%+#' and a Ce"#f#ae of Na*"a$#?a#on 4a% #%%*ed #n +#% fao" ) +e =n#ed Sae%D#%"# Co*", So*+e"n D#%"# of Ne4 o".='on +e $#)e"a#on of +e !+#$#''#ne% f"o +e Ae"#an Fo"e% #n 1925, Lo"en?o 4a% "anedan a"*ed $eae ) +e =. S. Na, o #%# +#% 4#fe. +en +e a""#ed #n +e !+#$#''#ne%, +ed#%oe"ed +a +#% 4#fe !a*$a 4a% '"enan and 4a% $##n #n and +a#n an ad*$e"o*%"e$a#on%+#' 4#+ +#% )"o+e".A% %*+, Lo"en?o "ef*%ed o fo"#e !a*$a and $#e 4#+ +e". In fa, +e o*'$e d"e4 a 4"#ena"eeen o +e effe +a !a*$a 4#$$ no "ee#e an %*''o" f"o Lo"en?o. 8o"eoe", +e4#$$ n*$$#f +e#" a""#ae )efo"e +e o*" and Lo"en?o 4#$$ no f#$e an ad*$e"o*% a%e aa#n%

!a*$a. T+e a"eeen 4a% +en %#ned and d*$ no#f#ed.Lo"en?o "e*"ned o +e =n#ed Sae% and f#$ed fo" d#o"e 4#+ +e S*'e"#o" Co*" of +e Saeof Ca$#fo"n#a #n +e Co*n of San D#eo. ='on a''"oa$, +e d#o"e de"ee )eae f#na$. In +eean#e, Lo"en?o "e*"ned o +e !+#$#''#ne% 4+e"e +e a""#ed A$##a, +e "e%'onden. T+e$#ed fo" 5 ea"% a% +*%)and and 4#fe. T+en, Lo"en?o e(e*ed a La% #$$ and Te%aen. In+e 4#$$, Lo"en?o )e


32/514

T+e S*'"ee Co*" )a%ed +e#" de#%#on on +e fo$$o4#n *"#%'"*dene:A". 15. La4% "e$a#n o fa#$ "#+% and d*#e%, o" o +e %a*%, ond##on and $ea$ a'a# of'e"%on% a"e )#nd#n *'on ##?en% of +e !+#$#''#ne%, een +o*+ $##n a)"oad.A". 16. Rea$ '"o'e" a% 4e$$ a% 'e"%ona$ '"o'e" #% %*)e o +e $a4 of +e o*n" 4+e"e # #%

%#*aed./o4ee", #ne%ae and e%aena" %*e%%#on, )o+ 4#+ "e%'e o +e o"de" of %*e%%#on ando +e ao*n of %*e%%#ona$ "#+% and o +e #n"#n%# a$#d# of e%aena" '"o#%#on%, %+a$$)e "e*$aed ) +e na#ona$ $a4 of +e 'e"%on 4+o%e %*e%%#on #% *nde" on%#de"a#on, 4+aee"a )e +e na*"e of +e '"o'e" and "ea"d$e%% of +e o*n" 4+e"e#n %a#d '"o'e" a )efo*nd.T+e fa +a +e $ae Lo"en?o N. L$o"ene )eae an Ae"#an ##?en $on )efo"e and a +e#e of: 1; +#% d#o"e f"o !a*$a@ ; a""#ae o A$##a@ 3; e(e*#on of +#% 4#$$@ and 2;dea+, #% d*$ e%a)$#%+ed, ad#ed and *nd#%'*ed. T+*%, a% a "*$e, #%%*e% a"#%#n f"o +e%e#n#den% a"e nee%%a"#$ oe"ned ) fo"e#n $a4.T+*%, +e Co*" +e$d +a +e fo"e#n $a4 of San D#eo *% )e '"oed and a$$eed "ea"d#n +e%aed ae"%. RTC and CA ade a )ad *den 4+en +e a%%*ed +a =S a% a 4+o$e,fo$$o4% +e $a4 of do##$e and +*% a''$#ed "eno#. T+e"e #% no %*+ +#n a% one Ae"#an $a4.T+e na#ona$ $a4 #nd#aed #n A"#$e 16 of +e C##$ Code anno 'o%%#)$ a''$ o ene"a$Ae"#an $a4. T+e"e #% no %*+ $a4 oe"n#n +e a$#d# of e%aena" '"o#%#on% #n +e=n#ed Sae%. Ea+ Sae of +e *n#on +a% #% o4n $a4 a''$#a)$e o #% ##?en% and #n fo"e on$4#+#n +e Sae. I an +e"efo"e "efe" o no o+e" +an +e $a4 of +e Sae of 4+#+ +e deeden4a% a "e%#den. Seond, +e"e #% no %+o4#n +a +e a''$#a#on of +e renvoi do"#ne #% a$$edfo" o" "e


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FACTS:!e##one" A$#e Ree% Van Do"n #% a ##?en of +e !+#$#''#ne% 4+#$e '"#ae "e%'onden #% a

##?en of +e =n#ed Sae%. T+e o a""#ed #n /on on #n 197. T+e"eafe", +ee%a)$#%+ed +e#" "e%#dene #n +e !+#$#''#ne% and )eo 4o +#$d"en )o"n on A'"#$ 2, 1973 and

Dee)e" 1, 1975. S*)%e


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35/514

1. ANAR V. GARCIAG.R. NO. L-16729

FACTS:

Ed4a"d C+"#%en%en 4a% )o"n #n Ne4 o" )* +e #"aed o Ca$#fo"n#a 4+e"e +e "e%#ded fo" a'e"#od of 9 ea"%. In 1913, +e ae o +e !+#$#''#ne% 4+e"e +e )eae a do##$#a" *n#$ +#%dea+. In +#% 4#$$, +e #n%#*ed an ano4$eded na*"a$ da*+e", 8a"#a L* C+"#%en%en$e##ae;, a% +#% on$ +e#", )* $ef a $ea %* of one #n fao" of /e$en C+"#%en%enGa"#a #$$e##ae;. T+e Co*n%e$ fo" /e$en $a#% +a *nde" A"#$e 16, 'a"a"a'+ of +eC##$ Code, Ca$#fo"n#a $a4 %+o*$d )e a''$#ed@ +a *nde" Ca$#fo"n#a $a4, +e ae" #% "efe""ed)a o +e $a4 of +e do##$e. On +e o+e" +and, o*n%e$ fo" 8a"#a, ae""ed +a +e na#ona$$a4 of +e deea%ed *% a''$, #$$e##ae +#$d"en no )e#n en#$ed o an+#n *nde"Ca$#fo"n#a $a4.ISS=E:

+e+e" o" no +e na#ona$ $a4 of +e deea%ed %+o*$d )e a''$#ed #n dee"#n#n +e%*e%%#ona$ "#+% of +#% +e#"%.R=LING:

T+e S*'"ee Co*" de#d#n o "an o"e %*e%%#ona$ "#+% o /e$en %a#d #n effe +a +e"ea"e 4o "*$e% #n Ca$#fo"n#a on +e ae"@ +e #ne"na$ $a4 4+#+ a''$#e% o Ca$#fo"n#an%do##$ed #n Ca$#fo"n#a and +e onf$# "*$e fo" Ca$#fo"n#an% do##$ed o*%#de of Ca$#fo"n#a.C+"#%en%en )e#n do##$ed #n +e !+#$#''#ne%, +e $a4 of +#% do##$e *% )e fo$$o4ed. T+ea%e 4a% "eanded o +e $o4e" o*" fo" f*"+e" '"oeed#n% P +e dee"#na#on of +e%*e%%#ona$ "#+% *nde" !+#$#''#ne $a4 on$.


36/514

. ELLIS %. ELLISG.R. No. L-367

FACTS:

Ao% e$$#% 4a% a ##?en of +e Sae of Te(a%, and of +e =n#ed Sae%.

+#% f#"% 4#fe 4+o +e d#o"ed +e +ad f#e $e##ae +#$d"en, ) +#% %eond 4#fe, 4+o%*"#ed +#, +e +ad +"ee $e##ae +#$d"en, and +"ee #$$e##ae +#$d"en. efo"e +e d#ed, +eade 4o 4#$$%, one d#%'o%#n of +#% Te(a% '"o'e"#e% and +e o+e" d#%'o%#n +#% !+#$#''#ne'"o'e"#e%. In )o+ 4#$$%, +#% #$$e##ae +#$d"en 4e"e no #en an+#n. T+e #$$e##ae+#$d"en o''o%ed +e 4#$$ on +e "o*nd +a +e +ae )een de'"#ed of +e#" $e##ae% o4+#+ +e %+o*$d )e en#$ed, #f !+#$#''#ne $a4 4e"e o )e a''$#ed.

ISS=E:+e+e" o" no +e na#ona$ $a4 of +e deea%ed %+o*$d dee"#ne +e %*e%%#ona$ "#+% of +e#$$e##ae +#$d"en.R=LING:T+e S*'"ee Co*" +e$d +a +e %a#d +#$d"en a"e no en#$ed o +e#" $e##e% *nde" +e Te(a%La4, )e#n +e na#ona$ $a4 of +e deea%ed, +e"e a"e no $e##e%.T+e 'a"#e% ad# +a +edeeden, Ao% G. e$$#%, 4a% a ##?en of +e Sae of Te(a%, =.S.A., and +a *nde" +e $a4% ofTe(a%, +e"e a"e no fo"ed +e#"% o" $e##e%. Ao"d#n$, %#ne +e #n"#n%# a$#d# of +e'"o#%#on of +e 4#$$ and +e ao*n of %*e%%#ona$ "#+% a"e o )e dee"#ned *nde" Te(a% $a4,+e !+#$#''#ne $a4 on $e##e% anno )e a''$#ed o +e e%a of Ao% G. e$$#%.A"#$e 16, 'a". , and A". 1039 of +e C##$ Code, "ende" a''$#a)$e +e na#ona$ $a4 of +edeeden, #n #ne%ae o" e%aena" %*e%%#on%, 4#+ "ea"d o fo*" #e%: a; +e o"de" of%*e%%#on@ ); +e ao*n of %*e%%#ona$ "#+%@ e; +e #n"#n%# a$#d# of +e '"o#%#on% of+e 4#$$@ and d; +e a'a# o %*eed.

Ine%ae and e%aena" %*e%%#on%, )o+ 4#+ "e%'e o +e o"de" of %*e%%#on and o +eao*n of %*e%%#ona$ "#+% and o +e #n"#n%# a$#d# of e%aena" '"o#%#on%, %+a$$ )e"e*$aed ) +e na#ona$ $a4 of +e 'e"%on 4+o%e %*e%%#on #% *nde" on%#de"a#on, 4+aee"a )e +e na*"e of +e '"o'e" and "ea"d$e%% of +e o*n" 4+e"e#n %a#d '"o'e" a )efo*nd.


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38/514

3. !CI V ESCOLIN56 S 66

FACTS:

L#nn#e &ane /ode%, a Te(an 4+o 4a% a do##$#a" of +e !+#$#''#ne%, d#ed and $ef a 4#$$ #nfao" of +e" +*%)and C+a"$e% Ne4on /ode%. I 4a% ond##oned #n +e" 4#$$ +a, d*"#n +e $#feof +e" +*%)and, +e 4a% o )e )e%e%ae. /e 4a% a*+o"#?ed o e(e*e %*)%e% 4#$$ #%+a of Te(a% *nde" 4+#+, %+e a$$ee%, +e"e #% no %%e of $e##e, +ene, +e e%ae of L#nn#eanno )e $e%% +an +e" %+a"e o" one-+a$f of +e on*a$ 'a"ne"%+#' '"o'e"#e%.ISS=E:

+e+e" o" no Te(a% $a4 %+o*$d a''$.R=LING:

T+e o*" anno e dee"#ne %*+, and +a% "eanded +e a%e )a o +e "#a$ o*" %#ne )o+'a"#e% fa#$ed o '"o#de '"oof a% o +e Te(a% $a4. T+e E%ae of 8"%. /ode% #n+e"#ed ) +e")"o+e"% and %#%e"% de'end% on 1; 4+e+e" *'on +e '"o'e" a''$#a#on of +e '"#n#'$e of renvoi#n "e$a#on o A"#$e 16 of +e C##$ Code and +e 'e"#nen $a4% of Te(a%, # 4#$$ a''ea" +a/ode% +ad no $e##e, and ; 4+e+e" o" no # an )e +e$d +a /ode% +ad $ea$$ andeffe#e$ "eno*ned +#% #n+e"#ane f"o +#% 4#fe.!end#n %*+ f*"+e" '"oeed#n% +e on%#de"ed o'#n#on #% +a %#ne, *nde" +e e"% of +e 4#$$of 8"%. /ode%, +e" +*%)and o*$d no +ae an4a $ea$$ ad*d#aed o" a*%ed o )e


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ad*d#aed o +#%e$f +e" 4+o$e %+a"e of +e#" on*a$ 'a"ne"%+#', +e "e%*$#n e%ae of 8"%./ode%, of 4+#+ 8ano #% +e *none%ed ad#n#%"a"#(, anno )e $e%% +an one-fo*"+ of +eon*a$ 'a"ne"%+#' '"o'e"#e%, a% of +e #e of +e" dea+, #n*% 4+a +ae )eengratuitouslyd#%'o%ed of +e"ef"o, ) /ode% #n fao" of +#"d 'e"%on% %#ne +en, fo" een #f # 4e"ea%%*ed +a, a% onended ) !CI, *nde" A"#$e 16 of +e C##$ Code and a''$#n renvoi+e

$a4% of +e !+#$#''#ne% a"e +e one% *$#ae$ a''$#a)$e, %*+ one-fo*"+ %+a"e 4o*$d )e +e"f"ee d#%'o%a)$e 'o"#on, a#n #no ao*n a$"ead +e $e##e of +e" +*%)and *nde" A"#$e 900of +e CC!. T+*%, *n#$ f#na$ *den #% *$#ae$ "ende"ed "ea"d#n 1; +e anne" ofa''$#n A"#$e 16 of +e C##$ Code of +e !+#$#''#ne% o +e %#*a#on o)a#n#n #n +e%e a%e%+e %a#d e%ae on%#%% of one-fo*"+ of +e o*n# '"o'e"#e% of +e %a#d %'o*%e%, a% of +e#e of +e dea+ of +e 4#fe, #n*% 4+aee" +e +*%)and +ad a$"ead "a*#o*%$ d#%'o%ed of#n fao" of +#"d 'e"%on% f"o %a#d dae *n#$ +#% dea+


40/514

2. A8ERICAN AIRLINES V. CO=RT OF A!!EALSG.R. No. 116022-25

FACTS:

!$a#n#ff 8endo?a f#$ed an a#on fo" daae% )efo"e +e Re#ona$ T"#a$ Co*" of Ce)* fo" +ea$$eed e)a""a%%en and ena$ an*#%+ +e %*ffe"ed a +e Genea a#"'o" 4+en +e Ae"#anA#"$#ne% %e*"# off#e"% '"eened +# f"o )oa"d#n +e '$ane, dea#ned +# fo" a)o* an +o*"and a$$o4ed +# o )oa"d +e '$ane on$ afe" a$$ +e o+e" 'a%%ene"% +ae )oa"ded. !e##one"Ae"#an A#"$#ne% f#$ed a o#on o d#%#%% +e a#on fo" daae% f#$ed ) +e '"#ae"e%'onden fo" +e $a of *"#%d##on *nde" %e#on 1; of +e a"%a4 Conen#on. /o4ee",+e o#on 4a% den#ed. T+e Co*" of A''ea$% $ae" aff#"ed +e "#a$ o*">% de#%#on.ISS=E: +e+e" o" no +e on"a of "an%'o"a#on )e4een +e '"#ae "e%'onden and '"#ae"e%'onden 4o*$d )e on%#de"ed a% a %#n$e o'e"a#on and 'a" of +e on"a of "an%'o"a#onene"ed #no ) +e '"#ae "e%'onden 4#+ S#na'o"e A#"$#ne% #n 8an#$aHR=LING:

I 4a% +e$d +a +e on"a of a""#ae )e4een +e '"#ae "e%'onded and S#na'o"e A#"$#ne%a$+o*+ 'e"fo"ed ) d#ffe"en a""#e"% *nde" a %e"#e% of a#"$#ne% #e%, #n$*d#n +a #%%*ed )+e Ae"#an A#"$#ne% on%#*e% a %#n$e o'e"a#on. 8e)e"% of +e TATA a"e *nde" a ene"a$'oo$ 'a"ne"%+#' a"eeen 4+e"e#n, +e a a% aen of ea+ o+e" #n +e #%%*ane of #e% oon"aed 'a%%ene"% o )oo% #e %a$e% 4o"$d4#de 4+#+ a"e #nae%%#)$e #n %oe 'a"% of +e4o"$d.

!e##one">% a"eeen o ae '$ae of +e o"##na$ de%#naed a""#e" )#nd% # *nde" +e on"aof a""#ae ene"ed #no ) +e '"#ae "e%'onden and S#na'o"e A#"$#ne% #n 8an#$a. T+e"efo"e,f#nd#n% of +e Co*" of A''ea$% a"e aff#"ed. Ca%e 4a% o"de"ed o )e "eanded fo" o"e#ne%#a#on fo" a#on aa#n% daae%.


41/514

5. GO %. CORDEROG.R. No. 162703

FACTS:Soe#e #n 1996, 8o"#e" F. Co"de"o, V#e-!"e%#den of !aana 8a"e#n Co"'o"a#on!aana;, en*"ed #no +e )*%#ne%% of a"e#n #ne"-#%$and 'a%%ene" e%%e$%. Afe"ona#n a"#o*% oe"%ea% fa% fe"" an*fa*"e"% f"o a$$ oe" +e 4o"$d, +e ae o eeTon Ro)#n%on, an A*%"a$#an na#ona$ )a%ed #n "#%)ane, A*%"a$#a, 4+o #% +e 8ana#nD#"eo" of A$*#n#* Fa% Fe""#e% A*%"a$#a AFFA;.Afe" neo#a#on% 4#+ Fe$#'e Land#+o and V#nen Te%on, $a4e"% of A$$an C. Go 4+o #% +eo4ne"o'e"ao" of ACG E('"e%% L#ne" of Ce)* C#, a %#n$e '"o'"#eo"%+#'@ Co"de"o 4a% a)$e o$o%e a dea$ fo" +e '*"+a%e of 4o ; SEACAT 5 a% e#dened ) +e 8eo"and* ofA"eeen daed A**% 7, 1997. Ao"d#n$, +e 'a"#e% e(e*ed S+#')*#$d#n Con"a No.75 fo" one 1; +#+-%'eed aaa"an SEACAT 5; fo" +e '"#e of =SQ1,265,51.00. !e"a"eeen )e4een Ro)#n%on and Co"de"o, +e $ae" %+a$$ "ee#e o#%%#on% oa$#n=SQ3,72.00, o" .23 of +e '*"+a%e '"#e, f"o +e %a$e of ea+ e%%e$./o4ee", Co"de"o $ae" d#%oe"ed +a Go 4a% dea$#n d#"e$ 4#+ Ro)#n%on 4+en +e 4a%#nfo"ed ) Denn#% !ad*a of a"%#$a !+#$#''#ne% +a Go 4a% ana%%#n fo" a %eondaaa"an en#ne f"o +e#" o'an 4+#+ '"o#ded +e %+#' en#ne fo" +e f#"% SEACAT 5.!ad*a o$d Co"de"o +a Go #n%"*ed +# o fa( +e "e


42/514

fo" +e %a$e of +e %eond e%%e$ *nde" +e eo"and* of a"eeen daed A**% 7, 1997on%#de"#n +e e"#na#on of +#% a*+o"# ) AFFA>% $a4e"% on &*ne 6, 199.On 8a 31, 000, +e "#a$ o*" "ende"ed #% *den #n fao" of !$a#n#ff and aa#n%defendan% A$$an C. Go, Ton Ro)#n%on, Fe$#'e Land#+o, and V#nen Te%on. On &an*a" 9,

001, +e CA "ende"ed *den "an#n +e 'e##on fo" e"#o"a"# #n CA-G.R. S! No. 60352and %e#n a%#de +e "#a$ o*">% o"de"% of e(e*#on 'end#n a''ea$.T+e a%e )efo"e +eS*'"ee Co*" #% a on%o$#da#on of +e 'e##on% fo" "e#e4 *nde" R*$e 25 %e'a"ae$ f#$ed ) GoG.R. No. 162703; and Co"de"o G.R. No. 162727;.ISS=E:

a; +e+e" 'e##one" Co"de"o +a% +e $ea$ 'e"%ona$# o %*e +e "e%'onden% fo" )"ea+ ofon"a@ and); +e+e" +e "e%'onden% a )e +e$d $#a)$e fo" daae% o Co"de"o fo" +#% *n'a#do#%%#on% and e"#na#on of +#% e($*%#e d#%"#)*o"%+#' a''o#nen ) +e '"#n#'a$,AFFA.R=LING:

+#$e # #% "*e +a a +#"d 'e"%on anno 'o%%#)$ )e %*ed fo" )"ea+ of on"a )ea*%e on$'a"#e% an )"ea+ on"a*a$ '"o#%#on%, a on"a#n 'a" a %*e a +#"d 'e"%on no fo")"ea+ )* fo" #nd*#n ano+e" o o# %*+ )"ea+. T+e e$een% of o" #ne"fe"ene a"e: 1;e(#%ene of a a$#d on"a@ ; no4$ede on +e 'a" of +e +#"d 'e"%on of +e e(#%ene of aon"a@ and 3; #ne"fe"ene of +e +#"d 'e"%on #% 4#+o* $ea$ *%#f#a#on.T+e '"e%ene of +e f#"% and %eond e$een% #% no d#%'*ed. T+"o*+ +e $ee"% #%%*ed )Ro)#n%on ae%#n +a Co"de"o #% +e e($*%#e d#%"#)*o" of AFFA #n +e !+#$#''#ne%,

"e%'onden% 4e"e $ea"$ a4a"e of +e on"a )e4een Co"de"o and AFFA "e'"e%ened )Ro)#n%on. In fa, e#dene on "eo"d %+o4ed +a "e%'onden% #n##a$$ dea$ 4#+ and"eon#?ed Co"de"o a% %*+ e($*%#e dea$e" of AFFA +#+-%'eed aaa"an e%%e$% #n +e!+#$#''#ne%. In +a a'a# a% e($*%#e d#%"#)*o", 'e##one" Go ene"ed #no +e8eo"and* of A"eeen and S+#')*#$d#n Con"a No. 75 4#+ Co"de"o #n )e+a$f ofAFFA.T+e "*$e #% +a +e defendan fo*nd *#$ of #ne"fe"ene 4#+ on"a*a$ "e$a#on% anno )e+e$d $#a)$e fo" o"e +an +e ao*n fo" 4+#+ +e 'a" 4+o 4a% #nd*ed o )"ea +e on"aan )e +e$d $#a)$e. Re%'onden% Go, Land#+o and Te%on 4e"e +e"efo"e o""e$ +e$d $#a)$efo" +e )a$ane of 'e##one" Co"de"o>% o#%%#on f"o +e %a$e of +e f#"% SEACAT 5, #n +e

ao*n of =SQ31,5.09 o" #% 'e%o e


43/514

6. TIT=S . VILLAN=EVA %. E88A 8. ROS=ETAG.R. No. 10762

FACTS:

Re%'onden Ea 8. Ro%% enenn#a$ ann#e"%a". * +e CA "ee"%ed +e RTC>% de#%#on, +o$d#n #n%ead+a 'e##one" V#$$an*ea>% "ef*%a$ o o'$ 4#+ +e '"e$##na" #n*n#on o"de" #%%*ed #n +e


44/514

#n*n#on %+o4% )ad fa#+ and #nen o %'#e Ro%


45/514

7. CR= V. NLRCG.R. NO. 11632

FACTS:

Re%'onden No"#% D#%"#)*o"%, In. #% enaed #n +e )*%#ne%% of %e$$#n oo"$e% and+o*%e+o$d a''$#ane%, 4#+ )"an+e% a$$ oe" +e o*n". !e##one" V#o$a C"*? 4a% +#"ed ande'$oed ) No"#% %oe#e #n 8a"+ 1997 a% a%+#e")ooee'e". In Oo)e" 1990, +eVa$en#a )"an+ of No"#% 4a% %+ed*$ed o "an%fe" #% off#e o ano+e" '$ae. +#$e 'e##one"and +e" o-e'$oee% 4e"e )*% 'a#n *' and a#n an #neno" of +e +#n% o )e oed,+e 'e##one" %*dden$ o$$a'%ed. S+e 4a% "*%+ed o +e 8on%ano Gene"a$ /o%'#a$ #n Va$en#a,*#dnon #n +e een#n of +e %ae da )* 4a% a)$e o "e'o" fo" 4o" +e fo$$o4#n da.

On Oo)e" 17, 1990, 'e##one" 4a% "an%fe""ed o +e Ca'#o$ Co$$ee Gene"a$ /o%'#a$ #nCaaan de O"o C# and 4a% onf#ned +e"ea *n#$ Oo)e" 5. S+e 4a% d#ano%ed o )e%*ffe"#n f"o CNS Infe#on: T 8en#n##% %. C"'ooa$ 8en#n##%. Sa"#n Oo)e"15, 1990, +e 'e##one" %o''ed "e'o"#n fo" 4o". On Oo)e" 19, 1990, "e%'onden No"#% 4a%#nfo"ed ) 'e##one">% o-e'$oee% of +e" ond##on, and # 4a% a)$e o "e"*# a "e'$aeena%+#e")ooee'e" #n +e 'e"%on of /e"nando &*aan, 4o ; da% afe" 'e##one">% o$$a'%e.On Dee)e" , 1990, 'e##one" %en a $ee" o No"#% o e"#f +e %a*% of +e" e'$oen.A% an an%4e", %+e "ee#ed a e"#na#on $ee" ##n +ea$+ "ea%on% a% +e a*%e fo" +e"d#%#%%a$. On 8a"+ 1, 1991, 'e##one" $oded a o'$a#n fo" #$$ea$ d#%#%%a$ aa#n% +e'"#ae "e%'onden%, '"a#n fo" 'aen of %e'a"a#on 'a #n $#e* of "e#n%aeen, %e"#e#nen#e, $eae 'a, ae"n# $eae 'a, 13+ on+ 'a, +o$#da 'a and o+e" one $a#%,)efo"e +e A")#"a#on "an+ of +e NLRC #n Caaan De O"o C#. T+e La)o" A")#e" "ende"eda de#%#on #n +e" fao". F"o +e %a#d de#%#on )o+ 'a"#e% a''ea$ed o +e NLRC. T+e F#f+D##%#on of +e NLRC "ee"%ed and %e a%#de +e a''ea$ed de#%#on of +e La)o" A")#e".

ISS=E:

+e+e" o" no 'e##one" #% en#$ed o "eoe" o"a$ and e(e'$a" daae% and ao"ne>% fee%f"o '"#ae "e%'onden%

R=LING:

=nde" Se#on , R*$e I, oo VI of +e R*$e% and Re*$a#on% I'$een#n +e La)o" Code,fo" a d#%ea%e o )e a a$#d "o*nd fo" +e d#%#%%a$ of +e e'$oee, +e on#n*ed e'$oenof %*+ e'$oee #% '"o+#)#ed ) $a4 o" '"e*d##a$ o +#% +ea$+ o" +e +ea$+ of +#% o-e'$oee%, and +e"e *% )e a e"#f#a#on ) a o'een '*)$# +ea$+ a*+o"# +a +ed#%ea%e #% of %*+ na*"e o" a %*+ a %ae +a # anno )e *"ed 4#+#n a 'e"#od of %#( 6;on+%, een 4#+ '"o'e" ed#a$ "eaen. S#ne +e )*"den of '"o#n +e a$#d# of +ed#%#%%a$ of +e e'$oee "e%% on +e e'$oe", +e $ae" %+o*$d $#e4#%e )ea" +e )*"den of%+o4#n +a +e "e


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afo"e%aed "e% a)%ene 4a% e('$a#ned ) +e *nden#a)$e fa +a %+e 4a% onf#ned fo""eaen #n %ee"a$ +o%'#a$% fo" a"o*nd +"ee 3; on+%. T+e $a# of "e%'onden No"#% +a #

4a% no #nfo"ed of +e %#ne%% of 'e##one" #% )e$#ed ) +e fa +a on Oo)e" 12, 1990, +eda )efo"e 'e##one" %o''ed o#n o 4o", %+e o$$a'%ed 4#+#n +e off#e '"e#%e% and 4a%#ed#ae$ "*%+ed o a +o%'#a$. S*+ fa %+o*$d e('$a#n 4+ 'e##one" deeed # *nnee%%a"o #nfo" "e%'onden No"#% +a %+e 4a% %#. 8o"eoe", '"#ae "e%'onden% 4e"e a''a"en$o$d +a +e 'e##one" 4a% #$$ )ea*%e #n +e $ee" of e"#na#on daed Noe)e" , 1990, +ead#%ed 'e##one" +a +e o'an +a% de#ded o "e'$ae +e" a% +e" '"e%en #$$-+ea$+ ond##on+a% ade o* +e"; #na'a)$e of 'e"fo"#n o*" +e"; a%%#ned d*#e% and f*n#on% effe#e$.T+a %+e d#d no f#$e an %# $eae 4a% of no oen on%#de"#n +a +e"e 4a% noo*n#a#on f"o +e "e%'onden o'an "ea"d#n +e %a*% of 'e##one"% e'$oen.T+e %a#d $ee" of e"#na#on, daed Noe)e" , 1990, 4a% on$ "ee#ed ) 'e##one" #n&an*a" 1991, afe" %+e 4"oe +e '"#ae "e%'onden%; on Dee)e" , 1990, "e


47/514

. GLOE 8CA V CA176 SCRA 77

FACTS:

10 Noe)e" 197, +e"e#n '"#ae "e%'onden Re%#*o To)#a%, a '*"+a%#n aen andad#n#%"a#e a%%#%an o +e en#nee"#n o'e"a#on% anae", d#%oe"ed f###o*% '*"+a%e%and o+e" f"a*d*$en "an%a#on%, 4+#+ a*%ed G$o)e 8aa Ca)$e and Rad#o Co"' $o%% of%ee"a$ +o*%and% of 'e%o%. /e "e'o"ed # o +#% #ed#ae %*'e"#o" Ed*a"do T. Fe""a"en and o+e E(e*#e V#e !"e%#den and Gene"a$ 8anae" /e")e" /end". A da afe" +e "e'o",/end" o$d To)#a% +a +e 4a% n*)e" one %*%'e and o"de"ed +# one 4ee fo"ed $eae.+en To)#a% "e*"ned o 4o" afe" %a#d $eae, /end" a$$ed +# a B"oo and a B%4#nd$e",o"de"ed +# o ae a $#e deeo" e%, and o %*)# %'e#en of +#% +and4"##n, %#na*"e and#n##a$% fo" 'o$#e #ne%#a#on. 8o"eoe", 'e##one"% +#"ed a '"#ae #ne%#ao". !"#ae#ne%#a#on 4a% %#$$ #no'$ee@ +e $#e deeo" e%% #e$ded nea#e "e%*$%@ "e'o"% f"o8an#$a 'o$#e #ne%#ao"% and f"o +e 8e"o 8an#$a !o$#e C+#ef Do*en E(a#ne" a"e #n

fao" of To)#a%. !e##one"% f#$ed 4#+ +e F#%a$>% Off#e of 8an#$a a oa$ of %#( 6; "##na$a%e% aa#n% '"#ae "e%'onden To)#a%, )* 4e"e d#%#%%ed.

To)#a% "ee#ed a no#e of e"#na#on of +#% e'$oen f"o 'e##one"% #n &an*a" 1973,effe#e Dee)e" 197. /e %o*+ e'$oen 4#+ +e Re'*)$# Te$e'+one Co'anRETELCO;@ )* /end" 4"oe a $ee" o RETELCO %a#n +a To)#a% 4a% d#%#%%ed )G$o)e 8aa d*e o d#%+one%. To)#a%, +en, f#$ed a ##$ a%e fo" daae% an+o"ed on a$$eed*n$a4f*$, a$##o*%, o''"e%%#e, and a)*%#e a% of 'e##one"%. T+e Re#ona$ T"#a$ Co*" of8an#$a, "an+ I, +"o*+ &*de 8an*e$ T. Ree% "ende"ed *den #n fao" of '"#ae"e%'onden, o"de"#n 'e##one"% o 'a +# e#+ +o*%and 'e%o% !0,000.00; a% a*a$daae%, 4o +*nd"ed +o*%and 'e%o% !00,000.00; a% o"a$ daae%, 4en +o*%and 'e%o%!0,000.00; a% e(e'$a" daae%, +#" +o*%and 'e%o% !30,000.00; a% ao"neM% fee%, ando%%@ +ene, +#% 'e##on fo" "e#e4 on e"#o"a"#.ISS=E:

+e+e" o" no 'e##one"% a"e $#a)$e fo" daae% o '"#ae "e%'onden.R=LING:

e%. T+e Co*", afe" e(a#n#n +e "eo"d and on%#de"#n e"a#n %#n#f#an #"*%ane%,f#nd% +a a$$ 'e##one"% +ae #ndeed a)*%ed +e "#+ +a +e #noe, a*%#n daae o '"#ae"e%'onden and fo" 4+#+ +e $ae" *% no4 )e #nden#f#ed: 4+en /end" o$d To)#a% o *%

onfe%% o" e$%e +e o'an 4o*$d f#$e a +*nd"ed o"e a%e% aa#n% +# *n#$ +e $anded #n a#$@+#% /end"; %o"nf*$ "ea"% a)o* F#$#'#no% o* F#$#'#no% anno )e "*%ed.; a% 4e$$ a%aa#n% To)#a% B"oo, and B%4#nd$e";@ +e 4"##n of a $ee" o RETELCO %a#n +a To)#a%4a% d#%#%%ed ) G$o)e 8aa d*e o d#%+one%@ and +e f#$#n of %#( "##na$ a%e% )'e##one"% aa#n% '"#ae "e%'onden. A$$ +e%e "eea$ +a 'e##one"% a"e o#aed )a$##o*% and *n$a4f*$ #nen o +a"a%%, o''"e%%, and a*%e daae o '"#ae "e%'onden. T+e#'*a#on of *#$ 4#+o* )a%#% and +e 'ae"n of +a"a%%en d*"#n +e #ne%#a#on% ofTo)#a% "an%"e%% +e %anda"d% of +*an ond* %e fo"+ #n A"#$e 19 of +e C##$ Code.


48/514

/EREFORE, +e 'e##on #% DENIED and +e de#%#on of +e Co*" of A''ea$% #n CA-G.R. CVNo. 09055 #% AFFIR8ED.

30. =E V. &ADERGR No. 13322

FACTS:


49/514

T+e "e%'onden, &ade", 4a% en"o$$ed #n +e defendan%M Co$$ee of La4 #n +e f#"% %ee%e" of +#%$a% ea" +e fa#$ed o ae +e "e*$a" f#na$ e(a#na#on #n !"a#e Co*" I fo" 4+#+ +e 4a%#en an #no'$ee "ade. /e en"o$$ed fo" +e %eond %ee%e" a% fo*"+ ea" $a4 %*den and +ef#$ed an a''$#a#on fo" +e "eoa$ of +e #no'$ee "ade #en +# ) !"ofe%%o" Ca"$o%O"ea 4+#+ 4a% a''"oed ) +e Dean afe" 'aen of +e "e


50/514

!$a#n#ff Ro)e"o Ree% Aa #%aa; 4a% +a#n offee a +e N#o /oe$$o)) on Oo)e" 13, 1992 a a"o*nd %#( #n +e o"n#n 4+en D". V#o$ea F#$a", a $on-#ef"#end, a''"oa+ed +# and #n#ed +# o a 'a" a +e 'en+o*%e 4+e"e +e +oe$>% fo"e"anae">% )#"+da 4a% )e#n e$e)"aed. /e on%ened and a""#ed +e $ae">% '"e%en. A +e'a", 4+en +e 4a% +e$'#n +#%e$f a +e )*ffe a)$e, R*) L#, one of +e 'e##one"%,

a''"oa+ed +# and a%ed +# o $eae #n a $o*d o#e eno*+ o )e +ea"d ) +o%e a"o*nd +e)*ffe a)$e. T+en, a 8aa# 'o$#ean ao'an#ed +e e)a""a%%ed Aa #%aa #n $ea#n+e 'en+o*%e.R*) L# ae'ed +e fa +a %+e a%ed 8". Ree% o $eae )* no #n +e anne" +e $a#ed.S+e %a#d %+e 'o$#e$ a%ed 8". Ree% o f#n#%+ +#% food and $eae +e 'a" a% +e e$e)"an4an% +e 'a" o )e #n#ae, and +a +e 4a% no #n#ed. On +e o+e" +and, D". F#$a" den#edAa #%aa>% $a# +a %+e #n#ed +# o +e 'a".ISS=E:

+e+e" o" no 'e##one" L#>% ond* 4a% a)*%#e eno*+ o ae +e 'e##one"%$#a)$e fo" daae% a*%ed o '$a#n#ff.R=LING:

No. T+e S*'"ee Co*" "*$ed +a an daae 4+#+ 8". Ree% #+ +ae %*ffe"ed+"o*+ 8%. L#>% e(e"#%e of a $e##ae "#+ done 4#+#n +e )o*nd% of '"o'"#e and oodfa#+, *% )e +#% o )ea" a$one.T+e '$a#n#ff fa#$ed #n '"o#n +e #$$-o#e of +e 'e##one"%. I 4a% f"o +#% onfe%%#on +a4+en 8%. L# a''"oa+ed +#, +e 4e"e e" $o%e +a +e nea"$ #%%ed ea+ o+e".Con%#de"#n +e $o%ene%% of defendan L# o '$a#n#ff 4+en %+e "e


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Co'$a#nan So$edad Ca#a%, 4a% )o"n #n &*$ 1917. S#ne 1950, So$edad +en a ea+e" #n +eS#)ona !"o#n#a$ /#+ S+oo$ #n Ce)*, and 'e##one", 4+o 4a% a$o% en 10; ea"% o*ne"+an %+e, *%ed o o a"o*nd oe+e" and 4e"e "ea"ded a% enaed, a$+o*+ +e +ad ade no'"o#%e of a""#ae '"#o" +e"eo. In 1951, %+e ae *' ea+#n and )eae a $#fe #n%*"ane*nde"4"#e" #n +e C# of Ce)*, 4+e"e #n#a dee$o'ed aon +e" and +e 'e##one", %#ne

one een#n #n 1953, 4+en afe" o#n f"o +e o#e%@ +e +ad %e(*a$ #ne"o*"%e #n +#%a)#n on )oa"d 8V E%aJo, o 4+#+ +e 4a% +en aa+ed a% a''"en#e '#$o. In Fe)"*a"1952, So$edad ad#%ed 'e##one" +a %+e 4a% #n +e fa#$ 4a, 4+e"e*'on +e '"o#%ed oa"" +e". T+e#" +#$d, C+"#% /e"o%#%#a, 4a% )o"n on &*ne 17, 1952, #n a '"#ae ae"n# and$#n#. /o4ee", %*)%e


52/514

33. EATRI GALANG %. T/E /ON. CO=RT OF A!!EALS ET AL.G.R. No.L-172

FACTS:

Rod"#o o*"ed ea"#? #n 1953 and +e, +e"eafe", )eae enaed, a$)e# Rod"#oM% o+e"4a% o''o%ed o +e#" a""#ae@ +a on A'"#$ 15, 1955 Rod"#o and +#% fa+e" 4en o +e" +o*%eand +e" a""#ae 4#+ Rod"#o 4e"e a""aned, 4#+ +e on*""ene of +e" o+e", a''e$$an8a(##no *#n# +a#n a"eed o #e do4" and o def"a +e e('en%e% of +e a""#ae, 4#++e e(e'#on of +e 4edd#n d"e%% of a''e$$ee@ +a +e a"eed o +ae +e a""#ae e$e)"aed#n a*#o, fo" 4+#+ "ea%on on A'"#$ 7, 1955, a''e$$ee, Rod"#o and +e $ae"M% fa+e" $ef fo"a*#o@ +a *'on a""##n a Co$o"ado Fa$$%, +o4ee", 8a(##no ade +e a$#+ f"o +e )*%and oo +e o +e +o*%e of Ado$fo Daa4an 4#+ 4+o 8a(##no a"eed +a a''e$$ee andRod"#o 4o*$d %a #n %a#d +o*%e, 8a(##no o 'a !5.00 da#$ fo" +e#" $od#n and a%edDaa4an o ae a$$ a""aneen% fo" +e#" 4edd#n #n a*#o and o a a% +e#" %'on%o"@ +aafe" a#n +e%e a""aneen% 8a(##no $ef, 4+#$e a''e$$ee and Rod"#o "ea#ned #nDaa4anM% +o*%e 4+e"e +e $#ed a% +*%)and and 4#fe *n#$ 8a 9, +a on 8a 7, a''e$$ee andRod"#o, ao'an#ed ) Daa4an, 4en o a*#o o %e*"e a a""#ae $#en%e )* fa#$ed)ea*%e Rod"#o d#d no +ae a "e%#dene e"#f#ae, a$+o*+ )o+ '"o%'e#e on"a#n'a"#e% %#ned +e o""e%'ond#n a''$#a#on@ +a on 8a 9, on +e '"ee( +a +e o#n o +e#"+oeo4n o e +#% "e%#dene e"#f#ae, Rod"#o $ef Co$o"ado Fa$$% and nee" "e*"ned@ +a4+en a''e$$ee "e*"ned o +e#" +oeo4n S#%on, !ana%#nan;, %+e fo*nd o* +a Rod"#oM%'a"en% +ad %'"#ned +# a4a )ea*%e, #n +e#" o'#n#on, a''e$$eeM% "e'*a#on 4a% *n%ao".T+e Co*" of F#"% In%ane %*%a#ned '$a#n#ffM% '"een%e, )* +e Co*" of A''ea$% on%#de"ed +e"e#dene *n4o"+ of "edene, and, +ene, a)%o$ed 8a(##no *#n#.ISS=ES:

+e+e" o" no Rod"#o and 8a(#o *#n# a"e $#a)$e fo" daae% d*e o +e a$$eed )"ea+ of'"o#%e o a""HR=LING:

T+e S*'"ee Co*" aff#"ed +e de#%#on of +e Co*" of A''ea$% fo" +e "ea%on +a e"e )"ea+of '"o#%e o a"" #% no an a#ona)$e 4"on.In +e $#+ of +e $ea" and an#fe% #nen of o*"$a4 a#n )od no o %an#on a#on% fo" )"ea+ of '"o#%e o a"", +e a4a"d of o"a$daae% ade ) +e Co*" of F#"% In%ane #%, ao"d#n$, *nena)$e.


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32. GAS/E8 S/OOAT AS/ V. CAG.R. No. 97336

FACTS:

Re%'onden f#$ed 4#+ +e "#a$ o*" +e o'$a#n fo" daae% aa#n% +e 'e##one" fo" +ea$$eed #o$a#on of +e#" a"eeen o e a""#ed. !e##one" #% an I"an#an ##?en, an e(+ane%*den a#n a ed#a$ o*"%e a Le* No"+4e%e"n Co$$ee%. /e o*"ed and '"o#%ed oa"" +e "e%'onden. Afe", +e %o*+ +e a''"oa$ of +e "e%'onden>% 'a"en%, 'e##one"fo"ed +e" o $#e 4#+ +#@ %+e 4a% a #"#n )efo"e %+e )ean $##n 4#+ +#. D*"#n %*+ #e,'e##one" )ean a$"ea#n +e" and +"eaen#n o #$$ +e". Afe" a onf"ona#on 4#+ a )a"anaa'a#n, 'e##one" "e'*d#aed +e#" a""#ae a"eeen and a%ed +e" no o $#e 4#+ +#ano"e, en#on#n a$%o +a +e 4a% a$"ead a""#ed o %oeone $##n #n ao$od C#. T+e'e##one", #n +#% Co*ne"$a#, a$$eed +a o''o%#e of "e%'onden>% $a#%. T+e RTC and +eCA "*$ed #n fao" of +e "e%'onden.

ISS=E:

+e+e" o" no daae% a )e "eoe"ed fo" a )"ea+ of '"o#%e o a"" on +e )a%#% ofA"#$e 1 of +e C##$ Code of +e !+#$#''#ne%.

R=LING:

e% # a, +e 'e##on #% den#ed. T+e e(#%#n "*$e #% +a a )"ea+ of '"o#%e o a"" 'e" %e #%no an a#ona)$e 4"on. T+#% no4#+%and#n, +e C##$ Code ona#n% a '"o#%#on, A"#$e 1,4+#+ #% de%#ned o e('and +e one' of o"% o"


54/514


55/514

35. ASS8ER V. VELE1 S 62

FACTS:

F"an#%o Ve$e? and ea"#? a%%e" '$anned o e a""#ed. /o4ee", Ve$e? 4en a4a andea"#? d#d no +ea" f"o +# aa#n. ea"#? %*ed F"an#%o and a%ed +e $ae" o 'a +e" o"a$daae%. Ve$e? onended +a +e"e #% no '"o#%#on of +e $a4 a*+o"#?#n an a#on fo" )"ea+of '"o#%e o a"". /o4ee", +e o*" d#d no f#nd +#% defen%e e"#o"#o*% )ea*%e een+o*+ # #% "*e +a +e"e #% no $a4 fo" )"ea+ of '"o#%e o a"", a%%e" %#$$ %*ffe"edf"*%"a#on and '*)$# +*#$#a#on.ISS=E:+e+e" o" no +e o*" e""ed #n o"de"#n +e defendan o 'a '$a#n#ff o"a$ daae%HR=LING:

T+e a%e a )a" #% no a e"e )"ea+ of '"o#%e o a"" )ea*%e # #% no on%#de"ed ana#ona)$e 4"on. T+e e"e fa +e o*'$e +ae a$"ead f#$ed a a""#ae $#en%e and a$"ead%'en fo" #n#a#on%, 4edd#n a''a"e$%, #e% +e '$a#n#ff "ea%on o deand fo" 'aen ofdaae%. T+e o*" aff#"ed +e '"e#o*% *den and o"de"ed +e defendan o 'a +e'$a#n#ff o"a$ daae% fo" +e +*#$#a#on %+e %*ffe"ed@ a*a$ daae% fo" +e e('en%e%#n*""ed and e(e'$a" daae% )ea*%e +e defendan aed f"a*d*$en$ #n a#n +e'$a#n#ff )e$#ee +a +e 4#$$ oe )a and +e 4edd#n 4#$$ '*%+ +"o*+.

36. LAND AN OF T/E !/ILI!!INES V. ONG


56/514

G.R. No. 190755FACTS:S'o*%e% S o)a#ned a 16 8#$$#on '+' $oan f"o Land an %e*"ed ) +"ee 3; "e%#den#a$ $o%,

f#e 5; a"o "*%, and a 4a"e+o*%e. =nde" +e $oan a"eeen, !+! 6 #$$#on of +e $oan4o*$d )e %+o"-e" and 4o*$d a*"e on Fe)"*a" , 1997, 4+#$e +e )a$ane of !+! 10#$$#on 4o*$d )e 'aa)$e #n %een 7; ea"%. T+e No#e of Loan A''"oa$ daed Fe)"*a" ,1996 ona#ned an ae$e"a#on $a*%e 4+e"e#n an defa*$ #n 'aen of ao"#?a#on% o" o+e"+a"e% 4o*$d ae$e"ae +e a*"# of +e $oan.T+e fa#$ed o 'a, and +e %o$d +e +"ee 'a"e$% of $and o A$f"edo On. +en On 'a#d +e"ea#n#n ao*n, +e a''$#a#on fo" a%%*'#on of o"ae 4a% no a''"oed ) Land an.T+e )an $ea"ned f"o #% "ed# #ne%#a#on "e'o" +a +e On% +ad a "ea$ e%ae o"ae #n+e ao*n of !+! 1,300,000 4#+ ano+e" )an +a 4a% 'a% d*e. T+*%, +e )an fo"e$o%ed +e'"o'e"#e%. On f#$ed an a#on fo" "eoe" of +e one +a +e 'a#d, and 4on #n +e RTC. On

a''ea$ o +e CA, # $#e4#%e aff#"ed +e RTC de#%#on. T+*%, Land an a''ea$% o +eS*'"ee Co*".ISS=E:

+e+e" o" no Land an #% $#a)$e o On.R=LING:

T+e 'e##on +a% no e"# )* ao*n #% od#f#ed.

CIVIL LA: =n*% en"#+en.=n*% en"#+en e(#%% 4+en a 'e"%on *n*%$ "ea#n% a )enef# o +e $o%% of ano+e", o" 4+ena 'e"%on "ea#n% one o" '"o'e" of ano+e" aa#n% +e f*ndaena$ '"#n#'$e% of *%#e,e


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58/514

37. CONCE!CION %. CO=RT OF A!!EALSG.R. No. 10706

FACTS:

Soe#e #n 195, +e %'o*%e% Ne%o" N#o$a% and A$$e N#o$a% a"e $##n #n an a'a"en)e#n $ea%ed o +e ) F$o"ene B#n Cone'#on, 4+o a$%o "e%#de% #n +e %ae o'o*nd4+e"e +e a'a"en 4a% $oaed. Ne%o" 4a% enaed #n +e )*%#ne%% of %*''$#n oe"nenaen#e% and '"#ae en##e% 4#+ off#e e% a)*%#e, %anda$o*%, and #n%*$#n$an*ae. Ne%o", +e"efo"e #% en#$ed o daae%.

3. A8ONO V. S!O=SES G=TIERRE


59/514

G.R. NO. 12020

FACTS:In 1965, A. Se"#o Aono "e'"e%ened A$fon%o Fo"#$da #n a 'a"##on a%e. S#ne Fo"n#$da

+ad no one o 'a, +e a"eed o ae *%e of 4+aee" '"o'e" +e a% fee% 4+#+ ao*n% o !7. In &*$ 1969, Fo"n#$da d#ed. Aon+ $ae", +e '"o'e" 4a% f#na$$ ad*d#aed and Fo"n#$da, +"o*+ +#% +e#"%, o +#% *%%+a"e f"o +e '"o'e" #n d#%'*e. Fo"n#$da 4a% +o4ee" *na)$e o 'a Aono. /ene,Aono %o*+ o fo"e$o%e +e '"o'e" #n 1970. T+e +e#"% of Fo"n#$da, +e %'o*%e% &o%eG*#e""e? and Ane$a Fo"n#$da +en %*ed Aono


60/514

A"#$e 19, no4n o ona#n 4+a #% oon$ "efe""ed o a% +e '"#n#'$e of a)*%e of "#+%,%e% e"a#n %anda"d% 4+#+ a )e o)%e"ed no on$ #n +e e(e"#%e of one>% "#+% )* a$%o #n+e 'e"fo"ane of one>% d*#e%. T+e%e %anda"d% a"e +e fo$$o4#n: o a 4#+ *%#e@ o #eee"one +#% d*e@ "eon#?e% +e '"#o"d#a$ $##a#on on a$$ "#+%: +a #n +e#" e(e"#%e, +eno"% of +*an ond* %e fo"+ #n A"#$e 19 and "e%*$% #n daae o ano+e", a $ea$ 4"on #%

+e"e) o#ed fo" 4+#+ +e 4"ondoe" *% )e +e$d "e%'on%#)$e.C$ea"$ +en, +e deo$##on of +e %'o*%e%> +o*%e ) Aono, de%'#e +#% "ee#' of +e TRO,4a% no on$ an a)*%e )* a$%o an *n$a4f*$ e(e"#%e of %*+ "#+.T+e S*'"ee Co*" den#ed +e 'e##on.

39. /EIRS OF G=ARING %. CO=RT OF A!!EALSG.R. No. 10395

FACTS:


61/514

On Noe)e" 7, 197, +e a" d"#en ) Teodo"oG*a"#n &". o$$#ded 4#+ +e !+#$#''#ne Ra))#*% d"#en ) Ane$o C*ea% and 4#+ a Tooa C"e%%#da Ca" d"#en ) E$##o En"#


62/514

T+e 'e##one"% 4e"e +e fa#$ of +e deea%ed, F$o"en#o on#e, 4+o 4a% a camineroof +e*"ea* of !*)$# /#+4a% #n O"o


63/514

La%$, +a 'e##one"% a#e$ 'a"##'aed #n +e '"o%e*#on of +e "##na$ a%e doe% no )a"+e f"o f#$#n an #nde'enden and %e'a"ae ##$ a#on fo" daae% *nde" A"#$e 9 of +eC##$ Code. T+e ##$ a#on )a%ed on "##na$ $#a)#$# and a ##$ a#on *nde" A"#$e 9 a"e 4o%e'a"ae and #nde'enden a#on%.


64/514

2. CO&=ANGCO V. CO=RT OF A!!EALSG.R. No. 11939

FACTS:

Co*ano, a no4n )*%#ne%%an-%'o"%an o4ned %ee"a$ "ae+o"%e% 4+#+ +e ene"ed #n%4ee'%ae% "ae%. See"a$ of +#% +o"%e% 4on +e "ae% on a"#o*% dae%, and 4on '"#?e% oe+e"4#+ +e 30 d*e fo" "a#ne""oo%. /e %en $ee"% of deand fo" +e o$$e#on of +e '"#?e%d*e +# )* '"#ae "e%'onden% !CSO and #% +en +a#"an Fe"nando Ca""a%o%o &".on%#%en$ "e'$#ed +a +e deanded '"#?e% a"e )e#n 4#++e$d on ad#e of !CGG.Con%e


65/514

T+e e(an "*$e #% +a '*)$# off#e"% %+a$$ no )e $#a)$e ) 4a of o"a$ and e(e'$a" daae%fo" a% done #n +e 'e"fo"ane of off##a$ d*#e%, *n$e%% +e"e #% a $ea" %+o4#n of )ad fa#+,a$#e o" "o%% ne$#ene. Ao"ne>% fee% and e('en%e% of $##a#on anno )e #'o%ed e#+e",#n +e a)%ene of $ea" %+o4#n of an of +e "o*nd% '"o#ded +e"efo" *nde" +e C##$ Code.T+e "#a$ o*">% a4a"d of +e%e #nd% of daae% *% 'e"fo"e )e de$eed.

Nee"+e$e%%, +#% Co*" a"ee% 4#+ +e 'e##one" and +e "#a$ +a Re%'onden Ca""a%o%o a%#$$ )e +e$d $#a)$e *nde" A"#$e 3 of +e C##$ Code, 4+#+ '"o#de%:

A". 3. An '*)$# off#e" o" e'$oee, o" an '"#ae #nd##d*a$, 4+o d#"e$ o" #nd#"e$o)%"*, defea%, #o$ae% o" #n an anne" #'ede% o" #'a#"% an of +e fo$$o4#n "#+% and$#)e"#e% of ano+e" 'e"%on %+a$$ )e $#a)$e o +e $ae" fo" daae%:

((( ((( (((

6; T+e "#+% aa#n% de'"#a#on of '"o'e" 4#+o* d*e '"oe%% of $a4@

=nde" +e afo"e#ed a"#$e, # #% no nee%%a" +a +e '*)$# off#e" aed 4#+ a$#e o" )adfa#+. To )e $#a)$e, # #% eno*+ +a +e"e 4a% a #o$a#on of +e on%#*#ona$ "#+% of 'e##one",een on +e '"ee( of *%#f#a)$e o#e% o" ood fa#+ #n +e 'e"fo"ane of one>% d*#e%.

e +o$d +a 'e##one">% "#+ o +e *%e of +#% '"o'e" 4a% *nd*$ #'eded. +#$e Re%'ondenCa""a%o%o a +ae "e$#ed *'on +e !CGG>% #n%"*#on%, +e o*$d +ae f*"+e" %o*+ +e%'e#f# $ea$ )a%#% +e"efo". A $#$e e(e"#%e of '"*dene 4o*$d +ae d#%$o%ed +a +e"e 4a% no4"# #%%*ed %'e#f#a$$ fo" +e %e


66/514

23. ALC=A V. !SAG.R. NO. 76353

FACTS: In 196, %oe !SA %*den%, +e"e#n 'e##one"% A$*a? e. a$. %aed deon%"a#on% #n+e '"e#%e% of +e %+oo$. In o"de" fo" +e deon%"a#on o )e %e$ed, an a"eeen 4a% ene"ed

#no aon o+e"% +e "e*$a#on% fo" +e ond* of '"oe% a#on. In %'#e of +e a"eeen, #4a% a$$eed +a +e 'e##one"%, o#ed **$*o*% and ana"+# a% 4#+#n +e '"e#%e% of+e %+oo$, fanned ) +e oo'e"a#on of +e #ne"en#n '"ofe%%o"%, a*%#n d#%"*'#on of $a%%e%o +e '"e*d#e of +e ao"# %*den%. T+e %+oo$ oo ad#n#%"a#e %an#on% *'on +e #n#e4 of +e#" 'a"##'a#on #n +e deon%"a#on. T+e %*den% and +e #ne"en#n '"ofe%%o"% 4e"e%an#oned. T+e 4e"e d#%#%%ed and e"#naed.

ISS=E: +e+e" o" no +e"e +a% )een a de'"#a#on of on%#*#ona$ "#+% of e('"e%%#on anda%%e)$ and of d*e '"oe%% of $a4 of +e %*den% 4+o +ae )een )a""ed f"o "e-en"o$$en.

R=LING: T+e S*'"ee Co*" +e$d +a d*e '"oe%% #n d#%#'$#na" a%e% %*+ a% +e a%e a )a"doe% no ena#$ '"oeed#n% and +ea"#n% %##$a" o +o%e '"e%"#)ed fo" a#on% and '"oeed#n%

#n +e o*"% of *%#e. T+e Co*" +a% a$"ead "eon#?ed +e "#+ of +e %+oo$ o "ef*%e "e-en"o$$en of %*den% fo" aade# de$#n


67/514


68/514

22. NON VS. DA8ES15 SCRA 53

FACTS:

!e##one"%, %*den% #n '"#ae "e%'onden 8a)#n# Co$$ee%, In. #n Dae, Caa"#ne% No"e, 4e"eno a$$o4ed o "e-en"o$$ ) +e %+oo$ fo" +e aade# ea" 19-199 fo" $ead#n o"'a"##'a#n #n %*den a%% a#on% aa#n% +e %+oo$ #n +e '"eed#n %ee%e". T+e %*)e of+e '"oe%% #% no, +o4ee", ade $ea" #n +e '$ead#n%.!e##one"% f#$ed a 'e##on #n +e o*" %ee#n +e#" "ead#%%#on o" "e-en"o$$en o +e %+oo$,)* +e "#a$ o*" d#%#%%ed +e 'e##on. T+e no4 'e##on +e o*" o "ee"%e #% "*$#n #nA$*a? %. !SA1, 4+#+ 4a% a$%o a''$#ed #n +e a%e. T+e o*" %a#d +a 'e##one"% 4a#ed+e#" '"##$ee o )e ad#ed fo" "e-en"o$$en 4#+ "e%'onden o$$ee 4+en +e ado'ed,%#ned, and *%ed #% en"o$$en fo" fo" +e f#"% %ee%e" of %+oo$ ea" 19-9, 4+#+ %ae%+a: T+e 8a)#n# Co$$ee "e%e"e% +e "#+ o den ad#%%#on of %*den% 4+o%e %+o$a"%+#' andaendane a"e *n%a#%fao" and o "e "#+ o f"eedo of %'ee+ and a%%e)$ #nf"#ned.R=LING:

e%. T+e '"oe#on o +e onae "#+% of %'ee+ and a%%e)$ *a"aneed ) +e Con%#*#on

#% %##$a"$ aa#$a)$e o %*den% #% 4e$$-%e$ed #n o*" *"#%d##on. /o4ee" +e"e a"e $##a#on%.T+e 'e"#%%#)$e $##a#on on S*den E(e"#%e of Con%#*#ona$ R#+% 4#+#n +e %+oo$'"e%*''o%e% +a ond* ) +e %*den, #n $a%% o" o* of #, 4+#+ fo" an "ea%on 4+e+e" #%e% f"o #e, '$ae, o" 'e of )e+a#o" %+o*$d no ae"#a$$ d#%"*' $a%%4o" o" *% no#no$e %*)%an#a$ d#%o"de" o" #na%#on of +e "#+% of o+e"%.

25. ARAFILES V. !/ILI!!INE &O=RNALISTS, INC., ET AL.


69/514

G.R. No. 150568a"+ 5, 002

FACTS:

!e##one" f#$ed a o'$a#n aa#n% "e%'onden% )efo"e +e RTC fo" daae%. T+e %*# #% )a%edon an a"#$e +e "e%'onden +ad 4"#en, a)o* a o'$a#n f#$ed aa#n% +e 'e##one" fo" fo"#)$ea)d*#on 4#+ "a'e and fo"#)$e a)d*#on of an e'$oee of !AGASA. !e##one" a$$eed +aon ao*n of +e "o%%$ a$##o*% and oe"$ %en%a#ona$#?ed "e'o"#n #n +e ne4% #e,a%'e"%#on% 4e"e a% on +#% +a"ae"@ +#% "e'*a#on a% a d#"eo" of +e NIAS a +e !AGASA4a% #n*"ed@ +e )eae +e o)e of '*)$# one' and "#d#*$e a% +e 4a% de'#ed a% a %e(-"a?ed %a$e" and %e"#a$ "a'#%@ and +e ne4% #e defe""ed +#% '"oo#on.

T+e RTC "*$ed #n fao" of +e 'e##one" +o4ee", +e CA "ee"%ed +e de#%#on andd#%#%%ed +e 'e##on, +*% +e a%e a )a".

ISS=E:

+e+e" o" no +e CA e""ed #n +o$d#n +a +e '*)$#a#on of +e ne4% #e 4a% no aended4#+ a$#e o +*% f"ee "e%'onden% of $#a)#$# fo" daae%.

R=LING:

No # d#d no, +e 'e##on #% den#ed. A"#$e 33 of +e C##$ Code '"o#de% +a BIn a%e% ofdefaa#on, f"a*d, and '+%#a$ #n*"#e%, a ##$ a#on fo" daae%, en#"e$ %e'a"ae and d#%#nf"o +e "##na$ a#on, a )e )"o*+ ) +e #n*"ed 'a". S*+ ##$ a#on %+a$$ '"oeed#nde'enden$ of +e "##na$ '"o%e*#on, %+a$$ "e


70/514

26. INTERNATIONAL FLAVORS V. ARGOSG.R. No. 13036

FACTS:Re%'onden% 8e"$#n A"o% and &aa !#neda a"e +e ene"a$ anae" and oe"#a$ d#"eo","e%'e#e$, of +e F"a"ane% D##%#on of +e 'e##one" Ine"na#ona$ F$ao"% and F"a"ane%,In. IFFI;. T+e ene"a$ anae"% "e'o"ed d#"e$ o /e"nan Co%a, +e a''o#ned ana#nd#"eo". Co%a and "e%'onden% +ad %e"#o*% d#ffe"ene%. +en +e 'o%##on% of +e ene"a$anae"% )eae "ed*ndan, "e%'onden% a"eed o +e e"#na#on of +e#" %e"#e%. T+e %#neda BRe$ea%e a#e" and *#$a#. T+a %ae #e, Co%a #%%*ed a B!e"%onne$ Anno*neen4+#+ de%"#)ed "e%'onden% a% Bpersona non grata and *"ed +e e'$oee% no o +aef*"+e" dea$#n% 4#+ +e. T4o Info"a#on% 4e"e f#$ed aa#n% Co%a fo" +e "##na$ +a"e of$#)e$. In add##on, "e%'onden% f#$ed a ##$ a%e fo" daae% aa#n% Co%a and !e##one"Co"'o"a#on IFFI;, #n #% %*)%#d#a" a'a# a% e'$oe".ISS=E:+e+e" o" no '"#ae "e%'onden% o*$d %*e 'e##one" fo" daae% )a%ed on %*)%#d#a" $#a)#$##n an #nde'enden ##$ a#on *nde" A"#$e 33 of +e C##$ Code, d*"#n +e 'enden of +e"##na$ $#)e$ a%e% aa#n% 'e##one">% e'$oee.R=LING:A"#$e 33 of +e C##$ Code '"o#de% %'e#f#a$$ +a #n a%e% of defaa#on, +e #n*"ed 'a"a )"#n a ##$ a#on fo" daae%, en#"e$ %e'a"ae and d#%#n f"o +e "##na$ a#on.S*+ ##$ a#on '"oeed% #nde'enden$ of +e "##na$ '"o%e*#on and "e


71/514

G.R. No. L-3259

FACTS:In 1956, a 'a%%ene" )*% #n !a'ana o'e"aed ) '"#ae "e%'onden V#o" L#ne", In. and

d"#en ) #% e'$oee Fe$a"do !ae, o$$#ded 4#+ a ee' d"#en ) C$eene 8a"#a, "e%*$#n#n +e $ae"M% dea+ and #n '+%#a$ #n*"#e% o +e"e#n 'e##one"%. T+e"e*'on, an #nfo"a#on fo"+o##de and %e"#o*% '+%#a$ #n*"#e% +"* "e$e%% #'"*dene 4a% f#$ed aa#n% !ae #n +e CFIof !a'ana. A on+ $ae", an a#on fo" daae% 4a% f#$ed #n +e CFI of R#?a$ ) 'e##one"%aa#n% +e V#o" L#ne", In. and !ae, a$$e#n +a, +e #%+a' 4a% d*e o +e "e$e%%#'"*dene and ne$#ene of +e $ae" #n d"##n +e 'a%%ene" )*%. !ae 4a% on#ed ) +eCFI )* 4a% a


72/514

A*%#na Taaa, $a*nd"-4oan fo" '$a#n#ff-a''e$$an A. &e%*% . R*#? f#$ed anad#n#%"a#e +a"e aa#n% defendan-a''e$$eeEna"na#on=o$, a #d4#fe #n +e +ea$+ ene"of Sa""a, I$oo% No"e. In an an%4e" o +e +a"e%, =o$ a$$eed +a Taaa 4a% a e"e oo$*%ed ) A. R*#? o e )a o +e" )ea*%e of a a%e f#$ed ) =o$>% +*%)and aa#n% R*#?. S+e

4a% a$%o a$$eed o +ae ade "ea"% +a R*#? #n%#aed +e o'$a#n and fa)"#aed +e+a"e%. T+e %a#d a%e 4a% d#%#%%ed )* R*#? de#ded o f#$e +#% o4n "##na$ a%e aa#n% =o$)a%ed on +e a$$eed $#)e$o*% 'o"#on% of =o$>% an%4e". Afe" +e "#a$, +e $o4e" o*" "ende"ed*den a


73/514

On 8a 3, 1936, +e"e 4a% a +ead-on o$$#%#on )e4een a a(# of +e 8a$ae Ta(# d"#en ) !ed"oFonan#$$a and a a""ee$a *#ded ) !ed"o D#a'#$#%. T+e a""ee$a 4a% oe"*"ned and a'a%%ene", 16-ea"-o$d )o Fa*%#no Ga"#a, %*ffe"ed #n*"#e% f"o 4+#+ "e%*$ed o +#% dea+. A"##na$ a#on 4a% f#$ed aa#n% Fonan#$$a, and +e 4a% on#ed. T+e o*" #n +e "##na$ a%e"aned +e 'e##on o "e%e"e +e ##$ a#on aa#n% Fa*%o a""edo, +e '"o'"#eo" of +e

8a$ae Ta(# and +e e'$oe" of Fonan#$$a, a#n +# '"#a"#$ and d#"e$ "e%'on%#)$e *nde"*$'a a% ne$#ene )e#n '*n#%+a)$e ) +e Re#%ed !ena$ Code, +a +#% $#a)#$# a%e'$oe" #% on$ %*)%#d#a" $#a)$e )* Fonan#$$a 4a% %*ed fo" ##$ $#a)#$#, +ene, a""edo$a#% +a +e anno )e +e$d $#a)$e.ISS=E:+e+e" o" no a""edo, a% e'$oe" #% ##$$ $#a)$e fo" +e a% of Fonan#$$a, +#% e'$oeeR=LING:T+e S*'"ee Co*" "*$ed +a o'$a#nan>% $#a)#$# #% no on$ %*)%#d#a" )* a$%o '"#a"$#a)#$#. T+e Co*" aff#"ed +e de#%#on of +e Co*" of A''ea$% 4+#+ "*$ed +a +e $#a)#$#%o*+ o )e #'o%ed *'on a""edo #n +#% a#on #% no a ##$ o)$#a#on a"#%#n f"o a fe$on,)* an o)$#a#on #'o%ed #n A"#$e 1903 of +e C##$ Code ) "ea%on of +#% ne$#ene #n +e%e$e#on o" %*'e"#%#on of +#% %e"an o" e'$oee.*a%#-de$# o" *$'a a% "##na$ne$#ene@ and %eond, a""edo>% '"#a" and d#"e "e%'on%#)#$# a"#%#n f"o +#% '"e%*edne$#ene a% an e'$oe" #n +e %e$e#on of +#% e'$oee% o" +e#" %*'e"#%#on, *nde" A". 1903of +e C##$ Code. T+e 'a"#e% #n%#*ed an a#on fo" daae% *nde" A". 1903 of +e C##$ Code.a""edo 4a% fo*nd *#$ of ne$#ene fo" a"e$e%%$ e'$o#n Fonan#$$a, 4+o +ad )eena*+ %ee"a$ #e% fo" #o$a#on of +e A*oo)#$e La4 and %'eed#n #o$a#on.T+e S*'"ee Co*" aff#"ed +e de#%#on of +e Co*" of A''ea$% a4a"d#n daae% #n fao" of

+e '$a#n#ff% '$*% !1,000 $ea$ #ne"e%.

50. &A8ES CA!ILI VS !EO!LE OF T/E !/ILI!!INES700 SCRA 223

FACTS:


74/514

In Se'e)e" 1999, &ae% Ca'#$# a""#ed a"$a 8ed#na. * +en, *% +"ee on+% $ae" #nDee)e" 1999, +e a""#ed ano+e" 4oan naed S+#"$e T#%o.

In 002, a"$a 8ed#na f#$ed an a#on fo" de$a"a#on of n*$$# of +e %eond a""#ae )e4eenCa'#$# and T#%o. In &*ne 002, T#%o f#$ed a )#a a%e aa#n% Ca'#$#.

efo"e a de#%#on an )e +ad #n +e )#a a%e, +e a#on f#$ed ) a"$a 8ed#na 4a% "anedand Ca'#$#>% a""#ae 4#+ T#%o 4a% de$a"ed o#d ) "ea%on of +e %*)%#%#n a""#ae)e4een 8ed#na and Ca'#$#. T+e"eafe", Ca'#$# f#$ed a o#on o d#%#%% #n +e )#a a%e. /ea$$eed +a %#ne +e %eond a""#ae 4a% a$"ead de$a"ed o#d a) #n##o +a a""#ae nee"oo '$ae and +a +e"efo"e, +e"e #% no )#a o %'ea of.

T+e "#a$ o*" a"eed 4#+ Ca'#$# and # d#%#%%ed +e )#a a%e. On a''ea$, +e Co*" ofA''ea$% "ee"%ed +e d#%#%%a$ and "eanded +e a%e o +e "#a$ o*".

ISS=E:

+e+e" o" no a de$a"a#on of n*$$# of +e %eond a""#ae ao#d% a '"o%e*#on fo" )#a.

R=LING:

No. T+e e$een% of )#a a"e:

1. T+a +e offende" +a% )een $ea$$ a""#ed@

. T+a +e f#"% a""#ae +a% no )een $ea$$ d#%%o$ed o", #n a%e +#% o" +e" %'o*%e #% a)%en, +ea)%en %'o*%e o*$d no e )e '"e%*ed dead ao"d#n o +e C##$ Code@

3. T+a +e on"a% a %eond o" %*)%e% *#$ o" #nnoene #n +e )#a a%e )ea*%e a$$ +a #% "e


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!e##one" f#$ed a o'$a#n fo" ann*$en of +#% a""#ae o E$#?a)e+ Cea%a" a$$e#n +a +ea""#ed E$#?a)e+ ) "ea%on of fo"e, +"ea and #n##da#on *'on +#% 'e"%on% ) E$#?a)e+>%"e$a#e%. E$#?a)e+ on +e o+e" +and f#$ed a "##na$ o'$a#n a$$e#n +a 'e##one" +a% )een'"e#o*%$ a""#ed o one E*f"o#na Tan. /e no4 f#$e% a 'e##on fo" +e %*%'en%#on of +e"##na$ a%e on "o*nd% of '"e*d##a$


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53. CONTINENTAL STEEL V. 8ONTANOG.R. No. 136

FACTS:

In &an*a" 006, +e 4#fe of Ro$ando /o"#$$ano +ad a #%a""#ae 4+#+ a*%ed +e dea+ of+e#" *n)o"n +#$d. /o"#$$ano, #n ao"dane 4#+ +e o$$e#e )a"a#n#n a"eeen, +en f#$eddea+ )enef#% $a# f"o +#% e'$oe", +e Con#nena$ See$ 8an*fa*"#n Co"'o"a#on 4+#+den#ed +e $a#. Een*a$$, +e #%%*e 4a% %*)#ed fo" a")#"a#on and )o+ 'a"#e% a"eed o+ae A. A$$an 8onaJo a a% +e a")#"ao". 8onaJo "*$ed +a /o"#$$ano #% en#$ed o +#%$a#%. T+e Co*" of A''ea$% aff#"ed +e de#%#on of 8onaJo.On a''ea$, Con#nena$ See$ #n%#%ed +a /o"#$$ano #% no en#$ed )ea*%e *nde" +e CA, dea+)enef#% a"e a4a"ded #f an e'$oee>% $e##ae de'enden +a% d#ed@ )* +a #n +#% a%e, noBdea+ +a% o*""ed )ea*%e +e fe*% d#ed #n%#de +e 4o) of +e o+e", +a a fe*% +a% no*"#d#a$ 'e"%ona$# )ea*%e # 4a% nee" )o"n '*"%*an o A"#$e 20 of +e C##$ Code 4+#+'"o#de% a one#ed +#$d a


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52. GEL= V. CO=RT OF A!!EALSG.R. NO. L-16239

FACTS:

N#a V#$$an*ea, +e 4#fe of O%a" $a?o, "e%'onden, ae o no4 Anon#o Ge$*?, +e 'e##one"and '+%##an, +"o*+ +e" a*n !a*$a a)o. N#a )eae '"enan %oe #e #n 1950 )efo"e%+e and O%a" 4e"e $ea$$ a""#ed. A% ad#%ed ) +e" a*n and o onea$ # f"o +e" 'a"en%,%+e de#ded o +ae # a)o"ed ) Ge$*?. S+e +ad +e" '"enan a)o"ed aa#n on Oo)e" 1953%#ne %+e fo*nd # #nonen#en a% %+e 4a% e'$oed a CO8ELEC. Afe" 4o ea"%, onFe)"*a" 1, 1955, %+e aa#n )eae '"enan and 4a% ao'an#ed ) +e" %#%e" !*"#f#a#onand +e $ae">% da*+e" L*#da a Ge$*?> $#n# a Ca""#edo and !. Goe? S"ee. O%a" a +#%#e 4a% #n +e '"o#ne of Caaan a'a#n#n fo" +#% e$e#on o +e '"o#n#a$ )oa"d. /edoe%n> +ae an #dea no" #en +#% on%en on +e a)o"#on.ISS=E:

+e+e" o" no +e +*%)and, 4+o o$*na"#$ '"o*"ed +e" a)o"#on, o*$d "eoe" daae% f"o+e '+%##an 4+o a*%ed +e %ae.R=LING:

T+e S*'"ee Co*" )e$#eed +a +e #n#* a4a"d f#(ed a !3,000 fo" +e dea+ of a 'e"%ondoe% no oe" a%e% of an *n)o"n fe*% +a #% no endo4ed 4#+ 'e"%ona$# 4+#+ "#a$ o*"and Co*" of A''ea$% '"ed#aed.o+ "#a$ o*" and CA 4a%n> a)$e o f#nd an )a%#% fo" an a4a"d of o"a$ daae% e#den$)ea*%e O%a">% #nd#ffe"ene o +e '"e#o*% a)o"#on% of N#a $ea"$ #nd#ae% +e 4a%

*none"ned 4#+ +e f"*%"a#on of +#% 'a"ena$ affe#on%. In%ead of f#$#n an ad#n#%"a#e o""##na$ a%e aa#n% Ge$*?, +e *"ned +#% 4#fe>% #nd#%"e#on o 'e"%ona$ '"of# and f#$ed a ##$a#on fo" daae% of 4+#+ no on$ +e )*, #n$*d#n +#% 4#fe 4o*$d )e +e )enef##a"#e%. I%+o4% +a +e>% afe" o)a#n#n a $a"e one 'aen %#ne +e %*ed Ge$*? fo" !50,000 daae%and !3,000 ao"ne>% fee% +a %e"e% a% #nden# $a#, 4+#+ *nde" +e #"*%ane% 4a%$ea"$ e(ae"aed.

55. CATALAN %. ASA


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G.R. No. 159567FACTS:

Fe$##ano Caa$an 4a% d#%+a"ed f"o #$#a" %e"#e d*e o +#% '%+o$o#a$ #na'a# of

%+#?o'+"en#a on Oo)e" 0, 192. /e a""#ed Co"a?on Ce"e?o on Se'e)e" 1929. On &*ne1951 +e donaed a 'a"e$ of $and o +#% %#%e" 8e"ede% Caa$an. On Dee)e" 1953 Fe$##ano4a% de$a"ed #no'een and !I 4a% a''o#ned a% +#% *a"d#an. 8e"ede% %o$d +e '"o'e"#e%o +e"e#n "e%'onden% #n 1979. In 1997, !I, a#n a% Fe$##ano>% *a"d#an f#$ed an a#on o"de$a"a#on of n*$$# od do*en% and "eoe" of 'o%%e%%#on and o4ne"%+#' a$$e#n +a +edona#on o 8e"ede% 4a% o#d a) #n##o a% Fe$##ano no of %o*nd #nd 4+en +e effeed +edona#on, #'%o fao, +e %a$e o +e"e#n "e%'onden% a"e o#d a) #n##o.ISS=E:

+e+e" o" no Fe$##ano>% dona#on #% o#d fo" $a of on%en d*e o #na'a#.R=LING:

In o"de" fo" a dona#on o )e a$#d, +e dono">% a'a# o #e on%en a +e #e of +edona#on #% e(#%#n. T+e"e $#e% no do*) +a #n%an# #'#ne% on on%en f"ee$ #en. /o4ee"+e )*"den of '"o#n %*+ #na'a# "e%% *'on +e 'e"%on 4+o a$$ee% #, #f no %*ff##en '"oofo +#% effe #% '"e%ened, a'a# #% '"e%*ed. T+e e#dene '"e%ened ) 'e##one"% 4a%#n%*ff##en o oe"oe +e '"e%*'#on +a Fe$##ano 4a% o'een 4+en +e donaed +e'"o'e" #n


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56. !EO!LE OF T/E !/ILI!!INES V. AOTASG.R. No. 10007

FACTS:

A*%ed- a''e$$ee 4a% on#ed of "a'e. D*"#n +e 'enden of +#% a''ea$ +o4ee", +e d#ed.Con%e


80/514

57. 8ARCOS V. CO8ELEC2 S 300

FACTS:Ie$da Ro*a$de? 8a"o% 4a% )o"n #n a o4n #n +e f#"% Con"e%%#ona$ d#%"# of Lee. S+e+en #"aed o 8an#$a 4+en +e" 'a"en% de#ded o $#e #n +e %a#d '$ae. S+e 4a% a""#ed o+e +en !"e%#den Fe"d#nand 8a"o%, and on%e


81/514

5. REES V. CO8ELECG.R. No. 0762

FACTS:

T+e 'e##one"% a%%a#$ +"o*+ a !e##on fo" Ce"#o"a"# 4#+ '"ae" fo" Te'o"a" Re%"a#n#nO"de" ando" !"e$##na" In*n#on "e%o$*#on of +e Co#%%#on on E$e#on o"de"#n +eane$$a#on of +e Ce"#f#ae of Cand#da of 'e##one" fo" +e 'o%##on of +e Re'"e%ena#e of+e $one d#%"# of 8a"#nd*


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59. RE!=LIC V. ALIOSG.R. No. 1970

FACTS:

On Oo)e" , 002, F"#ne", an Ae"#an ##?en, and A$)#o% 4e"e a""#ed, a% e#dened ) aCe"#f#ae of 8a""#ae. On Dee)e" 6, 006, A$)#o% f#$ed 4#+ +e RTC a 'e##on fo"de$a"a#on of n*$$# of +e" a""#ae 4#+ F"#ne", a$$e#n +a #ed#ae$ afe" +e#" a""#ae,+e %e'a"aed and nee" $#ed a% +*%)and and 4#fe )ea*%e +e nee" "ea$$ +ad an #nen#onof ene"#n #no a a""#ed %ae o" o'$#n 4#+ an of +e#" e%%en#a$ a"#a$ o)$#a#on%.F"#ne" d#d no f#$e +#% an%4e". On Se'e)e" 13, 007, A$)#o% f#$ed a o#on o %e a%e fo" '"e-"#a$ and o ad# +e" '"e-"#a$ )"#ef. Afe" +e '"e-"#a$, on$ A$)#o%, +e" o*n%e$ and +e'"o%e*o" a''ea"ed. F"#ne" d#d no aend +e +ea"#n de%'#e )e#n d*$ no#f#ed of +e%+ed*$e.T+e RTC de$a"ed +e a""#ae o#d a) #n##o. T+e RTC o'#ned +a +e 'a"#e% a""#ed ea+o+e" fo" onen#ene on$. A$)#o% %aed +a %+e on"aed F"#ne" o ene" #no a a""#ae oena)$e +e" o a


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)e ao#ded e"e$ )ea*%e +e a""#ae 4a% ene"ed #no fo" a $##ed '*"'o%e.T+e 190##"a#on a%e of 8ae" of 8ee, f*"+e" "eon#?ed +a a f"a*d*$en o" %+a a""#ae 4a%#n"#n%#a$$ d#ffe"en f"o a non%*)%#%#n one.=nde" A"#$e of +e Fa#$ Code, fo" on%en o )e a$#d, # *% )e 1; f"ee$ #en and ;

ade #n +e '"e%ene of a %o$en#?#n off#e". A "ee$ #enon%en "e


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FACTS:On 17 Noe)e" 1997, Rodo$fo E%'#no%a and +#% 4#fe E$ena 8a"ana$ %o*+ Oana>% $ea$ad#e on 4+e+e" +e o*$d d#%%o$e +e#" a""#ae and $#e %e'a"ae$. Oana '"e'a"ed a

do*en en#$ed Ba%*nd*an N !a+#+#4a$a. E%'#no%a and 8a"ana$ %a"ed #'$an#n +eond##on% of +e %a#d on"a. /o4ee", 8a"ana$ oo *%od of a$$ +e#" +#$d"en and oo'o%%e%%#on of o% of +e on*a$ '"o'e". E%'#no%a %o*+ +e ad#e of G$#ndo, +#% fe$$o4e'$oee 4+o #% a $a4 "ad*ae, 4+o #nfo"ed +# +a +e on"a e(e*ed ) Oana 4a%no a$#d. T+e +#"ed +e %e"#e% of a $a4e" o f#$e a o'$a#n aa#n% Oana )efo"e +eIne"aed a" of +e !+#$#''#ne% Co#%%#on on a" D#%#'$#ne I!-CD;. Oana den#ed +a%+e '"e'a"ed +e on"a. S+e ad#ed +a E%'#no%a 4en o %ee +e" and "e% ne$#ene #n do#n +e" noa"#a$ d*#e%. e "e#e"ae +a a noa" '*)$# #%'e"%ona$$ "e%'on%#)$e fo" +e en"#e% #n +#% noa"#a$ "e#%e" and +e o*$d no "e$#ee +#%e$f of+#% "e%'on%#)#$# ) 'a%%#n +e )$ae on +#% %e"ea"#e% o" an e)e" of +#% %aff.

T+e S*'"ee Co*" %*%'ended A. &*$#ea A. Oaa f"o +e '"a#e of $a4 fo" one ea". I a$%o"eoed A. Oana>% noa"#a$ o#%%#on and %*%'ended +e" a% a noa" '*)$# fo" 4o ea"%.

61. ESTRADA VS ESCRITORA8 !-0-1651


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FACTS:So$edad E%"#o" #% a o*" #ne"'"ee" %#ne 1999 #n +e RTC of La% !#na% C#. A$eand"oE%"ada, +e o'$a#nan, 4"oe o &*de &o%e F. Cao#)e%, '"e%#d#n *de of "an+ 53, RTC ofLa% !#na% C#, "e% #ne%%e% %#ne 195 and +a% )een a'"e%#d#n #n#%e" %#ne 1991, e%#f#ed and e('$a#ned +e #'o" of and '"oed*"e% fo" e(e*#n+e de$a"a#on 4+#+ 4a% o'$ee$ e(e*ed ) E%"#o" and *#$a'#o>% #n A#onan, *e?onand 4a% %#ned ) +"ee 4#ne%%e% and "eo"ded #n a+ To4e" Cen"a$ Off#e.

ISS=E:

+e+e" o" no "e%'onden %+o*$d )e fo*nd *#$ of +e ad#n#%"a#e +a"e of B"o%% and#o"a$ ond* and )e 'ena$#?ed ) +e Sae fo" %*+ on*a$ a""aneen.R=LING:A d#%#n#on )e4een '*)$# and %e*$a" o"a$# and "e$##o*% o"a$# %+o*$d )e e' #n #nd.T+e *"#%d##on of +e Co*" e(end% on$ o '*)$# and %e*$a" o"a$#.T+e Co*" %ae% +a o*" Con%#*#on ad+e"e% +e )eneo$en ne*"a$# a''"oa+ +a #e% "oofo" aooda#on of "e$##o*% e(e"#%e% a% "e% Off#e of +eCo*" Ad#n#%"ao"; eo"and* o +e Co*" +a deon%"ae% +o4 +#% #ne"e% #% %o


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o'e$$#n +a # %+o*$d oe""#de "e%'onden>% '$ea of "e$##o*% f"eedo. Indeed, # #%#na''"o'"#ae fo" +e o'$a#nan, a '"#ae 'e"%on, o '"e%en e#dene on +e o'e$$#n#ne"e% of +e %ae. T+e )*"den of e#dene %+o*$d )e d#%+a"ed ) +e '"o'e" aen of +eoe"nen 4+#+ #% +e Off#e of +e So$##o" Gene"a$.

In o"de" o '"o'e"$ %e$e +e a%e a )a", # #% e%%en#a$ +a +e oe"nen )e #en ano''o"*n# o deon%"ae +e o'e$$#n %ae #ne"e% # %ee% o *'+o$d #n o''o%#n +e"e%'onden>% 'o%##on +a +e" on*a$ a""aneen #% no #o"a$ and '*n#%+a)$e a% # #% 4#+#n+e %o'e of f"ee e(e"#%e '"oe#on. T+e Co*" o*$d no '"o+#)# and '*n#%+ +e" ond* 4+e"e+e F"ee E(e"#%e C$a*%e '"oe% #, %#ne +#% 4o*$d )e an *non%#*#ona$ en"oa+en of +e"

"#+ o "e$##o*% f"eedo. F*"+e"o"e, +e o*" anno %#'$ ae a 'a%%#n $oo a"e%'onden>% $a# of "e$##o*% f"eedo )* *% a$%o a''$ +e Bo'e$$#n %ae #ne"e% e%.IN VIE /EREOF, +e a%e #% RE8ANDED o +e Off#e of +e Co*" Ad#n#%"ao". T+eSo$##o" Gene"a$ #% o"de"ed o #ne"ene #n +e a%e 4+e"e # 4#$$ )e #en +e o''o"*n# a; oe(a#ne +e %#ne"# and en"a$# of "e%'ondenM% $a#ed "e$##o*% )e$#ef and '"a#e@ ); o'"e%en e#dene on +e %aeM% o'e$$#n #ne"e% o oe""#de "e%'ondenM% "e$##o*% )e$#ef and'"a#e@ and ; o %+o4 +a +e ean% +e %ae ado'% #n '*"%*#n #% #ne"e% #% +e $ea%"e%"##e o "e%'ondenM% "e$##o*% f"eedo. T+e "e+ea"#n %+o*$d )e on$*ded +#" 30; da%f"o +e Off#e of +e Co*" Ad#n#%"ao"M% "ee#' of +#% De#%#on.

63. !! V. ORRO8EO


87/514

GR No. L-6173FACTS:E$#a, defendan, and S*%ana 4e"e a""#ed. On 191, 8a#$de Ta)o"ada, o+e" of S*%an,"eo*ned +a S*%ana 4a% %+o*#n f"an#a$$ fo" +e$' )ea*%e E$#a% 4a% #$$#n +e". 8a#$de+en a%ed a +#$d o a$$ fo" +e deea%ed )"o+e", Ge"on#o, fo" +e$'. ='on +ea"#n +e "e'o"of +e +#$d, Ge"on#o #nfo"ed +#% fa+e" and oe+e" +e 4en o S*%anaM% +*. T+e 4#ndo4%and +e doo" 4e"e $o%ed and Ge"on#o o*$d on$ 'ee' +"o*+ +e )a)oo %$a% a +e 4a$$4+e"e +e %a4 S*%ana $#n do4n, o#on$e%%, a''a"en$ dead )e%#de +e" one-on+ o$d +#$d4+o 4a% "#n. E$#a% o""oeo 4a% $#n nea" S*%ana %#$$ +o$d#n on o a )$ood #+en )o$o.S*%anaM% fa+e" a$$ed fo" +e 8a)o$o 'o$#e and, afe" a fe4 #n*e%, 'o$#e off#e" Fe"nando C.A)e$$a and +"ee 'o$#een a""#ed. T+e 'eae off#e"% %+o*ed and o"de"ed E$#a% o o'en +edoo". E$#a% an%4e"ed a$$ +a +e 4o*$d %oe f#"% )efo"e +e 4o*$d o'en +e doo". +en +ed#d, +e 'eae off#e"% fo*nd S*%ana a$"ead dead, +e" #ne%#ne +a#n %'#$$ed o* of +e"a)doen. A %a$$ #+en )o$o 4a% a +e" %#de.RTC de#ded +a E$#a% 4a% *#$ fo" 'a""##de, +o4ee" +e fo"e" a"*ed +a +e 4a% no$ea$$ a""#ed o +e deea%ed. And +*%, +e "#e +a"ed of 'a""##de *% )e +o##de#n%ead.ISS=E:+e+e" o" no +e o*" e""ed #n +o$d#n a% # d#d +a a''e$$an and S*%ana Ta)o"ada +edeea%ed; 4e"e $ea$$ and a$#d$ a""#ed #n a +*"+ 4edd#n e"eon, 4+en +e off##a#n'"#e% e%#f#ed o+e"4#%e and +e"e 4a% no a""#ae on"a e(e*ed on +e oa%#on o" $ae"on@ +ene, +e a*%ed o*$d on$ )e $#a)$e fo" +o##de.

R=LING:T+e Co*" den#ed +e 'e##on +*%, aff#"#n +e de#%#on of RTC. /o4ee", +e #nden# 4a%#n"ea%ed f"o !1,000 o ! 30,000.T+e"e #% no )ee" '"oof of a""#ae +an +e ad#%%#on of +e a*%ed of +e e(#%ene of %*+a""#ae. In +e e%#on of E$#a%, +e ad#ed +a +e 4a% a""#ed o +e deea%ed.8o"eoe", +e Co*" +e$d +a 'e"%on $##n oe+e" #n a''a"en a"#on a"e '"e%*ed, #n +ea)%ene of an o*ne" '"e%*'#on o" e#dene %'e#a$ o +e a%e, o )e #n fa a""#ed. T+e"ea%on #% +a %*+ #% +e oon o"de" of %o#e, and #f +e 'a"#e% 4e"e no 4+a +e +*% +o$d

+e%e$e% o* a% )e#n, +e 4o*$d )e $##n #n on%an #o$a#on of deen and $a4. T+e'"e%*'#on #n fao" of a"#on #% one of +e %"one% no4n #n $a4. T+e $a4 '"e%*e%o"a$#, and no #o"a$#@ a""#ae, and no on*)#nae: $e##a, and no )a%a"d. T+e"e#% +e '"e%*'#on +a 'e"%on% $##n oe+e" a% +*%)and and 4#fe a"e a""#ed o ea+ o+e".And, +e e"e fa +a no "eo"d of +e a""#ae e(#%% #n +e "e#%" of a""#ae doe% no#na$#dae %a#d a""#ae, a% $on a% #n +e e$e)"a#on +e"eof, a$$ "e


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'"e%en. T+e fo"4a"d#n of a o' of +e a""#ae e"#f#ae o +e "e#%" #% no one of %a#d"e


89/514

62. AADILLA V. TAILIRANA.8. No. 8T&-9-716

FACTS:

!e##one" #% +e a%%#ned $e" of o*" a +e %a$a of +e"e#n "e%'onden &*de. Re%'onden %and%+a"ed 4#+ "o%% #o"a$#, dee#f*$ ond* and o""*'#on *n)eo#n of a &*de. I #%a$$eed +a +e +a% %anda$o*%$ and '*)$#$ o+a)#ed 4#+ !"#%#$$a a)aan d*"#n +ee(#%ene of a '"e#o*% a""#ae, "e'"e%ened +#%e$f a% %#n$e #n +e a""#ae on"a 4#+!"#%#$$a. /e a$%o a*%ed +e "e#%"a#on of +#% +"ee #$$e##ae +#$d"en a% $e##ae.ISS=E:

+e+e" o" no "e%'onden #% *#$ of +e +a"e%.R=LING:

Re%'onden #% *#$ of "o%% #o"a$# fo" +a#n %anda$o*%$ and o'en$ o+a)#ed 4#+ %a#d!"#%#$$a a)aan d*"#n +e e(#%ene of +#% a""#ae 4#+ Te"e%#a Ta)#$#"an. I ae%oe" of +e #n#o$a)#$# and %an# of a""#ae a% a )a%# %o#a$ #n%#*#on. I #% no on$ a##$ on"a, )* #% a ne4 "e$a#on, an #n%#*#on on +e a#nenane of 4+#+ +e '*)$# #%dee'$ #ne"e%ed. Con%e


90/514

65. DELA ROSA V. /EIRSG.R. NO. 155733

FACTS:

G*#$$e"o R*%#a and &o%efa De$ado d#ed no on$ #ne%ae, )* +e d#ed 4#+o* de%endan%.G*#$$e"o o*$#ed &o%efa ) 4o ea"%. /e"e#n 'e##one"% and "e%'onden% a"e +e#" "e%'e#e"e$a#e% $a##n "#+% o +e#" #ne%ae e%ae. T+e a$$eed +e#"% of &o%efa on%#% of +e" +a$fand f*$$-)$ood %#)$#n%, ne'+e4%. On G*#$$e"o>% %#de, +#% %#%e"%, ne'+e4% and n#ee%,#$$e##ae +#$d and de fao ado'ed +#$d. T+e 'e##one" fo" $ee"% of ad#n#%"a#on %aed+a G*#$$e"o and R*%#a 4e"e nee" a""#ed. &o%efa De$ado e%ae $a#an% a"e +e" na*"a$%#)$#n%. &o%efa 4a% +e da*+e" of Fe$#%a ) one L*#o Oa'o 4#+ f#e o+e" +#$d"en 4#+o*+e )enef# of a""#ae. Fe$#%a +ad ano+e" %on ) 4a of Raon O%o"#o 4+o #% L*#% De$ado,one of +e $a#an% #n &o%efa>% e%ae. If L*#% De$ado #% +e $e##ae +#$d of Fe$#%a %+e #%)a""ed f"o #n+e"##n f"o &o%efa ) +e '"#n#'$e of a)%o$*e %e'a"a#on )e4een +e $e##aeand #$$e##ae fa#$#e%.ISS=E:

+e+e" o" no +e"e 4a% a a$#d a""#ae )e4een G*#$$e"o and &o%efa and )e4een Fe$#%a andRaon.R=LING:

Ee" #nenden of +e $a4 $ean% o4a"d% $e###?#n a"#on. !e"%on% d4e$$#n oe+e"a''a"en$ #n a""#ae a"e '"e%*ed o )e #n fa a""#ed. BSemper praesumitur promatrimonio, 4+#+ ean%, '"e%*'#on #% a$4a% on +e a$#d# of a""#ae. See"a$#"*%ane% #e "#%e o +e '"e%*'#on +a a a$#d a""#ae e(#%ed )e4een G*#$$e"o and

&o%efa. T+e#" o+a)#a#on of o"e +an 50 ea"% anno )e do*)ed. A$+o*+ a a""#aeon"a #% on%#de"ed '"#a" e#dene of a""#ae, #% a)%ene #% no a$4a% '"oof +a noa""#ae #n fa oo '$ae. One +e '"e%*'#on of a""#ae a"#%e% o+e" e#dene% a )e'"e%ened *% a% +e"e#n. T+e e"#f#ae of #den# #%%*ed o &o%efa a% 8"%. G*#$$e"o R*%#a, +e'a%%'o" #%%*ed o +e" a% &o%efa R*%#a, +e de$a"a#on *nde" oa+ of G*#$e"o +a +e 4a%a""#ed o &o%efa )*"e%% +e '"e%*'#on of +e e(#%ene of a""#ae. G*#$$e"o and &o%efa a"ea""#ed. Anen +e a""#ae of Fe$#%a ) Raon, +e fao"% and e#dene '"e%ened %*ff##en$oe"ae +e "e)*a)$e '"e%*'#on of a""#ae. /ene L*#% De$ado an #n+e"# f"o &o%efa.

66. VDA. DE C/=A VS. CA


91/514

G.R. No. 11635

FACTS:

F"o 1970 *' o 191, Ro)e"o C+*a $#ed o* of 4ed$o 4#+ '"#ae "e%'onden F$o"#a A.

Va$$eo and +e )eo 4o %on%. On 8a 199, Ro)e"o C+*a d#ed #ne%ae #n Daao C#.On &*$ 199, Va$$eo f#$ed 4#+ +e Re#ona$ T"#a$ Co*" of Coa)ao C# a 'e##on fo" +e*a"d#an%+#' and ad#n#%"a#on oe" +e 'e"%on% and '"o'e"#e% of +e 4o #no"%.!e##one" Anon#ea Ga"#a Vda. de C+*a, "e'"e%en#n o )e +e %*"##n %'o*%e of Ro)e"oC+*a, f#$ed a 8o#on o D#%#%% on +e "o*nd of #'"o'e" en*e. !e##one" a$$eed +a a +e#e of +e deeden>% dea+, Daao C# 4a% +#% "e%#dene, +ene, +e Re#ona$ T"#a$ Co*" ofDaao C# #% +e '"o'e" fo"*. In %*''o" of +e" a$$ea#on, 'e##one" '"e%ened +e fo$$o4#ndo*en%: 1; '+ooo' of +e a""#ae on"a@ ; T"an%fe" Ce"#f#ae of T#$e #%%*ed #n +enae of Ro)e"o L. C+*a a""#ed o Anon#ea Ga"#a, and a "e%#den of Daao C#@ 3;Re%#dene Ce"#f#ae% f"o 19 and 199 #%%*ed a Daao C# #nd#a#n +a +e 4a% a""#edand 4a% )o"n #n Coa)ao C#@ 2; Inoe Ta( Re*"n% fo" 1990 and 1991 f#$ed #n Daao C#4+e"e +e %a*% of +e deeden 4a% %aed a% a""#ed@ and, 5; !a%%'o" of +e deeden%'e#f#n +a +e 4a% a""#ed and +#% "e%#dene 4a% Daao C#.Va$$eo onend% +a oano''o%#o" Anon#ea C+*a #% no +e %*"##n %'o*%e of +e $aeRo)e"o L. C+*a )* a '"eende" o +e e%ae of +e $ae" %#ne +e deea%ed nee" on"aeda""#ae 4#+ an 4oan *n#$ +e d#ed.

T+e "#a$ o*" "*$ed +a 'e##one" +a% no 'e"%ona$# o f#$e +e o#on no +a#n '"oen +#%%a*% a% a 4#fe of +e deeden. T+e O"de" 4a% a''ea$ed o +e CA, )* # de#ded #n fao" of+e"e#n "e%'onden%.

ISS=E: a% 'e##one" a)$e o '"oe +e" a""#ae o Ro)e"o L. C+*aH

R=LING: No. T+e )e% '"oof of a""#ae )e4een a an and 4#fe #% a a""#ae on"a 4+#+'e##one" fa#$ed o '"od*e. T+e $o4e" o*" o""e$ d#%"ea"ded +e !+oo%a o' of +ea""#ae e"#f#ae 4+#+ %+e '"e%ened, +#% )e#n a #o$a#on of +e )e% e#dene "*$e, oe+e"4#+ o+e" 4o"+$e%% '#ee% of e#dene. T"an%fe" Ce"#f#ae%

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