CopyrightNFPA

NFPA92AStandardfor

SmokeControlSystemsUtilizingBarriersandPressure

Differences

2006Edition

Copyright2005,NationalFireProtectionAssociation,AllRightsReserved

ThiseditionofNFPA92A,StandardforSmokeControlSystemsUtilizingBarriersandPressureDifferences,waspreparedbytheTechnicalCommitteeonSmokeManagementSystemsandactedonbyNFPAatitsJuneAssociationTechnicalMeetingheldJune610,2005,inLasVegas,NV.ItwasissuedbytheStandardsCouncilonJuly29,2005,withaneffectivedateofAugust18,2005,andsupersedesallpreviouseditions.

ThiseditionofNFPA92AwasapprovedasanAmericanNationalStandardonAugust18,2005.

OriginandDevelopmentofNFPA92A

TheNFPAStandardsCouncilestablishedtheTechnicalCommitteeonSmokeManagementSystemsinOctoberof1985andchargeditwithaddressingtheneedforguidelinesandmaterialsonbuildingfiresmokemanagement.WithhelpfromaformersubcommitteeonsmokecontroloftheTechnicalCommitteeonAirConditioning,memberswereappointedtotheSmokeManagementSystemsCommitteein1986.Asafirstattemptataddressingsmokemanagement,adraftwaspreparedofanewdocument,NFPA92A,thataddressedsmokecontrolutilizingbarriers,airflows,andpressuredifferencessoastoconfinethesmokeofafiretothezoneoffireoriginandthusmaintainatenableenvironmentinotherzones.

The1993editionhelpedtorefinethescienceandartofsmokecontrolbyincorporatingthelatestintechnology.The1996editionaddedguidelinesoncontrolsystemsupervisionandinstrumentationitalsoprovidedsubstantialappendixmaterialontestingforleakageofsmokecontrolenclosures.

The2000editionwasacompleterevisionandaddedinformationbasedonresearchonthedesignandtestingofsmokecontrolsystemsforareasofrefuge,elevatorlobbiesandhoistways,andvestibules.Achapteraddressingcomputermodelswasadded,andthecriteriaforcontrolsystemsandfirefighters'controlstationswasrefinedandclarified.

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The2006editionisamajorrevisionfromthepreviousedition.Thedocumenthasbeenrewrittenasastandardwithmandatoryprovisionsregardingthedesign,installation,andtestingofsmokecontrolsystemsprovided.ThedocumentalsohasbeenreorganizedtocomplywiththeManualofStyleforNFPATechnicalCommitteeDocuments.Additionally,othereditorialchangeshavebeenmadetoimprovetheapplicationofthestandard.Majortechnicalchangesaddresspowersuppliesforsmokecontrolsystems,openings,andleakagethroughsmokebarriers,includingegressdoorsinstairways,systemwiring,designdocumentation,testprocedures,andthezoningofelevatorshaftsandelevatorlobbies.

TechnicalCommitteeonSmokeManagementSystems

JamesA.Milke,ChairUniversityofMaryland,MD[SE]

Elyahu(Elie)Avidor,Charlottesville,VA[RT]Rep.StandardsInstitutionofIsrael

JosephA.Brooks,AirMovementandControlAssociationInternational,IL[M]

JackB.Buckley,Houston,TX[SE]

LydiaA.Butterworth,SmithsonianInstitution,DC[U]

ChristopherS.Cahill,St.PaulDepartmentofFireandSafetyServices,MN[E]Rep.InternationalFireMarshalsAssociation

PaulDavidCompton,ColtInternational,Ltd.,UK[M]

RichardJ.Davis,FMGlobal,MA[I]

MichaelEarlDillon,DillonConsultingEngineers,Inc.,CA[SE]

RobertG.Dittrich,Honeywell,International,IL[M]Rep.NationalElectricalManufacturersAssociation

DouglasH.Evans,ClarkCountyBuildingDepartment,NV[E]

MichaelJ.Ferreira,HughesAssociates,Inc.,MD[SE]

WinfieldT.Irwin,IrwinServices,PA[M]Rep.NorthAmericanInsulationManufacturersAssociation

JohnE.Kampmeyer,TriadFireProtectionEngineeringCorporation,PA[SE]Rep.NationalSocietyofProfessionalEngineers

JohnH.Klote,FireandSmokeConsulting,VA[SE]

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WilliamE.Koffel,KoffelAssociates,Inc.,MD[M]Rep.AAMASmokeVentTaskGroup

GaryD.Lougheed,NationalResearchCouncilofCanada,Canada[RT]

FranMcCabe,PrefcoProducts,PA[M]

AnthonyJ.Militello,U.S.GeneralServicesAdministration,DC[U]

LawrenceJ.Shudak,UnderwritersLaboratoriesInc.,IL[RT]

PaulSimony,AcralightInternational,CA[M]

JeffreyS.Tubbs,ArupFire,MA[SE]

RandolphW.Tucker,TheRJAGroup,Inc.,TX[SE]

PaulG.Turnbull,SiemensBuildingTechnology,Inc.,IL[M]

RobertVanBecelaere,RuskinManufacturing,MO[M]Rep.AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers

StacyN.Welch,MarriottInternational,Inc.,DC[U]

PeterJ.Willse,GEGlobalAssetProtectionServices,CT[I]

StevenD.Wolin,CodeConsultants,Inc.,MO[SE]

Alternates

SanjayAggarwal,TheRJAGroup,Inc.,CA[SE](Alt.toR.W.Tucker)

RobertM.Berhinig,UnderwritersLaboratoriesInc.,IL[RT](Alt.toL.J.Shudak)

CraigL.Beyler,HughesAssociates,Inc.,MD[SE](Alt.toM.J.Ferreira)

GregoryR.Miller,CodeConsultants,Inc.,MO[SE](Alt.toS.D.Wolin)

RonaldA.Schulz,GEGlobalAssetProtectionServices,MI[I](Alt.toP.J.Willse)

RickThornberry,TheCodeConsortium,Inc.,CA[M]

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(Alt.toW.E.Koffel)

YibingXin,FMGlobal,MA[I](Alt.toR.J.Davis)

Nonvoting

E.G.Butcher,FireCheckConsultants,UK

ChristianNorgaardMadsen,TechnoConsult,Norway(Alt.toNonvotingPrincipal)

BentA.Borresen,TechnoConsult,Norway(MemberEmeritus)

HaroldE.Nelson,HughesAssociates,Inc.,VA[SE]

MiloshT.Puchovsky, NFPAStaffLiaison

ThislistrepresentsthemembershipatthetimetheCommitteewasballotedonthefinaltextofthisedition.Sincethattime,changesinthemembershipmayhaveoccurred.Akeytoclassificationsisfoundatthebackofthedocument.

NOTE:MembershiponacommitteeshallnotinandofitselfconstituteanendorsementoftheAssociationoranydocumentdevelopedbythecommitteeonwhichthememberserves.

ThisCommitteeshallhaveprimaryresponsibilityfordocumentsonthedesign,installation,testing,operation,andmaintenanceofsystemsforthecontrol,removal,orventingofheatorsmokefromfiresinbuildings.

NFPA92AStandardfor

SmokeControlSystemsUtilizingBarriersandPressureDifferences2006Edition

IMPORTANTNOTE:ThisNFPAdocumentismadeavailableforusesubjecttoimportantnoticesandlegaldisclaimers.ThesenoticesanddisclaimersappearinallpublicationscontainingthisdocumentandmaybefoundundertheheadingImportantNoticesandDisclaimersConcerningNFPADocuments.TheycanalsobeobtainedonrequestfromNFPAorviewedatwww.nfpa.org/disclaimers.

NOTICE:Anasterisk(*)followingthenumberorletterdesignatingaparagraphindicatesthatexplanatorymaterialontheparagraphcanbefoundinAnnexA.

Areferenceinbrackets[]followingasectionorparagraphindicatesmaterialthathasbeenextractedfromanotherNFPAdocument.Asanaidtotheuser,thecompletetitleandeditionofthesourcedocumentsforextractsinmandatorysectionsofthedocumentaregiveninChapter2andthoseforextractsininformationalsectionsaregiveninAnnexG.Editorialchangestoextractedmaterialconsistofrevisingreferencestoanappropriatedivisioninthis

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documentortheinclusionofthedocumentnumberwiththedivisionnumberwhenthereferenceistotheoriginaldocument.Requestsforinterpretationsorrevisionsofextractedtextshallbesenttothetechnicalcommitteeresponsibleforthesourcedocument.

InformationonreferencedpublicationscanbefoundinChapter2andAnnexG.

Chapter1Administration

1.1Scope.

Thisstandardshallapplytothedesign,installation,acceptancetesting,operation,andongoingperiodictestingofdedicatedandnondedicatedsmokecontrolsystems.

1.2Purpose.

1.2.1 Thepurposeofthisstandardshallbetoestablishrequirementsforsmokecontrolsystemsthatusepressuredifferencesacrossbarrierstoaccomplishoneormoreofthefollowing:

(1) Inhibitsmokefromenteringstairwells,meansofegress,smokerefugeareas,elevatorshafts,orsimilarareas

(2) Maintainatenableenvironmentinsmokerefugeareasandmeansofegressduringthetimerequiredforevacuation

(3) Inhibitthemigrationofsmokefromthesmokezone

(4) Provideconditionsoutsidethesmokezonethatenableemergencyresponsepersonneltoconductsearchandrescueoperationsandtolocateandcontrolthefire

(5) Contributetotheprotectionoflifeandtothereductionofpropertyloss

1.2.2 Therequirementsspecifyingtheconditionsunderwhichasmokecontrolsystemshallbeprovidedareaddressedbyothercodesandstandards.

1.3Application.

1.3.1 Thisstandardshallapplytodedicatedandnondedicatedsmokecontrolsystemsusingpressuredifferencestoinhibitsmokemovement.

1.3.2* Thisstandardshallnotapplytosmokecontrolsystemsusingairflowtoinhibitsmokemovement,norshallitapplytopassivesystemsforsmokeandheatventing.

1.3.3* Therequirementsforstandbypowerareoutsidethescopeofthisdocument.

1.4Retroactivity.

1.4.1 Unlessotherwisenoted,itisnotintendedthattheprovisionsofthisdocumentbeappliedtofacilities,equipment,structures,orinstallationsthatwereexistingorapprovedforconstructionorinstallationpriortotheeffectivedateofthisdocument.

1.4.2 Inthosecaseswhereitisdeterminedbytheauthorityhavingjurisdictionthatthe

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existingsituationinvolvesadistincthazardtolifeorproperty,retroactiveapplicationoftheprovisionsofthisdocumentshallbepermitted.

1.4.3 Whereasmokecontrolsystemisbeingaltered,extended,orrenovated,therequirementsofthisstandardshallapplyonlytotheworkbeingundertaken.

1.4.4 Verificationisrequiredtoassurethatnewormodifiedsystemsdonotadverselyaffecttheperformanceofexistingsmokecontrolsystems.

1.5Equivalency.

Nothinginthisstandardisintendedtopreventtheuseofsystems,methods,ordevicesofequivalentorsuperiorquality,strength,fireresistance,effectiveness,durability,andsafetyoverthoseprescribedbythisstandard.

1.5.1 Technicaldocumentationshallbesubmittedtotheauthorityhavingjurisdictiontodemonstrateequivalency.

1.5.2 Thesystem,method,ordeviceshallbeapprovedfortheintendedpurposebytheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.

1.6UnitsandFormulas.

(Reserved)

Chapter2ReferencedPublications

2.1General.

Thedocumentsorportionsthereoflistedinthischapterarereferencedwithinthisstandardandshallbeconsideredpartoftherequirementsofthisdocument.

2.2NFPAPublications.

NationalFireProtectionAssociation,1BatterymarchPark,Quincy,MA021697471.

NFPA70,NationalElectricalCode,2005edition.

NFPA72,NationalFireAlarmCode,2002edition.

NFPA90A,StandardfortheInstallationofAirConditioningandVentilatingSystems,2002edition.

NFPA 101,LifeSafetyCode,2006edition.

NFPA110,StandardforEmergencyandStandbyPowerSystems,2005edition.

NFPA221,StandardforHighChallengeFireWalls,FireWalls,andFireBarrierWalls,2006edition.

2.3OtherPublications.

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2.3.1ULPublication.

UnderwritersLaboratoriesInc.,333PfingstenRoad,Northbrook,IL600622096.

UL555S,StandardforSmokeDampers,2002.

2.3.2OtherPublication.

MerriamWebster'sCollegiateDictionary,11thedition,MerriamWebster,Inc.,Springfield,MA,2003.

2.4ReferencesforExtractsinMandatorySections.

NFPA92B,StandardforSmokeManagementSystemsinMalls,Atria,andLargeSpaces,2005edition.

NFPA318,StandardfortheProtectionofSemiconductorFabricationFacilities,2006edition.

Chapter3Definitions

3.1General.

Thedefinitionscontainedinthischaptershallapplytothetermsusedinthisstandard.Wheretermsarenotdefinedinthischapterorwithinanotherchapter,theyshallbedefinedusingtheirordinarilyacceptedmeaningswithinthecontextinwhichthey areused.MerriamWebster'sCollegiateDictionary,11thedition,shallbethesourcefortheordinarilyacceptedmeaning.

3.2NFPAOfficialDefinitions.

3.2.1*Approved.Acceptabletotheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.

3.2.2*AuthorityHavingJurisdiction(AHJ).Anorganization,office,orindividualresponsibleforenforcingtherequirementsofacodeorstandard,orforapprovingequipment,materials,aninstallation,oraprocedure.

3.2.3Shall.Indicatesamandatoryrequirement.

3.2.4Should.Indicatesarecommendationorthatwhichisadvisedbutnotrequired.

3.2.5Standard.Adocument,themaintextofwhichcontainsonlymandatoryprovisionsusingthewordshalltoindicaterequirementsandwhichisinaformgenerallysuitableformandatoryreferencebyanotherstandardorcodeorforadoptionintolaw.Nonmandatoryprovisionsshallbelocatedinanappendixorannex,footnote,orfineprintnoteandarenottobeconsideredapartoftherequirementsofastandard.

3.3GeneralDefinitions.

3.3.1CompensatedSystem.Asystemthatadjustsforchangingconditionseitherbymodulatingsupplyairflowsorbyrelievingexcesspressure.

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3.3.2*DesignPressureDifference.Thedesiredpressuredifferencebetweentheprotectedspaceandanadjacentspacemeasuredattheboundaryoftheprotectedspaceunderaspecifiedsetofconditionswiththesmokecontrolsystemoperating.

3.3.3EndtoEndVerification.Aselftestingmethodthatprovidespositiveconfirmationthatthedesiredresult(e.g.,airflowordamperposition)hasbeenachievedwhenacontrolleddevicehasbeenactivated,suchasduringsmokecontrol,testing,ormanualoverrideoperations.

3.3.4*FireFighters'SmokeControlStation(FSCS).Asystemthatprovidesgraphicalmonitoringandmanualoverridingcapabilityoversmokecontrolsystemsandequipmentatdesignatedlocation(s)withinthebuildingfortheuseofthefiredepartment.

3.3.5MultipleInjectionPressurizationSystem.Atypeofsmokecontrolsystemthathaspressurizationairsuppliedfrommultiplelocations.

3.3.6PressurizedStairwells.Atypeofsmokecontrolsysteminwhichstairshaftsaremechanicallypressurized,withrespecttothefirearea,withoutdoorairtokeepsmokefromcontaminatingthemduringafireincident.

3.3.7SingleInjectionPressurizationSystem.Atypeofsmokecontrolsystemthathaspressurizationairsuppliedfromonlyonelocation.

3.3.8Smoke.Theairbornesolidandliquidparticulatesandgasesevolvedwhenamaterialundergoespyrolysisorcombustion,togetherwiththequantityofairthatisentrainedorotherwisemixedintothemass.[318,2006]

3.3.9*SmokeBarrier.Forthepurposesofthisstandard,acontinuousmembrane,eitherverticalorhorizontal,suchasawall,floor,orceilingassembly,thatisdesignedandconstructedtorestrictthemovementofsmokeinconjunctionwithasmokecontrolsystem.

3.3.10SmokeControlMode.Apredefinedoperationalconfigurationofasystemordeviceforthepurposeofsmokecontrol.

3.3.11SmokeControlSystem.Anengineeredsystemthatusesmechanicalfanstoproducepressuredifferencesacrosssmokebarrierstoinhibitsmokemovement.

3.3.11.1*DedicatedSmokeControlSystem.Smokecontrolsystemsandcomponentsthatareinstalledforthesolepurposeofprovidingsmokecontrol,anduponactivationthesesystemsoperatespecificallytoperformthesmokecontrolfunction.

3.3.11.2*NondedicatedSmokeControlSystems.Smokecontrolsystemsandcomponentsthatsharecomponentswithsomeothersystem(s),suchasthebuildingHVACsystem,anduponactivationcausetheHVACsystemtochangeitsmodeofoperationinordertoachievethesmokecontrolobjectives.

3.3.12SmokeControlZone.Aspacewithinabuildingenclosedbysmokebarriers,includingthetopandbottom,thatispartofazonedsmokecontrolsystem.

3.3.13*SmokeExhaustSystem.Amechanicalorgravitysystemintendedtomovesmokefromthesmokezonetotheexteriorofthebuilding,includingsmokeremoval,purging,andventingsystems,aswellasthefunctionofexhaustfansutilizedtoreducethepressureina

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smokezone.

3.3.14SmokeRefugeArea.Anareaofthebuildingseparatedfromotherspacesbyfireresistanceratedsmokebarriersinwhichatenableenvironmentismaintainedfortheperiodoftimethatsuchareasmightneedtobeoccupiedatthetimeoffire.

3.3.15SmokeZone.Thesmokecontrolzoneinwhichthefireislocated.

3.3.16StackEffect.Theverticalairflowwithinbuildingscausedbythetemperaturecreateddensitydifferencesbetweenthebuildinginteriorandexteriororbetweentwointeriorspaces.[92B,2005]

3.3.17*TenableEnvironment.Anenvironmentinwhichsmokeandheatarelimitedorotherwiserestrictedtomaintaintheimpactonoccupantstoalevelthatisnotlifethreatening.[92B,2005]

3.3.18ZonedSmokeControlSystem.Asmokecontrolsystemthatincludessmokeexhaustforthesmokezoneandpressurizationforallcontiguoussmokecontrolzones.

Chapter4Fundamentals

4.1DesignObjectives.

4.1.1 Thedesignobjectivesshallincludeestablishmentandmaintenanceofpressuredifferencesacrosssmokezoneboundaries.

4.1.2* Thedesignobjectivestobeachievedoverthedesignintervaltimebyasmokecontrolsystemshallincludeoneormoreofthefollowing:

(1) Containingthesmoketothezoneoffireorigin

(2) Maintainingatenableenvironmentwithinexitstairwellsforthetimenecessarytoallowoccupantstoexitthebuilding

(3) Maintainingatenableenvironmentwithinallexitaccessandsmokerefugeareaaccesspathsforthetimenecessarytoallowoccupantstoreachanexitorsmokerefugearea

(4) Otherperformancebaseddesignobjectivesacceptabletotheauthorityhavingjurisdiction

4.2DesignBasis.

4.2.1* Thedesignpressuredifferenceforthesmokecontrolsysteminagivenbuildingshallbebasedonthefollowingparameters:

(1) Whetherthesmokezoneissprinklered

(2) Theheightoftheceilinginthesmokezone

4.2.2TemperatureRatings.

4.2.2.1 Thetemperatureratingsfortheequipmentusedforsmokecontrolshallbebasedon

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theexpectedtemperatureexperiencedbytheequipmentwhiletheequipmentisintendedtobeoperational.

4.2.2.2 Temperatureratingsshallbebasedonthefollowing:

(1) Proximitytothefire

(2) Effectsofdilutionofthesmokeandhotgasesbyentrainedair

4.3DesignApproaches.

Thedesignapproachforsmokecontrolsystemsshallbeoneoracombinationofthefollowing:

(1) Stairwellpressurization

(2) Zonedsmokecontrol

(3) Elevatorsmokecontrol

(4) Vestibules

(5) Smokerefugeareas

4.4*Tenability.

Forsmokecontrolsystemsdesignedtomaintaintenabilityofaportionofspace,thedesignshallbebasedonmaintainingpressuresintheprotectedspaceatthespecifiedlevelwithrespecttoadjacentcontaminatedspaces.

4.5*EgressAnalysis.

Wherethedesignofthesmokecontrolsystemisbasedonoccupantsexitingaspacebeforebeingexposedtosmokeorbeforetenabilitythresholdsarereached,thereshallbesufficienttimeforthemovementoftheoccupantasdeterminedbyatimedegressanalysis.

4.6DesignConsiderations.

4.6.1*OpeningsandLeakageAreas.Designsshallincorporatetheeffectofopeningsandleakageareasinsmokebarriersontheperformanceofthesmokecontrolsystem.

4.6.2*WeatherData.Designsshallincorporatetheeffectofoutdoortemperatureandwindontheperformanceofthesmokecontrolsystem.

4.6.3PressureDifferences.Themaximumandminimumallowablepressuredifferencesacrosstheboundariesofsmokecontrolzonesshallbeestablished.

4.6.3.1 Themaximumallowablepressuredifferenceshallnotresultindooropeningforcesexceedingtherequirementsof 5.2.2.

4.6.3.2 Theminimumallowablepressuredifferenceshallrestrictsmokeleakageduringbuildingevacuationtoalevelthatmaintainsatenableenvironmentinareasoutsidethesmokezone.

4.6.3.3 Theminimumpressuredifferenceshallbeestablishedatalevelthatishighenough

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thatitwillnotbeovercomebytheforcesofwind,stackeffect,orbuoyancyofhotsmoke.

4.6.4*NumberofDoorsOpen.Thecalculationsshalltakeintoaccountthenumberofdoorsthatcouldbeopenedsimultaneously.(Forstairwellpressurizationsystems,see5.3.6.2.)

4.7*GaseousFireSuppressionSystems.

Theoperationofthesmokecontrolsystemshallnotcompromisetheperformanceofgaseousagentfireprotectionsystems.

Chapter5SmokeControlSystemsandApplicability

5.1*SystemOperation.

5.1.1 Smokecontrolsystemsdesignedfortenabilityshallremaineffectiveforthetimeperiodnecessaryforevacuationoftheprotectedareas.

5.1.2 Smokecontrolsystemsdesignedforotherconsiderationsshallremaineffectiveforthetimedictatedbytheapplication.

5.2PressureDifferences.

5.2.1*PressureDifferencesAcrossBarriers.

5.2.1.1 Exceptasspecifiedby 5.2.1.2,thepressuredifferencesin Table5.2.1.1shallbeusedfordesignsthatarebasedonmaintainingminimumpressuredifferencesbetweenspecifiedspaces.

Table5.2.1.1MinimumDesignPressureDifferencesAcrossSmokeBarriers

BuildingTypeCeilingHeight

(ft)

DesignPressureDifference*(in.w.g.)

AS Any 0.05NS 9 0.10NS 15 0.14NS 21 0.18

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Table5.2.1.1MinimumDesignPressureDifferencesAcrossSmokeBarriers

BuildingTypeCeilingHeight

(ft)

DesignPressureDifference*(in.w.g.)

ForSIunits,1ft=0.305m0.1in.w.g.=25Pa.AS:Sprinklered.NS:Nonsprinklered.Notes:(1)Thetablepresentsminimumdesignpressuredifferencesdevelopedforagastemperatureof1700F(927C)nexttothesmokebarrier.(2)Fordesignpurposes,asmokecontrolsystemshallmaintaintheseminimumpressuredifferencesunderspecifieddesignconditionsofstackeffectorwind.*Forzonedsmokecontrolsystems,thepressuredifferenceshallbemeasuredbetweenthesmokezoneandadjacentspaceswhiletheaffectedareasareinthesmokecontrolmode.

5.2.1.2 Wherethesystemdesignerhasdeterminedthatahigherminimumpressuredifferenceisnecessarytoachievethesmokecontrolobjectives,thehigherminimumpressuredifferenceshallbeused.

5.2.2*PressureDifferencesAcrossDoors.Thepressuredifferencesacrossdoorsshallnotcausethemaximumforcepermittedtobeginopeningthedoortoexceedthevaluestipulatedin NFPA 101,LifeSafetyCode,orlocalcodesandregulations.

5.3StairwellPressurizationSystems.

5.3.1*General.Thepressuredifferencebetweenthesmokezoneandthestairwellshallbeasfollows:

(1) Notlessthantheminimumpressuredifferencespecifiedin 5.2.1

(2) Notgreaterthanthemaximumpressuredifferencespecifiedin 5.2.2withthenumberofdoorsbetweenzeroandthedesignnumberofdoorsopen

5.3.2LocationofSupplyAirSource.

5.3.2.1 Thestairwellpressurizationsystemdesignshalllimitsmokefromenteringthestairwellthroughthepressurizationfanintake.

5.3.2.2* Thesupplyairintakeshallbeseparatedfromallbuildingexhausts,outletsfromsmokeshaftsandroofsmokeandheatvents,openventsfromelevatorshafts,andotherbuildingopeningsthatmightexpelsmokefromthebuildinginafire.

5.3.3SupplyAirFans.

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5.3.3.1*PropellerFans.Rooforexteriorwallmountedpropellerfansshallbepermittedtobeusedinsingleinjectionsystems,providedthatwindshieldsareprovidedforthefan.

5.3.3.2OtherTypesofFans.Centrifugalorinlineaxialfansshallbepermittedtobeusedinsingleormultipleinjectionsystems.

5.3.4*SingleandMultipleInjectionSystems.

5.3.4.1SingleInjectionSystems.

5.3.4.1.1* Theairinjectionpointforasingleinjectionsystemshallbepermittedtobelocatedatanylocationwithinthestairwell.

5.3.4.1.2* Designanalysisshallbeperformedforallsinglebottominjectionsystemsandforallothersingleinjectionsystemsforstairwellsinexcessof100ft(30.5m)inheight.

5.3.4.2*MultipleInjectionSystems.Forsystemdesignswithinjectionpointsmorethanthreestoriesapart,adesignanalysisshallbeperformedtoensurethatlossofpressurizationairthroughopendoorsdoesnotleadtostairwellpressurizationbelowtheminimumdesignpressure.

5.3.5Vestibules.

5.3.5.1* Vestibulesshallnotberequiredbutshallbepermittedaspartofthebuildingsmokecontrolsystem.

5.3.5.2* Wherevestibulesareprovided,eitherpressurizedornonpressurizedvestibulesshallbepermitted.

5.3.6*Doors.

5.3.6.1 Doorslocatedinsmokebarriersshallbeselfclosingorshallbearrangedtocloseautomaticallyupontheactivationofthesmokecontrolsystem.

5.3.6.2* Stairwellpressurizationsystemsshallbedesignedtoachievetherequiredpressuredifferencewithasingledooropentotheinteriorofthebuilding.

5.4*ElevatorSmokeControl.

Whereelevatorsmokecontrolisrequired,aseparatezoneshallbeestablished.

5.5*ZonedSmokeControl.

5.5.1SmokeControlZones.

5.5.1.1 Whenzonedsmokecontrolistobeused,thebuildingshallbedividedintosmokecontrolzones,witheachzoneseparatedfromtheothersbysmokebarriers.

5.5.1.1.1* Asmokecontrolzoneshallbepermittedtoconsistofoneormorefloors.

5.5.1.1.2 Afloorshallbepermittedtoconsistofoneormoresmokecontrolzones.

5.5.1.2 Thezonedsmokecontrolsystemshallbedesignedsuchthatwhenzonedsmokecontrolisactive,thepressuredifferencesbetweentheadjacentnonsmokezonesandthe

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smokezonemeetorexceedtheminimumdesignpressuredifferencesgivenin 5.2.1,andatlocationswithdoors,thepressuredifferenceshallnotexceedthevaluesgivenin 5.2.2.

5.5.2SmokeZoneExhaust.

5.5.2.1 Thesmokezoneexhaustshalldischargetotheoutsideofthebuilding.

5.5.2.2 Thesmokezoneexhaustshallbepermittedtobeeithermechanicalornaturalventilation.

5.5.2.3 Designofthesmokezoneexhaustsystemshallincludeanengineeringanalysisofthestackandwindeffects.

5.6*SmokeRefugeAreas.

5.6.1 Anonsmokezoneofazonedsmokecontrolsystemshallbepermittedtobeusedasanareaintendedtoprotectoccupantsfortheperiodoftimeneededforevacuationortoprovideasmokerefugearea.

5.6.2 Forareasofrefugeadjacenttostairwellsorelevators,provisionsshallbemadetopreventthelossofpressureorexcessivepressuresduetotheinteractionbetweenthesmokerefugeareasmokecontrolandtheshaftsmokecontrol.

5.7*CombinationofSystems.

Smokecontrolsystemsshallbedesignedsuchthatwheremultiplesmokecontrolsystemsoperatesimultaneously,eachsystemwillmeetitsindividualdesignobjectives.

Chapter6BuildingEquipmentandControls

6.1General.

EquipmentandcontrolsusedforsmokecontrolpurposesshallbeinaccordancewithChapter6.

6.2*Heating,Ventilating,andAirConditioning(HVAC)Equipment.

6.2.1General.HVACequipmentusedforsmokecontrolpurposesshallbepermittedtobelocatedwithintheconditionedspace,withinadjacentspaces,orwithinremotemechanicalequipmentrooms.

6.2.2OutsideAir.HVACsystemsusedforsmokecontrolpurposesshallbeprovidedwithoutsideairforpressurization.

6.2.3 WheresupplyandreturnairsystemsareinterconnectedaspartofnormalHVACoperation,smokedampersshallbeprovidedtoseparatethesupplyandexhaustduringsmokecontroloperation.

6.3SmokeDampers.

Smokedampersusedtoprotectopeningsinsmokebarriersorusedassafetyrelateddampers

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inengineeredsmokecontrolsystemsshallbelistedandlabeledinaccordancewithUL555S,StandardforSmokeDampers.

6.4Controls.

6.4.1Coordination.Asinglecontrolsystemshallcoordinatethesmokecontrolfunctionsprovidedbythefirealarmsystem,firefighters'smokecontrolsystem,andanyotherrelatedsystemswiththeoperationofthebuildingHVACsystemsanddedicatedsmokecontrolequipment.

6.4.2*HVACSystemControls.OperatingcontrolsoftheHVACsystemshallbedesignedormodifiedtoprovidethesmokecontrolmodewiththehighestpriorityoverallothercontrolmodes.

6.4.3SmokeControlSystemActivationandDeactivation.

6.4.3.1 Smokecontrolsystemsshallbeactivatedautomatically.

6.4.3.2 Whereapprovedbytheauthorityhavingjurisdiction,manualactivationshallbepermitted.

6.4.3.3 Whenoperatingundereitherautomaticormanualactivation,thesmokecontrolsystemshallbecapableofbeingmanuallyoverriddenandmanuallydeactivated.

6.4.3.4* Smokecontrolsystemsshallbeautomaticallyactivatedinresponsetosignalsreceivedfromaspecificfiredetectiondeviceoracombinationoffiredetectiondevices.

6.4.3.5ManualActivationandDeactivation.

6.4.3.5.1* Manualactivationanddeactivationshallbepermittedtobeatacontrolleddevice,atalocalcontrolpanel,atthebuilding'smaincontrolcenter,oratthefirecommandstation.

6.4.3.5.2* Manualfirealarmpullstationsshallnotbeusedtoactivatesmokecontrolsystemsthatrequireinformationonthelocationofthefire.

6.4.3.5.3* Stairwellpressurizationsystemsorothersmokecontrolsystemswheretheresponseofthesystemisidenticalforallzonealarmsshallbepermittedtobeactivatedfromamanualfirealarmpullstation.

6.4.3.6ResponseTime.

6.4.3.6.1 Thesmokecontrolmodeshallbeinitiatedwithin10secondsafteranautomaticormanualactivationcommandisreceivedatthesmokecontrolsystem.

6.4.3.6.2* Smokecontrolsystemsshallactivateindividualcomponents(e.g.,dampers,fans)inthesequencenecessarytopreventphysicaldamagetothefans,dampers,ducts,andotherequipment.

6.4.3.6.3* Thetimenecessaryforindividualcomponentstoachievetheirdesiredstateoroperationalmodefromwhenthecomponentreceivesthesignalshallnotexceedthefollowingtimeperiods:

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(1) Fanoperationatthedesiredstate:60seconds

(2) Completionofdampertravel:75seconds

6.4.3.7*FireFighters'SmokeControlStation(FSCS).

6.4.3.7.1 Afirefighters'smokecontrolstation(FSCS)shallbeprovidedforallsmokecontrolsystems.

6.4.3.7.2 TheFSCSshallbeinstalledatalocationacceptabletotheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.

6.4.3.7.3* TheFSCSshallprovidestatusindication,faultconditionindication,andmanualcontrolofallsmokecontrolsystemcomponents.

6.4.3.7.4 Statusindicatorsandcontrolsshallbearrangedandlabeledtoconveytheintendedsystemobjectives.

6.4.3.7.5 Operatorcontrols,statusindication,andfaultindicationshallbeprovidedforeachsmokecontrolzone,eachpieceofequipmentcapableofactivationforsmokecontrol,oracombinationoftheseapproaches.

6.4.3.7.6 Positivestatusindication(onandoff)shallbeprovidedindividuallyorbyzoneinaccordancewith 6.4.3.7.5forthefollowing:

(1) Dedicatedsmokecontrolsystemfans

(2) Nondedicatedfansusedforsmokecontrolhavingacapacityinexcessof2000ft3/min(57m3/min)

6.4.3.7.7* Onstatusshallbesensedbyapressuredifference,anairflowswitch,orsomeotherpositiveproofofairflow.

6.4.3.7.8 Positivestatusindication(fullyopenandfullyclosed)ofdamperpositionshallbeprovidedifindividualcontrolsforthedamperareprovidedontheFSCS.

6.4.3.7.9 ProvisionshallbeincludedfortestingthepilotlampsontheFSCSsmokecontrolpanel(s)bymeansofoneormoreLAMPTESTmomentarypushbuttonsorotherselfrestoringmeans.

6.4.3.7.10 Diagramsandgraphicrepresentationsofthesystemshallbeused.

6.4.3.7.11 TheFSCSshallhavethehighestprioritycontroloverallsmokecontrolsystemsandequipment.

6.4.3.7.12 Wheremanualcontrolsforcontrolofsmokecontrolsystemsarealsoprovidedatotherbuildinglocations,thecontrolmodeselectedfromtheFSCSshallprevail.

6.4.3.7.13 FSCScontrolshalloverrideorbypassotherbuildingcontrolssuchashandoffautoandstart/stopswitcheslocatedonfanmotorcontrollers,freezedetectiondevices,andductsmokedetectorsexceptasprovidedby 6.4.3.7.13.1.

6.4.3.7.13.1 TheFSCSfancontrolcapabilityshallnotberequiredtobypasshandoffautoorstart/stopswitcheslocatedonmotorcontrollersofnondedicatedsmokecontrolsystem

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fans,wherebothofthefollowingconditionsexist:

(1) Suchfanmotorcontrollersarelocatedinmechanicalorelectricalequipmentroomsorinotherareasaccessibleonlytoauthorizedpersonnel.

(2) Theuseofsuchamotorcontrollerswitchtoturnafanonoroffwillcauseanoffnormalindicationatthebuilding'smaincontrolcenterduringnormalHVACorbuildingcontroloperationsofthenondedicatedfan.

6.4.3.7.14 FSCScontrolshallnottakeprecedenceoverfiresuppression,electricalprotection,orpersonnelprotectiondevices.

6.4.4ControlsforStairwellPressurizationSystems.Stairwellpressurizationsystemsshallbeasactivatedasdescribedin 6.4.4.1through 6.4.4.3.

6.4.4.1*AutomaticActivation.Operationofanyzoneofthebuildingfirealarmsystemshallcauseallstairwellpressurizationfanstostartexceptasindicatedin 6.4.4.1.1.

6.4.4.1.1 Whereanengineeringanalysisdeterminesthatoperationofallstairwellpressurizationfansisnotrequiredtoachievethedesignobjective,onlythestairwellpressurizationfansidentifiedduringtheanalysisshallberequiredtobeactivated.

6.4.4.2SmokeDetection.

6.4.4.2.1 Asmokedetectorshallbeprovidedintheairsupplytothepressurizedstairwell.

6.4.4.2.2 Ondetectionofsmokeintheairsupply,thesupplyfan(s)shallbestopped.

6.4.4.3ManualActivation.ManualactivationanddeactivationcontrolofthestairwellpressurizationsystemsshallbeprovidedattheFSCS.

6.4.4.4ManualOverride.AmanualoverrideswitchshallbepermittedtobeprovidedattheFSCStorestartthestairwellpressurizationfan(s)aftershutdownfromthesmokedetector.

6.4.5ControlsforZonedSmokeControlSystems.

6.4.5.1General.Whenzonedsmokecontrolsystemsareprovided,theyshallbeactivatedasdescribedin 6.4.5.1.1and6.4.5.1.2.

6.4.5.1.1AutomaticActivation.Zonedsmokecontrolsystemsshallbeautomaticallyactivatedinresponsetosignalsreceivedfromadeviceorcombinationofdevicesthatrespondstoproductsofcombustion.

6.4.5.1.1.1* Whensignalsfromfirealarmsystemsareusedtoactivatethezonedsmokecontrolsystem(s),thefirealarmzonesshallbearrangedtocoincidewiththesmokecontrolzones.

6.4.5.1.1.2 Whereanautomaticsmokedetectionsystemisusedtoautomaticallyactivateazonedsmokecontrolsystem,thesmokedetectionsystemshallbepermittedtobeoflimitedcoveragehavingspacinggreaterthan900ft2(84m2)perdetector.

6.4.5.1.1.3 Whereanautomaticsmokedetectionsystemisusedtoautomaticallyactivateazonedsmokecontrolsystem,thelocationofsmokedetectorsandthezoningofthedetectorsshallbearrangedtodetectsmokebeforeitleavesthesmokezone.

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6.4.5.1.1.4 Whereawaterflowswitchorheatdetectorisusedtoactivateazonedsmokecontrolsystem,zoningofsuchsystemsshallcoincidewiththesmokecontrolzone.

6.4.5.1.2ManualActivation.

6.4.5.1.2.1* Zonedsmokecontrolsystemsshallnotbeactivatedfrommanualfirealarmpullstations.

6.4.5.1.2.2 Firealarmpullstationsshallbepermittedtocausedoorsinsmokebarrierwallstoclose.

6.4.5.1.2.3 Keyoperatedmanualswitcheslocatedwithinasmokezonethatareclearlymarkedtoidentifytheirfunctionshallbepermittedtomanuallyactivatethezone'ssmokecontrolsystem.

6.4.5.1.2.4 ZonedsmokecontrolsystemsshallbecapableofbeingmanuallyactivatedfromtheFSCSbyswitchesclearlymarkedtoidentifythezoneandfunction.

6.4.5.2*SequenceofControlandPriorities.Automaticactivation,manualactivation,andmanualdeactivationofzonedsmokecontrolsystemsshallbesubjecttothesequencesofcontrolandprioritiesgivenin 6.4.5.2.1,6.4.5.2.2,and6.4.5.2.3.

6.4.5.2.1AutomaticActivation.Automaticactivationofsystemsandequipmentforzonedsmokecontrolshallhavethehighestpriorityoverallothersourcesofautomaticcontrolwithinthebuilding.

6.4.5.2.1.1* Exceptasprovidedforin 6.4.5.2.1.2,whereequipmentusedforsmokecontrolisalsousedfornormalbuildingoperation,controlofthisequipmentshallbepreemptedoroverriddenasrequiredforsmokecontrol.

6.4.5.2.1.2 Thefollowingcontrolsshallnotbeautomaticallyoverridden:

(1) Staticpressurehighlimits

(2) Ductsmokedetectorsonsupplyairsystems

6.4.5.2.2ManualActivationandDeactivation.Manualactivationordeactivationofzonedsmokecontrolsystemsandequipmentshallhavepriorityoverautomaticactivationofsmokecontrolsystemsandequipment,aswellasoverallothersourcesofautomaticcontrolwithinthebuilding.

6.4.5.2.3 Ifequipmentusedforzonedsmokecontrolissubjecttoautomaticactivationinresponsetoanalarmfromanautomaticfiredetectorofafirealarmsystem,orifsuchequipmentissubjecttoautomaticcontrolaccordingtobuildingoccupancyschedules,energymanagementstrategies,orothernonemergencypurposes,suchautomaticcontrolshallbepreemptedoroverriddenbymanualactivationordeactivationofthesmokecontrolequipment.

6.4.5.2.4ManualControls.

6.4.5.2.4.1 Manualcontrolsprovidedspecificallyformanualactivationordeactivationforsmokecontrolpurposesshallbeclearlymarkedtoindicatethezoneandfunctionserved.

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6.4.5.2.4.2 Manualcontrolsthataresharedforbothsmokecontrolfunctionsandotherbuildingcontrolpurposes,asinabuilding'smaincontrolcenter,shallfullycoverthesmokecontrolfunctionalityinoperationaldocumentationforthecontrolcenter.

6.4.5.3*Schedule.Theequipmenttobeoperatedforeachautomaticallyactivatedsmokecontrolsystemconfigurationshallbefullydefinedintheprojectdocuments.

6.4.5.4Sequence.Equipmentusedforsmokecontrolshallbeactivatedinthespecificsequencenecessarytominimizedamageorundesirableeffectsonductsorequipment.

6.4.5.5*AutomaticResponsetoMultipleSignals.Intheeventthatsignalsarereceivedfrommorethanonesmokezone,thesystemshallcontinueautomaticoperationinthemodedeterminedbythefirstsignalreceivedexceptasprovidedforin 6.4.5.5.1.

6.4.5.5.1* Forsystemsdesignedforoperationofmultiplezonesusingonlyheatactivateddetectiondevices,itshallbepermittedtoexpandthecontrolstrategytoaccommodateadditionalzones,uptothelimitsofthemechanicalsystemdesign.

6.4.6*ControlSystemVerification.

6.4.6.1 Everydedicatedsmokecontrolsystemandeachdedicatedsmokecontrolsubsysteminanondedicatedsmokecontrolsystemshallhaveameansofverifyingcorrectoperationwhenactivated.

6.4.6.2 Verificationshallincludepositiveconfirmationofactuation,testing,manualoverride,andthepresenceofoperatingpowerdownstreamofallcircuitdisconnects.

6.4.6.3 Failuretoreceivepositiveconfirmationafteractivationorcessationofsuchpositiveconfirmationwhilethesystemorsubsystemremainsactivatedshallresultinanoffnormalindicationatthesmokecontrolsystemwithin200seconds.

6.4.6.4 Firealarmsignalingpathstothesmokecontrolsystemshallbemonitoredforintegrityinaccordancewith4.4.7.1of NFPA72,withtroubleannunciationprovidedattheFSCSexceptaspermittedby 6.4.6.4.1.

6.4.6.4.1 Monitoringforintegrityshallnotberequiredwhentheinterconnectingwiringbetweenthefirealarmsystemandthesmokecontrolsystemislocatedwithin20ft(6.1m)ofeachotherwheretheconductorsareinstalledinconduitorequivalently protectedagainstmechanicalinjury.

6.5EnergyManagement.

Energymanagementsystems,particularlythosethatcyclesupply,return,andexhaustfansforenergyconservation,shallbeoverriddenwhentheircontroloroperationisinconflictwithasmokecontrolmode.

6.6Materials.

6.6.1 MaterialsusedforsystemsprovidingsmokecontrolshallconformtoNFPA90A,StandardfortheInstallationofAirConditioningandVentilatingSystems,andotherapplicableNFPAdocuments.

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6.6.2 Ductmaterialsshallbeselectedandductsshallbedesignedtoconveysmoke,withstandadditionalpressure(bothpositiveandnegative)bythesupplyandexhaustfanswhenoperatinginasmokecontrolmode,andmaintaintheirstructuralintegrityduringtheperiodforwhichthesystemisdesignedtooperate.

6.6.3* Equipmentincluding,butnotlimitedto,fans,ducts,andbalancedampersshallbesuitablefortheirintendeduseandtheprobabletemperaturestowhichtheyarelikelytobeexposed.

6.7ElectricServicesInstallation.

6.7.1 Allelectricalinstallationsshallmeettherequirementsof NFPA70,NationalElectricalCode.

6.7.2 Thesmokecontrolsystemshallbedesignedsothatlossofnormalpowerforaperiodofupto15minuteswillresultinthecomponentsautomaticallyperformingtheirfunctionuponrestorationofpower.

6.7.3 Wherestandbypowerisprovidedinaccordancewith NFPA110,StandardforEmergencyandStandbyPowerSystems,thestandbypowersourceandrelatedtransferswitchesshallbeseparatedfromtransformersandswitchgearfortheprimarypowersupplyandenclosedinaroomwitha1hourfireresistanceratedfirebarrierwallinstalledinaccordancewith NFPA221,StandardforHighChallengeFireWalls,FireWalls,andFireBarrierWalls.

Chapter7DesignDocumentation

7.1*DocumentationRequired.

Thefollowingdocumentsshallbegeneratedbythedesignerduringthedesignprocess:

(1) Designreport

(2) Operationsandmaintenancemanual

7.1.1DesignReport.

7.1.1.1 Thedesignreportshallprovidedocumentationofthesmokecontrolsystemasitistobeinstalled,aswellasthedesigncalculations.

7.1.1.2 Thedesignreportshallincludethefollowingelements,ifapplicable:

(1) Systempurpose

(2) Systemdesignobjectives

(3) Designapproach

(4) Designassumptions(buildingheight,ambientconditions,relianceonotherfireprotectionsystems,leakage,etc.)

(5) Locationofsmokezone(s)

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(6) Designpressuredifferences

(7) Buildinguselimitationsthatariseoutofthesystemdesign

(8) Designcalculations

(9) Fanandductspecifications

(10) Damperspecifications

(11) Detailedinletorexhaustinletssiteinformation

(12) Detailedmethodofactivation

(13) Smokecontrolsystemoperationlogic

(14) Systemcommissioningprocedures

7.1.2*OperationsandMaintenanceManual.Theoperationsandmaintenancemanualshallprovidetherequirementstoensuretheproperoperationofthesystemoverthelifeofthebuilding.

7.1.2.1 Theoperationsandmaintenancemanualshallincludethefollowing:

(1) Theproceduresusedintheinitialcommissioningofthesystemaswellasthemeasuredperformanceofthesystematthetimeofcommissioning

(2) Thetestingandinspectionrequirementsforthesystemandsystemcomponentsandtherequiredfrequencyoftesting(seeChapter8)

(3) Thecriticaldesignassumptionsusedinthedesignandlimitationsonthebuildinganditsusethatariseoutofthedesignassumptionsandlimitations

7.1.2.2 Copiesoftheoperationsandmaintenancemanualshallbeprovidedtotheownerandtheauthoritieshavingjurisdiction.

7.1.2.3 Thebuildingownershallberesponsibleforallsystemtestingandshallmaintainrecordsofallperiodictestingandmaintenanceinaccordancewiththeoperationsandmaintenancemanual.

7.1.2.4 Thebuildingownershallberesponsibleforlimitingtheuseofthespaceinamannerconsistentwiththelimitationsprovidedintheoperationsandmaintenancemanual.

Chapter8Testing

8.1*General.

8.1.1 Eachsmokecontrolsystemshallbetestedagainstitsspecificdesigncriteria.

8.1.2 TestingshallconfirmthatthedesignobjectivesdescribedinSection 4.1areachieved.

8.2*PreliminaryBuildingInspections.

8.2.1 Priortooperationalandacceptancetesting,completenessofbuildingconstruction

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shallbeverified.

8.2.2 Thefollowingarchitecturalfeatures,whereapplicable,shallbeinspected:

(1) Shaftintegrity

(2) Firestopping

(3) Doors/closers

(4) Glazing

(5) Partitionsandceilings

8.3*OperationalTesting.

8.3.1 Anoperationaltestofeachsmokecontrolsystemcomponentandsubsystemshallbeperformedpriortotheacceptancetest.

8.3.2 Operationaltestsshallbeperformedpriortointerconnectionofindividualcomponentsandsubsystemstothesmokecontrolsystem.

8.3.3 Smokecontrolsystemsoperationaltestingshallincludethefollowingsubsystemstotheextentthattheyaffecttheoperationofthesmokecontrolsystem:

(1) Firealarmsystem

(2) Energymanagementsystem

(3) Buildingmanagementsystem

(4) HVACequipment

(5) Electricalequipment

(6) Temperaturecontrolsystem

(7) Normalpower

(8) Standbypower

(9) Automaticsuppressionsystems

(10) Automaticoperatingdoorsandclosers

(11) Dedicatedsmokecontrolsystems

(12) Nondedicatedsmokecontrolsystems

(13) Emergencyelevatoroperation

8.4AcceptanceTesting.

8.4.1*General.Acceptancetestingshalldemonstratethatthefinalintegratedsysteminstallationcomplieswiththespecifieddesignobjectivesandisfunctioningproperly.

8.4.2*TestEquipment.Equipmentforacceptancetestingshallbeprovided.

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8.4.3*GeneralTestingProcedures.Acceptancetestingshallincludetheproceduresdescribedin 8.4.3.1through 8.4.3.8.

8.4.3.1 Priortoacceptancetesting,allbuildingequipmentshallbeplacedinthenormaloperatingmode,includingequipmentthatisnotusedtoimplementsmokecontrol,suchasventilationforcommercialcookingoperations,toiletexhaust,elevatorshaftvents,elevatormachineroomfans,andsimilarsystems.

8.4.3.2 Windspeed,direction,andoutsidetemperatureshallberecordedduringeachtest.

8.4.3.3 Ifstandbypowerhasbeenprovidedfortheoperationofthesmokecontrolsystem,theacceptancetestingshallbeconductedonbothnormalandstandbypower.

8.4.3.4 Whentestingoperationunderstandbypower,thenormalbuildingpowershallbeinterruptedatthemainservicedisconnecttosimulatetrueoperatingconditionsinthismode.

8.4.3.5 Acceptancetestingshalldemonstratethatthecorrectoutputsareproducedforagiveninputforeachcontrolsequencespecified.

8.4.3.6 Exceptasmodifiedby 8.4.3.6.1and8.4.3.6.2,thecompletesmokecontrolsequenceshallbetestedtoincludethefollowing:

(1) Normalmode

(2) Automaticsmokecontrolmodeforfirstalarm

(3) Manualoverrideofnormalandautomaticsmokecontrolmodes

(4) Returntonormal

8.4.3.6.1 Testingoftheautomaticsmokecontrolmodeasindicatedin 8.4.3.6(2)shallnotberequiredwhenthismodeisnotincludedinthesystemdesign.

8.4.3.6.2 Testingofthemanualoverridemodeasindicatedin 8.4.3.6(3)shallnotberequiredwhenthismodeisnotincludedinthesystemdesign.

8.4.3.7* Acceptancetestsforthefirealarmsystemshallbepermittedtobeperformedinconjunctionwiththesmokecontrolsystemtests.

8.4.3.8 Thetestmethodsdescribedin 8.4.4through 8.4.8shallbeusedtotestthesmokecontrolsubsystems.

8.4.4StairwellPressurizationSystems.

8.4.4.1General.

8.4.4.1.1 Therequirementsin 8.4.4shallapplywherestairwellpressurizationistheonlysmokecontrolsysteminthebuilding.

8.4.4.1.2 Wherestairwellpressurizationisusedincombinationwithzonedsmokecontrol,therequirementsof 8.4.8.1shallapply.

8.4.4.1.3 Pressurizedstairwellvestibulesshallbetreatedasazoneinazonedsmokecontrolsystem.(See8.4.5.)

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8.4.4.2TestProcedures.

8.4.4.2.1*HVACSystemTestingUnderNonSmokeControlConditions.

8.4.4.2.1.1 WithallbuildingHVACsystemsinnormaloperation,thepressuredifferenceacrosseachstairwelldoorshallbemeasuredandrecordedwhilethedoorisclosed.

8.4.4.2.1.2 WithallbuildingHVACsystemsinnormaloperation,theforcenecessarytoopeneachdoorshallalsobemeasuredandrecordedusingaspringtypescale.

8.4.4.2.2HVACSystemTestingUnderSmokeControlConditions.

8.4.4.2.2.1 Activationofthestairwellpressurizationsystem(s),asspecifiedinthedesignreportandoperationsandmaintenancemanualasspecifiedinChapter7,shallbeverifiedinresponsetoallmeansofactivation,bothautomaticandmanual.

8.4.4.2.2.2 Whereautomaticactivationisrequiredinresponsetoalarmsignalsreceivedfromthebuilding'sfirealarmsystem,eachseparatealarmsignalshallbeinitiatedtoensurethatproperautomaticactivationoccurs.

8.4.4.2.3*PressureTesting.

8.4.4.2.3.1 Withthestairwellpressurizationsystemactivated,thepressuredifferenceacrosseachstairwelldoorshallbemeasuredandrecordedwithallinteriordoorsclosed.

8.4.4.2.3.2 Iftheexteriordoorwouldnormallybeopenduringevacuation,itshallbeopenduringtesting.

8.4.4.2.3.3 TheHVACsystemshallbeoffunlessthenormalmodeistoleavetheHVACsystemonduringsmokecontroloperations.

8.4.4.2.3.4* Withthestairwellpressurizationsystemactivated,andthenumberofdoorsusedinthesystemdesignopen,thepressuredifferenceacrosseachremainingcloseddoorshallbemeasuredandrecorded.

8.4.4.2.3.5 Nopressuredifferenceshallbelessthantheminimumdesignpressuredifferencesin Table5.2.1.1orthepressuresspecifiedinthedesigndocuments.

8.4.4.2.4*ForceTesting.

8.4.4.2.4.1 Withthestairwellpressurizationsystemactivated,theforcenecessarytoopeneachstairwelldoorshallbemeasuredandrecorded,usingaspringtypescale.

8.4.4.2.4.2 Allotherstairwelldoorsshallbeclosedwhenthemeasurementsspecifiedin8.4.4.2.4.1aremade.

8.4.4.2.4.3 Withthestairwellpressurizationsystemactivated,andthenumberofdoorsusedinthesystemdesignopen,theforcenecessarytoopeneachdoorshallbemeasuredusingaspringtypescaleandrecorded.

8.4.4.2.4.4 Dooropeningforcesshallnotexceedthoseallowedbythebuildingcode.

8.4.5*ZonedSmokeControlSystem.

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8.4.5.1NormalHVACMode.

8.4.5.1.1 ThepressuredifferenceacrossallsmokecontrolzonesthatdivideabuildingfloorshallbemeasuredandrecordedwhiletheHVACsystemsservingthefloor'ssmokezonesareoperatingintheirnormal(nonsmokecontrol)modeandwhileallsmokebarrierdoorsthatseparatethefloorzonesareclosed.

8.4.5.1.2 Onemeasurementshallbemadeacrosseachsmokebarrierdoororsetofdoors,andthedatashallclearlyindicatethehigherandlowerpressuresidesofthedoors.

8.4.5.2SmokeControlMode,General.

8.4.5.2.1 Activationofeachzonedsmokecontrolsysteminresponsetoallmeansofactivation,bothautomaticandmanual,asspecifiedinthedesignreportandoperationsandmaintenancemanualasspecifiedinChapter7,shallbeverifiedandrecorded.

8.4.5.2.2 Whereautomaticactivationisrequiredinresponsetoalarmsignalsreceivedfromthebuilding'sfirealarmsystem,eachseparatealarmsignalshallbeinitiatedtoensurethatproperautomaticactivationofthecorrectzonedsmokecontrolsystemoccurs.

8.4.5.2.3 Theproperoperationofallfans,dampers,andrelatedequipmentforeachseparatezonedsmokecontrolsystem,asoutlinedbytheprojectdocumentsreferencedin 6.4.5.3,shallbeverifiedandrecorded.

8.4.5.3SmokeControlModeforEachSmokeControlZone.

8.4.5.3.1 Eachseparatesmokecontrolzoneshallbeactivatedbyasimulatedfirealarminput.

8.4.5.3.2 Thepressuredifferenceacrossallsmokebarriersthatseparatethesmokezonefromadjacentzonesshallbemeasuredandrecorded.

8.4.5.3.3 Themeasurementsshallbemadewhileallsmokebarrierdoorsthatseparatethesmokezonefromtheotherzonesarefullyclosed.

8.4.5.3.4 Onemeasurementshallbemadeacrosseachsmokebarrierorsetofdoors,andthedatashallclearlyindicatethehigherandlowerpressuresidesofthedoorsorbarriers.

8.4.5.3.5 Doorsthathaveatendencytoopenslightlyduetothepressuredifferenceshallhaveonepressuremeasurementmadewhileheldclosedandanothermadewhilenotheldclosed.

8.4.5.3.6* Testing,asdescribedin 8.4.5.3.1,shallcontinueuntilallfirealarminputshavebeenactivated.

8.4.5.3.7PressureDifferences.

8.4.5.3.7.1 Allpressuredifferencesshallbedocumented.

8.4.5.3.7.2 Nopressuredifferenceshallbelessthantheminimumdesignpressuredifferencesin Table5.2.1.1orthepressuresspecifiedinthedesigndocuments.

8.4.5.3.8 Dooropeningforcesshallbedocumented.

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8.4.6ElevatorSmokeControlSystems.

8.4.6.1ElevatorHoistwayPressurizationSystems.

8.4.6.1.1General.

8.4.6.1.1.1 Therequirementsin 8.4.6.1shallapplywhereelevatorhoistwaypressurizationistheonlysmokecontrolsysteminthebuilding.

8.4.6.1.1.2 Whereelevatorhoistwaypressurizationisusedincombinationwithzonedsmokecontrol,therequirementsof 8.4.8.3shallapply.

8.4.6.1.2TestProcedures.

8.4.6.1.2.1 Activationoftheelevatorpressurizationsystem(s),asdescribedinthedesigndocuments,shallbeverifiedinresponsetoallmeansofactivation,bothautomaticandmanual.

8.4.6.1.2.2 Whereautomaticactivationisrequiredinresponsetoalarmsignalsreceivedfromthebuilding'sfirealarmsystem,eachseparatealarmsignalshallbeinitiatedtoensurethatproperautomaticactivationoccurs.

8.4.6.1.2.3*PressureTesting.

(A) Withtheelevatorpressurizationsystemactivated,thepressuredifferenceacrosseachelevatordoorwithallelevatordoorsclosedshallbemeasuredandrecorded.

(B) Iftheelevatordoorontherecallfloorwouldnormallybeopenduringsystempressurization,itshallbeopenduringtesting.

8.4.6.1.2.4 TheHVACsystemshallbeoffunlessthenormalmodeistoleavetheHVACsystemonduringsmokecontroloperations.

8.4.6.1.2.5 Iftheelevatorpressurizationsystemhasbeendesignedtooperateduringelevatormovement,thetestsin 8.4.6.1.2.1through 8.4.6.1.2.4shallberepeatedundertheseconditions.

8.4.6.2LobbyPressurizationSystems.

8.4.6.2.1General.

8.4.6.2.1.1 Therequirementsin 8.4.6.2shallapplywhereenclosedelevatorlobbypressurizationistheonlysmokecontrolsysteminthebuilding.

8.4.6.2.1.2 Whereelevatorlobbypressurizationisusedincombinationwithzonedsmokecontrol,therequirementsof 8.4.8.3shallapply.

8.4.6.2.1.3* Whereenclosedelevatorlobbiesarepressurizedbyanelevatorlobbypressurizationsystem,orwhereenclosedenclosedelevatorlobbiesreceivesecondarypressurizationfromtheelevatorhoistway,therequirementsof 8.4.5shallapply.

8.4.6.2.2TestProcedures.

8.4.6.2.2.1MeasurementEquipment.Withtheelevatorlobbypressurizationsystemactivated,theforcenecessarytoopeneachlobbydoorshallbemeasuredusingaspringtype

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scaleandrecorded.

8.4.6.2.2.2PressureDifferences.

(A) Allpressuredifferencesshallbedocumented.

(B) NopressuredifferenceshallbelessthantheminimumdesignpressuredifferencesinTable5.2.1.1orthepressuresspecifiedinthedesigndocuments.

8.4.6.2.2.3DoorOpeningForces.

(A) Elevatorlobbydooropeningforcesshallbedocumented.

(B) Elevatorlobbydooropeningforcesshallnotexceedthoseindicatedin 5.2.2.

8.4.7SmokeRefugeArea.

8.4.7.1 Asmokerefugeareashallbetreatedasazoneinazonedsmokecontrolsystem.

8.4.7.2 Thetestsoutlinedin 8.4.5shallbeconducted.

8.4.8CombinationofSmokeControlSystems.

8.4.8.1*StairwellandZonedSmokeControlSystem.

8.4.8.1.1 Thestairwellpressurizationsystemshallbeconsideredasonezoneinazonedsmokecontrolsystem.

8.4.8.1.2 Thetestsoutlinedin 8.4.5,8.4.4.2.3,and8.4.4.2.4shallbeconducted.

8.4.8.1.3 Alltestsshallbeconductedwithbothsystemsoperatinginresponsetoasimulatedfirealarminput.

8.4.8.2SmokeRefugeAreaandZonedSmokeControlSystem.

8.4.8.2.1 Asmokerefugeareashallbetreatedasaseparatezoneinazonedsmokecontrolsystem.

8.4.8.2.2 Thetestsoutlinedin 8.4.5shallbeconducted.

8.4.8.3ElevatorPressurizationandZonedSmokeControlSystem.

8.4.8.3.1 Theelevatorpressurizationsystemshallbeconsideredasonezoneinazonedsmokecontrolsystem.

8.4.8.3.2 Eachelevatorlobbyinanenclosedelevatorlobbypressurizationsystemshallbeconsideredasonezoneinazonedsmokecontrolsystem.

8.4.8.3.3 Thetestsoutlinedin 8.4.5shallbeconducted.

8.4.8.3.4 Thetestsoutlinedin 8.4.6.1shallbeconductedifahoistwaypressurizationsystemispresent.

8.4.8.3.5 Thetestsoutlinedin 8.4.6.2shallbeconductedifalobbypressurizationsystemispresent.

8.4.8.3.6 Thetestsoutlinedinboth 8.4.6.1and8.4.6.2shallbeconductedifbothsystems

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arepresent.

8.5Modifications.

8.5.1* Alloperationalandacceptancetestingshallbeperformedontheapplicablepartofthesystemwheneverthesystemischangedormodified.

8.5.2 Ifthesmokecontrolsystemorthezoneboundarieshavebeenmodifiedsincethelasttest,acceptancetestingshallbeconductedontheportionmodified.

8.6*PeriodicTesting.

8.6.1 ThetestsinSection 8.6shallbeperformedonaperiodicbasistodeterminethattheinstalledsystemscontinuetooperateinaccordancewiththeapproveddesign.

8.6.2 Thesystemshallbetestedinaccordancewith 8.6.4and8.6.5bypersonswhoarethoroughlyknowledgeableintheoperation,testing,andmaintenanceofthesmokecontrolsystems.

8.6.3 Theresultsofthetestsshallbedocumentedandmadeavailableforinspection.

8.6.4DedicatedSystems.

8.6.4.1 Dedicatedsystemsshallbetestedatleastsemiannually.

8.6.4.2 Thesmokecontrolsystemshallbeoperatedforeachcontrolsequenceinthecurrentdesigncriteria.

8.6.4.3 Operationofthecorrectoutputsforeachgiveninputshallbeverified.

8.6.4.4 Wherestandbypowerisprovided,testsshallalsobeconductedunderstandbypower.

8.6.5NondedicatedSystems.

8.6.5.1 Nondedicatedsystemsshallbetestedatleastannually.

8.6.5.2 Thesmokecontrolsystemshallbeoperatedforeachcontrolsequenceinthecurrentdesigncriteria.

8.6.5.3 Operationofthecorrectoutputsforeachgiveninputshallbeverified.

8.6.5.4 Ifstandbypowerisprovided,testsshallalsobeconductedunderstandbypower.

AnnexAExplanatoryMaterial

AnnexAisnotapartoftherequirementsofthisNFPAdocumentbutisincludedforinformationalpurposesonly.Thisannexcontainsexplanatorymaterial,numberedtocorrespondwiththeapplicabletextparagraphs.

A.1.3.2 Airflowatsufficientvelocitycanalsobeusedtorestrictsmokemovement.Thisprincipleismostcommonlyusedtocontrolsmokemovementthroughopenings.Theflowofairthroughtheopeningintothesmokezonemustbeofsufficientvelocitytolimitmigration

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ofsmokefromthatzonethroughsuchopenings.

Althoughairflowcanbeusedtoinhibitsmokemovementthroughaspace,theflowratesneededtopreventsmokebackflowaresolargethatthereisconcernabouttheamountofcombustionairthatissuppliedtothefire.Whenairflowisusedtomanagesmokemovement,theflowofairthroughtheopeningintothesmokezonemustbeofsufficientvelocitytopreventsmokefromleavingthatzonethroughsuchopenings.Theairvelocitynecessarytoinhibitsmokemovementthroughlargeopeningsresultsinairquantitiesthataresufficienttosupportfiregrowthtoapproximately10timesthesizeoffiregrowthwithoutthisadditionalairflow.MoreinformationonfiregrowthcanbefoundintheSFPEHandbookofFireProtectionEngineering.

RefertoNFPA92B,StandardforSmokeManagementSystemsinMalls,Atria,andLargeSpaces,forsystemsusingairflowtomaintaintenableconditionswithinlargezonesoffireorigin,suchasatriaandshoppingmalls.RefertoNFPA204,StandardforSmokeandHeatVenting,forpassivesystemsforsmokeandheatventing.

A.1.3.3 Standbypowershouldbeconsideredforsmokecontrolsystemsandtheircontrolsystems.Normalelectricalpowerservingairconditioningsystemsgenerallyhassufficientreliabilityfornondedicatedzonedsmokecontrolsystems.

A.3.2.1Approved.TheNationalFireProtectionAssociationdoesnotapprove,inspect,orcertifyanyinstallations,procedures,equipment,ormaterialsnordoesitapproveorevaluatetestinglaboratories.Indeterminingtheacceptabilityofinstallations,procedures,equipment,ormaterials,theauthorityhavingjurisdictionmaybaseacceptanceoncompliancewithNFPAorotherappropriatestandards.Intheabsenceofsuchstandards,saidauthoritymayrequireevidenceofproperinstallation,procedure,oruse.Theauthorityhavingjurisdictionmayalsorefertothelistingsorlabelingpracticesofanorganizationthatisconcernedwithproductevaluationsandisthusinapositiontodeterminecompliancewithappropriatestandardsforthecurrentproductionoflisteditems.

A.3.2.2AuthorityHavingJurisdiction(AHJ).Thephraseauthorityhavingjurisdiction,oritsacronymAHJ,isusedinNFPAdocumentsinabroadmanner,sincejurisdictionsandapprovalagenciesvary,asdotheirresponsibilities.Wherepublicsafetyisprimary,theauthorityhavingjurisdictionmaybeafederal,state,local,orotherregionaldepartmentorindividualsuchasafirechieffiremarshalchiefofafirepreventionbureau,labordepartment,orhealthdepartmentbuildingofficialelectricalinspectororothershavingstatutoryauthority.Forinsurancepurposes,aninsuranceinspectiondepartment,ratingbureau,orotherinsurancecompanyrepresentativemaybetheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.Inmanycircumstances,thepropertyownerorhisorherdesignatedagentassumestheroleoftheauthorityhavingjurisdictionatgovernmentinstallations,thecommandingofficerordepartmentalofficialmaybetheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.

A.3.3.2DesignPressureDifference.Protectedspacesincludethenonsmokezonesinazonedsmokecontrolsystem,thestairwellsinastairwellpressurizationsystem,asmokerefugearea,andtheelevatorshaftinanelevatorhoistwaysystem.

A.3.3.4FireFighters'SmokeControlStation(FSCS).Otherfirefighters'systems(suchasvoicealarm,publicaddress,firedepartmentcommunication,andelevatorstatusand

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controls)arenotcoveredinthisdocument.

A.3.3.9SmokeBarrier.Asmokebarriermightormightnothaveafireresistancerating.Suchbarriersmighthaveprotectedopenings.Smokebarriersasusedwithsmokecontrolsystemsdescribedinthisstandardcouldhaveopeningsprotectedeitherbyphysicalopeningprotectivesorbypressuredifferencescreatedbythesmokecontrolsystem.Smokebarriersdescribedinsomeothercodesandstandardsmightrequirethattheopeningsbeprotectedbyphysicalopeningprotectives.

A.3.3.11.1DedicatedSmokeControlSystem.Dedicatedsmokecontrolsystemsareseparatesystemsofairmovinganddistributionequipmentthatdonotfunctionundernormalbuildingoperatingconditions.

Advantagesofdedicatedsystemsincludethefollowing:

(1) Modificationofsystemcontrolsafterinstallationislesslikely.

(2) Operationandcontrolofthesystemisgenerallysimpler.

(3) Relianceonorimpactbyotherbuildingsystemsislimited.

Disadvantagesofdedicatedsystemsincludethefollowing:

(1) Systemimpairmentsmightgoundiscoveredbetweenperiodictestsormaintenanceactivities.

(2) Systemscanrequiremorephysicalspace.

A.3.3.11.2NondedicatedSmokeControlSystems.Advantagesofnondedicatedsystemsincludethefollowing:

(1) Impairmentstosharedequipmentrequiredfornormalbuildingoperationarelikelytobecorrectedpromptly.

(2) Limitedadditionalspaceforsmokecontrolequipmentisnecessary.

Disadvantagesofnondedicatedsystemsincludethefollowing:

(1) Systemcontrolmightbecomeelaborate.

(2) Modificationofsharedequipmentorcontrolscanimpairsmokecontrolfunctionality.

A.3.3.13SmokeExhaustSystem.Maintenanceofatenableenvironmentinthesmokezoneisnotwithinthecapabilityofthesesystems.

A.3.3.17TenableEnvironment.Itisnotexpectedthatatenableenvironmentwillbecompletelyfreeofsmoke.

A.4.1.2 Inadditiontothedesignobjectiveslisted,smokecontrolsystemscanalsobeusedforthefollowingobjectives:

(1) Allowingfiredepartmentpersonnelsufficientvisibilitytoapproach,locate,andextinguishafire

(2) Limitingthespreadoftoxicgasesthatcanaffectbuildingoccupants

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(3) Limitingthespreadofproductsofcombustiontoprovideprotectionforbuildingcontents

A.4.2.1 TheperformanceobjectiveofautomaticsprinklersinstalledinaccordancewithNFPA13,StandardfortheInstallationofSprinklerSystems,istoprovidefirecontrol,whichisdefinedasfollows:limitingthesizeofafirebydistributionofwatersoastodecreasetheheatreleaserateandprewetadjacentcombustibles,whilecontrollingceilinggastemperaturestoavoidstructuraldamage.Alimitednumberofinvestigationshavebeenundertakeninwhichfullscalefiretestswereconductedinwhichthesprinklersystemwaschallengedbutprovidedtheexpectedlevelofperformance(MadrzykowskiandVettori,1992Lougheed,Mawhinney,andO'Neill,1994).Theseinvestigationsindicatethat,forafirecontrolsituation,theheatreleaserateislimitedbutsmokecancontinuetobeproduced.However,thetemperatureofthesmokeisreducedandthepressuredifferencesprovidedinthisdocumentforsmokecontrolsystemsinfullysprinkleredbuildingsareconservative.Inaddition,withthereducedsmoketemperatures,thetemperaturerequirementforsmokecontrolcomponentsincontactwithexhaustgasescanbelimited.

A.4.4 Tenabilitycanbeachievedthroughmethodsotherthanpressurization.SeeNFPA92B,StandardforSmokeManagementSystemsinMalls,Atria,andLargeSpaces,forothertypesofactivesmokecontrolsystemsorNFPA 101,LifeSafetyCode,forpassivesystemsandotherfiresafetyapproaches.

A.4.5 Timedegressanalysisisoutsidethescopeofthisdocument.However,otherreferencesareavailablethatpresentanalyticalmethodsforuseinegressanalysis.(SeePrinciplesofSmokeManagementbyKloteandMilke.)

A.4.6.1 Inthedesignofsmokecontrolsystems,airflowpathsmustbeidentifiedandevaluated.Someleakagepathsareobvious,suchasgapsaroundcloseddoors,opendoors,elevatordoors,windows,andairtransfergrilles.Constructioncracksinbuildingwallsandfloorsarelessobviousbutnolessimportant.Theflowareaofmostlargeopeningscanbecalculatedeasily.Theflowareaofconstructioncracksisdependentonworkmanshipforexample,howwelladoorisfittedorhowwellweatherstrippingisinstalled.Typicalleakageareasofconstructioncracksinwallsandfloorsofcommercialbuildingsarelistedin TableA.4.6.1.Doorsopenforshortperiodsoftimeresultinatransitionconditionthatisnecessaryinordertoprovideegressfromoraccesstothesmokezone.

TableA.4.6.1TypicalLeakageAreasforWallsandFloorsofCommercialBuildings

ConstructionElement Tightness AreaRatioa

Exteriorbuildingwalls(includesconstructioncracksandcracksaroundwindowsanddoors)

Tightb

Averageb

Looseb

Verylooseb

0.50104

0.17103

0.35103

0.12102

Stairwellwalls(includesconstructioncracks,butnotcracksaroundwindowsanddoors)

Tightc

Averagec

Loosec

0.14104

0.111030.35103

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TableA.4.6.1TypicalLeakageAreasforWallsandFloorsofCommercialBuildings

ConstructionElement Tightness AreaRatioa

Elevatorshaftwalls(includesconstructioncracks,butnotcracksandgapsarounddoors)

TightcAveragec

Loosec

0.18103

0.84103

0.18102

Floors(includesconstructioncracksandgapsaroundpenetrations)

Tightd

Averagee

Loosed

0.66105

0.52104

0.17103aForawall,thearearatio istheareaoftheleakagethroughthewalldividedbythetotalwallarea.Forafloor,thearearatioistheareaoftheleakagethroughthefloordividedbythetotalareaofthefloor.bValuesbasedonmeasurementsofTamuraandShaw(1976)TamuraandWilson(1966)andShaw,Reardon,andCheung(1993).cValuesbasedonmeasurementsofTamuraandWilson(1966)andTamuraandShaw(1976b).dValuesextrapolatedfromaveragefloortightnessbasedonrangeoftightnessofotherconstructionelements.eValuesbasedonmeasurementsofTamuraandShaw(1978).

A.4.6.2 Thetemperaturedifferencesbetweentheexteriorandinteriorofthebuildingcausestackeffectanddeterminethestackeffect'sdirectionandmagnitude.Thestackeffectmustbeconsideredwhenselectingexhaustfans.Theeffectoftemperatureandwindvelocityvarieswithbuildingheight,configuration,leakage,andopeningsinwallandfloorconstruction.OnesourceofweatherdataistheASHRAEHandbookofFundamentals,Chapter26,ClimaticDesignInformation.Itissuggestedthatthe99.6percentheatingdrybulb(DB)temperatureandthe0.4percentcoolingDBtemperaturebeusedasthewinterandsummerdesignconditions,respectively.Itisalsosuggestedthatthe1percentextremewindvelocitybeusedasthedesigncondition.Whereavailable,moresitespecificwinddatashouldbeconsulted.

A.4.6.4 Thisnumberdependslargelyonthebuildingoccupancyandthetypeofsmokecontrolsystem.Insomesystems,doorsmostlikelyareopenforonlyshortperiodsoftimeandsmokeleakageisnegligible.Inothersystems,frequentegressfromthesmokezonecouldcauseatleastonedoortobeopenmostofthetime.

A.4.7 Intheeventthatthesmokecontrolandthesuppressionsystemsareactivatedconcurrently,thesmokecontrolsystemmightdilutethegaseousagentinthespace.Becausegaseoussuppressionsystemscommonlyprovideonlyoneapplicationoftheagent,thepotentialarisesforrenewedgrowthofthefire.

A.5.1 Thefollowingfactorsshouldbeconsideredindeterminingtheabilityofthesystemtoremaineffectiveforthetimeperiodnecessary:

(1) Reliabilityofpowersource(s)

(2) Arrangementofpowerdistribution

(3) Methodandprotectionofcontrolsandsystemmonitoring

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(4) Equipmentmaterialsandconstruction

(5) Buildingoccupancy

A.5.2.1 Asmokecontrolsystemshouldbedesignedtomaintaintheminimumdesignpressuredifferencesunderlikelyconditionsofstackeffectorwind.Pressuredifferencesproducedbysmokecontrolsystemstendtofluctuateduetothewind,fanpulsations,doorsopening,doorsclosing,andotherfactors.Shorttermdeviationsfromthesuggestedminimumdesignpressuredifferencemightnothaveaseriouseffectontheprotectionprovidedbyasmokecontrolsystem.Thereisnoclearcutallowablevalueofthisdeviation.Itdependsontightnessofdoors,tightnessofconstruction,toxicityofsmoke,airflowrates,andthevolumesofspaces.Intermittentdeviationsupto50percentofthesuggestedminimumdesignpressuredifferenceareconsideredtolerablein mostcases.

Theminimumdesignpressuredifferencesof Table5.2.1.1fornonsprinkleredspacesarevaluesthatwillnotbeovercomebybuoyancyforcesofhotgases.Themethodusedtoobtainthevaluesof Table5.2.1.1fornonsprinkleredspacesfollows.Thismethodcanbeusedifitisdesiredtocalculatepressuredifferencesforgastemperaturesotherthan1700F(927C).

Thepressuredifferenceduetobuoyancyofhotgasesiscalculatedbythefollowingequation:

where:

P =pressuredifferenceduetobuoyancyofhotgases(in.w.g.)To=absolutetemperatureofsurroundings(R)TF=absolutetemperatureofhotgases(R)h=distanceaboveneutralplane(ft)

where:

P =pressuredifferenceduetobuoyancyofhotgases(Pa)To=absolutetemperatureofsurroundings(K)TF=absolutetemperatureofhotgases(K)h=distanceaboveneutralplane(m)

Theneutralplaneisahorizontalplanebetweenthefirespaceandasurroundingspaceatwhichthepressuredifferencebetweenthefirespaceandthesurroundingspaceiszero.ForTable5.2.1.1,hwasconservativelyselectedattwothirdsofthefloortoceilingheight,thetemperatureofthesurroundingswasselectedat70F(20C),thetemperatureofthehotgaseswasselectedat1700F(927C),andasafetyfactorof0.03in.w.g.(7.5Pa)wasused.

Forexample,calculatetheminimumdesignpressuredifferenceforaceilingheightof12ftas

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follows:

Fromtheaboveequation, P =0.087in.w.g.Addingthesafetyfactorandroundingoff,theminimumdesignpressuredifferenceis0.12in.w.g.

A.5.2.2 Theforcesonadoorinasmokecontrolsystemareillustratedin FigureA.5.2.2.Theforcerequiredtoopenadoorinasmokecontrolsystemisasfollows:

where:

F =totaldooropeningforce(lb)Fr=forcetoovercomethedoorcloserandotherfriction(lb)W =doorwidth(ft)A=doorarea(ft2)P =pressuredifferenceacrossthedoor(in.w.g.)

d=distancefromthedoorknobtotheknobsideofthedoor(ft)

FIGUREA.5.2.2ForcesonaDoorinaSmokeControlSystem.

Whenthemaximumdooropeningforceisspecifiedat30lbf,TableA.5.2.2canbeusedtodeterminethemaximumpressuredifferenceacrossthedoor.

TableA.5.2.2MaximumPressureDifferencesAcrossDoors

DoorCloserForce*(lbf)

DoorWidth(in.w.g.)32 36 40 44 48

6 0.45 0.40 0.37 0.34 0.318 0.41 0.37 0.34 0.31 0.2810 0.37 0.34 0.30 0.28 0.2612 0.34 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.2314 0.30 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.21

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TableA.5.2.2MaximumPressureDifferencesAcrossDoors

DoorCloserForce*(lbf)

DoorWidth(in.w.g.)32 36 40 44 48

ForSIunits,1lbf=4.4N1in.=25.4mm0.1in.w.g.=25Pa.Notes:(1)Totaldooropeningforceis30lbf.(2)Doorheightis7ft.(3)Thedistancefromthedoorknobtotheknobsideofthedooris3in.(4)Forotherdooropeningforces,otherdoorsizes,orhardwareotherthanaknobforexample,panichardwareusethecalculationprocedureprovidedinASHRAE/SFPEpublication,PrinciplesofSmokeManagement.*Manydoorclosersrequirelessforceintheinitialportionoftheopeningcyclethanthatrequiredtobringthedoortothefullyopenposition.Thecombinedimpactofthedoorcloserandtheimposedpressurecombineonlyuntilthedoorisopenedenoughtoallowairtopassfreelythroughtheopening.Theforceimposedbyaclosingdevicetoclosethedoorisoftendifferentfromthatimposedonopening.Doorwidthsapplyonlyifthedoorishingedatoneendotherwise,usethecalculationprocedureprovidedinASHRAE/SFPE,PrinciplesofSmokeManagement.

A.5.3.1 SeeAnnex Bforinformationontypesofstairwellpressurizationsystems.

A.5.3.2.2 Thisseparationshouldbeasgreatasispracticable.Becausehotsmokerises,considerationshouldbegiventolocatingsupplyairintakesbelowsuchcriticalopenings.However,outdoorsmokemovementthatmightresultinsmokefeedbackdependsonthelocationofthefire,thelocationofpointsofsmokeleakagefromthebuilding,thewindspeedanddirection,andthetemperaturedifferencebetweenthesmokeandtheoutsideair.

A.5.3.3.1 Simplesinglepointinjectionsystemssuchasthatillustratedin FigureA.5.3.3.1canuserooforexteriorwallmountedpropellerfans.Theuseofpropellerfanswithoutwindshieldsisnotpermittedbecauseoftheextremeeffectwindcanhaveontheperformanceofsuchfans.

FIGUREA.5.3.3.1StairwellPressurizationbyRoofMountedPropellerFan.

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Onemajoradvantageofusingpropellerfansforstairwellpressurizationisthattheyhavearelativelyflatpressureresponsecurvewithrespecttovaryingflow.Therefore,asdoorsareopenedandclosed,propellerfansquicklyrespondtoairflowchangesinthestairwellwithoutmajorpressurefluctuations.Asecondadvantageofusingpropellerfansisthattheyarelesscostlythanothertypesoffansandcanprovideadequatesmokecontrolwithlowerinstalledcosts.

Adisadvantageofusingpropellerfansisthattheyoftenrequirewindshieldsattheintakebecausetheyoperateatlowpressuresandarereadilyaffectedbywindpressureonthebuilding.Thisislesscriticalonroofswherethefansareoftenprotectedbyparapetsandwherethedirectionofthewindisatrightanglestotheaxisofthefan.

Propellerfansmountedonwallsposethegreatestsusceptibilitytotheadverseeffectsofwindpressures.Theadverseeffectisatamaximumwhenwinddirectionisindirectoppositiontothefanairflow,resultinginalowerintakepressureandthussignificantlyreducingfaneffectiveness.Windsthatarevariableinintensityanddirectionalsoposeathreattotheabilityofthesystemtomaintaincontroloverthestairwellstaticpressure.

A.5.3.4 FigureA.5.3.4(a)andFigureA.5.3.4(b)aretwoexamplesofthemanypossiblemultipleinjectionsystemsthatcanbeusedtoovercomethelimitationsofsingleinjectionsystems.Thepressurizationfanscanbelocatedatgroundlevel,rooflevel,oratanylocationinbetween.

FIGUREA.5.3.4(a)StairwellPressurizationbyMultipleInjectionwiththeFanLocatedatGroundLevel.

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FIGUREA.5.3.4(b)StairwellPressurizationbyMultipleInjectionwithRoofMountedFan.

In FigureA.5.3.4(a)andFigureA.5.3.4(b),thesupplyductisshowninaseparateshaft.However,systemshavebeenbuiltthathaveeliminatedtheexpenseofaseparateductshaftbylocatingthesupplyductinthestairenclosureitself.Careshouldbetakensothattheductdoesnotreducetherequiredexitwidthorbecomeanobstructiontoorderlybuildingevacuation.

A.5.3.4.1.1 Themostcommoninjectionpointisatthetopofthestairwell,asillustratedinFigureA.5.3.4.1.1.

FIGUREA.5.3.4.1.1StairwellPressurizationbyTopInjection.

A.5.3.4.1.2 Singleinjectionsystemscanfailwhenafewdoorsareopenneartheairsupplyinjectionpoint.Allthepressurizationaircanbelostthroughtheseopendoors,atwhichtimethesystemwillfailtomaintainpositivepressuresacrossdoorsfartherfromtheinjectionpoint.

Becauseagroundlevelstairwelldoorislikelytobeintheopenpositionmuchofthetime,asinglebottominjectionsystemisespeciallypronetofailure.Carefuldesignanalysisisneededforallsinglebottominjectionsystemsandforallothersingleinjectionsystemsforstairwellsinexcessof100ft(30.5m)inheighttoensureproperpressurizationthroughoutthestairwell.

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A.5.3.4.2 Manymultipleinjectionsystemshavebeenbuiltwithsupplyairinjectionpointsoneachfloor.Thesesystemsrepresenttheultimateinpreventinglossofpressurizationairthroughafewopendoorshowever,thatmanyinjectionpointsmightnotbenecessary.Forsystemdesignswithinjectionpointsmorethanthreestoriesapart,thedesignershoulduseacomputeranalysissuchastheoneinASHRAE/SFPE,PrinciplesofSmokeManagement.Thepurposeofthisanalysisistoensurethatlossofpressurizationairthroughafewopendoorsdoesnotleadtosubstantiallossofstairwellpressurization.

A.5.3.5.1 Stairwellsthatdonothavevestibulescanbepressurizedusingsystemscurrentlyavailable.Somebuildingsareconstructedwithvestibulesbecauseofbuildingcoderequirements.

A.5.3.5.2 NonpressurizedVestibules.Stairwellsthathavenonpressurizedvestibulescanhaveapplicationsinexistingbuildings.Withbothvestibuledoorsopen,thetwodoorsinseriesprovideanincreasedresistancetoairflowcomparedtoasingledoor.Thisincreasedresistancewillreducetherequiredairflowsoastoproduceagivenpressureinthestairwell.ThissubjectisdiscussedindetailinASHRAE/SFPE,PrinciplesofSmokeManagement.

Inbuildingswithlowoccupantloads,itispossiblethatoneofthetwovestibuledoorsmightbeclosed,oratleastpartiallyclosed,duringtheevacuationperiod.Thiswillfurtherreducetherequiredairflowtoproduceagivenpressure.

PressurizedVestibules.Closingbothdoorstoavestibulecanlimitthesmokeenteringavestibuleandprovideatenableenvironmentasasmokerefugearea.Theadjacentstairwellisindirectlypressurizedbyairflowfromthepressurizedvestibule.However,thispressurizationcanbelostiftheexteriordoorisopen.Also,smokecanflowintothestairwellthroughanyleakageopeningsinthestairwellwallsadjacenttothefloorspace.Suchwallsshouldbeconstructedtominimizeleakagesforastairwellprotectedbyapressurizedvestibulesystem.

PressurizedVestibulesandStairwells.Tominimizetheamountofsmokeenteringavestibuleandstairwell,boththevestibuleandstairwellcanbepressurized.Thecombinedsystemwillenhancetheeffectivenessofthestairwellpressurizationsystem.Also,thepressurizedvestibulecanprovideatemporarysmokerefugearea.

PurgedorVentedVestibules.Purgedorventedvestibulesystemsfalloutsidethescopeofthisdocument.AhazardanalysiswouldberequiredusingtheproceduresprovidedintheSFPEHandbookofFireProtectionEngineering.Anengineeringanalysisshouldbeperformedtodeterminethebenefits,ifany,ofpressurizing,purging,orexhaustingvestibulesonthestairwell.

A.5.3.6 Forastairwellpressurizationsystemthathasnotbeendesignedtoaccommodatetheopeningofdoors,pressurizationwilldropwhenanydoorsopen,andsmokecaninfiltratethestairwell.Forabuildingoflowoccupantdensity,theopeningandclosingofafewdoorsduringevacuationhaslittleeffectonthesystem.Forabuildingwithahighoccupantdensityandtotalbuildingevacuation,itcanbeexpectedthatmostofthedoorswillbeopenatsometimeduringevacuation.Themethodsprovidedin ASHRAE/SFPE,PrinciplesofSmokeManagement,canbeusedtodesignsystemstoaccommodateanywherefromafewopendoorstoalmostallthedoorsbeingopen.

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Duringthetimethatoccupantsofthesmokezoneareexitingthearea,theconditionsinthesmokezonearestilltenable.Althoughopeningthestairwelldooronthefirefloorduringthistimemightreleasesomesmokeintothestairwell,itwillnotcreateuntenableconditionsthere.Onceconditionsinthesmokezonebecomeuntenable,itisunlikelythatthedoortothefirefloorwouldbeopenedbyoccupantsofthatfloor.Forthisreason,designingforanopenstairwelldooronthefirefloorisnormally notrequired.Doorsblockedopeninviolationofapplicablecodesarebeyondthecapabilityofthesystem.

A.5.3.6.2 Wherethebuildingegressstrategyanticipatesmultiplefloorstobeevacuatedsimultaneouslyorthedesignforthestairwellpressurizationsystemassumestheexitdoorisopen,thestairwellpressurizationsystemshouldbedesignedtoaccommodatemorethanonedooropen,atleastoneofwhichshouldbethedischargedoorfromthestair.

Theeffectofopeningadoortotheoutsideisusuallymuchgreaterthanthatofopeninginteriordoors.Theimportanceoftheexteriorstairwelldoorcanbeexplainedbyconsideringtheconservationofmassofthepressurizationair.Thisaircomesfromtheoutsideandmusteventuallyflowbacktotheoutside.Foranopeninteriordoor,therestofthebuildingonthatflooractsasflowresistancetotheairflowingouttheopendoorway.Whentheexteriordoorisopen,thereisnootherflowresistance,andtheflowcanbe10to30timesmorethanthroughanopeninteriordoor.

A.5.4 Ifelevatorsareintendedtobeusedforevacuationduringafire,theelevatorsystemshouldbeprotectedagainstheat,flame,smoke,lossofelectricalpower,lossofelevatormachineroomcooling,waterintrusion,andinadvertentactivationofcontrols.

Historically,elevatorhoistwayshaveprovedtobeareadilyavailableconduitforthemovementofsmokethroughoutbuildings.Thereasonisthatelevatordoorshavenotbeentightfittingandelevatorhoistwayshavebeenprovidedwithopeningsintheirtops.Thebuildingstackeffecthasprovidedthedrivingforcethathasreadilymovedsmokeintoandoutofthelooselyconstructedelevatorhoistways.Severalmethodsofcorrectingthisproblemhavebeenproposedandinvestigated.Thesemethodsincludethefollowing:

(1) Exhaustofthefirefloor

(2) Pressurizationofenclosedelevatorlobbies

(3) Constructionofsmoketightelevatorlobbies

(4) Pressurizationoftheelevatorhoistway

(5) Closingofelevatordoorsafterautomaticrecall

(Note:Rule211.3a,PhaseIEmergencyRecallOperations,ofASME/ANSIA17.1,SafetyCodeforElevatorsandEscalators,requiresthatelevatordoorsopenandremainopenaftertheelevatorsarerecalled.Thisresultsinlargeopeningsintotheelevatorhoistways,whichcangreatlyincreasetheairflowrequiredforpressurization.NFPA80,StandardforFireDoorsandFireWindows,permitsclosingofelevatordoorsafterapredeterminedtimewhenrequiredbytheauthorityhavingjurisdiction.Localrequirementsonoperationofelevatordoorsshouldbedeterminedandincorporatedintothesystemdesign.)

Themethodslistedin A.5.4(1)through A.5.4(5)havebeenemployedeithersinglyorin

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combination.However,theirapplicationtoaparticularproject,includingtheeffectofanyventsintheelevatorhoistway,shouldbecloselyevaluated.Theopenventatthetopoftheelevatorhoistwaycouldhaveanundesirableeffectonelevatorsmokecontrolsystems.

Thefollowingreferencesdiscussresearchconcerningelevatoruseduringfiresituations:KloteandBraun(1996)Klote(1995)Klote,Levin,andGroner(1995)Klote,Levin,andGroner(1994)Klote(1993)Klote,Deal,Donoghue,Levin,andGroner(1993) andKlote,Alvord,Levin,andGroner(1992).

A.5.5 ThepressurizedstairwellsdiscussedinSection 5.3areintendedtocontrolsmoketotheextentthattheyinhibitsmokeinfiltrationintothestairwell.However,inabuildingwithapressurizedstairwellasthesolemeansofsmokecontrol,smokecanflowthroughcracksinfloorsandpartitionsandthroughothershaftstothreatenlifeandtodamagepropertyatlocationsremotefromthefire.Theconceptofzonedsmokecontroldiscussedinthissectionisintendedtolimitthistypeofsmokemovementwithinabuilding.

Limitingfiresize(massburningrate)increasesthereliabilityandviabilityofsmokecontrolsystems.Firesizecanbelimitedbyfuelcontrol,compartmentation,orautomaticsprinklers.Itispossibletoprovidesmokecontrolinbuildingsnothavingfirelimitingfeatures,butinthoseinstances,carefulconsiderationmustbegiventofirepressure,hightemperatures,massburningrates,accumulationofunburnedfuels,andotheroutputsresultingfromuncontrolledfires.

A.5.5.1.1.1 Arrangementsofsomesmokecontrolzonesareillustratedin FigureA.5.5.1.1.1.

FIGUREA.5.5.1.1.1ArrangementsofSmokeControlZones.

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In FigureA.5.5.1.1.1,thesmokezoneisindicatedbyaminussignandpressurizedspacesareindicatedbyaplussign.Eachfloorcanbeasmokecontrolzone,asin(a)and(b),orasmokezonecanconsistofmorethanonefloor,asin(c)and(d).Asmokezonecanalsobelimitedtoapartofafloor,asin(e).

Whenafireoccurs,allofthenonsmokezonesinthebuildingcanbepressurizedasshownin FigureA.5.5.1.1.1,parts(a),(c),and(e).Thissystemrequireslargequantitiesofoutsideair.Thecommentsconcerninglocationofsupplyairinletsofpressurizedstairwellsalsoapplytothesupplyairinletsfornonsmokezones.

Incoldclimates,theintroductionoflargequantitiesofoutsideaircancauseseriousdamagetobuildingsystems.Therefore,seriousconsiderationshouldbegiventoemergencypreheatsystemsthattempertheincomingairandhelptoavoidorlimitdamage.Alternatively,pressurizingonlythosezonesimmediatelyadjacenttothesmokezonescouldlimitthequantityofoutsideairrequired,asin FigureA.5.5.1.1.1,parts(b)and(d).However,thedisadvantageofthislimitedapproachisthatitispossibletohavesmokeflowthroughshaftspastthepressurizedzoneandintounpressurizedspaces.Whenthisalternativeisconsidered,acarefulexaminationofthepotentialsmokeflowsinvolvedshouldbeaccomplishedandadeterminationofacceptabilitymade.

Smokezonesshouldbekeptassmallaspracticablesothatevacuationfromthesezonescanbereadilyachievedandsothatthequantityofairrequiredtopressurizethesurroundingspacescanbekepttoamanageablelevel.However,thesezonesshouldbelargeenoughsothatheatbuildupfromthefirewillbecomesufficientlydilutedwithsurroundingairsoastopreventfailureofmajorcomponentsofthesmokecontrolsystem.DesignguidanceondilutiontemperatureisprovidedinASHRAE/SFPE,PrinciplesofSmokeManagement.

A.5.6 MethodsofdesignforsmokerefugeareasarepresentedintheASHRAETransactionspaper,DesignofSmokeControlSystemsforAreasofRefuge(Klote,1993).

A.5.7 Examplesofsmokecontrolsystemsthatcaninteractwhenoperatingsimultaneouslyincludethefollowing:

(1) Pressurizedstairwellsthatconnecttofloorareasthatarepartofazonedsmokecontrolsystem

(2) Elevatorhoistwaysthatarepartofanelevatorsmokecontrolsystemthatconnectstofloorareasthatarepartofazonedsmokecontrolsystem

(3) Elevatorsmokecontrolsystemsthatareconnectedtoareasofrefugethatareinturnconnectedwithfloorareasthatarepartofazonedsmokecontrolsystem

(4) Pressurizedstairwellsthatarealsoconnectedtoasmokerefugearea

Oftensmokecontrolsystemsaredesignedindependentlytooperateunderthedynamicforcestheyareexpectedtoencounter(e.g.,buoyancy,stackeffect,wind).Oncethedesigniscompleted,itisnecessarytostudytheimpactthesmokecontrolsystem(s)willhaveononeanother.Forexample,anexhaustedsmokezoneoperatinginconjunctionwithastairwellpressurizationsystemcantendtoimprovetheperformanceofthestairwellpressurizationsystem.Atthesametime,itcouldincreasethepressuredifferenceacrossthedoor,causing

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difficultyinopeningthedoorintothestairwell.Forcomplexsystems,itisrecommendedthatacomputernetworkmodelbeusedfortheanalysis.

Unlessventingorexhaustisprovidedinthefirezones,therequiredpressuredifferencesmightnotbedeveloped.Eventuallypressureequalizationbetweenthefirezoneandtheunaffectedzoneswillbecomeestablishedandtherewillbenothingtoinhibitsmokespreadintoallotherzones.

A.6.2 SeeAnnex CforinformationontypesofHVACairhandlingsystems.

A.6.4.2 VarioustypesofcontrolsystemsarecommonlyusedforHVACsystems.Thesecontrolsystemsutilizepneumatic,electric,electronic,andprogrammablelogicbasedcontrolunits.AllthesecontrolsystemscanbeadaptedtoprovidethenecessarylogicandcontrolsequencestoconfigureHVACsystemsforsmokecontrol.Programmableelectroniclogicbased(i.e.,microprocessorbased)controlunits,whichcontrolandmonitorHVACsystemsaswellasprovideotherbuildingcontrolandmonitoringfunctions,arereadilyapplicableforprovidingthenecessarylogicandcontrolsequencesforanHVACsystem'ssmokecontrolmodeofoperation.

Thecontrolsystemshouldbedesignedassimplyaspossibletoattaintherequiredfunctionality.Complexcontrols,ifnotproperlydesignedandtested,canhavealowlevelofreliabilityandcanbedifficulttomaintain.

A.6.4.3.4 Forpurposesofautomaticactivation,firedetectiondevicesincludeautomaticdevicessuchassmokedetectors,waterflowswitches,andheatdetectors.

A.6.4.3.5.1 Manualcontrolsexclusivelyforotherbuildingcontrolpurposes,suchashandoffautoswitcheslocatedonathermostat,arenotconsideredtobemanualcontrolsinthecontextofsmokecontrol.Manualactivationanddeactivationforsmokecontrolpurposesshouldoverridemanualcontrolsforotherpurposes.

A.6.4.3.5.2 Manualpullstationsarenotusedtoactivatesmokecontrolstrategiesthatrequireinformationonthelocationofthefirebecauseofthelikelihoodofapersonsignalinganalarmfromastationoutsidethezoneoffireorigin.

A.6.4.3.5.3 Generally,stairwellpressurizationsystemscanbeactivatedfromamanualpullstation,providedtheresponseiscommonforallzones.Othersystemsthatrespondidenticallyforallzonealarmscanalsobeactivatedfromamanualpullstation.Anactivetrackingstairwellpressurizationsystemthatprovidescontrolbasedonthepressuremeasuredatthefirefloorshouldnotbeactivatedfromamanualpullstation.

A.6.4.3.6.2 Topreventdamagetoequipment,itmightbenecessarytodelayactivationofcertainequipmentuntilotherequipmenthasachievedaprerequisitestate(i.e.,delaystartingafanuntilitsassociateddamperispartiallyorfullyopen).

A.6.4.3.6.3 Thetimesgivenforcomponentstoachievetheirdesiredstatearemeasuredfromthetimeeachcomponentisactivated.

A.6.4.3.7 SeeAnnex Dforadditionalconsiderationsforafirefighters'smokecontrolstation.

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A.6.4.3.7.3 Forcomplexsmokecontrolsystemdesigns,statusindication,faultindication,ormanualcontrolcanbeprovidedforgroupsofcomponentsorbysmokecontrolzone.

A.6.4.3.7.7 Indirectindicationoffanstatusisnotpositiveproofofairflow.

A.6.4.4.1 Inlimitedinstances,itcanbedesirabletopressurizeonlysomestairwellsduetoparticularbuildingconfigurationsandconditions.

A.6.4.5.1.1.1 Iffirealarmzonesandsmokecontrolzonesdonotcoincide,thereisapossibilitythatthewrongsmokecontrolsystem(s)canbeactivated.

A.6.4.5.1.2.1 Manualpullstationsarenotusedtoactivatezonedsmokecontrolstrategiesbecausethesetypesofsystemrequireinformationonthelocationofthefire,andthereisnoassurancethatthepullstationthatwasactivatedislocatedinthesmokezone.

A.6.4.5.2 Manualcontrolsusedexclusivelyforotherbuildingcontrolpurposes,suchashandoffautoswitcheslocatedonathermostat,arenotconsideredtobemanualcontrolsinthecontextofsmokecontrol.Manualactivationanddeactivationforsmokecontrolpurposesshouldoverridemanualcontrolsforotherpurposes.

A.6.4.5.2.1.1 Thisequipmentincludesairsupply/returnfansanddamperssubjecttoautomaticcontrolaccordingtobuildingoccupancyschedules,energymanagement,orotherpurposes.

A.6.4.5.3 Documentationoftheequipmenttobeoperatedforeachautomaticallyactivatedsmokecontrolsystemconfigurationincludes,butisnotlimitedto,thefollowingparameters:

(1) Firezoneinwhichasmokecontrolsystemautomaticallyactivates.

(2) Typeofsignalthatactivatesasmokecontrolsystem,suchassprinklerwaterfloworsmokedetector.

(3) Smokezone(s)wheremaximummechanicalexhausttotheoutsideisimplementedandnosupplyairisprovided.

(4) Positivepressuresmokecontrolzone(s)wheremaximumairsupplyisimplementedandnoexhausttotheoutsideisprovided.

(5) Fan(s)ONasrequiredtoimplementthesmokecontrolsystem.MultiplespeedfansshouldbefurthernotedasFASTorMAX.VOLUMEtoensurethattheintendedcontrolconfigurationisachieved.

(6) Fan(s)OFFasrequiredtoimplementthesmokecontrolsystem.

(7) Damper(s)OPENwheremaximumairflowmustbeachieved.

(8) Damper(s)CLOSEDwherenoairflowshouldtakeplace.

(9) Auxiliaryfunctionsmightberequiredtoachievethesmokecontrolsystemconfigurationormightbedesirableinadditiontosmokecontrol.Changesoroverrideofnormaloperationstaticpressurecontrolsetpointsshouldalsobeindicatedifapplicable.

(10) Damperpositionatfanfailure.

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Examplesofauxiliaryfunctionsthatcanbeuseful,butarenotrequired,aretheopeningandclosingofterminalboxeswhilepressurizingorexhaustingasmokezone.Thesefunctionsareconsideredauxiliaryifthedesiredstateisachievedwithoutthesefunctions.Thesefunctionscan,however,helptoachievethedesiredstatemorereadily.

A.6.4.5.5 Duringafire,itislikelythatenoughsmoketoactivateasmokedetectormighttraveltootherzonesandsubsequentlycausealarminputsforotherzones.Systemsactivatedbysmokedetectorsshouldcontinuetooperateaccordingtothefirstalarminputreceived,ratherthandivertingcontrolstorespondtoanysubsequentalarminput(s).

A.6.4.5.5.1 Systemsinitiatedbyheatactivateddevices,anddesignedwithsufficientcapacitytoexhaustmultiplezones,canexpandthenumberofzonesbeingexhaustedtoincludetheoriginalzoneandsubsequentadditionalzones,uptothelimitofthemechanicalsystem'sabilitytomaintainthedesignpressuredifference.Exceedingthedesigncapacitywilllikelyresultinthesystem'sfailingtoadequatelyexhaustthefirezoneortoachievethedesiredpressuredifferences.Ifthenumberofzonesthatcanbeexhaustedwhilestillmaintainingthedesignpressureisnotknown,thisnumbershouldbeassumedtobe1.

A.6.4.6 Themeansandfrequencyofverificationmethodswillvaryaccordingtothecomplexityandimportanceofthesystemasfollows:

(1) Positiveconfirmationoffanactivationshouldbebymeansofductpressure,airflow,orequivalentsensorsthatrespondtolossofoperatingpower,problemsinthepowerorcontrolcircuitwiring,airflowrestrictions,andfailureofthebelt,shaftcoupling,ormotoritself.

(2) Positiveconfirmationofdamperoperationshouldbebycontact,proximity,orequivalentsensorsthatrespondtolossofoperatingpowerorcompressedairproblemsinthepower,controlcircuit,orpneumaticlinesandfailureofthedamperactuator,linkage,ordamperitself.

(3) Otherdevices,methods,orcombinationsofmethodsasapprovedbytheauthorityhavingjurisdictionmightalsobeused.

ItemsA.6.4.6(1)through A.6.4.6(3)describemultiplemethodsthatcanbeused,eithersinglyorincombination,toverifythatallportionsofthecontrolsandequipmentareoperational.Forexample,conventional(electrical)supervisionmightbeusedtoverifytheintegrityoftheconductorsusedtosendanactivationsignalfromafirealarmsystemcontrolunittotherelaycontactwithin3ft(1m)ofthesmokecontrolsysteminput(seeNFPA72,NationalFireAlarmCode,Section6.15),andendtoendverificationmightbeusedtoverifyoperationfromthesmokecontrolsysteminputtothedesiredendresult.Ifdifferentsystemsareusedtoverifydifferentportionsofthecontrolcircuit,controlledequipme