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NCW NCW 시대에시대에 요구되는요구되는국방국방 IT IT 기술기술

((은종관교수은종관교수 추모추모 워크샵워크샵))

2008. 2. 122008. 2. 12

AJOU-TNRC 임 재성

Contents

NCW & NCONCW & NCONCW & NCO111

Global Information GridGlobal Information GridGlobal Information Grid222

Joint Tactical System IssuesJoint Tactical System IssuesJoint Tactical System Issues333

Joint Tactical Network IssuesJoint Tactical Network IssuesJoint Tactical Network Issues444

Network Centric WarfareNCW & NCO

C2 Cycle• A framework for the application of Command and Control• OODA: Observation, Orientation, Decision, and Action

Communications

Communications

Communications

Communications

InformationProcessing

DecisionMaking

Action

Surveillance and Target acquisition

Network Centric WarfareNCW & NCO

Network Centric Warfare전장의 여러 전투 요소를 연결하여 전장 상황을 공유하고 통합적, 효율적

전투력을 만들어 내는 개념 세브로스키(미해군제독, 1998년)

정보정보 네트워크네트워크 구성구성

전장전장 정보의정보의 디지털화디지털화

정보정보 혁명혁명 전투전투 효율의효율의극대화극대화

NCW Theory

정보망구성

정보망구성

질 높은전장 정보

창출

질 높은전장 정보

창출

전장 정보풀 생성

전장 정보풀 생성

부대원간상호협력부대원간상호협력

완전한전장정보

이해

완전한전장정보

이해

전장 상황인지

전장 상황인지

Information Information DomainDomain

정보전달정보전달

정보전달정보전달

정보처리정보처리

Cognitive Cognitive DomainDomain

Physical Physical DomainDomain

작전명령작전명령

작전수행능력향상

작전수행능력향상

NCW & NCO

NCW Tenets

A robustly networked force improves information sharingInformation sharing and collaboration enhances the quality of information and shared situation awarenessShared situational awareness enables collaboration and self synchronization, and enhances sustainability and speed of commandThese in turn dramatically increase mission effectiveness

NCW & NCO

Network Centric Operation

Information Superiority-enabledConcept of Operations

Net-Centricity is a enabler that empowers all users with the ability to easily discover, access, integrate, correlate and fuse data/ information that support their mission objectives unconstrained by location or time

Common Operation

Picture

NCW & NCO

Interlocked Grid Arrangement for NCO• 3 interlocked grids: Information grid, Sensor grid, Engagement grid• 3 types of participants: Sensors, Command elements, Shooters

NCO Requirements: Grid ArrangementNCW & NCO

Sensor

C2

Shooter

Objects

NegatedObjects

Control

Control

Information

Information

Information

Information GridSensor Grid

Engagement Grid

Operational Interoperability• Address how system can collaborate and cooperate in operations

Net-centric Interoperability• Mean data interoperability which is translated to the requirement to have

Tactical Data Link

NCO Requirements: Joint OperationNCW & NCO

NCO Systems and NetworksNCW & NCO

NCO ArchitectureNCW & NCO

Architecture of Interoperability

Interoperability for NetInteroperability for Net--CentricCentric

NetNet--centric Service Layercentric Service Layer

NCO ApplicationsNCO Applications

System of SystemsSystem of Systems

IPIP--based Transport Layerbased Transport LayerNetwork of NetworksNetwork of Networks

IP version 6IP version 6

IntegrationIntegration IntegrationIntegration

ApplicationApplication

OntologyOntology

CollaborationCollaboration

MediationMediation

StorageStorage

IA / SecurityIA / Security

MessagingMessaging

AssistAssist

DiscoveryDiscovery


Multi hopMulti hop

Multi RadioMulti Radio CooperationCooperation

MANETMANET SDRSDR

MIMOMIMO

Spectrum Spectrum on on

DemandDemand

ISR

PG

M

DoD Net-centric ProgressGlobal Information Grid

Enables rapid exploitation of diverse data sources by GIG users in a manner that can be customized to meet specific mission demands

GIG(Global Information Grid)

Applications and Data

CoreEnterpriseServices

Global Information Grid –Bandwidth Expansion (GIG-BE) TSAT, JTRS, Teleport, GBS

- Enterprise Systems Management - Messaging - Discovery - Mediation - Collaboration- User Assist - IA/Security - Storage Services - Application

9 CES “Bundles” + APIs

IP-based Transport

Provided by COI Programs

Providedby NCES

Providedby CommsPrograms

Global Information Grid

* COI : Community of Interest

GIG: NCESGlobal Information Grid

Users

Business Domains

Warfighter Domains

Domain/ COI

Capabilities

ICOrg Spaces

National Intelligence Domain

Net-Centric Enterprise Services (NCES)Transformational Communications (TC) & Computing Infrastructure

User Assistant

Storage MessagingICSIS Community Space

IA/Security

IA/SecurityESM

IA/SecurityESM

IA/SecurityESM

Discovery

IA/SecurityESM

Collaboration

IA/SecurityESM

Enterprise Service

Management (ESM)

Mediation

IA/SecurityESM

IA/SecurityESM

ESM

IA/Security

Levels of Services Above

Core Level

COI’s

Com

man

d &

Com

man

d

Battl

espa

ceA

war

enes

s

Forc

e A

pplic

atio

n

Pre

cisi

on L

ogis

tics

Pro

tect

ion

COI’s

Business Lead

Inst

alla

tion

& En

viro

nmen

t

Hum

an

Res

ourc

e M

anag

emen

t

Acq

uisi

tion

Stra

tegi

c P

lann

ing

& B

udge

t

Logi

stic

s

Acco

untin

g &

Fina

nce

Warfighter Lead

Application

LEOSWide-Area NetworkRAircraft

Tier 3 Wide Area

Coverage

Land Line (wire or fiber)R

Ground Based

Radio

Local Area Network

PeopleWeaponsSensors

UGS

R RAAVsMedium-

Area Network

Tier 2 Inter-Team

Coverage

Tier 1Team

Coverage

R = Internet Router or JTRS WNW

JTRS

JTRS

GIG-BE

R

RR

R

R

R RR

GEOS

Tier 4 Global

Coverage

R R

R RGlobal-

Area Network

GIG-BEDWDM

※※ GIGGIG--BE : Global Information Grid BE : Global Information Grid –– Bandwidth Expansion Bandwidth Expansion ※※ AAVsAAVs : Armored Amphibious Vehicle: Armored Amphibious Vehicle※※ WNW : Wideband Networking Waveform WNW : Wideband Networking Waveform ※※ LEOS : Low Earth Orbiting Satellite LEOS : Low Earth Orbiting Satellite ※※ TCA : Transformational Communications Architecture TCA : Transformational Communications Architecture ※※ UGS : Unattended Ground Sensors UGS : Unattended Ground Sensors

BharatBharat T. T. DoshiDoshi, , ““Global Secure Communications: Challenges and OpportunitiesGlobal Secure Communications: Challenges and Opportunities””, 2005 , 2005 APL Technical DigestAPL Technical Digest

GIG: TransportGlobal Information Grid

GIG: Service EnvironmentsGlobal Information Grid

IP phone/STE

IP Phone/softphone

Unclass

GCCS, COP, etc.

GIG-BEIP SATCOM

Modems/ Router

VTCHorizontal Fusion,

DCTS, etc.

Secret

SATCOMDSCS, Com’l SATs

WGSTSAT

DeployedJTRS

FCS/WIN-TForceNet

Deployed WarfightersDISN/GIG-BE Entry

TerrestrialGIG-BE

GatewayTeleport

GBS

Joint Tactical OperationJoint Tactical System Issues

Unit of Action

Unit of Employment

FCS Battalion

Unit of Employment

Unit of Action

FCS Battalion

FCS Battalion

Unit of Employment

Source: TRADOC14 December 2001

TSAT, JTRS, GIG-BE, NCES, IA + TELEPORT, JNMS

FORCEnetLandWarNet ConstellationNet

Seamless Tactical Operation

Joint Tactical System Issues

NCES: Service Oriented Architecture

Seamless Tactical Operation over SOA


NCES: Service Oriented Architecture•Discovery is a GIG registry providing services directory for all NCES applications and users

•Messaging exchanges information among users or applications on enterprise infrastructure

•User Assistant is automated “helper” capabilities that reduce effort required to perform manpower task

•IA/Security provides protection mechanisms to SOA by supporting authentication, authorization and access control processes

•Enterprise Services Management is a continuous process of managing, measuring, reporting and improving QoS

•Storage helps that consumers or providers determine storage type and availability

•Mediation includes data transformation, aggregation, service orchestration and adaptation

•Collaboration provides full range of Web-accessible, hosted, and managed services

•Application is a set of capabilities & resources necessary to provide, operate and maintain NCES applications

•Ontology realizes semantic interoperability by information extraction and transport

SOASOA

OntologyOntology


CollaborationCollaboration

MediationMediation

StorageStorage

ESMESM

IA / SecurityIA / Security

User AssistantUser Assistant

MessagingMessaging

DiscoveryDiscovery


NCES: Core Enterprise ServiceEnd-User Consumer End-User ProducerEnd-User Consumer End-User Producer

“What data exists?““How do I access the data?”“How do I know this data is what I need?”

“How can I tell someonewhat data I need?”

“How do I share my data with others?”

“How do I manage access to my data?

“How do I describe my data so others can understand it?”

Yes/NoDecisionYes/No

Decision

PolicyAuthority

AuthorizationDecision

EnforcementPoint

EnforcementPointSubject

ResourceYESYES

RulesRules

AttributeStore

AttributeStore

Can Subject with attribute “Citizenship = UK” access resource “Gel Explosive

Threat Update” to perform “Update”?

NONO

If “Citizenship = UK”or “Citizenship = US”and Mission Function

= “Intel” then allow access

● Credential Validation ● Attribute Based Access Control

● Content Discovery

● Service Discovery

● Service Management

DDMS AttributesSecurity

TitleIdentifier Creator

Publisher Contributor

Date Rights

LanguageType

SourceSubject

Geospatial Coverage

Temporal CoverageVirtual Coverage

DescriptionFormat

Data Catalog

****

*

*

● Metadata Services

SOSCOE

NCES

Warfighter Interfaces

Battle Command Applications

FCS BC

NECC

GMR JTRSHMS JTRS

WIN-TNetwork Systems

AMF

ISR Platforms

Future Combat SystemJoint Tactical System Issues

System of System Common Operation EnvironmentWindows like environment to the “Tactical Domain”

• Platforms act like Computers where they can discover and be discovered• They can exploit remote Services and Information in a seamless manner• Weapons/Sensors act like Printers with respect to a Plug-n-Play approach

Why SOSCOE?Joint Tactical System Issues

NCES : High-bandwidth Reliable NetworkNCES focused on providing enterprise services running with a high bandwidth reliable network infrastructure• Capabilities are server-based• Leverages centralized computing paradigm• Emphasis on ‘shared spaces’ presumes

uninterrupted access to those spaces

BCTX

BCTX

SOSCOE : Low-bandwidth Ad Hoc NetworkSOSCOE focused on providing reusable software infrastructure components for Platform and Battle Command Applications on a Bandwidth Constrained Ad-hoc Network• SOSCOE must support decentralized real-time

and safety-critical applications• Emphasis on managing QoS over radio networks

NCES vs. SOSCOEJoint Tactical System Issues

FCS SystemsJoint Tactical System Issues

Manned Systems Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Class II Class III Class IV

Class I

ARV-A (L)

Small (Manpackable) UGV

Non-Line-of-SightCannon (NLOS-C)

FCS Recovery and

MaintenanceVehicle(FRMV)

Recon and Surveillance Vehicle (RSV)

Infantry CarrierVehicle (ICV)

Mounted Combat System (MCS)

MULE(Countermine)

MULE(Transport)

Unmanned Ground Vehicles

Command andControl Vehicle (C2V)

Unattended Ground Sensors

Unattended Ground Systems

ARV RSTAARV Aslt

Intelligent MunitionsSystems

Non-Line-of-Sight Mortar (NLOS-M)

MedicalEvacuation

Vehicle (MEV)

StandardsStandardsTransportTransportServicesServices

ApplicationsApplicationsSensorsSensors

Medical Treatment

Vehicle (MTV)

NLOS LS

MULE: Multifunction Utility Logistics & EquipmentARV: Armed Robotic Vehicle

Situation Awareness: COP

SASA--1010HostileHostile

Ground TrackGround TrackUnknownUnknown

SASA--88HostileHostile

AAAAAAHostileHostile Air TrackAir Track

UnknownUnknown

CC22 UnitUnitFriendlyFriendly

Ground TrackGround TrackFriendlyFriendly

AA

BBDD

전투기전투기실제실제 위치위치

Ground TrackGround TrackHostileHostile

Air TrackAir TrackHostileHostile

MinimumMinimumRiskRiskRouteRoute

FireFireSupportSupportCoordinationCoordinationLineLine

FlightFlightRouteRoute

실제 전장 환경

AUTOFF

NGT

BRT

DAY

CONT

SCL/4 0MAP

21

36

E

12

15

S24

W

30

33

N

DCLTR

EXP

1 F/A -18BL012 2 0 110.6

AI C 09 2F09 2/ 117V09 2/ 117

0°0MENU

M

DCNTR

WPDSGSEQ1

WYPT

1

STEP TXDSG AUTO

A

B

D

8

10

L

A

AUTOFF

NGT

BRT

DAY

CONT

SCL/4 0MAP

21

36

E

12

15

S24

W

30

33

N

DCLTR

EXP

1 F/A -18BL012 2 0 110.6

AI C 09 2F09 2/ 117V09 2/ 117

0°0MENU

M

DCNTR

WPDSGSEQ1

WYPT

1

STEP TXDSG AUTO

A

B

D

8

10

L

A

위치정보위치정보

주위주위 전투기전투기

정보정보

C2 C2 유닛유닛

공격공격 대상대상

전투기전투기 또는또는외부외부 센서로센서로

부터부터적적 정보정보 추적추적

새로운새로운네트워크네트워크 참여참여

전투기전투기상태상태 정보정보

COP Example: Data Link 16

Situational Awareness (SA) as a COP result


Situation Awareness: COPFBCB2: Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below


GIS, LBS, Combat ID, GEOINT

Situation Awareness: COPFBCB2-BFT


Joint Tactical Network Issues

Joint Tactical Data Link

CommSatellites

AirborneNetwork

EmergingSensor

Networks

Airborne Backbone

ISR NetworkEdge

Tactical NetworkEdge CDLs

ABIT

Emerging TacticalNetworks

SpaceNetwork

GroundNetwork

ABIT Airborne Information Transmission systemCDL Common Data LinkISR Information, Surveillance, ReconnaissanceMIDS Multifunction Information Distribution System

TADIL JTADIL J

TADIL JTADIL J

Link 22Link 22OceanNetwork

VMFVMFMIDS FDLMIDS FDL

MIDS FDLMIDS FDL

MIDS LVT 2MIDS LVT 2

CDL/TCDLCDL/TCDL

Internetworking of Tactical Data Links

IPv6 in the Battle Space

IP Based IP Based Transformational Transformational CommunicationsCommunications

Battle SpaceBattle Space

Demand for Future Combat Systems• Network ubiquity (IP centric)• Mobility and ad-hoc networking (Dynamic addressing)• Operability (Security, QoS, NetOps)

IPv4 Cannot Support Future Required CapabilitiesIPv4 Cannot Support Future Required Capabilities


Why IPv6?

Much larger address space• IPv6 : 128bits addresses• IPv4 : 32bits addresses

Improved routing• Routing aggregation reduces the size of routing tables• Simplified header reduces router processing loads

Enhanced security and QoS• Support mandatory IPsec for all fully IPv6 compliant devices

Improved mobility support for mobile IP and Ad-hoc devices• Support mandatory Mobile IPv6

Reduced Administration


v6

Interoperability through IPv6

Architecture supports general net-connectivity• Interfaces at the lowest layer possible in the protocol stack• Layer 2 interfaces is switched at layer 2 if they are same• When layer 2 interfaces differ or subnets get too big, IP is the common layer that connects the interfaces



Features of Tactical Networks

Huge Demands of Military Spectrum

Spectrum Range for Tactical Networks


Tradeoff between Range, Capacity, and Mobility

Features of Tactical Networks

Low capacity

Short rangeLow mobility

High mobilityLo

ng ra

nge

High capacity

HF CNRVHF CNR

Sate

llite

com

mun

icatio

ns

Trunk Network

Optical fiber Wireless LAN

Cellular


Military Satellite Communications

TSAT: Transformational Satellite Communications

1960-2020


Military Satellite Communications

1960

DefenseSatellite

Communications System

“DSCS I”

1971-

1979

DSCS II

1982-

1997

DSCS III DSCS III SLEP

2000-

20031994-

1995

Milstar I

2001-

2003

Milstar II

20062008

AEHF

2013

Capacity ~ 4 Mbps Intersat link ~ 10 MbpsBeam coverage 9 beams

~ 40 Mbps~ 10 Mbps

16 beams

~ 400 Mbps~ 60 Mbps

37 beams

~2.2 Gbps19 beams

~250 Mbps5 beams ~100 Mbps

5 beams

Capacity ~ 1 MbpsBeam coverage 1 beam

X, Ka, Ku Wideband WGS

EHF Protected, Secure

~ 100 Mbps3 beams

Capacity

Capacity

2015

TSAT

~ 3 Gbps

~ 6 GbpsIntersat link ~ 20 GbpsBeam coverage ~ 90+ beams

RF CapacityLasercom

Capacity

Global Information Grid

Sustainment ProductionSystem Development

~1.28 Mbps 3 beams

EPS

Robotic Direct Fire

Small Unit UAV

Other Layered Sensors

Robotic Sensor

Manned C2/Infantry Squad

10s of MbpsMbps BWkbps BW

Connectivity Level

Assured Communications• High Data Rates• Low Probability of Detection• Anti-jam

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks• Dynamic• Re-configurable• Low Latency• Multi-user

Network Centric Force

Robotic NLOS Fire

MANET as Tactical Networks

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks


Software Defined RadioSoftware Defined Radio

SDR in Tactical Networks

Software Defined Radio


Spectrum for Tactical Networks

Spectrum on Demand


DS3

SpectrumXXI

SpectrumM&S

GIG

EnterpriseServices

Standard Data StructureWeb-based/Automated SM Processes

Predictive Planning

JTRS

WIN-T

NetForce

Common Spectrum Information Resources/Environment

Deliberate/Deployment/Operational Planning

5

6

4

Shared Information Environment

SpectrumSituationalAwareness

Adaptive Spectrum Control

Improved Spectrum Efficiency

Bandwidthon Demand

Sense & Adjust

Cognitive Spectrum

Use

1 2 3

Red Force Commercial

Blue Force

Near-Term - 2010Mid-Term - 2015

Far-Term - 2020

Self-Syncing Spectrum Use

Underwater NCW

Underwater Communications


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