ocr 19875 sm gcse non verbal com hs

7/31/2019 Ocr 19875 Sm Gcse Non Verbal Com Hs

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Non Verbal Communication


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What does the following sign meanto you?


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In most of Europe and in the USA, the previous signsymbolises the word ok.

However, in other cultures it means something different.

For example, in Japan it can mean money.

In countries such as Germany, it is used offensively (in thesame way 2 fingers are in the UK).

In Brazil the sign has a sexual meaning.


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Cross-Cultural Differences in

Non Verbal Communication

In the same way that different cultures may interpret handgestures differently, they may also interpret facialexpressions differently.

Not all psychologists agree with this. Some argue thatfacial expressions are universal. By this, they mean facialexpressions are perceived in the same way by everybodyaround the world.


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Testing Universialities Look at the following faces.

Can you decide what kind of emotion each one isexpressing?


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Universialities in NVC

You should find that you interpreted the emotions similarlyto other people. Indeed, research suggests that you wouldinterpret them similarly to people from other cultures too.

However, there may be more differences when you have

to decide on the degreeof emotion.


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Testing Universialities

Look at the following faces.

Can you decide who is the angriest?


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Differences in NVC

You may have just found some differences between howyou interpreted the previous faces and how others did.

Differences in interpretation can be even more markedbetweencultures. In other words, different cultures may be

socialised to interpret faces differently.


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Differences in EmotionalExpression

: - ) Many people use the above symbols when signing of textsor e-mails because they represent a happy face.

Interestingly, this symbol is not used worldwide.


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For example, in Japan, the following symbols are used todenote a happy face

(-) The point being, that in Japanese culture eyes are more

important when expressing (and interpreting) emotions.


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Core Study

In Non Verbal Communication

Yuki, Maddux & Masuda (2007)

Are the windows to the soul the same in the East and

West?

Cultural differences in using eyes and mouth as cues torecognize emotions in Japan and the United States.


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Aim

Yuki et al wanted to show that how we interpret facialexpressions is a product of our culture and socialisation.
http://bp0.blogger.com/_mnIRCLPQG0k/R62B_alslAI/AAAAAAAACW0/dJhw7usEX-8/s400/09_bz_mohd_germany07_5.jpg


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Hypothesis

They predicted that Japanese people would read theemotions of faces by using the eyeswhereas Americanpeople would read the emotions of faces by using the

mouth.


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Method

A cross cultural study wasconducted using students fromJapan and comparing them withstudents from the USA.


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Method

The participants were shown a set of six emoticons.

Emoticons are simple computer generated faces.

The emoticons used a different combination ofhappy/neutral/sad eyes and mouths.

^ ^ ^ ^

EMOTICONS

EYES happy neutral happy neutral sad sadMOUTH neutral sad sad happy neutral happy


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Method

Participants were given aquestionnaire.

They had to rate each of thesix faces (between 1 and 9)

for how happy it was. The researchers then worked

out the average rating for eachface within each culture.

9

1


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Results

^ ^ ^ ^

EMOTICONS

EYES happy neutral happy neutral sad sadMOUTH neutral sad sad happy neutral happy

0

9Japan

USA

averagerating


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Results

As the graph showed, Japanese participants gave higher ratings to

faces with happy eyes than American participants did. This wasespecially true when the mouth was sad.

American participants gave their highest ratings when the mouthswere happy (even when the eyes were sad). This was not true ofJapanese participants.

Japanese participants gave their lowest ratings when eyes were sad(and the mouth neutral) whereas American participants gave theirlowest ratings when mouths were sad (even though eyes were neutralor even happy).


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Conclusion

Japanese and American people do interpret facialexpressions differently. Japanese people pay moreattention to the eyes and American people pay moreattention to the mouth.

Yuki et al suggested that this was a result of socialisation.They argued that Japanese people are brought up to hidetheir emotions more so have to use the eyes as anindicator of feelings.


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Evaluation

Yuki et al used computer generated faces to test participants

these are not realistic so findings may lack ecological validity. Participants knew they were being tested on

so may have responded to demand characteristics and not given trueresponses.

Emotional expression and interpretation are complex ideasand the researchers may have over-simplified them by just scoring them on a

simple rating scale. In both countries, the sample was made up of students

who may not have represented younger and older generations.

The researchers only tested one dimension of emotion (happy/sad)so their findings may not generalise to other emotions e.g. anger, surprise,disgust.

ocr 19875 sm gcse non verbal com hs

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