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ZAKLAD ZOOLOGII SYSTEMATYCZNEJ POLSKIEJ AKADEMII N AUK

A C T A Z 0 0 L 0 G I C A C R A C 0 V I E N S I A

Tom XIII Krak6w, 30. VI. 1968 Nr 9

Antoni KULCZYCKI and MariaMAZUR-GIERASINSKA

Nesting of House Sparrow Passer domesticus (LINNAEUS, 1758)

[Pp. 231-250, pIs. VI-VII and 5 text-figs]

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Abstract. This paper deals with the nesting of the House Sparrow on the basis of obser- . vations of 271 nests, mainly from South Pobnd. Thfl sit-natiun (height and typo of site), shape, and size of the nests, which the untl.J')rH ha"e c1aR"ified in ~(\v('ml grollpf! u (, t ~onling to the con. ditionR of the site, at! wcll afl t ht. Wo1. ! Po rial uscd flJr lIe~ (, buiUi.ng. a.re disct::;il~d in succession. Great adapt.ive capabilities (,f t.b,· ift·'l .. \~ ~pa1T()\\" in rcsped of Jlesting are demonstrated and its nest construction is compared with tllat in other I!pocies of the family Ploceitlae.

1. INTRODUCTION

In the present study the authors have attempted to define the construction of nests of the House Sparrow Pass er domesticu8 (LINNAEUS, 1758), to find ' the characters the nests from different environments have in common, which characters might be regarded as typical of the nests of this species, and to show the adaptive capabilities of the House Sparrow for nesting in very different environmental conditions. In the available ornithological literature there are no publications dealing with the whole problem of nesting of the House Sparrow in detail. 'Ve h~Lve found only general de::>cript.ions or notefl l'e::>tl'icted to particular question::>.

Acta Zoologlce. Cracoviensia nr 9

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n. ?llATERIAL ANI;:> METHOD

Material for the present work was collected in the Krak6w, Katowice, Rze­sz6w and partly Kielce Districts in 1963-1966. Each of the nests we found was examined separately. Its environment, situation, and height above the ground were noted down and, where it was possible to examine a nest at close qua.rters or to take it away, its shape, measurements and material were re­corded.

A total of 271 nests were examined. They were obtained from environments which, in general, may be divided into three groups:

1. Rural environment. - It is characterized by the presence of farmsteads with low and detached farm-p.ouses and other farm buildings, situated in the vicinty of cultivated fields or, at times, woods. This environment is represented by 51 nests from Cieszyn Silesia, the region at the foot of the Carpathians, the Krak6w-WielUll J urassic Ridge and the Kielce District.

2. Suburban environment. - This environment includes relatively loosely built-up areas, in which villa type houses predominate; it abounds in gardens and greens. The material of 148 nests from this environment was collected in the outskirts of Krak6w, Skocz6w and Lancut.

3. Urban environment. - Attached houses, scarcity of green and open areas, heavy traffic, etc. are typical of this environmcnt. Seventy-two nests obtained from this environment were collected in Krakow, Nowa Huta, Bielsko­Bi~Lla and Skoczow.

1I r. KEST·STTE

The House Sparrow i.; a.n ~mincnf .ly syn .. nf,ilropic . hird and it nests in all environments, as often as not in the close vicinity of man, choosing, however, diverse places for its nest. Five main types of nest-sites may be distinguished in our material. This fact indicates gre:1t capabilities of the species to adapt to different environments. Diagrams of the five-types of nest-sites are shown in Fig. 1. These types are:

1. Nests on rafters under roofs of houses. Three varia,nts of this type of nest-sites have been elltablished according to local conditions: a. nests ' on rafters in the ridge part of the roof, b. nests on rafters in the middle part of the roof, and c. nests on rafters in the eaves part of the roof.

n. Nests in crevices in walls, hollows left after bricks or mortar, cracks and holes in rocks, tree-holes and nesting-boxes. A generaL characteristic of this type of ncst-sites is that the nests are placed in a limited space, closed at least on three sides. This type, again, has three variants: a. nests in hollows after bricks, gaps in walls, recesses for lamps, etc., .

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. Type 11 - among tree branches.

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b. nests in crevices left aft~r mortar and other building materials have crumbled away, in vents and in cracks of rocks, and c. nests in tree-holes and nesting-boxes.

Ill. Nests behind a gutter-spout. IV. Nests in ",a,1l creepers (Virginia creeper, ivy). V. Free-standing nests in tree branches. In the distinction of particular types of nest-sites we based ourselves only

on the nature of the place in which a nest was situated, that is, the set of char­acters that made up the definite conditions for nesting. Hence, e. g., Type Il includes nests in rather diverse environments, such as crevices and holes in walls, tree-holes and nesting-boxes. All these nests, however, were affected by similar factors, which conditioned, among other things, the manner of build­ing and the nature of construction. The numbers of nests representing differ­ent types and variants for particular environments are given in Table I.

Table I

Comparison of the numbers of nests in particular typlls and variants of nest-sites in different environments

Environment .. ~. v'){ , " . . ~ ~ ~~

Total Type od nests Variant Rural Suburban Urban

number I % number l % number I % number ~

a. I . top 2 3.92 4 2.70 2 2.77 8 2.95

I b on rafter middle 3 5.88 15 10.13 18 6.64

c eaves 19 37.28 29 1!J.54 4 5.93 52 19.18

-- --11 a. 4" 7.84 11 7.43 6 8.33 21 6.75

in holes b 3 5.88 8 5.40 11 4.06 and crevices c 4 7.84 17 11.46 8 11.11 29 10.80

HI behind gutter spout 12 8.22 29 40.27 41 15.12

IV in creepers 1 1.96 49 33.lO 22 30.25 72 26.49

-----V

a.mong bran-ches of trees 10 19.60 10 3.69

---Others 5 9.80 3 2.02 1 1.34 9 3.32

Total I I

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148 1100.00 I

72 1100.00 I

271 1100.00

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As will be seen from an analysis of the particular environments, the nests placed on rafters (Type I) predominate in the rural environment, 47.08 %, which is particularly true of the eaves variant. The nests situated in holes and crevices (Type II) come second, 21.£)6 %. In the suburban environment the most numerous nests are those in creepers (Type IV), 33.10 %, but their pre­dominance is caused by the inclm;ion of the data from two la.rge colonies in this table. In fact, this type of nest-sites is not so numerously represented in the suburban environment and, as in the ruml environment, the nests on rafters (32.37%) and those in holes and crevices (24.29 %) are characteristic of it. In the urb,w environmcnt the commonm;t' nest-sites rcpref-icnt Type IH, behind a gutter ::;pout (40.27 %). The nest$ in creepers come second in number (30.2;""; %) and those in crevice::; and hollows in walls third (19 . .J.! %). The sum­mation of the dat.a from these three environmclltl:l show::; t.hat the nests on rafters (Type I) Me the 1l10St 11I111H:1'01lS and forlll ~S. 77 % of all t.he nests we found.In spite of 1,he till" t· \ ' .1 ri,1l1t,s tlist .in~· uisltetl ahove, thi;,; type is relat.ively uniform in respcct of till' 1I ,!,tlll'C of Lil£'. l'h('(:':; in whkh nests are ::;it,uated and it f-ieems to be the most chamcteristic of the rural and suburb:1n environ­ments. On the contrary, Type II (22.Gl % of the tota.l of ne::;ts found), which also splits into 1,hree variants, is immensely differentiated in so far as envi­ronment~11 conditions are conccrned and represents a wide flLnge of ~1drLptive capabilities of the llouse Sparrow for nesting in diverse places fit for t.his pur­pose. Out of the other types of nCl:,t-sites, those among branches of trees, though farely met with, are worthy of note. Ten nests of this type wcre found, which makes 3.()9 % of the tot.al rn:Lterial, all of them in a rural environment in the Kielce District. The only other record of this mode of nesting in Poland has heen obtained hy letter from l\Ia,g. L. TOl\IIALOJ6 (outskirts of I;egnica and Wrochw). \'-c have rcceived another record of the occurrence of this type of nexts in Moravia (Czechoslovakia) by oml communication from Dr. Z. Bo­CIIENSKI. It is noteworthy that these nests (some dozens in number) were sited in roadside trees among t.he fields, a long way from huma,n abodes. In literature the data concerning the free-standing nests of the House Sparrow among the branches of trees have been presented by BARLOV (19GG), BOURNE

(19;;3), B(T~SE (1961), GREVE (19;-;8), HAENSEL (19G6), Novm:ov et. al. (1963), l'opov (1 !.Hi2), Su.mmm;-Sl\ll'L'H (19G3) and TACZA?\OIVSKI (18()2). NOVIKOV et. :11. (lU(j3) state tha,t in the environs of l\[oseow liouRe Sparrows huild their first nests of the llreeding-Reason under roofs and in differcnt holes and crev­ieeR, whereas the next ones may occur in the crowns of trees.

Among the 271 nests fonnd, 9 c:mnot be numbered in any of the basic typeR and have been defined as exceptions (others). These are t.he nests of IIouse Sparrows found on steel girders inside hctory buildings (1 nest), in nests, of the House Martin (4 nests), in nests of the Fieldf:Lre (1 nest), in nests of the Chaffinch (1 nest), imide wooden balcony brackets (1 nest) and behind a natio­nal emhlem on a huilding (1 nest.).

These cas eR are not, however, isolated, as ma,ny descriptions of such uneom-

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mon nest-sites of House ~Jlarrows can lIe found in literature. There are compar­atively numerous inst,a,nc('s of ll(>sting of House Bl':l,rrows in the nests of other birds, sueh as Swallow:; (l't)]'uv, 1%2: BU~,DIEl!:::: - :::;mTII, H)(j3), different species of Crow birds (GREYE, 1958; SUMJlfERS-S:mTH, 19(3), Storks (SUl\DfERS-Sl\IITH, 19(3) different birds of prey (M:OREJOHN, 1953; SUl\lMERS-S:\fITH, 19(3) and Wood Pigeons (BARLOY, 19(6). In addition, SUl\DlEHS-S::\IITH (19G3) writes about the nesting of House Sparrows in the partly remodelled nests of Thrushes, Chaffinches as wcll as in the holes of Sand ~Iartins and Kingfishers. In s'outh­east Asia, . colonies of House Sparrows ha\'e been found nesting in burrows, in the loess walls of gorges and in the steep banks of rivers (Popov, 1962). Ho­wever, the author does not explain whether they were holes abandoned by other species (swallows or small mammu.ls) or whether they were excavated by House Sparrows. A similar phenomenon of colonial nesting in cliff crevices and rock holes has becn reported by BUilll\IERS-S::\lITlI (19G3) from IcehLnd and the Glasgow region, a,nd SUDIIAUR (19;")7) from northern Norway. As curiosities, BARLOY (19GG) mentions a House Sparrow's n(>st huilt between two elcctric conductors (15 cm a,part) and another place(l on the sill out.side a window; BRIDG~lAN (19(j~) describcR the nesting of these birds in aeroplanes, unused for a long time and designed for repair. A hollow excavated for the nest by a House Sparrow in the trunk of an old tree (PIlfLIl'::;ON, H)38) is also a curious instanee.

The height of nest-sitcs above the' ground shows rehttively great fluctuations, which range from 1.5 m t,o 13 m. The d,tta for the particular environmcnts

Table Il

IIeigusts of sites of 271 nests of House Sparrow in diffel'ent environments

Rural Suburban I Urban I Total Height groups, No. of

I No. of I 1-;;:-1-0 I No. of

I in m. 0 1 % nests Yo % nests / 0 nests nests

I I 0- 0.99

1.0- 1.99 3 2.02 3 1.11 2.0- 2.99 22 14.86 22 8.12 3.0- 3.99 6 11.76 30 20.27 8 11.11 44 16.24 4.0- 4.99 22 43.14 16 10.85 9 12.50 47 17.34 5.0- 5.99 15 29.41 23 15.54 12 16.67 50 18.45 6.0- 6.99 7 13.73 ]9 12.83 JO 13.89 36 13.28 7.0- 7.99 1 1.96 13 8.78 12 16.67 26 9.!)9 8.0- 8.99 15 10.13 3 4.17 18 6.64 9.0- 9.99 2 1.35 13 18.05 15 5.57 0.0-10.99 1 0.67 2 2.78 3 1.11

1 1.0-11.99 2 1.35 1 1.38 , 3 1.11 2.0-12.99 2 1.35 2 2.78 4 1.48

Total 51 100.00 148 100.00 72 100.00 . 271 100.00

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and their comparison are presented in Tahle n. It will be seen from this table that in the rural environment most of the nests are l..milt at heights of 4-4 ·99 m and [)'0-[)'99 m (43'14 % and 29·41 %, respectively). The suhurban environment shows preference for nests at a height from 3 ·0 to 3·99 m (20'77 %) and most of the nests (ahout 75 %) arc ull<ler 7 m. 011 the other han!i, this environment is char:wtprize<i l,y ,1 \'ery wide dist,riblltion of heights of nest-sites. In the urlmn en\'ironment, the numhers of nests within particubr height groups . are more or lei:is uniformly distributed from 3 to 10 m.

A conl})(Ll'ison of totals from the three environments shows that a greater part of the nests belong to the height groups 3 ,0-3,99 m (16·2·1%), 4·0-4·99 m (17·3·1 %, and [)'0-5'99 m (UHtI%). The nests situated below 3 m and above 7 m constitute a decided minority of the total od nests found, there being more nests pl:wed at greater heights than 7 m than those below 3 m. Accor<ling to the <lata presented by SUlIIJ\1Errs-S;IlI'm (J 9(3), the House Sparrow most frequently nests 3 m and more from the ground, though exceptionally there occur ne::;ts at a height of some dozen centimetres above the ground. The heights of nest-sites examined by BAHLOY (19GG) in Paris and its environs range from 4 to 10 m, and POl'OV (19G2) gives the mean height equal to 10 m for the nests on hmnehes of trees.

IV. SHAPE AND SIZE OF NESTS

The nest of the House Sparrow is a more or less regular spherical mass, whose shape and size are to a great extent dependent on the conditions of the site. The common characters of all its nests are the spherical or semispherical shape, the presence of a dome covering the ncst from above, the clcarly de­fined nest-cup and the entmnce pas::;age. All these characters, except for the nest-cup, which is always well delimited, vary in distinctness, which allows the classification of nests in four groups. The groups differ mther remarkably in structure.

Group 1. It includes most of the nests placed on rafters (Type I, variants a and b). They have a relatively long entrance paSS[1ge (15 cm and more), a flattened and almost elliptical shape, and a poorly developed dome. The slight difference between the height and the depth, with a comparatively great width, i:-; a characteristic of this group. Some nests situated on rafters in the eaves part of roofs (variant e) differ from the previous ones in their smaller length of entrance passage (from 5 to 15 cm). Some of the nests in crevices and holes (Type Il, variant b), in which the structure is determined by similar site conditions, can al~o be numbered in this group.

Group n. This group consists of mmlt of the nests placed in crevices and holes (Type n, variants b and c). Their entrance passage ranges between 5 cm and .1;-; cm in length, and the dome is moderat.ely well developed. The nests of this group approximate to a sphere in shape, but show an inclination towards

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an elongation in the vertical axis, and hence the height is the greatest of all their dimensions.

Group Ill. It contains nests built in recesses and gaps in walls, in hollows left after bricks, as well as those placed behind gutter-spouts (Type Il, variant a, and Type HI). These nests have a very short -- if any at all -- entmnce pas­sage, a spherictLl shape, and a well-developed dome. If a nest has ueen used for several ureeding-seasons, it usually has a greater height, uecause it has been systematically extended. In the nests constructed behind a gutter-spout the height is generally greater than in the remaining nests of the group, though their depth remains unchanged. Thill difference in height is due to the increase in the thickness of the uottom layer of the nest, which :Lgain results from the fact that the nest sited uehilld a spout has no solid uase to rest on and so a large part of it is suspended ill the air, its main points of support being at the sides.

Group IV. This group consists of nests in creepers and tree branches. They have the shape of a sphere and an opening in the upper half of the side wall. The entrance passage is very short, corresponding to the thickness of the wall, and the solid dome forms a compact whole with the rest of the nest. These nests are uetter constructed and more massive than those of the previous groups.

Studying the nesting of House Sparrows in the ruml environment, No­VOTNY (1965) distinguished three types of nests on the uasis of similar criteria. According to his da,ta, the ncsts which might be numbcred in our group III were the most numerous in this environment.

In order to define the shape and size of nests we measured the outer and inner diameters, as well as the height and the depth of nest (Fig. 2). The two

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5 -- length of entrance passage

diameters were measured twice, and in the case of an elliptical or irregular shape, these measurements were the shortest and the longest diameter. The arithmetic means obtained from these two measurements were used for all

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Table III DimenRions of nests of House Sparrow

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nests :\r( ' :l-illl (',m~nts

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. Outer

diameter 26 17.0-23.5 21.3 2.22 10.42

Inner diameter 26 6.0-12.0 8.9 0.66 7.50

Height 24 14,0-;-31.0 21.9 1.29 5.89

Depth 26 5,0- 8.0 6.4 0.93 14.60

calculations. 'When taking mearmrements, we often encountered great difficulties, because some ncsts were hard of access, or on account of their' loose structure, ' which made it impossible for us to remove them undamaged or to take their exact measurements. Consequently, we managed to ta,ke only 26 fnll measurements and, as far as the height of nest if'. concerned, only 2·1. The measurements are offered in Table Ill. nesides, the distrihution of the inner diameters and depths of the nests examined has been present.ed in the form of diagrams (Figs. 3 and 4). As will be seen from our calculations; the inner diameter (arithemtie mean being 8·9 cm with standard deviation equal to 0'(6) and the depth (arithmetic mean -6·4 cm, standard devia,tion - 0'03) are the most clmmet.el'iHtic measurements of the House Sparrow's nCHt. Thel'e mea.surements define the nest-cup, whieh in this nest is always very distinct and made of material tlmt does not undergo any deformations.

The height and outer diameter of nests are for the most part governed by the size (capacity) of the nest-site, a,nd for this reasontheparticular meas­urements vary rather considerably from each other and the standard de-

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viation is greater than 1 hc mr.:m (:!·22 for t.llc outer diamet.er and 1·29 for the height). The weights of nests taken for 55 specimens throw some light upon their size ana the amount of building material used (Fig. 5). The fluctua· tions in weight are very great anu range from 4 to 33 dkg. (arithmetic mean . being 16 ukg). TheHe uatl1 confirm the results obtaineu hy RARLOY (UHi(i),

who gives thc weights ranging from 3·9 to 27·5 ukg., most frequcntly het.ween 10 and 15 ukg. Still higher values may be founu in lit.erature, e. g., 1\IAKAT~Cll (1957) mentions a nest weighing 61 dkg.

Y. ~EST MATERIAL

NinetY-Mix nestM have heen stndied in respeet of material . used to huild them. The results of these analyses are shown in Table IV.

The House Sparrow uses very diverHe nest materia'}, which, in genera,}, can be divided into natural and artificial m:tterials. Natural materials incInue elements of plant and animal origin, those uerived from plants being mnch more differcntiateu (19 sorts of plant materittls, 6 sorts od animal materials). Artiiicbl materi:tls are also much differentiated, sinee we managed to diHtin­guish 16 various sorts among them. An analysis of the data from the particul:tr environments makes it possihle to est,:thlish characteristic mat.eri;tls, that is, such as occur in an least GO % of the nests of each environment. These are: hay, straw, ae;td leaves, hents of grasses, feathers and threads. Ont of the materials of plant origin, hay, found in 95 % of the tot,LI of nests examined, and straw, founu in 8fh! % of the nests, are most often u sed for building. These materials make the main mass of nest,s and more oft.en than not occur both together; there are only few nests in which one of them has been used. Among the materials of animal origin, feathers of different species of birds, but mostly of hens, being present in 96·7 % of the total of nests, are the commonest ele­ment here. Feathers are generally used as lining of the cnp, but also to build the nest walls. In the few nests in which feathers are wanting t.hey are replaced by uown. BUn,RAGE (1964) descrihes nests in which danuelion down was used

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instead of feathers and down of birds. The number of feathers in a nest may be imposing; for instance, SmDfERS-SMITH (1963) mentions 200 to 300 a e s as an average, but their number may come to 1200 in exceptional cases. Ana­lysing a nest, BARLOY (19G6), too, found 590 feathers in it. Another frequent element of nest material are different kinds of threads, ascertained in 77·8 % of the ne~t'i examined. They m:Lke very good material used by the House Spar­row to fasten up the ne~t construction. As to artific.ial materilLls, such as piec­es of paper, cloth, thread, ti~sue p~Lper, etc.., their Yariegat.ion is striking. Yellow, violet, whit,(~, red mill lIlne pi(!re~ were encotlllt,erecl. This nmy be re­ferred to the analogous phenomenon described in Tree Sparrows as a ,:need for embellishment" of nests by ET!'lENJIUT & Lurz (193G). However, CREUTZ (1948), who also deals with this prohlem in the Tree Sparrow, states that there is no pllrpoilefulnesR in this behaviour of the bird; it simply picks up the ma­terial that catches its eye most.

It should be a<lded tha,t the House Sparrow's neHt material varies consider ably in siz eand ilhape. The lengt.h of particular pieces of straw and hay ranges between 5 an<l 75 cm and pieces of string, which are rather often found in nests, reach GO cm in length. Resides, small tufts of grails with earth among the rootH and balls of thread or string are not mre in the nest of this bird.

The wide range of both nat.ural and artifieial ne~t materials is undoubtedly connected with the diven;ity of environments inhabited by the Home Sparrow. It collects ml1teri:11 for neRt a short di~t.a.nce from the nest-site l1nd does not select it, but is governed hy its aeceRsihlit,y. Hence mm;t of the neHf,s situated near ea,ch other, e. g., in an urhan eourtynrd or within a farmst.ead, arc as a rule built of similar m:Lterials. The Wie of hl1ilding materia,l with ~mch a wide mnge of ch:1mct.er~ iil eonnected wit.h great adaptive capabilit.ies of this speeies. The dat.:L concerning the mat,(\l'ials u~ed by the House RP:LlTOW t.o build its nest given hy ot.her aut.hors are similar to those fouud during our investigal,ionR (nAl\'NEIt~lAN, 1 fI:I~; RAnLOY, l!)()G; HUIWAGE, 1 filiI; PITTElt and RICIIAlm~oN, ltli) ·I; GLEGG, 192HJ29; 1'. .. I\CKT, l!l(i2; 8m111lEItH-SMI'm, 19G3; TACZANO"\\'HKI,

18G2; WARDEN, 19;:)0; WILLlA;\\J..;ON, 1(50).

VI. DISCUSSION

The data on the site, shape and size of .the House Sparrow's nest, as well as those on the material med for building, presented in the previous sections show great variation and, what follows, great ada.ptive capabilities of this bird in all the directions mentioned. This wide range of variation makes it, to a great extent, difficult to define the characters which extremely different nest.s have in commoll, namely, those associated wi'th t.he geneticallyestablis­hed nest formation characteriHtic of t.his Rpecies (PRm,IPTOW, 1945). As Bo-

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Table IY

Occurrence od different materials in 95 nests of House Sparrow relative to environment (26 rural, 47 sUburban and 22 urban nests)

I Rural Suburban Urban I Total -

I I I Material No. of No. of I No. of No. of

nests % nests % nests % nests %

hay 25 96.1

I 46 97.8 20 90.9 91 95.8

straw ,,- 96.1 45 95.8 15 68.1 85 89.4 _;)

bents of grasses 22 84.6 33 70.2 10 4;3.4 65 68.4 uead leaves , 18 69.2 23 44.2 11 50.0 52 54.7 staIJes of weeds 17 65.3 29 61.6 5 22.7 51 53.6 root.s of grass and weeds 15 57.6 32 68.0 3 13.6 50 52.6 fresh grass 18 69.2 23 44.2 7 31.8 48 50.5 sticks P, 30.4 20 42.7 13 59.0 41 43.1

et> bark U 34.6 21 44.6 4 18.1 34 35.7 :0 ~ bast 9 34.6 19 40.4 6 27.2 34 35.7 ..., et>

twigs 7 26.9 44.6 2U 30.3 bD 21 1 4.5 et> :> chafi' 13 50.0 9 19.1 4 18.1 26 27.4

ca moss 9 34.6 8 17.0 3 13.6 20 20.1 ~ ..., ears II 42.3 7 14.6 18 18.9 '" Z chips 4 15.2 12 25.5 16 16.8 ,

splinter 5 10.6 5 5.2 green leaves 1 3.8 3 6.3 4 4.2 flowers 3 6.3 3 3.1 pods 1 3.8 1 2.1 2 2.1 .earth 1 3 11.4 5 10.6 8 8.4

--whole feather 25 96.1 45 95.8 22 100.0 92 96.7

ca feather shafts 9 34.6 14 29.2 6 27.2 29 30.5

S down 9 34.6 14 29.2 5 22.7 28 29.4 .~ .

>=I hair 12 46.1 12 25.5 24 25.2 -<11

horsehair 2 7.6 4 8.5 3 13.6 9 10.4 animal fur (with skin) 3 6.3 3 3.1 , ,

-"-

~ ... ~

1

<\i :§ ~ ..., .. -<

threads cotton-wool string cellulose tissne paper coloured pieces of cloth glass-wool fibres of eoeo-lIut matting wadding tissne paper coloured U:l:lne J):\pel" filter paper strap insulated wire

11 6 5 2 5 6

I 3 2

41.8 22.8 19.2 17.6 19.2 22.8 3.8 3.8

11.4 7.6

3.8

I 41 87.2 26 55.3 23 44.2 17 359 14 29.2 8 17.0

10 . 21.3 7 14.6 2 4.2 3 6.3 4 8.3

1 2.1

--22 100.0 74 77.8 15 68.1 47 47.5 7 31.8 35 36.8

11 50.0 30 31.5 3 13.6 22 23.1 5 22.7 19 20.0 I 4.5 12 12.6 2 9.0 10 10.5 4 18.1 9 9.4 I 4.5 6 6.2 I 4.5 5 5.2 3 13.6 3 3.1

I 1.1 I 1.1

• --1 Earth is brought into the nests with roots of plants

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2 3 1 5 .6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 11. 15 16 17 18 19 ZO 21 22. 23 24 25 26 iz 28 29 30 31 32 3:5 DKG

Fig. 5. Weights of material used for builtling of the nests of House Sparrow l>:) ~ ~

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244

CIIEI~'SKI (1957, 1961, 1962, 1966) has demonstrated in his papers on the nest ing of different 8pecies of birds, the characters of their nests (except those established genetically) depend in a great measure on a number of factors, both environmental (the nature of nest-site) and thoRe connected with the qualities of material (diveri>ity of elements, their ela.stieity and pla,sticity). He states that in the Rpecies which build their nests of very plaRtic and scarcely elastic material the fluctuations of mCfI,i>uremcnts, among them also those of 1,he inner diameter, are very gre:Lt and they f':till inel'cafle with the loofle structure of nests. The House Sparrow'i> nei>ts are for the mOflt pa.rt huilt of h:mUy elastic and relatively plastic matprial (ha,\-, straw) and n,s a rule have :L loose con­struction. Their heig-ht a III t nu t·rr ltia m lct pr :nc, 1I ho ve all, (let.ermiurd by t.he nature of the site and owi Itg' \,(1 it,:.. diver:-;ity :<Iww grca,t v:1,riatioll. In free-stand- · ing nests (in crepers tmd ":('.(' hranehes), whirh ha ve a more compa,ct structure of walls, the differences in size are comparlatively small. A f:1irly constant char­acter of the House Sparrow's nests seems to he the mag-nitnde of the diameter ' of the neflt-eup, which is built of relatiYely elastic material nndergoing no lasting defornutions, i. e., feathers, and therefore shows slight fluct.uat.ions.

It can he sta,te(l on the hasis of t.he results ohtained during the prei>ent investigations that the characters of the House Sparrow's nests are: their ten<1rncy to a spherieal or semispheri(~a.l shape, their hl'illg- eovered wit,h lmild­ing materia'! from ahove irrespective of the nature of the site, their rebti\'ely distinct nest-cup as compared with the loose and untidy construction of the rest of the nest, and the use of stra.w, h~Ly and fea,thers as building ma­teria,l~.

The types of constrnction and ~ite of nests diilting-uished in thiR llaper indi­cat.e also a gret plastieit"v of the House Sparrow's nest-building instinct. The origimLl type of nest.s in this species seemH t.o he represented by a spheri(\al free-standing nest in tree hru,nches and in creepers. This snpposition is snp­ported by the fact that. even in closed spaces, snch as hollows in walls and tree-holes, in which there is no need to protect the nest from above, the Honse Sparrow always does it. The data prpsented by TACZ,\;\OWHKI (186~) abont a hundred years ago show evident.ly thn,t at that tilne free-stan(ling nests in tree branches were eneonntered more frequently in Poland, as often as the other types of nesting, where:ts at present snch nests are ra.ther numhered among exceptions. An analog-OilS process of reduction of tho numhcr of free­stanuing nests in Germany and Roma.nia in the present century has been ascertained also by HAENsEL (1906). Now nests are built in tree branches only when IIouse Sparrows have no chances to build them in sheltered or closed places, for this lafit mode of nesting has become typical of this species. It is difficult to determine the evolutionary course of the nest-building instinct · for a certainty and whether the nesting in tree-holes, ground holes and rock crevices results from the preceding ad:Lptation of the House Spm-row for nesting in holes and crevices in huilding-s or vice versa. It is :Llso worth while to eonsider the cases in wllich these birds occupy the abandoned nests of other birds, either

)

, I

I I I 1--- ----

245

in their original form of open nests or remodelling them by huilding a dome over them. This may be a new step in the evolution of their nest-building in­stinct, which possihility was also considered h~' SU;\J:\ums-SmTII (HHl3).

Among the hinls of Centra,} EllI'ope t.he grca,t,pst resemhlalwe in nest con- ' struct.ion should he expe(·t,C'd in t.he phy 10g('Ilt't.it·,ally dospst, J'('bl i "e of the House Spa,rrow, 1,elonging to the same g\'llIIS, i. e., in the Tree t";pnJ'J'ow ]'asscr mon/(Ll/.us. The 'l.'ree ~paJ'row uses Y('ry diveJ'se huilding maL~J'ial, which is anlogous with that appli('(l hy the 1I011se Sp~\'rrow as far as its qualitative composit.ion and pen·entile share are (\OIWPl'Iled (nE,;CK, IlWl; ('HEUTZ, lfl40; EISENlltJ'f and L\ 'TZ, 1l):W; j{,ll'I'IIl';E, 1 !);-,.I; SEI';L, 1 !/;-,I; ~()I\oL:n\';"(I\I, 1 H.18;

TACZAXOWSKI, 18(j2). The mode of huil(ling, the shape and the out.er uiaml'tcrs, as well as the manner in which the n('st. is plaeed in it.s ,sit.e, arc l\'lso mmlo/!ous. Although CAJlIl'BELL (HJ;-,~), FITTEli lIw} HICIIAH])f-;ON (HJii4) :1,NI :KOLL (19;;9) distinguish ,the nests of these two spi.,ties, they giye no p~;senti:tl ch:ll'acters which would make it possible to tell 1.1)('111 from e,Leh other ill ,L decisive m:LI1ner. In his key to 1,ird ll(lSt.S ;\[rrrEYEV (1\);17) offers t,he mc~Lll dimensions of the nc~ts of House and Tree Sparrows, out of "'hirh the inncr di,1m<'lt,ers differ evident.ly from eaeh other (alHmt 8 cm in t.he House Rp,1,rrow antI ahout. ;) cm in the 'l'ree Sparrow). It is IHnYenr ohyions that, iLl' this differ.~n(·c has heen found hy stat.ist.ic-al methods, there will he some, perhaps not very nunwrous, cases in hig series, snch th:Lt t.he values of me;tsnrenH'nt,s will coilwicle owing to their wide ranges of variation (cf. T,Lh1e Ill). 'rhus, this rhar:Lct.pr !),lIows the distinction of nests of these 1;\\'0 speeies in most. t~ases, hut. not. in all of them. Some differene('s in the ncsting of liOllSt' and TI;ee Spm'l'OWR in (\'ut.ra1 E1Il'0pe may he found in the loca1i,mtiol1 of ne~ts. To he sure, t,hey (10 not. ('.OI1<',erl1 , the numhcr and t.~·pe of yariant.s of ncst-sit~s, hut consist ill the sejpet.ioll of different breeding hiot.opef; whieh det,crmine t.he site of nesting. 'l'hpse differ­enees arc, however, (Ine to the faet that the Home f)paITm\, Ollsts t.he Tree Sparrow from its places of llPst.ing thr,l1Igh ';lIt tht! area where t.heir ranges overlap (SI'~J:\rERR-f)~IITIr, 1 HG:3). \Vh('rcvcr th('re are no House Rparrow8 or they oecur as visiting birds, the Tree RJl~l'l'oWS occnYlY their hreec1ing hio­top cs and dwd1 m:linly in human RCt.t.lPl11:'llj .s C\'\"!! in centr;)'l district.s of town (F()Jnlozo\', 101 -1; S\ ' ])ILO\,SKAYA, In;)l; t-;Ul\DlEUf-;-S,\U'l'II, 1%3). Thcs~ d~1,ta

are fully confirmed hy the obseryations of Pll'iO\\'SKI (1%7), who sllOws that the rural ellvironment is t he optimal hl'cpding hiotope for t.he Tn>c ~parrow and that the farthc'!' from hllma,n honses, the more mrcly t.his R]leeies nests.

Many refiemhblH'p~ in , nest ('onst.nwt,ion HIl(1 site may also heen fonnd in other species of t Il e genus Pas,~cr. nrWCl( (l!)(i 1, aft.:)l' BOE'l"I'lClIlm, 191)8 a.nd l'IfACKWOIn'H et al., 19i13) 'writes that Passcr 8implc.r, Pa8SCI' rnelanurus and Passcr rnolitensis show the RHme (·haractcrR in nest, site :tnd const.rnct,ion as those in the House and Tree Sp:urows. POI'OV (19G2) de~l~riheR the nest sites of Passcr hispalliolclIsis, which do not. diffJr from those of the species under study. As will be seen from the p :lpel' hy SOPYEV (HHi7), the nest,s of Passcr 8impl-ex much resemble the free-standing nests of House and Tree Spar-

.' - ,----.. _._ ._----. --._, -_._------ ,--, ----~-~~--..

"

. '

it .1.

it

,-

246

rows. The same may be told about the nest of Passer rujocinctus, described by CoLLIAS and CoLLIAS (196-1).

Some analogieR in neRt construction and shape can be observed in other species of the family Ploceidac. The birds of this family build nests of differ­ent shapes but always closed from above and with an entrance in the side waIl or from below, often furni shed with an entrance passage (CROOK, 1960; SALIl\I ALl, 19.'18). Out of the HouRe Sparrow's nests, the free-standing ones

. in creepers and in hranches of trees have a spherical or ovate shape with a side entrance and resemble the nests of other l'loccidae. This would be another character supporting the membership of the genus l'asser in the family Ploceidae, for in old literature, as well as in some recent puhlications, this genus is erro­neously referred to the family PrirlfJilidae (BANNElmAN, 1953; DUNAJEIYSKI and l\fARCHLEWSKI, 1938; SOKOLOWSKI, 1958; TACZANOWSKI, 1882).

Translated into English by ?Ilr J. Zawadzki

REFERENCES

Antoni Kulczycki Katedra Zoologii WSR

Kl'ak6w, AI. Mickiewicza 24/28 Maria Mazllf-G iel'asiIlska

Bieh;ko-Biala ul. Hohater6w 'Warszawy 13

BANNERMAN D. A., 1953. The Birds of the British Isles, London. 1. BARLOY J. J., 1966. RechercheR sur le moineau domestique Passer d. domesticus (LINNE) 1758:

cycle biologique, ecologie, dynamique de population; sa plaee dans l'avifaune Parisiene (in print).

BERcK K. H., 1961. Beitriige znr Ethologie tl('s J<'cltlsperlings (PasRcr montanus) und de!18en Beziehung zum IIaussperling (l'asser domesticus). Vogelwelt, Berlin und Munchen, 82 (5-6): 129-173.

BOCHEilsKI Z., 1957. Obserwacje nad umiejscowieniem i budowl1 gniazda u muchol6wki szarej lIIu8cicapa striata (PALL.) Zesz. Nauk. UJ, Zoologia, Krak6w, 2: 77-83.

BOCIIE~SKI Z., 1901. Nesting biology of the Black-necked Grebe. Bird Study, Oxford, 8 (1): 6-lii.

BOCllE~SKI Z., 1962. Nesting of Black-headed Gull Laru8 ridibundus L. Acta zoo!. cracov., Kra­k6w, 7 (6): 87-- 120.

BOCIIENSKI Z., 1906. Nesting of Common an<;l Black Terns. Acta zoo!. cracov., Krak6w, 11 (14): 421-450. \

BOURNE W. P. R., 1953. House sparrow enlarging its nesting site. Brit. Birds, London, 46 (10): 381-382.

BRIDG~[AN C. J., 1962. Birds Nesting in Aircraft. t. Birds, London, 55 (11): 461-470. BURRAGE B. R., 1964. A nesting study of the House Sparrow (Passer donwsticus) in San Diego

Country, California. Trans. Kansas Acad. ScL, Kansas, 67 (4): 093-701. BUSSE H., 1964. Del' lIaussperling (Passer domcsliGpa.) als Freibruter im Tierpark Berlin.

Milu, 1: 310-317. CAMPBELL B., 1953. Finding Nests. London.

"

I I ~

~ ,

I '.-._ ~--=-~'~-,.-- . -~----------Si N.i 444,,;:;;;t§4i P $; .... ,

247

COLLIAS N. E., COLLIAS E. C., 1964. Evolution of nest.building in tche Weaverbirds(Ploc eidae) Univ. of California Pub!. in Zoology, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 73.

CREUTZ, G. 1949. UntersucllUngen znr Brutbiologie des Felusperlings. Zoo!. Jahrb. Jena. 711 (2): 133-172.

CROOK, J. H. 1060. Kest Porm and Construction in Certain "~est African "Weaver .. birds. Ibis, Lonuon, 102 (1): 1- 2.'5.

DUNAJEWSKI, A., ~L\lWlIl.EWSKI J., 1038. Klucz do oznaczania ptakuw Polski. Krak6w. EISENllUT E., LUTZ 'V., 1036. Beobachtungen liber uie Fortpflanzungsbiologie des Feldsper.

lings. Mitt. Yogelw., Stuttgart, 35 (1): 1-14. FITTER R. S. R.., RICHARDSOl\ R. A., 1954. The Pocket Guide to Nests and Eggs. London. FOR~OZOV A. N., 1944. Zametki 0 ekologii i seiskochoziajstwiennom znacenii vorobev (Pas8er

d. uaclrianus ZAR. et KUDASCIL i Pas~er m. pallidus ZAR.) v juinoj Turkmenii. Zoo!. zurn., MoskYa, 23 : 342-350.

GLEGG E., 1928/29. Bark stripping by House Sparrow. Brit. Birds, London, 22: 159. _ GREYE K., 1958. ZllIn Preibruten der Haussperlinge (Passer clotnesticus) ulld ues Pelu8perlings _

(Passer mOlltanus) auf K euwerk. Om. Mitt., Hamburg. 10 (9): 176. HAENSEL J., 1066. Vergieichenue betraehtungen zum Freibruten deI' Haussperlinge (Passer

domesticus L.) in RllIuiillien und DDR. Trav. Mus. D'hist. Nat., Bueure'iti, 6: 339-344. -L~CKI A., 1062. Obsenvacje nau bioiogi:t l~g(')\v wrblJia domowego. Act.a Ol'll., Warszawa,

6 (12): 105- :W7. MIlIEYEY A. V., 1957. Opredelitel ptit":ich glliezd. Moskva. MAKATSCII 'Y., 19:;7. Ptak i glliazdo, jajo i pisklQ. \\"arszawa. MOREJOHN G. Y., 195:3. Engli.;h Sparrow nesting wit.hin Nest of !ted tailed l-lawks. Condor, _

Berkeley, 55 (:1): 161-162. NOLL H., 1959. Best.immnng~t.alJclle fiir N.e!lter nnd Eier cinheimischer Voge!. Base!. NOVIKUV G. A., MAL('mv:>KI.J A. S., OVCINSIKOYA N. 1'., IVA~ovA N. S., 190:3. l't.iey u<~le·

scllOza "Les na Vor::!kle" i jevo okrest.l1osliej. Yopro.,y eko!. i bioceno!. Moskya. 8: 9-ll8.

NOVOTI\ Y J., 1965. Vliv tvaru Imiz(la na prilbeh hnizdi'mi 11 vrahee rlom:i.eiho (l'al<.'lir rlorncsti. CU8). Zpravy gcogr. t'H!tavu CI::lA Y. Opava. 4 (1:34 .. B): 4- 8. . .

PlIILll':>ON 'V. H.., 19:38. House Sparrows excavat.ing nest .. hole. Brit. Birds, London, 32: 17. -­PoPov A. V., 1062. Vorobi - vrediteli zernovo eh(Jziaj~t.wa Y 1'adiikil:!t.anie i ich istreblenie.

Trudy A. N. TadiSSH, Du~anhc. 22: 21i - -:IH. PINOWSKI J., I Olii. Die Auswalll d('s Brut.lJiot op" beirn VeldHperlillg (l'aHXl'r rn. 1/WlllallnR L.).

Ekologia po!. A., W:1rszawa. 15 (1): PROMPTOV A. N., 194;). Fizjologiczc~kij unaliz instiukt.a gnieztlot!trojenija u ptic. Izw. Akademii

Nauk SSSR (~er. lJioJ.), l'Il.u::!kva, I: 1-26. RUTIIKE P., 19;')5. Feldsperling als Freibruter. Vogelwelt. Berlin und Munchen. 76(3): 108. SALHI ALl 1958. The breedillg biology of some Indian Weaver 13irds (l'loceidae: Ploceillae). _

Proc. of the Cellt. Congress of Bio!., Singapore. SUMMEI~s .. SmTIl D., 19(;3. The House Sparrow. London .

. SEEL D. C., 1964. An analysis of the nest recoru cards of t.he Tree Sparrow. Bird Study, Oxford, 11(4): 265-271.

SOKOLOWSKI J., 1958. Ptaki ziem polskich. \Yarszawa. SOPYEV 0., 1065. Pust.ynllyj yorobej v Kara·kumach. Ornitologija, Moskva, 7: 134-141. SUDHAUS 'Y., 1967. IIam!sperling (Passer domesticus) als Felsbruter in Nordnorvegen. Om.

MitteiJ., Hamburg, 19(1): 20. SUDlLOVSKAYA A. M., 19;')4. F:unilia PloceilU!e (in: Pticy Sovetskogo Sojuza, Moskva. 5). TACZANOWSKI 'Y., 1862. Oologia ptak6w po!:;kich. vYarszawa. TACZA],;OWSKI \Y., 1882. PLaki kmjowe. 'Yarszawa.

",.

\YAIWEN D., 19;')0. HOllse Sparrow liuning Ilest with green leaves. Brit. Birds, Lonuon, 43(3): 8:3- 84. '

WILLIA~ISOS \Y., A. 1950. Nest of House Spi1lTow. N. Z. Bird Notes, Wellington, 3(8): 108. ..",.

Acta Zoo\ogica Craooviensia nr 9 2

, I

j

I

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Plate VI

t. 1. House Spa.rrow nest on a gutter-spout (Type I IT nest-site) ,t. 2. House Sparrow nest behind a gutter-spout (Type III nest-site) It. 3. House Sparrow nests behind a gutter-spout, showing their "tier" arrangement (Type III nest-site). Arrows indicate the entrance openings of particular nests.

Acta Zoologiea Crac msia v. XIII '-

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