nebosh summary igc2-2

7/23/2019 Nebosh Summary IGC2-2

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NEBOSH International General Certifcate IGC 2 Elements 1-8 Control oWorkplace Hazars

Element 1! Workplace Hazars an Control

Work In a Hot En"ironment

#Healt$ e%ects

Skin burns Cataracts

Dehydration

Heat cramps

Headaches

Fainting

#&reca'tions

Medical pre-selection

Acclimatisation

Limit time of exposure

Cold drinks

!

Work in Col En"ironment

Healt$ e%ects

Hypothermia

Loss of concentration

Shi"ering

Frost bite

&reca'tions

Medical pre-selection

Acclimatisation

Limit time exposure

Hot drinks #nsulated clothing

Welare an En"ironment iss'es

#Welare

Su$cient toilets

%ashing facilities

!ating and changing facilities

Clothing storage

Seating

&est areas

Arrangements for non-smokers

#Workin( En"ironment

'emperature

(entilation

Lighting

&oom dimensions

Suitable )ork stations and seating

%eather protection for outdoor

)orkstations

)iolence at *ork

Occ'pations at risk

'axi dri"ers Hospitals

Schools

Cash transactions

Deli"ery* collection of money

#Control meas'res or "iolence at *ork

'raining and information

'he en"ironment Design of the +ob

Communication

Lone )orking

&eporting and recording incidents

Hazars to &eestrians

Slips, trips and falls on same le"el

Falls from Height

Collisions )ith mo"ing "ehicles

&reca'tions or accient on Staircases

&emo"al of obstructions

ro"ision of non-slip surfaces &eecti"e edging

Ade.uate lighting

!/ecti"e maintenance

0se of Signs

%idth

ro"ision of handrails

Dimensions treads and risers

Landings

Consider disabled persons

A"oid the need to carry hea"y ob+ects up and

do)n

Ca'ses o +ccients on *alk*a,s almostt$e same

+ccients on *alk*a,s on staircases

opposite o ao"e

Healt$ E%ects o &oor .i($tin(

!ye strain

Headaches

oor posture

'ripping o"er unseen ob+ects

#ncreased likelihood of human error

#ncreased time to "acate )ork area

/actors to Consier W$en +ssessin( +e0'ac, o

.i($tin(

'he tasks being undertaking

'he si1e and layout of the )ork area

'he e.uipment used

A"ailability of natural light

Shift times*)ork patterns

Suitable number of arti2cial light

Contrast le"els

3lare

Areas in shado)

4eed for locali1ed lighting

Maintenance of lighting Ade.uate emergency lighting

.aers

5


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#Hazars in 'se

Falling o/

6"erreaching

Carrying up materials

0nsuitable ladders

Ladder not properly secured

#ncorrect angle

4ot reaching abo"e landing place

Aluminium ladders near electrical lines

oile o*er Sca%ol

#&reca'tions

!rected by competent persons

re use inspections

ositioned on 2rm ground

Correct height to base ratio 789 :5 inside,7:5 outside

0se of outriggers to broaden base

'ying in to ad+acent structure eople and materials remo"ed before

mo"ing

Handrails and toe boards

Suitable )ork platform

4ot o"erloaded

Hazars opposite o ao"e

oile Ele"atin( Work &latorms

Hazars

eople falling or being thro)n

Materials falling

Crushing bet)een carrier and a 2xed

structure

Collapse or o"ert'rnin( o EW& ca'se ,

!.uipment failure

0nsuitable ground conditions

Defecti"e or unused outriggers

6"erloading of the carrier

Struck by load

Struck by another "ehicle

#nterference )ith controls

&reca'tions opposite o ao"eS'spene access crales an platorms

&reca'tions

re- use inspection

Supports to building of ade.uate strength

Suitable maintained

Safe access and egress

4ot exceed safe )orking load

3uard rails and toe boards 2tted

Safety harness )orn

Limitations on use in strong )inds

E3ca"ations

#ain Hazars

0ndermining foundations

Collapse

0nderground ser"ices

ersons falling in

(ehicles close to edge

Access and egress

Ha1ardous atmospheres

Flooding Contamination

'ype of soil

&emo"al of soil

&reca'tions or +o"e opposite

#&reca'tions or 'ner(ro'n ser"ices

lan +ob

Locate cables

A"oid cables

Safe digging procedures

#Hazaro's o 4emolition 0nderground and o"er head ser"ices

Falls from height

Fall of materials

remature collapse

Health ha1ards

3ases and "apours

4oise

(ibration

#onising radiations

;iological ha1ards

&reca'tions opposite o ao"e pl's

!xclusion 1ones Safe method of demolition

!

Element 2! ransport Hazars an Control

eas'res

Hazars o /ork r'cks

6"erturning

6"erloading

Loss of loads

Collisions )ith other "ehicles

Collision )ith pedestrians

!xplosions and 2re

#W$, can tr'cks o"ert'rn

'ra"eling on gradients that are too steep

'ra"elling for)ards )hen descending slopes

6"erload or une"enly loaded

'ra"elling o"er soft or une"en ground

'ra"elling o"er slippery surfaces

'ra"elling too fast

Striking kerbs of other edges

Carrying loads at dangerous heights

o a"oi o"ert'rnin( opposite o ao"e


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#&roce'res to ollo* *$en parkin( ork lit

tr'cks

ut gears in neutral position

Apply the handbrake

S)itch o/ engine

&emo"e key and keep it )ith the responsible

person*place Forks to be rested on the oor

Mast slightly for)ard

arked in the designated parking area makingsure it=s not blocking %alk)ays or exits8

#+itional $azars o electric ork tr'cks

Hydrogen gas released during safety charging

!lectricity problems

Manual handling of li.uids

Corrosi"e acids

'hey are .uit >eople may not hear themcoming?

4ri"er Selection

Suitable age

Medical examination

&outine medical checks at regular inter"als

Assessment after prolonged absences

Capable of 'raining

&efresher 'raining

#Saet, o peestrian in "e$icle mo"in( areas

Segregation

Suitable parking areas

A"oid re"ersing if possible

6ne- )ay systems A"oid sharp or blind bends

Su$ciently )ide entrances and gate)ays

(ision Aids

Speed limits

Signallers >;anksmen?

rotection from fumes

rotection from materials falling o/

High "isibility +ackets

Element 5! an'al an ec$anical Hanlin(

Hazars

#Er(onomics

'he study of the relationship bet)een )orkers andtheir en"ironment, )ork e.uipment and )ork task8

Work relate 6pper lim 4isorers 7W6.4s9

#Ca'ses I W6.4s

&epetiti"e 2nger, hand or arm mo"ements

')isting mo"ements

S.uee1ing

Hammering

ushing, pulling or reaching mo"ements

S,mptoms

4umbness in 2ngers

ains in hands or arms

&estriction of +oint mo"ement

Soft tissue s)elling

#/actors to Be Consiere 4'rin( isk

+ssessment

Force exerted

Fre.uency and duration of operation &epetition of mo"ement )ithout rest or

reco"ery

osture

Constraints on space

!n"ironment

Impro"e +o"e pl's

Mechanise task

0se correct tools and e.uipment

4ispla, Screen E0'ipment 74SEs9

#Healt$ E%ects

0pper limb pains and discomfort

!ye and eyesight e/ects

!pilepsy

&adiation e/ects in pregnant )omen

Fatigue and stress

Workstation e0'irements

Ade.uate lighting

Minimum noise

Ample legroom

Suitable screen at eye le"el

Suitable soft)are

@eyboard %ork surface

Suitable )ork chair

Footrest if necessary

Healt$ E%ects o emainin( Seate /or a .on(

ime

(ertebral and muscular damage

High blood pressure

Circulation problems

#S'itale Seat or Seentar, Workers

3ood lumbar support

3ood )idth and depth Ability to ad+ust seat back and height

Stable base

Ability to s)i"el

ro"ision of arm rests

#an'al Hanlin( In:'ries

!xternal: Cuts, bruises, contusions, abrasions,crush in+uries >Fractures?

#nternal: Muscle Strains, 'endon 'ears, Hernias,slipped disc >Disc prolapsed?

Hierarc$, to re'ce man'al $anlin( in:'ries

A"oid manual handling Assess

#mplement controls

7


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Manual handling &isk Assessment >.IE?#.oa

%eight

Si1e

Shape

&igidity

Di$cult to grasp 0nstable

Sharp edges

Hot*Cold

#Ini"i'al

Sex

Stature

#ndi"idual capability

'raining

erson=s assessment of )on capability

#ask

Holding a)ay from trunk

')isting, Stooping

&eaching up)ards

Long "ertical mo"ement

Long carrying distances

Strenuous pushing or pulling

4umber of boxes needed to be lifted

>fre.uency of lifting?

&epetiti"e handling

#nsu$cient rest or reco"ery

%ork rate imposed by the process

#En"ironment

Constraints on posture oor oors

(ariations in le"els

Hot*Cold*humid conditions

oor lighting

#Correct an'al Hanlin( ec$ni0'e

Assess the load

Close to load as possible

Secure grip

Suitable feet position

;ack Straight

;end the knees Load close to the body

Smooth mo"ement

,pes o Crane

Mobile

'o)er

3antry

6"erhead

Cranes ma, ail eca'se o

6"erturning

6"erloading 0nsuitable support or inade.uate bases for

crane

Loss of load

Failure of load

Lack of maintenance

Failure of load bearing part

Cranes ma, O"ert'rn Beca'se o

oor road surfaces B soft, greasy, une"ensurfaces

oor en"ironmental factors such as lighting,

dust

Speeding

Lack of regular maintenance

Lack of dri"er competence

6"erloading of "ehicles

(ehicles carrying unstable loads

%ind

0nstable ground conditions

#Sae 6se o Cranes Suitable crane

Suitable crane conditions

0se of outriggers

A"oidance of obstructions

Care near o"erhead po)er lines

Designated and protected area

Suitable and tested lifting tackle

Correct slinging techni.ue

Competent personnel

Load gear ground if tra"elling

3ood "isibility

3ood communications

Suitable storage for fuels etc

Hazars opposite o ao"e pl's6se o crane in $i($ *ins

#Emplo,ee Saet, 'rin( .itin(

'rained personnel

roperly trained e.uipment

!.uipment has had statutory inspections

%arning of lift taking place

4o employee to )alk under load

!nsure load is secure

S%L crane and tackle not exceeded

Lifted to correct height Mo"ed at appropriate speed

Ade.uate super"ision

Lifting Accessories >'ackle?

ain Hazars

6"er loading* used abo"e safe )orking load

#ncorrect use e8g8 too )ide an angle )ithchains

#nsecure attachment of load

Damage to tackle

#ncorrect slinging method

Failure to examine and inspect pre-use

#ncompetent sta/

&reca'tions opposite o ao"e


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#Con"e,orsHazars &reca'tions

'rapping in dri"er

mechanisms

3uards, 4o looses clothing

'raps, 4ips,

Dra)ing in

op out, rollers, nip guards

Sharp edges !dge protection, eliminate

edges#tems +amming

con"eyor

Ade.uate design

Falling ob+ects !dge guards, barriers&iding or crossing

con"eyor

;ridges, complete enclosure

#mpact )ith ob+ects Helmets, adding

4oise Hearing protectionManual handling Mechanical handling!lectrical Ha1ards Suitable e.uipment

Element ;! Work E0'ipment Hazars an Control

#&reca'tions on aintenance o Work E0'ipment

0se of permit to )ork

#solation*locking o/

Dissipation of stored energy

Segregation

Safe means of access

0se of !

Competent personnel

!nsure safe en"ironment >allo) to cool?

#Hazars o aintenance Work Opposite o

ao"e pl's Chemical

;iological

Asbestos

Hot or Cold

ressure to complete )ork

#ec$anical Hazars o ac$iner, < 7ENICE9

Entanglement

raps >Also referred to as dra)ing in - shear-crush?

Impact

Contact >Also referred to as cutting-

stabbing- puncture? E+ection

Draw labelled diagrams of each one

#Non- ac$iner, Hazars o ac$iner,

Chemical*;iological Ha1ards

Dust and fumes

!rgonomics

!lectricity

Fire

!xplosion

Ha1ardous substances

Manual Handling 4oise

&adiation

Stability of Machine

'emperature of extremes

0ltra "iolet light

(ibration

G'ars - /I+

#/i3e G'ars

A physical barrier not connected to themachine controls )hich has no mo"ing partsand re.uires a tool to remo"e it8

#/i3e G'ars

+"anta(e

Minimal maintenance 4ot linked to6nly defeated by deliberate act 4o protection6nly "isual inspection Access to dan

May protect against other ha1ards e8g8

noise, dust, in+ection of materials

More di$cult t

access re.uire

'ends to be lefMay hamper "

#Interlockin( G'ar

Linked to the machine controls so that )hen

the machine is in a dangerous condition theguard cannot be opened or opening the guardcauses the machine to become safe8

#Interlockin( G'ar

+"anta(e

Allo) safe access for feeding materials #ncrease t

Con"enient to use Di$cult tLess likely to be deliberately defeated May need

Speeds up operations Compone

&egular mMay not f

Element =! Electrical Hazars Controls

ain Hazars o Electricit, 7BS+/E9

;urns

Shock

Arcing

Fire

!xplosions

Seconar, E%ects o Electricit, Fall from height

0nintentional mo"ement of machine

De-acti"ation of control measures

Loss of information

'hro) o/

#Healt$ e%ects o Electricit, on t$e Bo,

Damage to ner"ous system

#rregular heartbeat >2brillation?

#nternal ;urns

!xternal ;urns

Muscular contractions

Stopping breathing Stopping of the heart

9


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#/actors In>'encin( Se"erit, o Electrical S$ock

(oltage

Current

'ime

Conducti"ity of resistance

ath of current through the body

!n"ironmental factors B )et conditions

Conducti"ity of the skin B )et or dry

#+ction on /inin( Someone In Contact Wit$

Electricit,

#solate the supply if possible B or remo"e

person from the supply using a non-conducti"e instrument

Summon help

3i"e 2rst- aid if able

&emain )ith casualty until emergency

ser"ices arri"e

Ca'ses o Electrical /ire #nade.uate circuits

6"erload circuits

#ncorrect fuses

Damaged insulation

Loose connections

Flammable materials too close to electricale.uipment

6"er heating of cables

#Saet, o &ortale Electrical +ppliances

#$e appliance

;attery operated Checked before use

Suitable selected e.uipment

roperly maintained e.uipment

#$e .ea

!nsure not run o"er by "ehicles

Dragged o"er rough ser"ices

'rapped in machinery

!xposed to hot surfaces or corrosi"echemicals

Continuous exing

#?oints@ Connections an pl'(s

Makeshift temporary connections

Leads getting pulled out

oor made connections

Fuse being replaced

;attery operated

#/'se

A )eak link designated to melt, breaking

the circuit at excessi"e currents

Circ'it Breakers

!lectromagnetic de"ice )hich perform the samefunction as fuses i8e8 break the circuit at excessi"e

current although slightly faster8

Eart$in(

!lectricity )ill al)ays try reach earth and earthingmeans pro"iding a path to earth lo)er than the humanbody8

Isolation

'he disconnection and separation of the electrical

e.uipment from e"ery source of electrical e.uipmentin such a )ay that the disconnection and separation issecure8

e'ce )olta(e S,stems

;y reducing the "oltage present system theconse.uences of electrical shock can be greatlyreduced8

esi'al C'rrent 4e"ices 7C49

#t compares the current o)ing into the system )iththe current o)ing out8 %hen the le"el di/ers by apresent "alue the &CD )ill open rapidly and interruptthe supply8

6ser C$ecks

!.uipment is of an appro"ed standard

%iring and casing are free from damage

Cables are correctly routed

Systems not o"erloaded

Correct fuses

lug properly )ired and gripped

Competent users

0sing reduced "oltage in )et conditions

0sing &CDS=s

OAce En"ironments

Suitable e.uipment manufactured to

appropriate standards

A"oid the use of trailing cables

A"oid multi- socket extensions

Control pri"ate electrical e.uipmentbrought from home

&eport defecti"e and damaged e.uipment

!nsure e/ecti"e heating

S)itch o/ o"ernight

'est appliances at regular inter"als

Element ! /ire Hazars an Control

#Ca'se o /ire

Arson

!lectrical faults

Misuse of electrical e.uipment

Smoker=s materials

6il*gas heating e.uipment and portableheaters

0nsafe storage of materials

0se of ammable li.uids or gases inunsuitable areas

%elding* hot )ork

Mechanical heat >Spark*friction?

#$e /ire rian(le!- /'el@ So'rce o i(nition@O3,(en


7/11


Saet, 6sin( t$e /ire rian(le!

&emo"e Fuel E star"e

&emo"e Heat E cool

&emo"e 6xygen E smot$er

/las$ &oint! - $e temperat're at *$ic$ a "apor(i"en o% , s'stance *ill i(nite *$en ro'($tto a so'rce o i(nition

#Classes o /ire!

+- Com'stile Soli 7Woo@ &aper Etc9B- /lammale .i0'is 7+lco$ol@ &etrol9C- /lammale Gases 7B'tane@ H,ro(en@&ropane94- etals 7a(nesi'm9/- Cookin( eia 7)e(etale Oil or +nimal /ats9

et$o o Heat ranser

#4irect Contact

'he ame and a combustible fuel are in direct contactand the fuel heats up and e"entually ignites8

#Con'ction

Heat tra"els )ithin a solid material >such as metal?from hotter to cooler parts

#aiation

Heat )a"es >infrared? is radiated through the aircausing heating of a material at a distance from the2re8

#Con"ectionHot air rises in currents causing the build up of hot andunburnt gases ceilings etc, and allo)s 2re to spreadfrom one room to another8

#/ire preca'tions to minimize t$e risk to people

in t$e e"ent o fre

Suitable Fire* smoke detection

#/ire +larms

Suitable

&egular testing

Contact )ith emergency ser"ices

#eans o Escape

'ra"el distances

Stair)ays

Fire doors

Signage

!mergency lighting

Assembly point

#eans o .i($tin( t$e /ire

Suitable extinguishers

roperly sited extinguishers

'raining in use of extinguishers

!xtinguishers properly maintained

#Emer(enc, E"ac'ation &roce'res

Fire marshals

Fore notices

Fire drills

&oll calls

ro"ision for disables

Element D! C$emical an Biolo(ical Healt$$azars an controls

ar(et Or(ans

A part of the body )hich sustains an ad"erse e/ect)hen it is exposed to or by contaminated by aparticular harmful agent8

E3amples! erc'r,@ lea t$e rain@ asestos@ammonia t$e l'n(s

#Bo, 4eenses a(ainst 4'st

'he hair and )etness of the nose

'he change of direction of the larynx

Snee1ing and coughing

'he hair cells in the respiratory tract

'ears and blinking of the eyes

4ermatitis

S,mptoms! Blisters@ In>ammation@ 4r,ness@eenin(@ Crackin( o skin

#&rotecti"e meas're a(ainst 4ermatitis

!liminate the substance

Substitution of the substance

;arrier creams,

3ood hygiene practices

!

#o'tes o Entr, in t$e Bo,

#nhalation

#ngestion

Absorption

Direct entry

#n+ection

#+c'te E%ects

Ad"erse health e/ects resulting from single or shortterm exposure to large .uantity of the harmful

substance, it is usually re"ersible e8g splashing acidonto the skin )ill gi"e an immediate reaction8

#C$ronic

Ad"erse health e/ects resulting from prolonged orrepeated exposure to small .uantities of the harmfulsubstance leading to a gradual often irre"ersiblee/ects e8g exposure to asbestos duct o"er many years)ill lead to asbestosis and cancer of the lungs-mesothelioma8

Classifcation o Hazaro's S'stances

Irritant

4on- corrosi"e substances )hich through immediate,prolonged or repeated contact )ith skin or mucousmembrane may cause inammation e8g etrol


8/11


Corrosi"e

Substance )hich on a contact )ith li"ing tissue maydestroy it by burning e8g8 acids

Harm'l

Substances )hich if s)allo)ed, inhaled or penetratethe skin may cause damage to health8

o3ic

A poisonous substance )hich in lo) .uantities maycause death, acute or chronic damage to health8

Carcino(enic

Substance )hich causes disorders to dell gro)th thatmay lead to cancer8

#Inormation on an'act'res Saet, 4ata

S$eets 7S4S9

#denti2cation of the substance

Manufactures information

Composition of the ingredients First-aid precautions

Fire-2ghting measures

Handling and storage

!

Disposal considerations

'ransport information

&egulatory information

#Gra Sample 7C$emical Stain4etector 'e9

+"anta(es

Lo) cost #naccurate

'akes little time ositioning of tube#mmediate result 6nly a snap shot

Little training #ne$cient#nformation during spillage Chemical use only3ood for coarse indication Substance speci2c

Hazaro's s'stance risk assessment = steps as

normal Control o $ealt$ $azars Eliminate or

e'ce , s'stit'tion

Isolate

'otal enclosure

Segregate the people

Control

!ngineering Control >L!(?

Maintenance of controls

Change the )ork pattern or method

Hygiene and housekeeping

&&E

4iscipline

Emer(enc, controls or spilla(e@ air poll'tion

etc

(entilation systems alarmed

!

!mergency sho)ers, eye )ash facilities

;ooms, sa)dust, spillage procedures

!"acuation procedures

#solation of the area

!"acuation of the employee at risk

! for sta/ in"ol"ed in clear up

.ocal E3$a'st )entilation 7.E)9ain parts! Hoo@ 4'ctin(@ /ilter@ /an

4ra* sketc$ as pro"ie

#.E) ecomes ineAcient eca'se o

;locked 2lters

Lack of maintenance

osition of hood

0nauthori1ed alterations

;roken ducting

%ear of fan blades

#ncorrect settings

#ncreased contaminant le"el

#nade.uate design

Failure of operators to use it

C$eck opposite o ao"e

Specifc +(ents

#+mmonia

#s a colourless gas )ith a pungent odour8 #t is acorrosi"e and can cause irritation to the eyes upperrespiratory tract in small concentrations8 Largeconcentrations can cause blindness and uid in the

lungs8 !ye protection and respiratory essential8

#+sestos

ain t,pes! - Bl'e@ Bro*n an W$ite4iseases! +sestos@ .'n( Cancer@ esot$elioma

6ses

ipe lagging

%all and roof panels

Ceiling tiles

'extured coatings

#nsulation materials

3askets

;rake linings

Caron 4io3ie

Colourless and odourless gas that is hea"ier than air8Lo) le"els increases the rate of respiration and highdepress the rate of respiration leading tounconsciousness and e"en death8 roduced infermentation process e8g bre)eries8

Caron ono3ie

Colourless and odourless and tasteless gas8 Found)here incomplete combustion occurs e8g boilers,"ehicle exhausts8

#nhalation of the gas results in headache, dro)siness,ushed Gpink= appearance and ultimately asphyxiation8


9/11


C$lorine

A greenish toxic gas )ith a pungent smell )hich ishighly irritant to the respiratory system8

4'sts

4uisance dust can cause asthma, bronchitis,emphysema, and conditions such as asbestos, silicosis8

#4'st Ientifcation

(isual signs of dust

Dust lamps

Static or personal sampling

Health sur"eillance

#Control eas'res or 4'st

!limination

Substitution e8g8 pellets instead of po)ers

!nclosure of the process

Local exhaust "entilation

(acuuming instead of s)eeping

Damping do)n

Limiting time of exposure

Limiting numbers exposed

&espiratory protecti"e e.uipment

.ea

A hea"y, soft and easily )orked metal8 Can enter bodyby eating contaminated food but usually by breathingfumes or dust8

Acute lead poisoning can result in nausea, headaches,e/ects on the ner"ous system sometimes death inser"e cases8

#Or(anic sol"ents

'hese dissol"e other substances and are also used ascleaning and degreasing agents8 'hey are "olatile ande"aporate .uickly at room temperature so their"apours can be dra)n into the lungs8Acute e/ects are irritation of the eyes, skin, throat andlungs8 !/ects may be headaches, nausea, di11inessand loss of consciousness and in extreme cases indeath8

Isoc,anates

6rganic compounds )idely used in industry forproducts such as spray painting of "ehicles and

production of polyurethane rubbers and foams8

#nammation of the nasal passages and throat canlead to asthma8

Silica

Found in sand, granite etc8 and the health ha1ardcomes from breathing it in )hich can lead to the lungdisease silicosis8

Biolo(ical +(ents

.eptospirosis or Weils isease

;acteria found in the urine of female rats and the most

common source is in ri"er )ater, se)ers etc8 !ntersthe body through puncture of the skin or ingestion8Attacks the kidneys and li"er causing hightemperatures and may be fatal8

.e(ionella

An airbone bacterium found in )ater sources such ascooling to)ers, stagnant )ater etc8 #t is caused byinhalation of airbone droplets of )ater containing thelegionalla bactieria leading to a form of pneumonia e8i8breathing di$culties, high temperature and possibledeath8 'hose at greatest risk are middle aged smokers

or elderly people )ith chest problems8 Controlmeasures in"ol"e temperature control and monitoring,a"oiding Gdead legsI legs in pipe)ork, biocidetreatment and e/ecti"e cleaning and maintenance8

Hepatitis

A disease of the li"er and can cause hightemperatures, nausea and +aundice8 #t is caused byha1ardous substances or a "irus8 Health )orkers andthose handling bodily uids are most at risk8 'hecontrol measures in"ol"e inoculation and good hygienepractices8

#Control eas'res or Biolo(ical Hazars

Cleaning and disinfection %ater treatment

(ermin control

Containment of the biological agent

A"oidance of sharp implements

roper disposal of contaminated )aste

#mmuni1ation

ersonal Hygiene

!

#Waste o Stora(e

Su$cient storage area

Clearly the label the storage area

!nsure storage area secure

rotect storage area )ith bunds etc8

Store di/erent types of )aste separately

4e"er store incompatible )aste together

Select appropriate containers

@eep .uantities of )aste to a minimum

rotect )aste from the elements

Element 8! &$,sical an &s,c$olo(ical Hazars

Noise

Noise erminolo(, Fre.uency: 'he number of )a"e fronts

assign a point in one second measured inHert1

#ntensity: the loudness of the noise

Decibel: 'he sound pressure le"el

F+ Wei($tin(! + flter in t$e noisemeter t$at e0'ates t$e noise to $o*t$e $'man ear percei"es t$e noise

Hearin( 4ama(e

+c'te

Stress 4oise ind'emporary threshold shift ermane

'emporary tinnitus ermane;last deafness rebyacu

J


10/11


Noise Control

So'rce

Design

Damping

#solate Maintenance

&at$

Screens and barriers

!nclosure

Absorption

Silencer

$e &erson

Distance

'ime exposed

#nformation and training

.imitation on &ersonal Hearin( &rotection

4ot )orn correctly

4ot lifted correctly

4ot properly maintained

0ncomfortable or incon"enient to )ear

4eeds constant management commitment

May introduce secondary risks

#/actors a%ectin( t$e c$oice o &ersonal Hearin(

&rotection

!ase of monitoring

Compatibility )ith other !

Hygiene Cost

Kuality and performance

Comfort

!ase of use

'raining re.uired

Disposable or reusable

#+"anta(es an 4isa"anta(es o &ersonal

Hearin( &rotection

Ear pl'(s Ear '%s

Ad"antage Ad"antageCheap Comfort

Disposable B hygienic !asy to monitor usage4o #nterference other ! &eusable

Disad"antage Disad"antage

0ncomfortable !xpensi"eDi$cult to monitor usage Hygiene #ssues

'raining re.uired #nterferes )ith other !

Han +rm )iration

#Healt$ E%ects

'ingling in the hands extremities

4umbness and blanching of the 2ngers

S)ollen painful +oints

&eduction in manual dexterity &eduction in the sensation of touch

#Control eas'res

#Elimination

#e'ce t$e 4e(ree o )iration

Select lo) "ibration e.uipment

Select ergonomically designed e.uipment

Maintenance of e.uipment

&educe grip and push force )ith )orke.uipment

&educe the time )orkers exposed

#ntroduce health sur"eillance

3lo"e and heated pads

#nformation and training on the nature ofrisks

#aiation#Non- lonisin(

,pe

#nfrared Heating and bra1ing

Lasers Cutting, bar code reader

Micro)a"es Food preparation, signal0ltra- "iolet %elding

#Healt$ E%ects

;urns

&eddening of the skin

Cataracts

Arc !ye

'emporary sterility

#Ionizin( raiation,pe 6se in in'str,

Alpha Smoke detectors

;eta 'hickness testing3amma 4on- destructi"e testing-ray Medical4eutron ;y product nuclear 2ssion

+c'te e%ects rom $i($

ose

C$ronic e%ects

&eddening of the skin Cancers

&adiation sickness,

nausea, "omiting, diarrhea

Sterility

Hair loss Hereditary defectsDeath !/ects on unborn

children

Death

#Control meas'res

'ime

Distance

Shielding

#Ot$ers

!

!n"ironment and personal monitoring

Correct disposal of radiation materials

3od hygiene practices

'raining and super"ision

Stress

&$,sical E%ects

Headaches #ncrease a

5


11/11


Aching neck and shoulders #rritabilitySkin rashes Sudden mood changesrone to infections #nability to cope

anic attacks &educes )ork outputanic attacks &educed )ork output

&aised heart rate #ncreased use of alcohol ,etc#ncreased blood pressure oor sleep patternsHeart disease

Stomach ulcers

#Ca'se o stress

Culture

Demands

Control

&elationships

Change

&ole

#ndi"idual

!n"ironment

Control eas're or Stress

Selecting suitable employees

'raining

Clearly de2ned roles Clearly )ork ob+ecti"es

Comfortable )orking en"ironment

3ood line of communication

&ealistic )ork schedules

!mployee in"ol"ement

3rie"ance procedure

#mpartial in"estigation of stress

Management support

55

nebosh summary igc2-2

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