Nutrition assessment & support in esophageal cancer

實習生：林廷駿指導老師：陳燕慈營養師報告日期： 2012/12/25

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Introduction

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Treatment & Esophageal cancer

Stahl et al., 2005

Schneider et al., 2007

Bedenne et al., 2007

radiotherapy

chemotherapy

surgery

Only 30% to 40% of patients

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Malnutrition & Esophageal cancer

Malnutrition

(60~85%)

Immune functions

Performance status

Muscle function

Quality of life

Response to chemotherapy

Survival

Van Cutsem et al., 2005Mariette et al., 2012

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Postoperative complications

Malnutrition enhances the chance of postoperative complications in patients with esophageal cancer.

Kelsen et al., 1998

Senesse et al., 2008

Garth et al., 2010

Mariette et al., 2012

Postoperative complications delay postoperative recovery and impair quality of life. Viklund et al., 2005

Nutritional support can improve postoperative outcome in patients with gastrointestinal cancer.

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Preoperative nutritional condition

The preoperative physiological status of the patient is known to influence postoperative mobidity and mortality.

Lund et al., 1990

Law et al., 1994

Pretreatment nutritional support to maintain body weight throughout treatment could possibly decrease postoperative complications.

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Nutritional Status as a Risk Factor in Esophageal Surgery

I.J.M. Han-Geurts, W.C. Hop, T.C.K. Tran, H.W. Tilanus

Dig Surg 2006; 23: 159-163

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Purpose

Preoperative nutritional condition

Body mass index(BMI)

Prognostic nutritional index(PNI)

Nutritional risk

index(NRI) Weight loss

Postoperative morbidity

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Patients

In total, 400 patients with an esophageal malignancy undergoing esophageal resection and gastric tube reconstruction between 1996 and 2003.

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Methods

PNI

NRI• Borderline mild: > 97.5• Moderate: 83.5-97.5• Severe: < 83.5

None, < 5%, 5-10%, > 10%Weight loss

< 18.5, 18.5-24.9, 25-29.9, > 30BMI

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Methods

Data were obtained on postoperative infectious complications, length of hospital stay and postoperative mortality.

Data analysis: Chi-square test Mann-Whitney’s test Logistic regression

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Results

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Results

P value for trend = 0.01

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Results

14

Results

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Results

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Discussion

The ROC curve shows that PNI and NRI do not make sensitive tests for predicting infectious complications.

No correlation was found between the degree of preoperative weight loss and BMI and the incidence of postoperative infectious complication rate.

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Discussion

Takagi et al. evaluated the relationship between preoperative immunosuppression and morbidity and demonstrated a higher BMI in patients with postoperative complications.

They concluded that not the nutritional state but depression of cell-mediated immunity was related to the complication rate in patients who received preoperative nutritional support.

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Conculsion

Preoperative nutritional status established by PNI, NRI, BMI and weight loss has no predictive value on postoperative infectious complications in patients with an esophageal malignancy.

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Baseline nutritional status is prognostic factor after definitive radiochemotherapy for esophageal cancer

J.-B. Clavier, D. Antoni, D. Atlani, M. Ben Abdelghani, C. Schumacher, P. Dufour, J.-E. Kurtz, G. Noel

Dis Esophagus 2012 Oct 26 doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2012.01441.x

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Purpose

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Materials and Methods

Study population: between 2003 and 2006

143 esophageal cancer patients

Treated by definitive Concurrent

radiochemotherapy

Excluded

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Materials and Methods

Pretreatment evaluation: Medical history Clinical examination Routine blood tests

Cancer staging system: 2002 Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) TNM classification

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Materials and Methods

Nutritional factors: Weight loss BMI Serum albumin level Nutritional Risk Index (NRI)

Treatment: Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy Concurrent cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)

chemotherapy

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Materials and Methods

Follow-up: Every 3 months for the first year, every 6 months for the second year, and yearly thereafter.

Statistical analysis: Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank test Cox regression Hazards ratios (HR), and within 95% confidence

interval (CI) Log-minus-log plots and Schoenfeld residuals IBM SPSS Statistics v20 (IBM Inc., Armonk, NY, USA)

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Results 26

Results 27

Results

P=0.0098

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Discussion

In the study, NRI is described as an independent prognostic factor for both DFS and OS, which emphasizes the major impact of nutrition on the outcome of esophageal cancer patients.

Several previous studies have shown that weight loss, serum albumin level, BMI, performance status (PS) were able to be identified as independent prognostic factors.

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Conclusion

This study found a major impact of baseline nutritional status on the outcome of esophageal cancer patients treated by definitive radiochemotherapy.

NRI was an independent prognostic factor of both DFS and OS.

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Dietician-delivered intensive nutritional support is associated with adecrease in severe postoperative complications after surgery in patientswith esophageal cancer

G. C. Ligthart-Melis, P. J. M. Weijs, N. D. te Boveldt, S. Buskermolen, C. P. Earthman, H. M. W. Verheul, E. S. M. de Lange- de Klerk, S. J. B. van Weyenberg, D. L. van der Peet

Dis Esophagus 2012 Dec 13 doi: 10.1111/dote.12008

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Purpose

To evaluate the effect of an intensive nutritional support (INS) program under the guidance of a dietician on postoperative outcome in patients with esophageal cancer.

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Patients

65 patients with esophageal

cancer

37 patients who underwent an esophagectomy between January 2006 and February 2009 were included in the control group.

28 patients who underwent an esophagectomy between March 2009 and April 2010 were included in the INS intervention group.

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Nutritional treatment

INS group

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Nutritional treatment 35

Results 36

Results

Preoperative weight change

P=0.048 unadjustedAdjusted: non-significant

With NATP=0.002 unadjustedP=0.009 adjusted

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Results

The adjusted odds ratio after surgery was 0.23 (95% CI: 0.05–0.97; P=0.045)

The adjusted odds ratio undergoing NAT was 0.14 (95% CI: 0.23–0.89; P=0.037)

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Results

Patients undergoing NATICU/MCU stay: P=0.049Hospital stay: P=0.04

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Discussion

Dietary intervention is especially beneficial in patients who received NAT.

The longer time between diagnosis and surgery may have been to the advantage of the INS group.

The prevention of preoperative weight loss may also be an explanation for the observed effect of INS on postoperative complications in patients receiving NAT.

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Discussion

In the present study, patients in the INS group were intensively guided by a dietitian without the use of immune system modulating nutrients.

This result suggests that a lot is to gain with plain improvement of energy and protein intake.

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Conclusion

This study shows that INS by a dietician is associated with preoperative weight preservation and less severe short-term postoperative complications in patients with esophageal cancer.

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Summary

Nutritional status such as NRI, weight loss, serum albumin, and performance status can be independent prognostic factors in patients with esophageal cancer and lead to an early specific nutritional support.

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Summary

Patients with esophageal cancer should have dietary counseling once every two week, whether in preoperative stage or in postoperative stage. As well as the most important thing is that patients with NAT is a high risk group that is most likely to suffer from malnutrition, however, treating them with INS can evidently improve their nutritional condition, then it finally affect prognosis positively and rise survival rate.

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Reference I.J.M. Han-Geurts, W.C. Hop, T.C.K. Tran, H.W. Tilanus. Nutritional

Status as a Risk Factor in Esophageal Surgery. Dig Surg 2006; 23: 159-163

J.-B. Clavier, D. Antoni, D. Atlani, M. Ben Abdelghani, C. Schumacher, P. Dufour, J.-E. Kurtz, G. Noel. Baseline nutritional status is prognostic factor after definitive radiochemotherapy for esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus 2012 Oct 26 doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2012.01441.x

G. C. Ligthart-Melis, P. J. M. Weijs, N. D. te Boveldt, S. Buskermolen, C. P. Earthman, H. M. W. Verheul, E. S. M. de Lange- de Klerk, S. J. B. van Weyenberg, D. L. van der Peet. Dietician-delivered intensive nutritional support is associated with a decrease in severe postoperative complications after surgery in patients with esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus 2012 Dec 13 doi: 10.1111/dote.12008

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