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Cap K


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LinksLink – Capitalism cannot truly change the way it

commodifes nature, meaning the regulation by the a never

solves the root cause(!arvey, David ("#1$-04-04). Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism(p. 252). Oford !niversit" #ress. $indle Edition.)

Capital cannot, %nfort%natel", chan&e the 'a" it slices and dices nat%re %p intocommodit" forms and private propert" ri&hts. o challen&e this 'o%ld e tochallen&e the f%nctionin& of the economic en&ine of capitalism itself and to den" the applicailit"of capital*s economic rationalit" to social life. his is 'h" the environmental movement, 'hen it&oes e"ond a merel" cosmetic or ameliorative politics, m%st ecome anti-capital. he concept ofnat%re that %nderpins vario%s philosophies of environmentalism is radicall" at odds 'iththat 'hich capital has to impose in order to reprod%ce itself. he environmental movement co%ld, in alliance 'ithothers, pose a serio%s threat to the reprod%ction of capital. +%t so far environmental politics has not,

for a variet" of reasons, moved ver" far in this direction. t often prefers to i&nore entirel" the ecolo&" thatcapital is constr%ctin& and nile at iss%es that are separale from the core d"namics of 'hat capital is ao%t.Contestin& a 'aste d%mp here or resc%in& an endan&ered species or a val%edhaitat there is in no 'a" fatal to capital*s reprod%ction.

Link – %he a&rmative 'urther entrenches Capitalism by

regulating bioprospecting (ithout regulatory structures the

set o' behaviors that is Capitalism would not 'unction

)egulation ultimately increases the e&ciency o' capitalism and

insures its continued e*istence(Do%&las . +my, "## , #rofessor of #olitics at o%nt /ol"oe Colle&e, 1Capitalism

e3%ires overnment, http677'''.&overnmentis&ood.com7articles.php8aid9:; asaccessed on the 'e ::7:4720:5)

1


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Link – tate intervention into regulation o' issues regarding

nature 'urther promotes the penetration o' capital into our

lives(!arvey, David (20:4-04-04). Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism (pp. 250-25:). Oford!niversit" #ress. $indle Edition.)

1#rivate propert" entails enclos%re of nat%re*s commons.


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.mpacts


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1%he environment+ Cross apply our !arvey thesis card which e*plicitly

states that the environmentalist movement must become anti2

capitalist to succeed

3 %he ecological crises caused by Capitalism willinevitably lead to e*tinction(RichardSmith Decemer 20:4 is an economic historian. He has written extensively for the New Left Review, MonthlyReview and The Ecologist. This is an excerpt from his essay, "Capitalism and the destruction of life on Earth," published in the Real-

World Economics Review. )


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" +ttempts within capitalism to change course

away 'rom e*tinction can have the opposite eect%erminal impacts may result 'rom capitalist attempts to

change course without 'undamentally re5ecting

capitalism%urns e*tinction impacts(lavo5 6i7ek "##8, iAe is a lovenian philosopher and cultural critic.#rofessor at the E%ropean rad%ate School, nternational Director of the +irecnstit%te for the /%manities, +irec Colle&e, !niversit" of Fondon, and a seniorresearcher at the nstit%te of Sociolo&", !niversit" of F%lana, Slovenia (asaccessed ::7:47"#19: at http677'''.lacan.com7AiAecolo&":.htm , 1Censorship

oda"6 Giolence, or Ecolo&" as a ?e' Opi%m for the asses.)

.n spite o' the infnite adaptability o' capitalism 'hich, in the case of an ac%te ecolo&ical

catastrophe or crisis, can easily turn ecology into a new feld o' capitalist

investment and competition, the very nature o' the risk involved

'undamentally precludes a market solution - 'h"8 Capitalism only works inprecise social conditions; it implies the trust into the oectiviAed7Hrei=edH

mechanism o' the market


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+lternative-ur alternative is to organi7e politics around unconditional

resistance to capitalism )e5ect the ideological assumptions o'

the a&rmative-

ndivid%alism 'arrant

>cLaren ?#@ (#eter, !niversit" of California, 1Slavo NiePs ?aed #olitics6 Optin& for the mpossile, JSecondar" Elaoration, JC, http677'''.ac'e.or&7JrchivedQvol%mes7etQarticles7G2:Q;QcFaren.htm, )

Nie challen&es the relativism of the &ender-race-class &rid of reReive positionalit" 'hen he claims that classanta&onism or str%&&le is not simpl" one in a series of social anta&onismsrace,class, &ender, and so on%t rather constit%tes the part of this series that s%stainsthe horiAon of the series itself. n other 'ords, class str%&&le is the speci=c anta&onismthat assi&ns ran to and modi=es the partic%larities of the other anta&onisms in theseries. /e notes that Hthe econom" is at one and the same time the &en%s and one of its o'n speciesH(Totalitarianism :K;). n 'hat consider to e his most important 'or to date, Contingency, Hegemony,Universality (coa%thored 'ith %dith +%tler and Ernesto Facla%), Nie militantl" re'uses toevacuate reference to historical str%ct%res of totality and universality and ar&%esthat class str%&&le itself enales the proliferation of ne' political s%ectivities (aleit s%ectivities that ironicall"

rele&ate class str%&&le to a secondar" role). Js ar ar&%ed, class str%&&le str%ct%res Hin advanceHthe ver" terrain of political anta&onisms. h%s, accordin& to Nie, class str%&&le is not Hthe lasthoriAon of meanin&, the last si&ni=ed of all social phenomena, %t the formal &enerative matri of the diBerent

ideolo&ical horiAons of %nderstandin&H (Hepeatin&H :M-:L). n his terms, class str%&&le sets the&ro%nd for the empt" place of %niversalit", enalin& it to e =lled vario%sl" 'ithcontents of diBerent sorts (ecolo&", feminism, anti-racism). /e f%rther ar&%es that the splitet'een the classes is even more radical toda" than d%rin& the times of ind%strial class divisions. /e taes the

position that post-arists have done an ecellent o in %ncoverin& the fantas" of

capital (vis-T-vis the endless deferral of pleas%re) %t have done little to %ncover its realit". hose post-arists 'ho are advocates of ne' social movements (s%ch as Facla% ando%Be) 'ant revolution without revolutionU in contrast, Nie calls for movements that relate tothe lar&er totalit" of capitalist social relations and that challen&e the ver" matter and antimatter of capitalPs social

%niverse. /is strate&ic foc%s on capitalist eploitation ('hile often conf%sin& and inconsistent)rather than on racial, ethnic, &ender, or se%al identit" is a sal%tar" one6 Hhe prolem isnot ho' o%r precio%s partic%lar identit" sho%ld e ept safe from &loal capitalism. he prolem is ho' tooppose &loal capitalism at an even more radical levelU the prolem is to oppose ituniversally, not on a particular level. his 'hole prolematic is a false oneH (Olson and


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a%tonomo%s s%ect or to individ%alistic practices %t to see those eperiences inrelationship to the str%ct%re of social anta&onisms and class str%&&le . /istor" hasnot dischar&ed the ed%cator from the mission of &raspin& the Htr%th of the presentH" interro&atin& all the eistin& str%ct%res of eploitation present 'ithin thecapitalist s"stem 'here, at the point of prod%ction, material relations characteriAe

relations et'een people and social relations characteriAe relations et'een thin&s. he critical ed%cator ass6 /o' are individ%als historicall" located in s"stematicstr%ct%res of economic relations8 /o' can these str%ct%res these la'less la's ofcapitale overcome and transformed thro%&h revol%tionar" prais into acts offreel" associated laor 'here the free development of each is the condi-tion for thefree development of all8

+lt solvency 2 Aniversal )esistance solves and is our only

option 222 re'orms such as the plan only prop up neoliberalism

Birou* 1$ !enry + Birou* currently holds the Blobal %D

Network Chair Ero'essorship at >c>aster Aniversity in the

Fnglish and Cultural tudies Gepartment and a GistinguishedDisiting Ero'essorship at )yerson Aniversity /%otalitarian

Earanoia in the Eost2-rwellian urveillance tate0

http677'''.tr%th-o%t.or&7opinion7item72:M5M-totalitarian-paranoia-in-the-post-or'ellian-s%rveillance-state : G+!

Dissent is cr%cial to an" viale notion of democrac" and provides a po'erf%l co%nterforce to the d"stopian

ima&ination that has descended lie a pla&%e on Jmerican societ"U %t dissent is not eno%&h. n a time of s%r&in&a%thoritarianism, it is cr%cial for ever"one to =nd the co%ra&e to translate criti3%e into the %ildin& of pop%lar

movements dedicated to main& ed%cation central to an" viale notion of politics. his is a politics thatdoes the di@c%lt 'or of assemlin& critical formative c%lt%res " developin&

alternative media, ed%cational or&aniAations, c%lt%ral apparat%ses, infrastr%ct%resand ne' sites thro%&h 'hich to address the ran&e of in%stices pla&%in& the !nitedStates and the forces that reprod%ce them . he rise of c%lt%res of s%rveillance alon& 'ith thedef%ndin& of p%lic and hi&her ed%cation, the attac on the 'elfare state and the militariAation of ever"da" life can

e addressed in 'a"s that not onl" allo' people to see ho' s%ch iss%es areinterrelated to casino capitalism and the racial-sec%rit" state %t also 'hat it mi&htmean to mae s%ch iss%es meanin&f%l to mae them critical and transformative. JsCharlie Derer has 'ritten, H/o' to epress possiilities and conve" them a%thenticall" and pers%asivel" seems

cr%ciall" importantH if an" viale notion of resistance is to tae place.V0 Nothing will change unless

the le't and progressives take seriously the sub5ective underpinnings o'

oppression in the Anited tates . he po'er of the ima&ination, dissent, and the'illin&ness to hold po'er acco%ntale constit%te a maor threat to a%thoritarian

re&imes . Sno'denPs disclos%res made clear that the a%thoritarian state is deepl" fearf%l of those intellect%als,critics, o%rnalists and others 'ho dare to 3%estion a%thorit", epose the crimes of corr%pt politicians and 3%estionthe carcino&enic nat%re of a corporate state that has hiaced democrac"6 his is most evident in the ins%lts andpatriotic &ore heaped on annin& and Sno'den. /o' else to eplain, in li&ht of Sno'denPs initial disclos%res ao%tthe ?SJ, the concern on the part of &overnment and intelli&ence a&encies that his Hdisclos%res have rene'ed alon&standin& concern6 that "o%n& nternet a=cionados 'hose sills the a&encies need for co%nterterrorism andc"er defense sometimes rin& an anti-a%thorit" spirit that does not =t the sec%rit" %rea%crac".HV: oel I. +renner,a former inspector &eneral of the ?SJ made it ver" clear that the real challen&e Sno'den revealed 'as to maes%re that a &eneration of "o%n& people 'ere not ta%&ht to thin criticall" or 3%estion a%thorit". Js +renner p%t it,"o%n& people 'ho 'ere ro%&ht into the national sec%rit" apparat%s 'ere not onl" sellin& their rains %t also their

http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/21656-totalitarian-paranoia-in-the-post-orwellian-surveillance-statehttp://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/21656-totalitarian-paranoia-in-the-post-orwellian-surveillance-statehttp://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/21656-totalitarian-paranoia-in-the-post-orwellian-surveillance-statehttp://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/21656-totalitarian-paranoia-in-the-post-orwellian-surveillance-state


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consciences. n other 'ords, the" have to Had%st to the c%lt%reH " endorsin& a re&ime of one that %st happened to

e en&a&in& in a ran&e of ille&alities that threatened the fo%ndations of democrac".V2


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Link F*tensions


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)aceCapitalism is the root cause o' oppression, especially

contemporary racism – our kritik is a prereHuisite to the a >cLaren et al, $ > Distin&%ished #rofessor, Critical St%dies, Chapman !niversit"

(#eter and Galerie Scatam%rlo-D*Jnniale, 1Class Dismissed8 /istorical materialismand the politics of WdiBerence*, Ed%cational #hilosoph" and heor", Gol. ;M, ?o. 2,Jpril, http677onlinelirar".'ile".com.pro".li.%mich.ed%7doi7:0.::::7.:4MK-5V:2.2004.000M0.7f%ll)77SX

Ior eample, E. San %an (200;) ar&%es that race relations and race conRict arenecessaril" str%ct%red " the lar&er totalit" of the political econom" of a &ivensociet", as 'ell as " modi=cations in the str%ct%re of the 'orld econom". /ef%rther notes that the capitalist mode of prod%ction has artic%lated Wrace* 'ith classin a pec%liar 'a" . /e too is 'orth a s%stantial 3%otation6 s%ordination invested 'ith an a%ra of nat%ralit"and fatalit". he ref%nctionin& of ph"sical or c%lt%ral traits as ideolo&ical andpolitical si&ni=ers of class identit" rei=es social relations. S%ch Wracial* marers enterthe =eld of the alienated laor process, concealin& the arti=cial nat%re of meanin&sand norms, and essentialiAin& or nat%raliAin& historical traditions and val%es 'hichare contin&ent on m%tale circ%mstances. Ior San %an, racism and nationalism aremodalities in 'hich class str%&&les artic%late themselves at strate&ic points inhistor". /e ar&%es that racism arose with the creation and e*pansion o' thecapitalist world economy. /e maintains, ri&htl" in o%r vie', that racial or ethnic&ro%p solidarit" is &iven Wmeanin& and val%e in terms of their place 'ithin the socialor&aniAation of prod%ction and reprod%ction of the ideolo&ical-political orderU

ideolo&ies of racism as collective social eval%ation of solidarities arise to reinforcestr%ct%ral constraints 'hich preserve the eploited and oppressed position of these1racial solidarities*. t is remarale, in o%r opinion, that so m%ch of contemporar"social theor" has lar&el" aandoned the prolems of laor, capitalist eploitation,and class anal"sis at a time 'hen capitalism is ecomin& more %niversal, morer%thless and more deadl". he metaphor of a contemporar" Wto'er of +ael* seemsappropriate hereacademics striking radical poses in the seminar roomswhile remaining oblivious to the possibility that their seemingly radical


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discursive maneuvers do nothing to 'urther the struggles ?against

oppression and e*ploitation which continue to be real, material, and not

merely /discursive0 problems of the contemporar" 'orld* (Dirli, :KKL, p. :LM)./arve" (:KKV, pp. 2K>;:) indicts the ne' academic entreprene%rs, the Wmasters oftheor"-in-and-for-itself* 'hose Wdisco%rse radicalism* has deftl" side-stepped Wthe

end%rin& con%ndr%ms of class str%&&le* and 'ho have, a&ainst a Wsoerin&ac&ro%nd of cheapened disco%rse and opport%nistic politics,* een Wstripped oftheir self-advertised radicalism.* Ior "ears, the" Wcontested socialism,* ridic%ledarists, and promoted Wtheir o'n alternative theories of lierator" politics* %t no'the" have lar&el" een Wred%ced to the role of s%pplicants in the most de&radedform of pl%ralist politics ima&inale.* Js the" p%rs%e the politics of diBerence, theWclass 'ar ra&es %naated* and the" seem Weither %n'illin& or %nale to foc%s onthe unprecedented economic carnage occurring around the globe.* /arve"Pssearin& criticism s%&&ests that post-arists have een %s" =ddlin& 'hile ome%rns and his comments echo those made " ar (:KLV, p. :4K) in his criti3%e ofthe Xo%n& /e&elians 'ho 'ere, Win spite of their alle&edl" 1'orld-shatterin&statements, the sta%nchest conservatives.* ar lamented that the Xo%n& /e&elians'ere simpl" =&htin& Wphrases* and that the" failed to acno'led&e that in oBerin&onl" co%nter-phrases, the" 'ere in no 'a" Wcomatin& the real eistin& 'orld* %tmerel" comatin& the phrases of the 'orld. ain& a c%e from ar and s%stit%tin&Wphrases* 'ith Wdisco%rses* or Wresi&ni=cations* 'e 'o%ld contend that thepractitioners of diBerence politics 'ho operate 'ithin ea&&erated c%lt%ralistframe'ors that privile&e the realm of representation as the primar" arena ofpolitical str%&&le 3%estion some disco%rses of po'er 'hile le&itimatin& others.oreover, eca%se the" lac a class perspective, their &est%res of radicalism areelied " their o'n class positions.:0 Js Jhmad (:KKLa, p. :04) notes6 One ma"spea of an" n%mer of disorientations and even oppressions, %t one c%ltivates allinds of politeness and indirection ao%t the str%ct%re of capitalist class relations in'hich those oppressions are emedded. o spea of an" of that directl" and simpl"is to e Wv%l&ar.* n this climate of Jesopian lan&%a&es it is asol%tel" essential toreiterate that most thin&s are a matter of class. hat ind of statement is Ys%rprisin& onl" in a c%lt%re lie that of the ?orth Jmerican %niversit" Y +%t it isprecisel" in that ind of c%lt%re that people need to hear s%ch ovio%s tr%ths.JhmadPs provocative oservations impl" that s%stantive anal"ses of the carna&e'ro%&ht " W&loaliAed* class eploitation have, for the most part, eenmar&inaliAed " the ind of radicalism that has een instit%ted amon& the academicFeft in ?orth Jmerica. /e f%rther s%&&ests that 'hile vario%s post-arists haveinvited %s to oin their e%phoric celerations honorin& the decenterin& of capitalism,the aandonment of class politics, and the decline of metanarratives (partic%larl"those of arism and socialism), the" have failed to see that the most Wmeta of allmetanarratives of the past three cent%ries, the creepin& anneation of the &loe forthe dominance of capital over laorin& h%manit" has met, d%rin& those samedecades, 'ith st%nnin& s%ccess* (Jhmad, :KKL, p. ;M4). Js s%ch, Jhmad invites %sto as ane', the proverial 3%estion6


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tae o%r stand a&ainst the evils Zof capitalism, imperialism, and racism[ 'ith asolidarit" derived from a proletarian internationalism orn of socialist idealism. ?ational O@ce of the +lac #anther #art", Ier%ar" :KL0 Ior 'ell over t'o decades'e have 'itnessed the %ilant lieral and conservative prono%ncements of thedemise of socialism. Concomitantl", histor"Ps pres%med fail%re to defan& eistin&

capitalist relations has een read " man" self-identi=ed Wradicals* as anadvertisement for capitalismPs inevitailit". Js a res%lt, the chor%s refrain Where s?o Jlternative*, s%n& " lierals and conservatives, has een %ttressed " thes"mphon" of post-arist voices recommendin& that 'e &ive socialism a decent%rial and move on.


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capitalism 'hich contin%es to 'rea havoc in the lives of most.


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Legitimating bioprospectingI Fncouraging

cientifc Gevelopment3iogenetic development may be the biggest threat capitalism

poses to the 'uture Gesubstantiali7ing nature into a

commodity to manipulate and alter is a cultural shi't thatthreatens the stability o' nature

(lavo5 6i7ek "##8, iAe is a lovenian philosopher and cultural critic.#rofessor at the E%ropean rad%ate School, nternational Director of the +irecnstit%te for the /%manities, +irec Colle&e, !niversit" of Fondon, and a seniorresearcher at the nstit%te of Sociolo&", !niversit" of F%lana, Slovenia (asaccessed ::7:47"#19: at http677'''.lacan.com7AiAecolo&":.htm , 1Censorship


1he socio-ethical implications of ne' techno-scienti=c developments (especiall" inio-&enetics) - I%%"ama himself 'as compelled to admit that the io&enetic

interventions into h%man nat%re are the most serio%s threat to his vision of the Endof /istor".


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Eatents key to maintaining%he patent system is essential to the 'ree market economy

>any industries would not e*ist without the incentive to

patent

(Do%&las . Jm", 200L, #rofessor of #olitics at o%nt /ol"oe Colle&e, 1Capitalisme3%ires overnment, http677'''.&overnmentis&ood.com7articles.php8aid9:; asaccessed ::7:4720:5)

/Eatents and Copyrights Far&e portions of o%r econom" 'o%ld &rind to a halt ifthe &overnment did not &rant patents and cop"ri&hts.


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Eatents illegitimate-nly the logic o' proft can be maintained by the systems o'

intellectual property %his is resulting in the 'orcible legal

adoption o' Capital through patents, which restrict native use

o' native knowledge without payment(lavo5 6i7ek "##8, iAe is a lovenian philosopher and cultural critic.#rofessor at the E%ropean rad%ate School, nternational Director of the +irecnstit%te for the /%manities, +irec Colle&e, !niversit" of Fondon, and a seniorresearcher at the nstit%te of Sociolo&", !niversit" of F%lana, Slovenia (asaccessed ::7:47"#19: at http677'''.lacan.com7AiAecolo&":.htm , 1Censorship


/ he inappropriateness of private propert" for the so-called Hintellect%al propert".H he e" anta&onism of the so-called ne' (di&ital) industries is thus; how tomaintain the 'orm o' (private) property, within which only the logic o' proft

can be maintained (see also the ?apster prolem, the free circ%lation of m%sic)8Jnd do the legal complications in biogenetics not point in the samedirection8 #henomena are emer&in& here 'hich rin& the notion of propert" to'eird paradoes6 in .ndia, local communities can suddenly discover thatmedical practices and materials they are using 'or centuries are now

owned by +merican companies, so they should be bought 'rom themJ with

the biogenetic companies patenti7ing genes, we are all discovering that

parts o' ourselves, our genetic components, are already copyrighted,

owned by others 0

http://www.lacan.com/zizecology1.htmhttp://www.lacan.com/zizecology1.htm


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/.n'ormed Consent01 Capitalism corrupts the system o' consent Fven when

in'ormed, the contract is based on a monetary deal %he giving

o' capital to tribal groups generates otherwise none*istent

consent while simultaneously 'orcing adoption o' capital(arr" Leech, "#1"-04-2M). Capitalism6 J Str%ct%ral enocide (pp. :04-:05). ed+oos. $indle Edition./%hrough education, the media and private initiatives, the state and capitalist elites control the hegemonic discourse, and there" gain theconsent of a s%@cient portion of the global population to provide capitalismwith a veneer o' legitimacy. %he intent o' this hegemonic discourse is toconvince people that capitalism provides them with the greatest

opportunity to live 'ree in a democratic societ", which will ultimately allowthem to improve their material condition %he he&emonic discourse, in partthrough the philanthropic endeavours o' capital, also seeks to sociali7e

people into believing capitalism is a humane social system that providesopportunities 'or individuals who are willing to work hard n this manner,the hegemonic discourse creates a disconnect in the minds of people withregard to the success o' an individual and the related suering o' many

others.

. Capitalist IP regimes are used to exploit indigenous peoples –

Corporations use the law to their advantage to maximize profit. Informed

consent is not as good as it’s made out to be.ETC roup and Indigenous People’s !iodiversit" #etwor$% in their release

&!ioprospecting'!iopirac" and Indigenous Peoples%( )ecember *+th% ,--. [“The ETC is an

Action Group on Erosion, Technology, and Concentration. “Bio-Prospectors Hall of ha!e" or Guess #ho$s Co!ingto Pirate %our Plants&' Pros and Cons of Bioprospecting Agree!ents,(

http)**+++.etcgroup.org*content*ioprospectingiopiracy-and-indigenous-peoples i!!y

According to the /CBG, intellect%al propert" a&reements have een ne&otiated amon&participatin& instit%tions so that disco0eries are e1uitaly shared and accrue to local co!!unities andindi&eno%s peoples involved in the discover" of the nat%ral prod%ct. Jltho%&hHene=t sharin& a&reementsH are fre3%entl" mentioned, the speci=c terms ofene=t sharin& are strictl" con=dential.23


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" -ther communities still 'eel the impact o' compensated,

in'ormed bioprospecting Fach instance o' in'ormed consent

isn4t isolated and capitalism is still spreads to those who

didn4t consent

Gandana hiva #h.D., a memer of #rince Charles*s epert &ro%p on S%stainale

J&ric%lt%re, !niversit" of Chica&o #ress,


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contract mode and its ens%in& relationships for otainin& iolo&ical reso%rces areincon&r%o%s 'ith the nat%re of indi&eno%s no'led&e and mana&ement ofiolo&ical reso%rces. hese reso%rces and their attendant no'led&e are prod%cts of 1io-cooperation, and their collective mana&ement is intimatel" connected to theecolo&" of s%stance a&ric%lt%re and crop evol%tion. (p. 5;L) he epansion of the

1contract mode is part of the lar&er proect of the transnational capitalisthe&emonic loc to etend its control over lar&e areas of the &loe. Consens%alhe&emon" is apparent in the C+D*s emrace of s%ch notions as 1iopirac" and1ioprospectin& 'herein the latter is considered a corrective to the former.1+iopirac" of &enetic reso%rces pres%pposes that s%ch reso%rces are 1o'ned "some interests 'ho have een ille&all" deprived of them. (+r%sh :KKK).1+ioprospectin& s%&&ests that s%ch reso%rces represent potential echan&e val%esand are reco&niAed and val%ed as s%ch " local comm%nities. Jttendant %pon theacceptance of these concepts, ho'ever, is the additional acceptance of anessentiall" capitalist epistemolo&" 'ith profo%nd implications for the transformationof noncapitalist forms of social prod%ction. +r%sh 'rites6 he concept ofioprospectin& emer&ed in a period that sa' international development and lendin&a&encies emrace the neolieral politics of privatiAation, politics that co%ld also erecast as a means to empo'er hird


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Link Fnvironmental EolicyFnvironmental re'orm within capitalism will be ineectively

shallow in order to maintain proft levels

GeMusco, #ast Director of Xale School of Iorestr" ` Environmental St%dies,

"##8(David is Comm%nications Director at /i&hstead, ames %stave Speth Zcited in the card[ is the dean ofthe Xale School of Iorestr" ` Environmental St%dies and is Co-fo%nder of the ?at%ral eso%rces Defense Co%ncil andthe


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stron&l" in the opposite direction. he +rid&e at the Ed&e of the


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%he shallow ?green capitalism4 o' the a is used to help profts,

not the environment

mith, )utgers Aniversity pro'essor, 11 ichard Smith has ta%&ht histor" at%t&ers !niversit" in ?e' +r%ns'ic, and has 'ritten on the social and environmental impact of the transition tocapitalism in China for the ?e' Feft evie', the Ecolo&ist, and other p%lications. (1reen capitalism6 the &od thatfailed >20:: http677paecon.net7#JEevie'7iss%e5M7Smith5M.pdf)

n reectin& the anti&ro'th approach of the =rst 'ave of environmentalists in the :KL0s, pro-&ro'th 1green

capitalism theorists of the :KV0s-K0s lie #a%l /a'en, Fester +ro'n, and Irancis Cairncross ar&%ed that &reentechnolo&", &reen taes, eco-conscio%s shoppin& and the lie co%ld 1ali&n pro=t-seein& 'ith environmental &oals, even 1invertman" f%ndamentals of %siness practice s%ch that 1restorin& the environment and main& mone" ecome one and the same

process. his strate&" has clearly 'ailed claim frst, that the pro5ect o' sustainable

capitalism was misconceived and doomed 'rom the start because ma*imi7ing

proft and saving the planet are inherently in conQict and cannot be

s"stematicall"aligned even if, here and there, the" mi&ht coincide for a moment. hat*sbecause under

capitalism, CEOs and corporate boards are not responsible to society, they4re

responsible to private shareholders CF-s can embrace environmentalism so

long as this increases profts 3ut saving the world reHuires that the

pursuit o' profts be systematically subordinated to ecological concerns6Ior eample, the science sa"s that to save the h%mans, 'e have to drasticall" c%t fossil f%el cons%mption, even close do'nind%stries lie coal. +%t no corporate oard can sacri=ce earnin&s to save the h%mans eca%se to do so 'o%ld e to ris

shareholder Ri&ht or 'orse. claim thatproft2ma*imi7ation is an iron rule o' capitalism, a

rule that trumps all else, and this sets the limits to ecological re'orm -- andnot the other 'a" aro%nd as &reen capitalism theorists s%pposed. Secondl", claim that contrar" to &reen capitalism proponents,across the spectr%m from reso%rce etraction to man%fact%rin&, the practical possiilities for 1&reenin& and 1dematerialiAin&prod%ction are severel" limited. his means, contend, that the onl" 'a" to prevent overshoot and collapse is to enforce a massiveeconomic contraction in the ind%strialiAed economies, retrenchin& prod%ction across a road ran&e of %nnecessar", reso%rce-ho&&in&, 'astef%l and poll%tin& ind%stries, even virt%all" sh%ttin& do'n the 'orst. Xet this option is foreclosed %nder capitalismeca%se this is not socialism6 no one is promisin& ne' os to %nemplo"ed coal miners, oil-drillers, a%tomaers, airline pilots,chemists, plastic %n maers, and others 'hose os 'o%ld e lost eca%se their ind%stries 'o%ld have to e retrenched -- and%nemplo"ed 'orers don*t pa" taes. So CEOs, 'orers, and &overnments =nd that the" all 1need to maimiAe &ro'th,overcons%mption, even poll%tion, to destro" their childrens* tomorro's to han& onto their os toda" eca%se, if the" don*t, thes"stem falls into crisis, or 'orse. So 'e*re all onoard the G of raveno%s and ever-&ro'in& pl%nder and poll%tion. Jnd as o%rlocomotive races to'ard the cliB of ecolo&ical collapse, the onl" tho%&hts on the minds of o%r CEOS, capitalist economists,

politicians and laor leaders is ho' to stoe the locomotive to &et %s there faster. Corporations aren*t necessaril" evil. he" %stcan*t help themselves. he"*re doin& 'hat the"*re s%pposed to do for the ene=t of their o'ners. +%t this means that, so

long as the global economy is based on capitalist private7corporate propert" and competitive

production for maret, we4re doomed to collective social suicide and no amo%nt of

tinerin& 'ith the maret can rae the drive to &loal ecological collapse


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accessed ::7:47"#19: at http677'''.lacan.com7AiAecolo&":.htm , 1Censorship oda"6 Giolence, or Ecolo&" as a ?e' Opi%m for the asses.)

1n spite of the in=nite adaptailit" of capi talism which, in the case of an ac%teecolo&ical catastrophe or crisis, can easily turn ecology into a new feld o'capitalist investment and competition, the very nature o' the risk involved

'undamentally precludes a market solution - 'h"8 Capitalism only works inprecise social conditions6 it implies the tr%st into the oectiviAed7Hrei=edHmechanism of the maretPs Hinvisile handH 'hich, as a ind of C%nnin& of eason,&%arantees that the competition of individ%al e&otisms 'ors for the common &ood.!owever, we are in the midst o' a radical change. ill no', historicalS%stance pla"ed its role as the medi%m and fo%ndation of all s%ectiveinterventions6 'hatever social and political s%ects did, it 'as mediated and%ltimatel" dominated, overdetermined, " the historical S%stance. odern environmentalism was created to legitimi7e capitalism

3arker, alternative o%rnalist, 1# ichael ames has een 'ritin& for alternative media o%tlets since200M, and at present is a re&%lar contri%tor to S'ans Commentar". /is 'or has een p%lished " the follo'in&media or&aniAations6 Cease=re a&aAine, Corporate


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le&itimate concerns a'a" from the one democratic od" that co%ld ar&%al" resolve these prolems, the &overnment. Concernedpeople are enco%ra&ed to see %stice (or simpl" democrac") in an indirect fashion " 'orin& thro%&h non-pro=t or&aniAations thatact as a moderatin& %Ber et'een the citiAenr" and the &overnment - a prolem ampli=ed " the fact that the most po'erf%l andinR%ential non-pro=ts tend not to e r%n or or&aniAed aro%nd democratic principles. Xet even 'ith the foc%s on activism o%tside of&overnment channels, 1most fo%ndation tr%stees Zstill[ see environmental &ro%ps as too adversarial, too confrontational to ranalon&side famil", nei&horhood, ch%rch, and palliative charities as le&itimate instit%tions of civil societ". n this 'a", tho%sands of&rassroots environmental &ro%ps tend to e 1i&nored " most fo%ndations 'hile a handf%l of national or&aniAations, 'hich thecorporate 1media identif" as the maor pla"ers and a&enda setters of Jmerican environmentalism, receive the nolesse oli&e ofthe maor fo%ndations. Js one mi&ht epect, most of these 1national &ro%ps, lie the Sierra Cl%, the


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!ospitality toward the otherGerridian hospitality deligitimates all attempts to make

?demands4 'or social change2 roots reciprocity in the

assumption o' property

GeMa7io, EhG in Fnglish with specialty in Cultural %heory, #

($imerl", #h.D., En&lish, Sprin& 200;, he ed Criti3%e, 1he mperialism of HEatin&


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readin&, %t for economic dere&%lation .t is the theoretical eHuivalent o' 'ree2trade agreements. hat is, it is an ethical ruse 'or the completeprivati7ation o' social resources under imperialism. DerridaPs entire ar&%mentis ased on the ass%mption that, as he p%ts it, Hone m%st eatH. +%t in fact man"'orld'ide do not eat, and even more do not Heat 'ellH. (hat appears to be a

=beyond= class argument, in other 'ords, is an alibi 'or the interests o' thebourgeois sub5ect, for 'hom food, lie other social reso%rces, is al'a"s alread"availale. ?ot onl" does the trope of ethical eatin& nat%raliAe the relation et'eenthe haves and the have-nots, %t the very availability o' the 'ood =eaten well=by the sub5ectthat is, the conditions under which it is producedis taken

'or granted Gerridean ethics, which claims to resist essentiali7ing social

relations by appealing to the te*tual slippage o' social codes, is in

actuality a means o' de'ending the interests o' the ruling class by

removing the ethical act 'rom determination by material conditions


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EovertyCapitalism sustains poverty

(ol, is Ero'essor Fmeritus at the Aniversity o' >assachusetts

in +mherst a Ero'essor at the Braduate Erogram in

.nternational +airs o' the New chool Aniversity in New ork,11

)ichard, >onthly )eview, /Capitalism and poverty0

http;IImr7inemonthlyrevieworgI"#11Iwol111#11html,

11I1#I11, CM:

Geepening poverty has multiple causes, but the capitalist economicsystem is ma5or among them Mirst, capitalism


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Eoverty e*ists because o' capitalism

Tohnson, author, novelist, sociologist, public speaker, and

workshop presenter who has devoted most o' his working li'e

to understanding the human condition, No Gate

+llan, +llan B Tohnson, /(hy is there povertyU0, No date,http;IIwwwag5ohnsonusIessaysIpovertyI , I8I1, CM:

Consider, 'or e*ample, poverty, which is arguably the most 'ar2reaching,

long2standing cause o' chronic suering there is %he magnitude o'

poverty is especiall" ironic in a co%ntr" lie the !nited States 'hose enormous 'ealth d'arfs that of entire continents. >ore than one out o' every si* peoplein the Anited tates lives in poverty or near2poverty. Ior children, the rate iseven hi&her. Fven in the middle class there is a great deal o' an*iety aboutthe possibility o' 'alling into poverty or something close to it > thro%&hdivorce, for eample, or simpl" ein& laid oB as companies tr" to improve theircompetitive advanta&e, pro=t mar&ins, and stoc prices " transferrin& osoverseas. /o' can there e so m%ch miser" and insec%rit" in the midst of s%cha%ndance8 f 'e loo at the 3%estion sociolo&icall", one of the =rst thin&s 'e see isthat povert" doesn*t eist all " itself. t is simpl" one end of an overall distri%tionof income and 'ealth in societ" as a 'hole. Js s%ch, poverty is both a structuralaspect o' the system and an ongoing conseHuence o' how the system is

organi7ed and the paths of least resistance that shape ho' people participate in it. he s"stem 'e have for prod%cin& and distri%tin& 'ealth is capitalist. t isor&aniAed in 'a"s that allo' a small elite to control most of the capital > factories,machiner", tools > %sed to prod%ce 'ealth. his enco%ra&es the acc%m%lation of'ealth and income " the elite and re&%larl" maes heroes of those 'ho are mosts%ccessf%l at it > s%ch as icrosoft*s +ill ates. t also leaves a relativel" smallportion of the total of income and 'ealth to e divided amon& the rest of thepop%lation.


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workers 'rom in5uries on the 5ob are weak or unen'orced Capitalism alsoencourages owners to shut down 'actories and invest money elsewhere in

enterprises that oer a higher rate o' return hese inds of decisions are anormal conse3%ence of ho' capitalism operates as a s"stem, paths of leastresistance that mana&ers and investors are re'arded for follo'in&. +%t the

decisions also have terrible eects on tens of millions of people and theirfamilies and comm%nities Fven having a 'ull2time 5ob is no guarantee o' adecent living, which is why so many 'amilies depend on the earnings o'

two or more adults 5ust to make ends meet. Jll of this is made possile " thesimple fact that in a capitalist s"stem most people neither o'n nor control an"means of prod%cin& a livin& 'itho%t 'orin& for someone else. o these socialfactors 'e can add others. J hi&h divorce rate, for eample, res%lts in lar&en%mers of sin&le-parent families 'ho have a hard time dependin& on a sin&le ad%ltfor oth childcare and a livin& income. he cent%ries-old le&ac" of racism in the!nited States contin%es to hole millions of people thro%&h poor ed%cation,isolation in %ran &hettos, pre%dice, discrimination, and the disappearance ofind%strial os that, 'hile re3%irin& relativel" little formal ed%cation, nonethelessonce paid a decent 'a&e. hese 'ere the os that enaled man" &enerations of'hite E%ropean immi&rants to clim o%t of povert", %t 'hich are no' %navailaleto the masses of %ran poor. Clearl", patterns o' widespread poverty areinevitable in an economic system that sets the terms 'or how wealth is

produced and distributed .' we4re interested in doing something about

poverty itsel' > if 'e 'ant a societ" lar&el" free of impoverished citiAens > thenwe4ll have to do something about both the system people participate in

and how they participate in it +%t p%lic deate ao%t povert" and policies todeal 'ith it foc%s almost entirel" on the latter 'ith almost nothin& to sa" ao%t theformer.


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%errorism%he war on terror is mechanism used by the A to e*pand its

capitalist and hegemonic inQuence

Geli7o 11-lo&&er for the loal #eriscope (asti, 1ESCJFJ? JECJ*S

WFO+JF


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military 'orce, the stron&est element of its Wpresti&e*. his comination of economic, political and militar"po'er is desi&ned to facilitate the 'orld'ide access of i& %siness to cheap lao%r, ra' materials and marets,and to maimise corporate pro=ts. hese relationships constit%te a s"stem of Wimperialism*, dominated " the !S

'ith +ritain, erman", Irance, apan, and other advanced capitalist co%ntries as %nior partners-in-crime.b b %he

assault on +'ghanistan > 'hich ma" later e etended to other states – is a de'ence o'

imperialist interests .t will not eliminate the threat o' terrorism or &%arantee

the f%t%re safet" and sec%rit" of citiAens in the !S, +ritain, or else'here. he horri=c anthra attacs, the 'or of as"et %nidenti=ed perpetrators, is a 'arnin& of the insidio%s form of terrorist attac that ma" e %sed " fanatical or%nalanced individ%als or &ro%ps 'ith a variet" of &rievances.


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pl%nder the environment at the epense of the man" are headed for collapse.b %errorism will never

end until caps are placed on ineHuality Jt this point ep%licans %s%all" start screamin&

ao%t comm%nism and destro"in& PfreedomP. 3ut no one


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oined al-^aida. Jnd JAAam himself turned to /.slamist0 e*tremism in disgust with the

>ar*ist, class2driven ideology o' asir +ra'at, al2 Matah, and the Ealestine

Liberation -rgani7ation V .slamist e*tremism e*ists because o' the desire o'

corrupt and oppressive rulers to maintain themselves in power h%s, 'e sho%lds%pport the democratiAation of the Jra and slamic co%ntries. DemocratiAation need not involve the


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F*tensions


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Fnvironment F*tensions


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China sHuoEollution is killing millions a year in China alone(GCE, Decemer Lth 20:5, ,1+eiin& ss%es /i&hest #ossile Jlert Over #oisono%sSmo& for the Iirst ime Ever, https677ne's.vice.com7article7eiin&-iss%es-hi&hest-

possile-alert-over-poisono%s-smo&-for-the-=rst-time-ever8%tmQso%rce9vicene'sf)

1he poll%tion in +eiin& has &otten so ad that on onda" the cit"Ps &overnmentiss%ed its =rst Hred alertH ao%t the poor air 3%alit" and 'arned that the cit" 'o%ld e shro%dedin heav" smo& %ntil h%rsda". n an online statement, the &overnment ordered all o%tdoorconstr%ction 'or to stop, %r&ed schools to close, and told people to sta"indoors. he notice, 'hich follo's da"s of heav" smo& last 'ee, also p%ts tra@c restrictions on certain t"pes ofvehicles in the cit" of 22.5 million people. HConstr%ction 'aste, ecavation transport vehicles, cement tr%cs, &raveltransport vehicles, and other lar&e-scale vehicles are prohiited from drivin& on roads,H a%thorities said. oda"Ps

'arnin& 'as an %p&rade from an oran&e alert iss%ed over the 'eeend, %t +eiin& residents criticiAeda%thorities online for not iss%in& a red alert sooner 'hen the smo& reached

dan&ero%s levels last 'ee. Environmental #rotection inister Chen inin& on S%nda" vo'ed to p%nisha&encies and o@cials for an" fail%re to 3%icl" implement a poll%tion emer&enc" response plan, the state-o'ned Global Times taloid reported. /is ministr" also said that it is sendin& teams of inspectors to vario%s areas of the co%ntr" to mae s%re that the" are compl"in& 'ith emer&enc" meas%res and environmental re&%lations.ChinaPs leadership has vo'ed to crac do'n on environmental de&radation, incl%din& the air poll%tion that lanets

man" maor cities, follo'in& decades of %nridled economic &ro'th. Jir poll%tion is responsile forillin& as man" as :.M million Chinese people per "ear, accordin& to a study " +erele" Earth a rate of ro%&hl" 4,400 people a da". China Dail", a state-r%n ne'spaper, recentl" reported that l%n&cancer dia&noses in the co%ntr" co%ld clim %p to more than V00,000 a "ear " 2020. Chinese researchers have said that the dan&ero%s levels smo& is ecomin& a point of %nrest for the co%ntr"Ps :.;illion citiAens. he loomin& smo& %nderscores the challen&e facin& the &overnment as it attles poll%tion ca%sed" the coal-%rnin& po'er ind%str", and 'ill raise 3%estions at the !nited ?ations climate s%mmit %nder'a" in#aris ao%t its ailit" to clean %p its econom" and environment.

http://berkeleyearth.org/air-pollution-overview/http://berkeleyearth.org/air-pollution-overview/


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Mramework F*tensions1 %his debate reHuires a Huestioning o' the a&rmative4s

methodology Anderstanding the epistemic basis o' the plan is

prereHuisite to meaning'ul discussion o' the plan

" )e5ect the a&rmative4s 'ramework – new notions o'

acceptability o' knowledge are key to challenging western

hegemony in thinking

ichael 3aker, !niversit" of ochester, %ne "##P ZSit%atin& odern


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3ioprospecting .llegitimate3ioprospecting is illegitimate %here4s no actual delineation

between bioprospecting and biopiracy e*cept that

bioprospecting is more advanced

Gandana hiva #h.D., a memer of #rince Charles*s epert &ro%p on S%stainale

J&ric%lt%re, !niversit" of Chica&o #ress,


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nfa ld cap k neg

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