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OP996.

AI R CRAF TYROT E CHNj C SANDACC E S NRI E S

2 9 MAY1 9 4 7

This publicat ion is RESTRICTED and shall be saf eguar ded in accor dance w it hsecur it y pr ovisions of U. S. Navy Regulations, 1920, Ar t icle 76.

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NAVY DEPARTMENTBUREAU OF ORDNANCE

WASHINGTON 25. D. C.

29 May 1947RESTRICTEDORDNANCE PAMPHLE T 998 (SECOND REIVISIOK)AIRCRAFT PYROTECHN ICS .AND ACCESSORIES

1. Ordn an ce Pa mp hlet 998 (Second Revision) cont ain s a descript ionof an d inst ru ctions for u se of all th e aircra ft pyrotechn ics flar es, photo-flash bombs, mark ers, signals, and pyrotechnics accessories u sed by theNavy on th e da te of issue. As new items are developed, adj:litiona l chapter swill be distribut ed.

2. This publicat ion sup ersed es OP 998 (Il;irst Revision) which shouldbe destroyed.3. War Depar tm ent Bombing Ta bles BT IF-A-l sha ll not be usedin connection \ \ ith Bomb, Ph ototlash , M-16. Data conta ined in Chapt er 7 of

th is publication sha ll be us,ed instead .4. This publication is RESTRICTED and sha li be safegua rded inaccorda nce with securit y pr ovisions of U. S. Na vy Regulat ions, 1920,

Article 76.

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Chapter IINTRODUCTION

Characteristics and Use. . . . . . . . . . . .Launching Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . .Procurement and Issue , . . . . . . . . . . .Records, Reports, and Allowance ListsNomenclature and Markings. . . . , . . .

Chapter 2HANDLING AND STOWAGE

General Safety Precautions. ........Handling of Photoflash Bombs. .....Handling of Flares. ...............Disposition of Defective AmmunitionPreparations for Dumping. ........Preparations for Burning. .........Items to be Burned. ...............Item to be Dumped. ...............Items to be Burned or Dumped. .....

Chapter 3SURVEILLANCE

Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Division of Responsibility. . . . . . . . . .Data for Use of Performance Data

Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CONTENTSPage

Chapter 4AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARES

1 Combat Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 4 and1 Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 5 and2 Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 6 andMods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Aircraft Pa.rachute Flare Mk 8 andMods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 10

4 Mod 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 115 Mod 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .r9 Flares, Aircraft, Parachute, M26 and6 AN-M26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6667 Chapter 5

161820222427

INSTALLATION OF PARACHUTE FLARESAND LAUNCHING EQUIPMENT

Installation in Flare Launching Tubes. 33installation in Aircraft Flare Con-tainers . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Preparation for Manual Launching. . 34

8 Manual Launching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Aircraft Flare Container Mk 1 Mod 0 3510 Bomb Racks and Bomb Shackles.. . . . 40

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CONTENTS--- -

Chap ter 6MISCELLANEOUS FLARES

Float Fla re (Aircra ft) Mk 17 an dMods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .High Altitu de Pa ra chute Flar e. . . . . .Aircraft Pa ra chute Flare, ly2 Minute(Electrically-Oper at ed), an d Air-craft Para chut e Flare, 3 Minut e(Electrically Oper at ed) . . . . . . . . .

Chap ter 7PYROTECHNIC BOMBS AND FU;ZES

Bombs, Photoflash, M46 and AN-M46Modifications of Bombs, Photoflash,M46 an d AN-M46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bornbing Data -Explana tory Notes. .Fu zes, Flare, Mechan ical Time, Ml 1.1,MlllAl, an d MlllAZ.. . . . _ . . . . . .Fuze, Bomb, Mechanical Time, M146.Target Ident ificat ion Smoke Bomb Mk

72 Modl.......................Chap ter 8MARKERS

Depth Charge Marker, Day, Mk 1 andMods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Depth Cha rge Ma rker , Night , Mk !!. .Cart ridge, Slick Mar ker, AN-ME; 1Mod 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Signals, Drift, Night, AN-Mk 4 an dMods and AN-MB 5 Mod 1 an dMod 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Aircraft Float Light Mk 6 an d Mods.

APPENDIXSpecial Safety Precautions. .........Technical Data ...................Shipping Data ...................

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Page PageChap ter 9RECOGNITION AND DISTRESS SIGNA LS

4243

46

485151606466

697172

AND PROJECTORSAircraft Signals (Army), an d Signal

Ca rt rid ges (Navy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pist .01, Pyr otechn ic, AN-M8. . . . . . . .Aircraft Emergency Identification

Signa lsMk6a nd Mk 7 . . . . . . . . . . .Signa l, Distr ess, Two-Sta r, Red, M75

(T49) an d AN-M75 . . . . . . . . . . . . .Very Signa l Light s Mk II. . . . . . . . . . .Han d Pr ojectors Mk 3 an d Mk 4. . . . .Distress, Smoke, Hand Signal Mk 1

Mod 0, an d Signal, Distr ess, Smoke,H[and,AN-MklModl...........Signal (Distress, Day an d Night) Mk13 Mod 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Grenade, Smoke, White (H.C.1,AN-M8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Signal, Aircraft,, Red Star, Parachute,Ml1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter IOPRACTICE BOMB SIGNALS

Miniatu re P ra ctice Bomb Signal Mk 4a:nd Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Miniatu re Fra ctice Bomb FluoresceinSign al Mk 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pr actice Bomb Sign al Mk 6 Mod 0. . .Pr actice Bomb Signal Mk 7 Mod 0. . .

788386

888991

93939697

99100101103

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSFigure1. Aircraft Pyrotechnics-Types and

Comparative Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . .1A. Aircraft Pyrotechnics-Types andComparative Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . .2. Typical Pyrotechnic AmmunitionPerformance Data Card. . . . . . . .3. Diagram Showing Aircraft Para-chute Flare Mk 4 Operated by aRipcord.....................4. Diagram Showing Operation ofFree Falling Parachute Flare. . .5. Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 4 andMods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6. Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 5 andMods, and Fuze for Aircraft Par-achute Flares Mk 5 and Mk 6. . .7. Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 6 andMods, and Fuze for Aircraft Par-achute Flare Mk 6 Mod 5. . . . . . .8. Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 8 andMods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9. Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 10Mod 0, and Fuze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10. Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 11 andMods, and Fuze Assembly Show-ing Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11. Flares, Aircraft, Parachute, M26and AN-M26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page Figzwe12.. . .Vlll 13.ix 14.

9 15.16.

12 17.1218.1319.

15 20.21.

17 22.21

23.2324.25

28 25.

Turning Fuze on Flares Mk 5, Mk6, and Mk 10 Types. . . . . . . . . . . .Loading Flare Container. . . . . . . . .Aircraft Flare Container Mk 1

Mod 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Flare Container: Vertical PanelAssembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wiring Diagram for Flare Con-

tainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Float Flare (Aircraft) Mk 17 andMods . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..I........Installation of Float Flares in BombBay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .High Altitude Parachute FlareMk 20 and Projector Mk 13. . . . .Aircraft Parachute Flare, 3-Minute(Electrically-Operated)Bomb, Photoflash, M46 and iiiM46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Modification of Trail Plate forBomb Photoflash, AN-M46. . . . .Graph of Trail Angle at Instant ofBurst, Bomb, Photoflash, M46With Angle Trail Plate. . . . . . . . .Graph of Trail Angle at Instant ofBurst, Bomb, Photoflash, M46With No Trail Plate. . . . . . . . . . .Fuze, Flare, Mechanical Time, Ml11

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure26.27.28.29.30 .31 .32 .33 .34 .35 .36.37 .38 .

Fuze, Bomb, Mechanical Tirne,Ml46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Target Identification Smoke BombMk72Modl..................Dlepth Char ge Ma rker , Day, Mk 1and Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Depth Charge Mar ker, Night, Mk 2Cart ridge, Slick Mark er, AN-Mk 1Mod 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Signal, Drift, Night , AN-MB 4 an dMoth an d AN-Mk 5 Mod 1. . . . .Aircraft Float Light Mk 6 and Mods

Signa ls, Aircra ft, AN-M28 to AN-nT33 , In clus ive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Signa ls, Aircra ft, AIi-M37 to AN-11142, nclus ive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Signa ls, Aircra ft, AN-M.53 to AN-M58, In clus ive . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . .Pis tol, Pyr otechn ic, AN-M8. . . . . .Pist ol, Pyr ot.echn ic, AN-M& Dis-as sem bled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pist ol, Pyr otechnic, AN-M8 : Trip-ping Breech Lock (A), Loading(B) , Fir ing (C) , an d Extr actin g(D) .._......,...........,..,M:oun t Ml for Pist ol, Pyr otechnic,AN-M8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Aircraft Emergency IdentificationSigna ls Mk 6 an d Mk 7. . . . . . . . .

Pane Figure41 .

6332.

65 43.68 4470 .72 45.7375 46.7!180 47.

Signal, Distr ess, Two-Sta r, Red,M75 (T49) an d AN-M75. . . . . .

Very Signa l Light s Mk II. . . . . . . . .Plastic Case for Very Signal LightMk II . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ha nd Pr ojectors Mk 3 (left) an dMk 4 (righ t) . . . _ . . . _ . . . . . . . . .Loading the Hand Projector : Load-

ing (A), F iring (B), Altern at eMeth od of Fir ing (C), EjectingSh ell (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Distress Smokr Hand Signal Mk 1Mod 0, and Signal, Distress,Smoke, Ha nd, AN-ML 1 Mod 1 . .

Si,gnal (Distress, Day and Night)Mk13ModO . . . . . . . . . . . . ..a...

Grenade, Smoke, Hand, White,(H.C.), AX--M8 . . . . . . . . . . . _. .Si,gnal, Red Sta r, Aircraft, Par a-

chute, Ml 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Signal, Miniature Practice Bomb,AN-Mk 4 an d Signal, Miniatu rePractice Bomb, (Fluorescein)

,4N -Mk 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pr actice Bomb Signa l Mk 6 Mod 0.Pr actice Eomb Signal Mk 7 Mod 0Fu ze Mk 247 Mod 0. . . . . . . . . . . . .

P a w

87888990

91

92949597

100101102103

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AIRCRAFT PYROTECHNICS AND ACCESSORIES OP 998 (SECOND REV.)

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10------l--12--- -- ---- --- ----_15 16 17

9---

6---

1. SIGNAL, Mld IATURE PRACTICE BOM B, FLUORESCEIN2. VERY SIGNAL LIGHTS MK IIAN-MK 5

3. AIRCRAFT SIGNALS AN-M28 THRU AN-M334. CARTRIDGE, SLICK MA RKER, AN-MKl MOD 05. DISTRESS SMOKE HAND SIGNAL MK 1 MOD 06. AIRCRAFT SIGNALS AN-M37 THRU AN-M45,

AN-M 37Al THRU AN-M 45A1, AN-M 53 THRU AN-M 58,AN-M 53Al THRU AN-M 58Al AND SIGNALCA RTRIDGES MK 3 MOD 3 AND MK 47. SIGNAL, MINIATURE PRACTICE BOMB, AN-MI

8. FUZES, FLARE, MECHA NICAL TIME, Mill, Ml llAl,9. SIGNAL, DISTRESS, TWO -STAR, RED, M75 lT49) AND

MlllA2

AN-M7510. SIGNAL [DISTRESS, DAY AND NIGHT) MK 13 MOD 011. FUZE, BOMB, MECHANICA L TIME, Ml4612. GRENADE, SMO KE, WHITE (HC), AN-M813. AIRCRAFT EMERGENCY IDENTIFICATION SIGNAL MK614. DEPTH CHARGE MA RKER, NIG HT MK 215. SIGNAL, RED STAR, PARACHUTE, AIRCRAFT Ml116. AIRCRAFT EMERGENCY IDENTIFICATION SIGNAL MK 717. HIGH ALTITUDE PARACHUTE FLARE

Figure 1-A rrcroff Pyrofechnics-Types and Comparofive Sizes

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-- CCIMPARATIVE SIZE CHART

27L

28 29L_

2c

30 31

4-- -.

3 --_-_

2----.

1-_-

18. PRAC TICE BOMB SIGNAL MK 6 MO D u19. DEPTH CHARGE MA RKER, DAY. M K 1 AND MODS

27. A IRCRAFT PARAC HUTE FLARE MK 4 AND MODS20. PRAC TICE BOM B SIGNAL MK 7 MOD 0 28. PARACHUTE FLARE, 3 .M INUTE (ELECTRICALLY-OPERATED)21. SIGNAL, DRIFT, NIGHT AN-M K 4 AND MO DS22. AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARE, 1% MINUTE (ELECTRI- 29. A IRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARE MK 6 AND M ODS

CALLY-O PERATED) AIRCRAFT PARAC HUTE FLARE MK 10 AND M ODSAIRCRAFT PARAC HUTE FLARE MK 11 AND M ODS23. SIGNA L, DRIFT, NIGHT AN-MK 5 MOD 1 . 30. TARGET IDENTIFICATION SMOKE BOMB MK 72 MOD I24. AIRCRAFT FLOAT LIGHT MK 6 AND M CDS 31. BOMBS, PHOTOFLASH, M46 AND AN-M4625. A IRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARE MK 8 AND MODS 32. FLARES, A IRCRAFT PARACHUTE, M26 AND AN-M2626. A IRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARE MK 5 Ah lD MODS 33. FLOAT FLARE IAIRCRAFT) MK 17 AND M ODS

Figure lA-Aircraft Pyrotechnics-Types a.nd Comporative SizesRESTRICTED ix

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Charac teristics and UseA.ircraft pyrotechnics are

marking, or illuminating inused for signaling,tactical and train-

ing opera tions (Fig. 1). The selection and useof each pyrotechn ic item depe nds on the effectdesired.

Chapter IINTRODUCTION

In gener al, pyrotechn ics ar e mixtu res of oxi-dizing a gents an d combust ible ma terials. Oth erma terials ar e added to the pyrotechn ic mixtureto bright en th e flam e, to color th e flam e 01smoke, t.o reta rd or accelerate chemical action,or to act as a binder or a chemical stabiliz,er forthe Imixture. Some mater ials used perform morethan one of these functions.

The efYectiveness of pyrotechn ic am mu nit iondepends on the visibility, which is affected bythe design of the item, its placement relativeto the observer, a nd the prevailing at mosphericcond itions. Varia tions in design govern t hecand lepower, th e color of the light or smokeproduced, and the burning time. The color andreflective char acter istics of th e backgroun d, t hedistance, the relative position, the angle of ob-servation, and the degree of natural illwnina-tion also affect. visibility and determ ine theeflcctivenes s of th e pyrotechn ic a mm un ition.

Slick markers are classified as pyrot&hnicammunition, even though these items do notconform to the above conception of pyrotecah-nits ,

LaunchingEquipmentIIand-held projectors or mechanical equip-ment mount ed in the aircraft are usually IT-quircd to project or laun ch aircraft pyrotech-nics. Proper launching equipment is referredto in the chapter describing the item withwhich it is used.

Procurementand IssuePyrotechnic amm un ition is man ufactured forthe I3ureau of Ordna nce by naval activities and

commer cial orgauizations, and is provided tothe F leet by the Bureau of Ordnan ce. Sometypes 01 pyrotechn ics are procured from theOrdnance Department and Chemical WarfareService of the Army.

All aircraft pyrotechn ics are issued as com-plete un its except F lares, Aircraft, Pa rachu te,M26 and AN--M26, and Bombs, Photoflash, 1146an d AN-h-K. These exceptions are fuzed atthe time they are loaded on the aircraft.

The issue of a.ircraft pyrotechn ics for fleetactivit.ies is covered in the Bureau of OrdnanceManual under Sections 2B and 2C. These sec-tions, sta te that Na val Ammu nition Depots andMaglzines sha ll supply, on request, mat erialsto fill allowances as established or app roved bythe Bur eau of Ol=dna nce. In requesting pyro-technic ammunition, it is essential that the cor-rect nomenclature be used. In cases where sev-eral colors are available in items bearing thesame nomenclature, the desired colors mustalso be specified. Writt en requ ests should bemade to the Bureau of Ordnance for pyrotech-nics in excess of allowances, and for items noton th e alloy\ -;mcc lists. Request s from overseasactivities should be screened through the appro-priate Area or Force Commander.

On new :LUCI eplacement items, initial dis-tribut ion is criticlal and will be made underguid;.mce of th e C!hief of Nava l Opera tions. Re-quesls through established logistic channelsshould indicate th e following inform at ion :1. Estim at ed qua ntity requ ired for immedi-ate importan t operational pu rposes.2. Estim:tted quantity anticipated for expen-tlitwe per nwnth.

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AIRCRAFT PYROTECHNICS AND ACCESSORIES OP 998 (SECOND REV.)2. Stock level considered desirable to cowr

contingencies.Issue to ships will be made in accordancewith allowance lists. Issue for overseas ship-ments and shore activities mill be made in fullcontainer quantities only. In issuing pyrotech-nic items, every effort should be made to:1. Issue the oldest lot on hand first.2. issue and ship from a minimum numberof lots, and in full original unopened condition.

Records, Reports, and Allowance ListsFor purposes of ammunition maintenance, in-

ventory control, procurement, and distributionand the planning thereof, it is necessary tomaintain basic records concerning ammunitionon hand and expended for all naval activities,both ashore and afloat. To obtain this informa-tion, to disseminate the logistic data requiredby the Vice Chief of Naval Operations, and tocomply with the directives of the Commanderin Chief, NAVORD FORM 41B has been estab-lished for reporting all ammunition, except gunammunition, on hand and expended for shoreestablishments. The forces afloat should submitreports on expenditures of ammunit.ion onNAVORD FORM 41B on a semi-annual basis(1 June and 1 December).

Semi-annual reports of all pyrotechnics onhand are to be submitted to the Bureau of Ord-nance on NAVORD FORM 41B, 1 June and1 December, by all ships and all shore activitiesnot using the ammunition stock recording sys-ten]. For detailed instructions for filling outthese forms, refer to NAVORD FORM

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This list is primarily a chart which tabulates Ordn an ce Iam plet 1177 describes sur facetechnical data, including weights of com~po- pyrotechnics (including pyrotechnic ammuni-nents, and packing informa tion. It also lists tion used by ships, PT boats, submarines, andwhich Marks and Mods are interchangeable for ground troops) and the accessories u sed withissue. .A summ ary of th is informa tion is tabu - th at type of am mun ition.lated in the Appendix.

P,ESTEICTED

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General Safety PrecautionsPyrotechnics contain material of an ex-

tremely dangerous nature. Special precationsfor certain pyrotechnics are prescribed in thechapters relating to the particular item. Thefollowing general precautions should be ob-served at all times:

Pyrot.echnics should be handled carefully.Rough handling may cause immediate function-ing of the item, or may damage it so it will notfunction properly at the time desired. Somepyrotechnic material is more dangerous thanother types of service ammunition, and itsproper functioning is equally important.

Whenever possible, pyrotechnics should bestowed in the boxes or watertight containersin which they are supplied. Items should beseparated according to type, color, and lotnumber.

Functioning of pyrotechnics is affected bymoisture. Therefore, pyrotechnics should bestowed in a dry, ventilated place. Most pyro-technics are packed in moisture-proof con-tainers. The seal of such packings should not-, be broken until just before the item is to beused. Pyrotechnics exposed to moisture shouldbe segregated from other inflammable or ex-plosive material until an examination hasproved that they are serviceable and safe.

Pyrotechnics should not bc stowed nhere thedirect Y~JS of the sun can strike them. TheJshould be protected against excessive and vari-able temperatures. The temperature in stowagespaces should be below 100 degrees Fahrenheit.This tempeIature limitation is imposed becausemany pyrotechnic items incorporate comnler-cial impact-tSlw primers containing fulminateof merculy, which deteriorates r;lpidly when

stowage temperatures exceed 100 degrees Fahr-enheit.The distances between stowage concentra-tions required for pyrotechnic ammunition are

the same as for smokeless powder. Exceptionsto this rule are indicated in the chapters con-cerning the individual items. For smokelesspowder and most pyrotechnic ammunition, thedesired distance from inhabited buildings,public railways, and public highways is 800feet, with a mini.mum distance of 400 feet. Thedesired distance between pyrotechnic maga-zines is 400 feet., with a minimum distance of200 feet. Mhen the quantity of any one type ofpyrotechnic ammunition is large, it shall bestovced sepntately. The maximum gross weightof pyrotechnic ammunition and containers inone magazine shall not exceed 500,000 pounds.

Aboard ship, smoke-producing pyrotechnicsshould be stowed above deck if possible, becauseit is difficult to combat fire in these materialswhen they are stowed where the smoke pro-duced is not blo\vn alvay. Water activated items,such as the Depth Charge Marker Mk 2 shallbe stowed separately from other pyrotechnics,if practicable, in order to avoid the risk ofspreading or extending a fire in those materialswhen !vater is being used as the extinguishingagent.

Smoking or carrying lighted cigars, ciga-rettes or pipes is not permitted in the vicinityof pyrotechnics. Matches and other flame- 01spark-producing articles sl~ould not be carriednear places where pyrotechnics are stowed.Pyrotechnic ammunition should be keptclean. Foreign substances such as dirt, sand,mud, or grease should be carefully removedbefore pyrotechnics are stowed or used. Peri-odic inspection should be made of all pyre-technics in stock, and all defecti1.e units shouldbe segregated for disposal.

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HANDLING AND STOWAGE

.

\ \ .IwI~t cartr idge-type pyrotechn ic misfires,Illalic~ at lea st tn -0 more a tt empt s to fire it. If itst ill f;Cls to lirc, the pist ol or projector ma y beun loaded after waiting a minim um of 30seconds. On account of the possibility of ahang-fire, this rule should never be di.sre-galdcd.

Pylsotechn ics will not ordina rily be on han din quantities in excess of the amount necessaryto meet immediate requirements. Unliredround,s in excess of such requ iremen ts shouldbe restored to their original packings and ap-propriat ely ma rked. In subsequen t firings ;suchitems should be used first, so that the stock ofopen packings may be kept at a minimum.Because of the natu re of pyrotechnics, mosttypes deteriorate in a shorter period of timethan other types of service ammunition. Theoldest serviceable pyrotechnics availalble shouldbe issued first to insure t he continuing avail-ability of a fresh stock.

Pyrotechnic ammunition stowed aboard air-craft shou ld be p:*ope:ly secure d. A loose flarestol\ -ed in a compar tment of a plane being cata -pulted ma y ignite an d cause an accid.ent if th eripcord or arm ing plate becomes fouled in oth ergear or on some projection. Loose pyrotechn icam mu nition in th e cockpit or compa rt men t ofa plane may foul the control mechanism of theplane.Handling of Photoflash Bombs

Bombs, P hotoflash, M46 or AN-M46 ar e ex-tremely dan gerous and mu st be han dled withgreat care. They detonate with a high-orderexplosion.Duds of th is pyrotechn ic should ble ha ndledwith extreme caution, particularly if they have

distorted or ruptured cases. The slightest fric-tion ma y set oft th e loose photoRn s8h powderlvith lvhich these bombs are loaded. IJnfuzingduds of this bomb does llot render them safe tohandle.If possible, such duds should be destroyed inplace by demolition, usin!: t\ \ o !!,-pound blocksof TNT. These blocks should be placed adjacentto th e forwar d suspen sion lug, as close as pos-

_- sible to the bomb without touching it. Such

work should be un derta ken only by bomb dis-posal officers, Removtil of duds is extremelyhazard.ous and should be done only in emer-gencies.Handling of Flares

Flares ar more dangerous as a f ire hazardthan many types of ammunition because theyar e easily activated. Extr eme care is necessaryin stowage, use, and handling. Flares exposedto excessive n loistur e or mechan ically dam agedby rough han dling shall be return ed to amm u-nition depots or disposed of as described below.Flares should never be disassembled and para-chutes or other components removed. Inertflares are available for instructional purposes.Flar es sh otlId not be left in aircraft whichar e groun ded indefinitely. Na vy flares to bereturned to stock or to be turned in to ammu-nition depots after having been mounted in anaircra-ft read y for lnelease sha ll be prepa red byta ping th e rip cords to th e sides of the flar esan d setting th e fuze on SAFE . The unu sed flar eshould be return ed to i ts container at the firstopportu nity. The cont ainer should then betightly sealed with tape and the opened end ofth e flare cont ainer should be dipped in paraffin,

if available.The fuze of th e Flar es, Aircraft, Pa rachdt e,&I26 or AN-M26 sh all be disa ssem bled fromth e flare after replacing the seal wire an dsafety cotter pin. The arm ing wire an d hangwire shall be coiled and replaced in the hangwire container. The shipping cover, shipping

seal, and shipping plug shall be replaced.Support bands and cotter pins shall be re-turned with flares when possible.

Disposition of Defective AmmunitionWhen so directed by the Bureau of Ord-na nce, defective an d obsolete item s may bedisposed of in one of t.\ voways : Dum ping ovf?r-board or bul*ning. Dump ing mu st be done atleast ten miks off shore and in water more than500 fathoms deep. This meth od is preferred toburning bec;luse it involves less preparation

and tmznr d. Some i tems must always bedumped ; some a livays burn ed ; while othersmay be either dumped or burned. A list of such

RESTRICTED 5

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restrictions is given under the paragraphs cov-ering dumping and burCing.

Photoflash bombs and other pyrotechnics notmentioned in this pamphlet shall be disposed ofin accordance with specific Bureau of Ord-nance instructions.Ordnance Pamphlet 1515, Restricted andUnserviceable Ammunition, lists defective lotsof pyrotechnic ammunition, lots which havebeen suspended from issue pending qualityevaluation, and lots which have been restricted

in use. This publication is kept up to date byfrequent changes.Preparations for DumpingPort authorities must be consulted prior totaking explosives out to sea for dumping. Beforedumping, all items must be removed from woodpacking boxes, crates, or other containers. Ex-treme caution must be taken to prevent acci-dental ignition of the loose ammunition madeready for dumping.

Rough handling of deteriorated pyrotechnicammunition ma) cause it to ignite. As afurther precaution, shield other ammunition ondeck in case of accident. To insure rapid sink-ing, ammunition items which may float shouldbe dumped in weighted sacks or previously per-forated metal containers.Preparations for Burning

When burning deteriorated or obsolete pyro-technic ammunition, only the quantity to beburned on that day should be moved to thescene of the burning. The following safetymeasures must also be observed :1. A suitable site must be selected at least1,000 feet from any magazine, and at, least

1,200 feet from any inhabited building, publichighway, public railroad, or station bdundary.Dry grass, lea\res, or other inflammable mater-i& must be cleared from around the point ofJiliJ1~ fol it radius of at least 200 feet.

AIRCRAFT PYROTECHNICS AND ACCESSORIES - OP 998 (SECOND REVin the bottom of the incinerator, pit, or trenchThe items to be burned must be removed fromtheir containers and placed on top of the ifl,ammable material. A cover of heavy irograting or wire mesh should be placed over tnit. and staked down. The fire should then ignited from the downwind side with a traiof inflammable material of such length thample safety is provided.

3. items to be disposed of should be sepaa.ted and burned in small quantities, and tincinerator or pit bottom allowed to cool beforeach quantity is burned.4. Items being prepared for burning shoul

be kept at least 200 feet away from the incinerator, pit or trench. Material to be burned shabe adequately protected to preclude possibilityof premature ignition by flying sparks embers. Personnel must, not be stationed at near material awaiting disposal.

- . A barricade should be erected to protecthe personnel conducting the burning opertions. There should not be more than the quired number of persons present, but nevfewer tli;m two.6. Adequate tirebreaks should be providedand fire fighting equipment should be on hanand ready to protect nearby property.7. Metal parts remaining after burninshould be salvaged for scrap if there are sufcient quantities to be practicable.

Items To Be BurnedThe following items must be disposed of burning and never by dumping :1. Signal, Drift, Night, AN-Mk 4 a

Mods, and AN-MB 5 and Mods.2. Aircraft Float Light Mk -1, Mk 5, JIk

and Mods.5. Signal, Miniature Practice Bomb, Eluo

escein, AN-M-k 5.Item To Be Dumped

The following item must be disposed of dumping and never by burning.6 R

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HANDLING AND STOWAGEPractice Bomb Signal Mk 6 Mod 0 and Mk 7

Mod 0.Hems To Be Burned or Dumped

The following item s ma y be disposed ofeither by burning or by dumping :1. High Alti tude Par achute Flares.)Le . Aircraft Emergency Identification SignalMk 6 and Mk 7.3. Aircraft Parachute Flares (ElectricallyOperat ed) I$$ Minut e and 3 Minute.-1. Float Flar e (Aircraft) Mk 17 and Mods.Prep ar e for dum ping in accordance with thefollowing instr uctions, pun cturing with an in-strument which should not penetrate a distancegreater than two inches :a . Puncture the body or bouyancy chamberat least twice at a distance of about 18 inchesfrom the base of the flare.b. Puncture the buoyancy chamber once ormore at a distance of about four feet from the

base of the flare.5. Very Signa l Light Mk II. 1-f it is to bedum ped, weight it to insur e sinking.6. Grenade, Smoke, White, (H.C.) , AN-M8.7. Aircraft Pa rachu te Flar es Mks 4, 5, 6, 8,10, an d 11, M26, an d AN-M26; an d all modifi-cations of these flares. Because flares may deto-

nate, burn them singly in an upright positionas described in paragraph 2 under th e headingof Pr epar at ions for Burn ing.8. Signal, Aircraft, Red Sta r, Pa rachu te,

Mll.9. Cart ridge, Slick Mark er, AN-MB 1 Mod

0. If it is to be dumped, weight it to insuresinking.10 . Signal car tridges, l$&inch, as follo\ vs :(If they are to be dumped, weight them to

insure sinking)a. Signal Car tridges, Two-Sta r, Mk 3 Mod3 and Mk 4.b. Signa l, Aircraft, Double Sta r, AN-M28to AN-M.33, AN-M37 to AN-M42, an d AN-M::7Al to AN-M42Al.

Signa l, Aircraft, Double St ar , (withTrt cer) AN-M53 to AN-M58 an d AN--M53Alt 0 AT\ ;-M58.41.

d. Signa l, Aircra ft, Single Sta r, AN-M43to AN-M45 an d AN-M43Al to AN-M45Al.11. Depth C!ha rge Mark ers, (Day), Mk 1and Mods. If they are to be dumped, weightthem tc insure sinking.12 . Depth Cha rge Mark er (Night), Mk 2.Ma;y be bur ned ash ore by rem oving both tea rstrips and placing it in a tub or drum of water.The item will self-ignite. If it is to be du mpe d,remove both tear str ips at the t ime of dumping.Claution: Un less it is weight ed, th e item ma yburn on th e surface for about 45 to 55 minu tes.1 ,. Distress Smoke Ha nd Signal Mk 1 Mod0 and Signal, Distress, Smoke, Hand, AN-Mk 1 Mod 1.14. Signa l, Distr ess, Two-Sta r, Red, M75

(T49) an d AN-M75.15. Signal (Distress, Day an d Night) Mkl:, Mod 0.16. Signal, Miniatu re P ra ctice Bomb, AN--Mk -4. If it is to be bur ned, use a special pithaving tubes and baffles, similar to that usedfor burning primers a nd sma ll arm s ammu-nition.17. Tar get Iden tification Smoke Bomb Mk72 Mod 1. If, it is to be dumped, weight it toinsure sinking.18. Fu zes, Flar e, Mecha nical Time Mill,MlllAl, an d MlllA2; an d Fu ze, Bomb, Me-chanical Time, M146. Dump in accorda nce withinstructions on page 5; or burn, one at a time,following th e gener al directions for bur nin goutlined on page 6.Unser viceable fuzes may also be destr oyed byexplosion, as follows: Pla ce a sma ll nu mber offuzes in an open contain er in a pit or tren ch a tleast four feet deep. Place one or more demoli-tion blocks on the top of the container, in inti-mate contact with the fuzes. Explode with elec-tric blasting caps or with blasting caps andsafety fuse, observing the safety m easu res out-l ined on page 6 under Prepar ations for Burn-ing. (Refer to OP 5, pa ra gra phs 1424-1425.)Demolition or disposal of flares or bombs

equipped with these fuzes shall be carried outonly by experts trained in this type of work.RESTRICTED 7

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Chapter 3SURVEILLANCE

PURPOSESThis chapter establishes the action necessaryfor periodic evaluation of the readiness of pyro-technic ammunition now in service. The objec-

tives are as follows:

Request for these forms should be submitted onNAVGEN Form 47 to the nearest District Pub-lications and Printing Office.

1. To verify by service and laboratory teststhe readiness condition of pyrotechnic ammuni-tion on hand and to provide necessary data forthe evaluation by the Bureau of the conditionof all pyrotechnic ammunition in service.

2. Where deterioration is found to be prog-ressive and continuous, to determine the rate ofdeterioration for the planning of replacement.

c. The appendix to this chapter contains alist of the performance characteristics of eachtg7pe of pyrotechnic ammunition. Ships are ex-pected to follow this list of characteristics inreporting pyrotechnic ammunition perform-ance on the performance data card. If the de-tails of performance have not been placed onthe data card by the manufacturer of that item,the appropriate list of performance character-istics shall be noted on the performance datacard by the ship.

3. To eliminate defective material and in-ferior types of pyrotechnic ammunition fromservice.

4. To determine the causes of failure in or-der to provide engineering guides for futureprocurement.

d. Detailed reports of any abnormal condi-tions of ships pyrotechnic stores such as noted under paragraph 2(b) shall be forwarded tothe Bureau of Ordnance.

DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITY1. Ships.

8 RESTRIC TED

a. Surveillance firing of pyrotechnic ammu-nition is no longer required of ships. However,when pyrotechnic ammunition is fired for anypurpose such as training of personnel or duringfleet exercises, reports of performance of sub-ject ammunition shall be made on the appro-priate performance data card (NAVORD Form1187).

2. Shore Stations.a. Shore stations are required to inspect alltypes of pyrotechnic ammunition at least an-

nually. This inspection shall be as follows :(1) Pyrotechnic ammunition in opened ornon-moisture proof containers shall be inspected

visually for signs of corrosion of cases, forswelling of paper bodies exudation, dented orpunctured bodies, condition of primers, miss-ing safety pins, frayed rip cords, etc., and thegiving off of chemical odors. A sample ade-quate to determine effects of stowage conditionsshall be opened for the above inspection.b. Performance data cards are prepared incheck-off form and packed in each containerwith all new production so that performancecan be checked off by the user and the reportforwarded direct to the Bureau of Ordnance.Some current stocks packed without forms arestill in use. For these it will be necessary to

use the basic form (NAVORD Form 1187).

(2) Pyrotechnic ammunition in moisture-proof packages shall be inspected only for thecondition of the package. If the moistureproof-ness of the packages is suspected, the packageshall be opened and contents inspected as above.b. Reports of abnormal conditions noted dur-ing inspect.ion shall be forwarded to the Bureau

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SURVEILLANCEof Ordnance and defective items or containerswith defective items shall be made available forshipment to the Quality Control SurveillanceLaboratories for examination.

c. Surveillance firing from pyrotechnic lotsin stocks at Naval Ammunition Depots, maga-zines, and other storage facilities is no longerrequired.3. Quality Control Surveillance Laboratories.The Quality Control Surveillance Laboratories

shall select samples of all pyrotechnic ammuni-tion held in storage or in fleet use as directed bythe Bureau of Ordnance. For each item of pyro-technic ammunition and for each manufacturer,the quality level of that type of ammunitionshall be determined by appropriate perform-ance and laboratory tests. The quality level sodetermined shall in each case be compared withthe prior determination of quality in order toascertain whether deterioration associated with

age, storage or other factors has taken place.The statistical tests for this deterioration shallbe made on the basis of appropriate samplingplans provided by the Bureau.4. Authorization for Disposition.a. The Quality Control Surveillance Labora-tories will submit reports to the Bureau on theanalysis of (1) depot held stocks (2) fleet re-turned ammunition (3) suspected pyrotechnicammunition submitted from the annual inspec-tion of stocks by shore stations and from ships.b. On the basis of accumulated performance

data on types of pyrotechnics, the Bureau ofOrdnance will determine whether or not par-ticular lots of pyrotechnics or groups of lotsshall be withdrawn from service. Depots willbe notified of such determinations and wherenecessary, ships will be authorized to turnin such stocks of pyrotechnic ammunition.

FROM: U. S. S. CVE 98 $ ITO, San Francisco,(Cloaasaifiolion and umber) (ALidWM)TO: Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance, Navy Department, Washington 25, D. CREF.: (a) BuOrd Manual 2A1, 2A2, 2A6c, 12C12. 13G (b) OP..-g118

D*TL_5,194g-----

(c) NAVORD OCL

INSTRUCTIONS: Consult references for functional characteristics beforefiring. Use (v) for satisfactory or (x) for unsatisfactory. Give details ofunsatisfactory condition or performance on revwst side.of NAVORD OCL A72-44 for performance date desired. See enclosure (A)--PTROTLCHWIC AMMU NITI ON PERFORMANCE DATA CARMAVORD FORM II-ET lo/40

ROUND No.1 .--!--

J J JJ J J

-5-l

Fgure 2-T ypica l Pyrofechnic Ammunition Performanc e Data Card

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App endix to Cha pte r ThreeDATA FOR USE OF PERFORMANCE DATA CARDS

TitleAircraft Parchute Flares

Mark 4 and Mods

Mark 5 and ModsMark 6 and ModsMark 10 and Mods I

Mark 8 and Mods iMark 11 and Mods IAN-M26

Electrically Operated(1 /r2min. and 3 min.)

Flare (High Altitude Parachute)Mk 20

Aircraft Float Lights andXiyht Drift SignalsMark 4Mark 5 Mod 1Mark 6 Mod 2

Element of Performance

Rip CordParachute ActionBurning time (3 min.)Firing lanyardDelay before ejectionEjectionParachute ActionBurning Time (3 min.)Rip CordParachute ActionDelay before ignitionBurning Time (3 min.)Arming wireDelay before ejectionEjectionParachute ActionBurning time (3 min.)

Electric circuitEjectionParachute ActionBurning time (1M or 3 min.)Primer actionHeight of ejection (1,000 ft.)Parachute ActionBurning time (60 sec.)

Primer actionDelay before ignitionBurning time (3 min.-Mark 410 min.-Mark 540 min.-Mark 6)

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Aircraft Parachute Signal,Red Star, M-11

Photoflash Bomb M46

Cartridge, Slick MarkerMark 1

Very Signal LightsMark 2

Depth Charge MarkersMark 1 and ModsMark 2

Grenade, Smoke, White,(HC) AN-M8

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER THREEAircraft SignalsAN-M37 to 42

AN-M42 to 45

Primer actionPropulsionIgnition of StarsBurning time (7 sec.)ColorAircraft SignalsAN-M53 to 58Signal CartridgeMark 4

Primer actionPropulsionTracer burning time (4 sec.)Star ignitionBurning time (5 sec.)Color

Aircraft EmergencyIdentification SignalsMark 6Mark 7

Primer actionDelay before ejection (4 sec.)Parachute actionBurning t.ime (25 sec.)Color (Indicate)Primer actionPropulsionDelay before ejection (2% sec.)Parachute actionBurning t.ime (30 sec.)Arming wireFuzeBurst(Indicate type of fuze used)Primer actionPropulsionDelay before burst (11 sec.)Visible SlickPrimer actionPropusionBurning time (5 to 7 sec.)Color (Indicate)Primer actionDelay before burst (15 sec.)Visible SlickDelay before ignition(less than 90 seconds)Burning time (45 min.)Primer actionDelay before ignition (4Yd sec.)Burning time (3 min.)

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Chapter4AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARES

CombatTyp esService types of aircraft parachute flares is-

sued to the Fleet are of two distinct categories:(1) Those designed to fall a predetermined dis-tance below the launching aircraft before func-tioning (Fig. 3)) and (2) those designed tofunction as soon as they are clear of the launch-ing aircraft (Fig. 4).

Flares included in the first category are : Air-craft Parachute Flare Mk 5 and Mods, AircraftParachute Flare Mk 6 and Muds, Aircraft Par-achute Flare Mk 10 and Mods, and Flares, Air-craft, Parachute, M26 and AN-M26.Flares included in the second category are:Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 4 and Mods, Air-craft Parachute Flares Mk 8 and Mods, andAircraft Parachute Flares Mk 11 and Mods.

3c

- PARACHUTE

50 FT.DROPBEFOREBURNING

ILLUMINANT150 FT. fERMIN

(AVERAGE)

4IO0 FT. - FLARE

MINIMUM ALTITUDE CASINGFOR

EFFECTIVE USE

3,OObFT.GREATFUZE THAI\TTING

ARBITfSET1dRYFUZEG OF FT.

?Al-IN7,000

IN. A:NIN(

3 MlBUR

FLARE

MAINPARACHUTE

PPROX.3 TIME

ILLUMINANTIN DROP OF

5YY+

I-FLARECASING

Fgure 3-Diagram Showing Aircraft Parac hute FareMark 4 Operated by a Rp Cord

Fgure 4-D iagram Showing Operation of Free Fall-ing Parac hute Fa re

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AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARES

FRICTION WIRESUSPENSION CABLE

SHROUD CORDS

PARAC HUTE TUBEPARACH UT1

RELEASE KE

ARMING RING

-ARMING PLAT

ILLUMINANT

SUPPORT BAND

SUPPORTBAND --j

APRON

FIRE CLA\ IQUICK MATCI-

F--RIP CORD

SECTION X-X

SECTION Y - Y,

-RELEASE KEY CORD-RIP CORD SPOOL

Fgure 5-Aircraft Parac hute F are Mk 4 and Mod s

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AIRCRAFT PYROTECHNICS AND ACCESSORIES OP 998 (SECOND REV.1Aircraft ParachuteFlare Mk 4 and Mods

This flare is used primarily for illuminatinga large area sufficiently to permit the landingof aircraft (Fig. 5). It may also he used to il-luminate an area for reconnoitering and bomb-ing. However, Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk5, Mk 6, and Mk 10, having much greater can-dlepower than Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 4,are more satisfactory for reconnoitering andbombing. Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 4 isalso used by low flying aircraft to blind theenemys antiaircraft defenses.

The complete flare, as issued ready for re-lease, weighs approximately 18 pounds. Theshellac-impregnated chip board case has a diam-eter of 43/ inches and a length of 273/s inches.

Two metal steadying bands are fastened tothe case. The steadying forks (or sway brac-ing) of the bomb racks rest against thesesteadying bands.Both ends of the case are closed by chipboard discs, held in place by gummed cloth andsealed with paraffin. The flare, as issued, is

water-repellent but should be kept in the mois-ture-proof metal shipping container when notinstalled in a plane.

Markings on the case show where to attachthe support band (or bands) when the flare isto be released from a bomb rack. The supportbands are shipped in the packing box with theflares. 7

Operation-When the flare is released fromthe aircraft, the arming plate on the end of therip cord is retained by the arming-wire retainerof the bomb rack. The rip cord (fastened to thearming plate) tears along the side of the caseuntil it reaches the end of the flare casing. Asthe flare. continues to fall, the rip cord (woundaround a wooden spool inside the end of theflare casing) unwinds from the spool, thus car-rying away t he end of the flare casing. Whenthe end of th e flare casing is torn off, the ripcord pulls the wooden spool a nd the parachutetu be (with th e par achut e) out of th e flar e cas-ing. The spool falls away. The t e n s io n o n t h er i p c o r d r e t a i n s t h e p a r a c h u t e t u b e a n d , a s t h ef la r e case (conta in ing th e f la r e cand le ) f a l ls

away, the parachute is pulled out of the lowerend of the parachute tube by the suspensioncable and the parachute shroud lines.When the parachute and the parachuteshrouds are fully extended, the release key cordbecomes taut and pulls one end of the release

key down away from the chip board cover ofthe, parachute tube. This allows the rip cord toslip through the key and become detached fromthe parachute tube.An ignition wire is attached to the suspen-sion cable in such a manner that it is pulled be-fore the suspension cable is fully extended. The

ignition wire pulls four friction wires throughprimer cups of match compound. This ignitesa double quick match which burns down theoutside of the illuminant case and ignites theprimer composition, then the first fire composi-tion, which, in turn, ignites the illuminant com-position.The parachute opens and suspends the flare,

and the parachute tube falls clear. Full suspen-sion and ignition occur about 30 to 50 feet belowthe plane. Th.e flare burns for approximatelythree minutes with a light intensity of about300,000 candlepower.The installation and release of Aircraft Par-achute Flare Mk 4 and Mods is described inChapter 5.The proper akitude for the release of thistype of flare depends upon the purpose for

which it is to be used. For purposes of observa-tion or reconnaissance the flare should be re;leased at altitudes of between 1,500 to 5,000feet, depending upon the area to be observed.This flare should never be released over friendlyterr itory at altitu des less tha n 1,500 feet, ex-cept in cases of extreme emergency. The flarefalls approximately 450 feet per minute andwould reach the ground before burning is com-pleted.

In making observations extending over con-siderable time, the succeeding flares should bereleased approximately three minutes after theprevious flar e, an d in a position most adva n-ta geous to the work being condu cted. Such P r o -c e d u r e r e d u c e s t h e o v e r l a p to a minimum arid

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AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARESARMING PLATE LANYARD RING

FIRING LANYARDI

IGN IITION COMPOSITIONCOMPRESSION RINGFIRING MECHANISM

CABLE STOP

RACHUTE TUBETENTION CAB1E

-TRIGGER SNAP.GAS CHECK,SUSPENSION CABLE-ILLUMINANT

rFIRING LEVERLEVER SPRING

L LSNAPFIRING LANYARD CORDFUZE BLOCKQUFK MA TCH PLUNGER

LOC K SCREW-J /FUZE SETTi IG RING BLAC K POWDER PELLETS fFigure 6- Aircraft Parac hute Fa re Mk 5 and Mod s, and Fure for Aircraft

Parac hute Fa res Mk 5 and Mk 6

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AIRCRAFT PYROTECHNICS AND ACCESSORIES OP 998 (SECOND REV.1assures continuous illumination upon the areabeing observed.

Safety Precautions-In addition to the gen-eral safety precautions outlined in Chapter 2,the following special precaution should beobserved :

This flare should not be launched from bombbays, because the parachute is pulled out of theflare case by the static line, and may foul theairplane structure.Packing-Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 4 andMods is shipped in a moisture-proof metal con-tainer, six containers in one wooden packingbox.Storage-Flares should be stowed in theoriginal moisture-proof containers in a locationwhere the temperature will not exceed 100 de-grees Fahrenheit. If this temperature is notexceeded, satisfactory performance can be ex-pected for from six to ten years after the dateof manufacture.

Aircraft ParachuteFlare Mk 5 and ModsThis flare is used for illuminating a large

area sufficiently to permit reconnoitering,bombing, or the landing of aircraft. (Fig. 6.)In addition, the light produced by the flare pri-marily for bombing also has a blinding effect onthe operators of antiaircraft weapons.

The complete flare, as issued ready for re-lease, weighs approximately 18 pounds. Theshellac-impregnated chip board case has a diam-eter of 43/a inches and a length of 27 inches.

Two metal steadying bands are fastened tothe case. The steadying forks (or sway brac-ing) of the bomb racks rest against thesesteadying bands.The fuze end of the case is closed by a metalcover. The parachute end of the case is closedby several layers of chip board held in place bygummed cloth and sealed with paraffin. The

flare, as issued, is water-repellent but should bekept in the moisture-proof shipping containerwhen not installed in a plane.Markings on the case show where to attachthe support bands when the flare is to be re-

leased from a bomb rack. The support bandsare shipped in the packing box with the flares.Mounted in one end of the flare is a variabletime delay fuze. The setting is made by turningthe indicator on the metal firing mechanismhousing to the desired delay. The delay isshown on the fuze setting ring, and indicatesthe vertical distance the flare will drop before.igniting. This distance (or delay) can bevaried from 300 feet to 12,000 feet.Operation--When the flare is released fromthe aircraft, the arming plate on the end of therip cord is retained by the arming-wire retainerof the bomb rack. The firing lanyard (fas-tened to the arming plate) tears along the sideof the case and flips off the fuze end cover, andpulls the snap cord attached to the firing lever.The fuze mechanism of Aircraft ParachuteFlare Mk 5 Mod 0 to Mk 5 Mod 7 functions asfollows :The weight of the flare pulls the firing leveraway from the primer until the snap cord be-comes taut, at which time the snap cord breaks.The firing lever spring then drives the firing lever back against the fulminate of mercuryprimer. The flame from the primer ignites the

black powder pellets in the fuze plunger. Ex- panding gases from the burning black powderforce the sharp point of the plunger radiallyoutward into the safety fuse.* Three small holes near the point of the plunger allow some of theflame to escape from the inside of the plungerinto the powder of the safety fuse. The safetyfuse burns at the rate of 12 inches per 60-sec-ond interval. The point at which this fuse startsto burn is determined by the drop desired be-fore ignition of the flare, and is regulated asdescribed above.

The fuze mechanism of Aircraft ParachuteFlare Mk 5 Mod 8 is similar, except that thecord pulls away from the firing lever instead ofbreaking, thus requiring much less pull to firethe primer. Difficulty has been encountered inobtaining proper functioning of Aircraft Par-achute Flare Mk 5 Mod 7 (and lower Mods)when released from bomb shackles in bomb*Fuse indicates a burn ing type, while fuze nd ica tesmechanical type.

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AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARE2AUXILIARY PARAC HUTE

PARAC HUTE

PARAC HUTE TUBE

SHROUD CORDS

ARMING PLATESUSPENSION CABLE

- LANYARD RING-FIRING LANYARD

ILLUMINANT-LEVER SPRING

FIRING LEVERSNAP CORDFIRING LANYARD

I -- FUZE BLOCK&ik-- SAFETY FUSE

LOC K SCREW pi POWDER PELLzMING F

*e 7-Aircraft Poroc hute Fa re Mk 6 a nd Mods, and Fuze for Aircraft ParachuteFlare Mk 6 Mod 5RESTRICTED

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AIRCRAFT PYROTECHNICS AND ACCESSORIES OP 998 (SECOND REV.1bays. (See Chapter 5.) Aircraft ParachuteFlare Mk 5 Mod 8 can be released from bombbays.

The safety fuse (at the periphery of themetal firing mechanism housing) burns its pre-determined length and ignites the quick matchunder the fuze block.

This, in turn, ignites the quick match andfire-cracker fuse stapled to the ignition (or firstfire) composition.

When the ignition composition begins toburn, the gases generated force the parachuteand illumninant out of the flare case. The par-achute opens, and the parachute shroud termi-nal on the end of the shroud lines slides up theretention cable until it is stopped by the cablestop. A short length of cable beyond the cablestop suspends the flare case well away from theburning flare. This also keeps the case fromdropping as a missile hazard.

The pyrotechnic candle burns for approxi-mately three minutes with a light intensity ofabout 600,000 candlepower. Aircraft ParachuteFlares Mk 5, Mk 5 Mod 1, and Mk 5 Mod 2 pro-duce a white light when the pyrotechnic candlesburn. Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 5 Mods 3to 8 burn with a yellow light.Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 5 Mod 0, Mk 5Mod 1, and Mk 5 Mod 2 are no longer manu-factured, but are being used for training pur-poses until the supply is exhausted.

To use the full burning time of the flare tobest advantage, the altitude at which it is to bereleased should be about 3,000 feet greater thanthe fuze setting. While burning, the flare fallsapproximately 1,500 to 1,800 feet.

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 5 and Modscan be dropljed from any aircraft by at leastone of the methods described in Chapter 5. Air-craft Parachute Flares Mk 5 Mod 0 to Mk 5Mod 7 are no t suitable for release from bombbays. Air currents entering the bomb bay tendto reduce the stress on the snap cord, with theresult that the cord does not break and the flareremains suspended from the firing lanyard.This allows the flare to toss around in the bombbay, and it may cause damage to the plane struc-

ture. There is also the danger that the flaremight ignite while still in the bomb bay. Fatalaccidents may occur if a Aare becomes hung upin the bomb bay.

This difficulty has been overcome by rede-signing the fuze mechanism. The new fuze isincorporated in Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 5Mod 8. The fuze of this modification requiresonly an eight-pound pull to operate the firinglever instead of a pull of approximately 38pounds required in the previous models. Thecord pulls away instead of breaking. The newfuze operates the same as the old fuze, exceptfor the changes in the firing lever and the cord.

Safety Precautions-.--In addition to the gen-eral safety precautions outlined in Chapter 2,the following special precautions should beobserved :Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 3 Mod 0 to Mk5 Mod 7 must not be released from bomb bays,except when released by the Carrier, ParachuteFlare, Mk 1.The flare case of Aircraft Parachute FlareMk 5 Mod 8 is no t retained by a retention cable, and falls as a mis&le hazard. Therefore,Flare Mk 5 Mod S should no t be used over

friendly territory.Packing-Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 5 andMods is shipped in a moisture-proof metal con-tainer, six containers in one wooden packingbox.Storage-Flares should be sto&ed in the ori-ginal moisture-proof containers in a locationlwhere the temperature will not exceed 100 de-grees Fahrenheit.. If this temperature is notexceeded, satisfactory performance can be ex-pected for from six to ten years after the dateof manufacture.

Aircraft ParachuteFlare Mk 6 a nd ModsThis flare is used for illuminating a largearea sufficiently to permit reconnoitering andbombing. (Fig. 7) The light produced by theflare primarily for bombing also has a blindingeffect on the operators of antiaircraft weapons.The complete flare, as issued ready for re-

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AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARESlease, weighs approximately 30 pounds. Theshallac-impregnated chip board case, contain-ing a time fuze, a parachute, a small auxiliaryparachute, and the pyrotechnic candle, has adiameter of 5% inches and a length of 35vhinches.

One or two metal support bands which areshipped with the flare can be mounted on theflare (as indicated on the case) so that the flarecan be suspended from bomb racks and bombshackles. The support bands are not neededwhen the flare is launched from the cockpit orfrom Flare Container Mk 1 Mod 0. There arealso two metal steadying bands fastened to thecase, against which the steadying forks or swaybiacing of the bomb rack rest.

The rip cord is connected to the firing leverof the time fuze by a snap cord. The fuze endof the flare case is closed by a metal cover, andthe parachute end of the flare case is closed byseveral layers of chip board held in place bygummed cloth and sealed with paraffin. Theparachute is connected to the illuminant candleby a steel suspension cable. The flare, as is-sued, is water resistant but should be kept in theshipping container when not installed in anairplane.

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 6 and Mods hasa variable time delay fuze. The setting is madeby turning the indicator on the metal firingmechanism houiing to the desired delay. Thedelay is shown on the fuze setting ring, andindicates the vertical distance the flare willdrop before igniting. This distance (or delay)can be varied from 300 feet to 12,000 feet.

Operation-When the flare is released fromthe aircraft, the arming plate on the end of therip cord is retained by the arming-wire retainerof the bomb shackle or bomb rack. The rip cordtears along the side of the case, flips off themetal fuze end cover, and pulls the snap cordattached to the firing lever.

The fuze of Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 6Mod 0 to Mk 6 Mod 4 functions as follows:The firing lever is pulled away from the prim-er, and when the snap cord breaks, the firinglever spring drives the firing lever back against

the primer. The flame from the primer ignitesthe black powder pellets in the fuze plunger.Expanding gases from the burning black pow-der force the sharp point of the plunger intothe safety fuse.* Three small holes near thepoint of the plunger allow some of the flame toescape from the inside of the plunger .into thepowder of the safety fuse. The safety fuseburns at the rate of 12 inches per 60-second in-terval. The point at which this fuse starts toburn is determined by the drop desired beforeignition of the flare, and is regulated as de-scribed in Column 1.

The fuze mechanism of Aircraft ParachuteFlare Mk 6 Mod 5 is similar, except that thecord pulls away from the firing lever insteadof breaking, thus requiring much less pull tofire the primer. A safety screw which preventsfiring of the fuze is incorporated in the FuzeMk 6 Mod 5 Type. This screw must be removedwhen the flare is installed in the aircraft.

The safety fuse (at the periphery of themetal mechanism housing) burns its prede-termined length and ignites the quick-matchunder the fuze block. This, inturn, ignites thequick-match and fire-cracker fuse stapled to theignition (or first fire) composition.

When this composition begins to burn, thegases generated force the auxiliary parachute,the parachute in its case, and the illuminant outof the flare case, which falls clear. The auxil-iary parachute opens and retards the parachutein its case, allowing the illuminant to pull theshroud cords and parachute out of the para-chute case for full suspension of the flare.The pyrotechnic candle burns for approxi-mately three minutes with a light intensity ofabout one million candlepower. The color of thelight produced is pale yellow.To use the full burning time of the flare tobest advantage, the altitude at which it is to bereleased should be about 3,000 feet greater thanthe fuze setting. While burning, the flare falls

about 1,500 feet.Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 6 and Mods can*Fuse indicates a burn ing type, while fuze indicates amechanical type.

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AIRCRAFT PYROTECHNICS AND ACCESSORIES QP 998 (SECOND REV.)he dropped from any aircraft by at least one ofthe methods described in Chapter 5.

Safety Precautions-Observe the generalsafety precautions outlined in Chapter 2.Packing- Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 6and Mods are packed separately in moisture-proof metal containers, four containers in onewooden packing box.Storage-Flares should be stowed in theoriginal containers in a location where the tem-

perature will not exceed 100 degrees Fahren-heit. If this temperature is not exceeded, satis-factory performance can be expected for fromsix to ten years after the date of manufacture.Aircraft ParachuteFlare Mk 8 a nd Mod s

This flare was developed during 1943 speci-fically for night antisubmarine warfare. (Fig.8.) Its principal characteristics are :

1. Immediate opening of the parachute, sim-ilar to the Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 4 andMods.

2. Delay between the opening of the para-chute and ignition of the pyrotechnic candle.(Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 8 Mod 0 andMk 8 Mod 1 incorporate a go-second delay; theMk 8 Mod 2 incorporates a 120-second delay.)

3. Light intensity of approximately 500,000candlepower.This flare allows a single patrol plane to dropa flare near the target and then to get into posi-tion for the attack before the flare ignites and

discloses the presence of the attacking plane.The minimum altitude from which these flarescan be dropped and obtain full burning time isapproximately 2,500 feet.

The complete flare, as issued ready for re-lease, weighs approximately 18 pounds. Theshellac-impregnated chip board case has a di-ameter of 4xh inches and a length of 251/8inches. There are two metal steadying bandsfastened to the case. The steadying forks orsway bracing of the bomb rack rest againstthese steadying bands.

Both ends of the flare case are closed by chipboard discs held in place by gummed cloth and

sealed with paraffin. The flare, as issued, iswater-repellent but should be kept in the mois-ture-proof metal shipping container when notinstalled in a plane.

Markings on the case show where the sup-port bands should be attached when the flare isto be released from a bomb rack. The supportbands are shipped in the wooden packing boxwith the flare.

The Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 8 Mod 0has been replaced by the Mk 8 Mod 1. Quanti-ties on hand are to be issued for training pur-poses only.

Operations-As the flare falls away from theaircraft, the arming plate is retained by thearmingwire retainer of the bomb. The rip cord(fastened to the arming plate) tears along theside of the flare until it reaches the end of theflare casing. As the flare continues to fall, therip cord (wound around a wooden spool insidethe end of the flare casing) unwinds from thespool, thus tearing away the end of the flarecasing. When the end of the flare casing is tornoff, the pull of the rip cord pulls the woodenspool and the parachute tube (with the parachute) out of the flare casing. The spool fallsaway. The tension on the rip cord retains the parachute tube and, as the flare case containing the flare candle falls away, the parachute ispulled out of the lower end of the parachutetube by the suspension cable and the parachuteshrouds. When the parachute and parachuteshrouds are fully extended, the release key cordbecomes taut and pulls one end of the releasekey down. This allows the rip cord to slipthrough the key and become detached from theparachute and the parachute tube. The para-chute opens and suspends the flare 30 to 50 feetbelow the aircraft. The parachute tube fallsclear.Ignition of Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 8Mod 0 is accomplished by an ignition wire at-tached to the suspension cable in such a mannerthat it is pulled before the cable is fully ex-tended. The ignition wire pulls four frictionwires through primer cups of quick match com-pound; this ignites a safety fuse which burnsfor 90 seconds. The safet.y fuse is located

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RIP CORD SPOOLRELEASE KEY

PARACHUTE

PARAC HUTE TUBE

SHROUD CORDS

TRIGGER SNAP

-~SUSPENSION CABLE

ARMING PLATE

PULL TYPE IGNITERILLUMINANT

SAFETY FUSE

IGNITIONCOMPOSITIONQUICK MATCH

Fg ure B-Aircraff Parac hufe Fa re Mk 8 and Mod s

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.

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AIRCRAFT, PYROTECHNICS AND ACCESSORIES OP 998 (SECOND REV.--between the pyrotechnic candle and the outsideflare case. The safety fuse ignites the quickmatch and then the first fire composition, which,in turn, ignites the illuminant composition.

Ignition of Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 8Mod 1 and Mk 8 Mod 2 is accomplished by apull-type igniter located in the tube in the cen-ter of the pyrotechnic candle. The safety fuseis also located in this tube. Aircraft ParachuteFlare Mk 8 Mod 1 incorporates a go-seconddelay, and the Mk 8 Mod 2 incorporates a 120-second delay. The safety fuse ignites the quickmatch and then the first firecomposition, which,in turn, ignites the illuminant composition.These flares burn for approximately three min-utes after being ignited, and with a light inten-sity of approximately 500,000 candlepower.

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 8 and Mods maybe released from aircraft by any one of themethods described in Chapter 5.The minimum altitude from which the Air-

craft Parachute Flare Mk 8 Type can bedropped and obtain full burning time is about2,500 feet. The altitude at which this flareshould be used depends upon the tactics to beemployed. Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 8 Mod0 should not be launched at a speed in excessof 150 knots, as the parachute may not with-stand the shock of opening. Aircraft ParachuteFlares Mk 8 Mod 1 and Mk 8 Mod 2 have beenmodified by the incorporation of a snubber de-vice at the lower end of the suspension cable.Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 8 Mod 1 andMk 8 Mod 2 can be launched at air speeds up to220 knots without danger of casualty to theparachute.

Safety Precautions-In addition to the gen-eral safety precautions outlined in Chapter 2,the following special precautions should beobserved : .Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 8 Mod 0 shouldnot be launched at speeds in excess of 150 knots.

Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 8 and Modsshould not be launched from bomb bays.Packing-Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 8 andMods is shipped in a moisture-proof metal con-tainer, six containers in one wooden box.

Storage-Flares should be stowed in theoriginal containers in a location where the tem-perature will not exceed 100 degrees Fahren-heit. If this temperature is not exceeded, satis-factory performance can be expected for fromsix to ten years after the date of manufacture.Aircraf) ParachuteFlare Mk IO Mod 0

This flare is used for illuminating a largearea sufficiently to permit reconnoitering andbombing. (Fig. 9.) The light produced by theflare primarily for bombing also has a blindingeffect on the operators of antiaircraft weapons.

The complete flare, as issued ready for re-lease, weighs approximately 30 pounds. Theshellac-impregnated chip board case-contain-ing a time fuze, a parachute, and the pyrotech-nic candle-has a diameter of 53/3 inches anda length of 35x/k inches.

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 10 Mod 0 canbe dropped from any aircraft by at least one othe methods described in Chapter 5.One or two metal support bands which areshipped with the flare can be mounted on theflare (as indicated on the case) so that the flarecan be suspended from bomb racks and bomb

shackles. The support bands are not neededwhen the Aare is launched from the cockpit ofrom Flare Container Mk 1 Mod 0. There arealso two metal steadying bands fastened to thecase, against which the steadying forks or swaybracing of the bomb rack rest.

The firing lanyard is connected to the firinglever of the time fuze by a snap cord. The fuzeend of the flare case is closed by a metal cover,and the parachute end of the flare case is closedby several layers of chip board held in place bygummed cloth and sealed with paraffin. Theflare, as issued, is water resistant but should bekept in the shipping container n-hen not installed in an airplane.

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 10 Mod 0 has variable time delay fuze. The setting is madeby turning the indicator on the metal firingmechanism housing to the desired delay. Thedelay is shown on the fuze setting ring, andindicates the vertical distance the flare wil22 RESTRICTED

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PARACHUTE -

PARACHUTE TUBE -

SHROUD CORD-

.ARMING PLATE

LANYARD RING

/ -FIRING LEVER

ILLUMINANT-

r LEVER SPRING

-FUZE SETTING RING

SNAP CORDFIRING LANYARD

vr QUICK MATCHFUZE BLOCK .IGNITION

COMPOSITIONPLUNGER

FIRING MECHANISMLOC K SCREW -

figure Y-Aircraft Parac hute Fa re Mk 10 Mod 0, and Fuze

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clrop before igniting. This distance (or delay)can be varied from 300 feet to 12,000 feet.

Operation-When the flare is released fromthe aircraft, the arming plate on the end of thefiring lanyard is retained by the arming-wireretainer of the bomb shackle or bomb rack. Thefiring lanyard tears along the side of the case,flips off the metal fuze end cover, and pulls thesnap cord attached to the firing lever.

The firing lever is pulled away from theprimer, and, when the snap cord is released,the firing lever spring drives the firing leverback against the primer. The flame from theprimer ignites the black powder pellets in thefuze plunger. Expanding gases from the burn-ing black powder force the sharp point of theplunger into the safety fuse. Three small holesnear the point of the plunger allow some ofthe flame to escape from the inside of theplunger into the powder of the safety fuse. Thesafety fuse burns at the rate of 12 inches pergo-second interval. The point at which thisfuse starts to burn is determined by the dropdesired before ignition of the flare, and is regu-lated as described above.

The safety fuse (at the periphery of themetal mechanism housing) burns its prede-termined length and ignites the quick-matchunder the fuze block. This, in turn, ignites thequick-match and firecracker fuse stapled tothe ignition (or first fire) composition.

When this composition begins to burn, thegases generated force the parachute in the splitparachute tube and the illuminant out of theflare case, which falls clear. The split tubefalls away and the parachute opens, suspendingthe flare.

The pyrotechnic candle burns for approxi-mately 4l,e minutes, with a minimum lightintensity of 750,000 candlepower. The color ofthe light produced is pale yellow.TO use the full burning time of the flare tobest advantage, the altitude at which it is to bereleased should be about 3,000 feet greaterthan the fuze setting. While burning, the flarefalls about 2,100 feet.

AIRCRAFT PYROTECHNICS AND ACCESSORIES op 998 (SECOND REV. Safety Precautions--Observe the gene4safety precautions outlined in Chapter 2.Packing-Aircraft Parachute Flare &Ik 10 Mod 0 is packed separately in & moisture-proof

metal container, four containers in one woodenpacking box.Storage-Flares should be stowed in the

original containers in a location where the tern- perature will not exceed 100 degrees Fahren- heit. If this temperature is not exceeded, satisfactory performance can be expected for from six to ten years after the date of manufacture.Aircraft ParachuteFlare Mk I I Mod 0

This flare was developed to supplement Air-craft Parachute Flare Mk 8 and Mods for usein night antisubmarine warfare. (Fig. 10.) Itwill not be placed on pyrotechnic allowancelists until adequate supplies are available anduntil reports from the Fleet indicate the quanti-ties desired,

The principal chara.cteristics of this newflare are:1. Immediate opening of the parachute (similar to the Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 4 and

Mk 8 Types). ,,. Selective delay between the opening of theparachute and ignition of the pyrotechniccandle. (Delays between 90 seconds and 180seconds can be selected at any time prior totake-off of the aircraft.)

3. Light intensity of approximately one mil-lion candlepower for a period of three minutes.This flare allows a single patrol plane to dropa flare near the target and then to get into Posi-tion for the attack before the flare ignites anddiscloses the presence of the attacking Plane.The minimum altitude from which these flarescan be dropped and obtain the full burningtime varies between 2,500 feet and 4,066 feet,

depending on the delay which has been previ-ously selected. The average rate of descent be-fore ignition is abount 800 feet per minut.e, andafter ignition is about 450 feet per minute.The complete flare, as issued ready for re-lease, weighs approximately 30 pounds. The

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AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARES1 RIP CORD SPOOL

-RIP CORDPARACHUTE

FLARE CASE

STEADYING BAND

SHROUD CORDS

SUSPENSION CABLE

FUZE BLOC K BLACKSAFETY POWDERFUSE PELLETS

Fg ure 10-Aircraff Parac hute Fa re M& 7 I and moss, nd FureAssembly Showing Settings

- ILLUMINA NT TUBE

- ILLUMINANT

/GNlTONCOMPOSITION

--QUICK MATCH-FIRINGMECHANISM

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AIRCRAFT PYROTECHNICS AND ACCESSORIES OP 998 (SECOND REV.1shellac-impregnated chip board case has a di-am ete r of 53/s inches and a length of 353hinches.Two metal steadying bands are fastened tothe case. The steadying forks or sway-bracingof the bomb rack rest against these steadyingbands when the flare is mounted on the aircraft.

The parachute end of the flare case is closedby a chip board disc, held in place by gummedcloth and sealed with paraffin. The fuze end ofthe flare is closed by a metal fuze end coverunder which is stowed the metal lanyard.

The flare, as issued, is water-repellent butshould be kept in the moisture-proof shippingcontainer when not installed on an aircraft.Markings on the case show where the supportbands should be attached if the flare is to bereleased from a bomb rack. The support bandsare shipped in the wooden packing box withthe flare.The selective delay fuze is set by lifting thespring-loaded plunger and turning the metalfuze housing. The fuze pointer indicates thedelay in seconds between launching the flareand ignition of the pyrotechnic candle. Releas-ing the plunger causes positive locking in thefive major settings (90 seconds, 120 seconds,150 seconds, 180 seconds, and SAFE.)Operation-As the flare falls away from theaircraft, the swivel loop and flexible metal lan-yard are retained by the arming wire retainerof the launching gear. The rip cord, (fastenedto the end of the metal lanyard and woundaround a wooden spool inside the end of theflare casing) tinwinds from the spool, thus car-rying away the end of the flare casing. Whenthe end of the flare casing is torn off, the ripcord pulls the wooden spool and the parachute

tube (with the parachute) out of the flare cas-ing. The spool falls away. The tension on therip cord retains the parachute tube and, as theflare case containing the flare candle falls away,the parachute is pulled out of the lower end ofthe parachute tube by the suspension cable andthe parachute shroud lines.When the parachute and parachute shroudlines are fully extended, the release key cord

becomes taut and pulls one end of the releasekey down. This allows the rip cord to slipthrough the key and become detached from theparachute tube. The parachute opens and sus-pends the flare 30 feet to 50 feet below the air-craft. The parachute tube and the flare casingboth fall clear.

The selective delay ignition device of the Air-craft Parachute Flare Mk 11 Mod 0 functionsin a manner similar to the fuze used in the Mk5 and Mk 6 types of aircraft parachute flare.Action is initiated by a wire cord attached tothe suspension cable so that it is pulled beforethe cable is fully extended. The wire cordpasses through a hole in the center of the pyro-technic candle. The striker is pulled away fromthe primer and then released, striking theprimer, which ignites the powder pellets in thefuze plunger. The fuze plunger is driven by thegases generated by the black powder pelletsinto a safety fuse which surrounds the metalfuze housing. The safety fuse burns its prede-termined length and ignites the pyrotechniccandle. Gases generated by the burning candleblow the fuze assembly off from the end of thepyrotechnic candle, and the fuze falls clear.

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 11 Mod 0 maybe released from aircraft by at least one of themethods described in Chapter 5.

The minimum altitude from which the Air-craft Parachute Flare Mk 11 Type can bedropped and obtain full burning time variesbetween 2,500 feet and 4,000 feet, dependingupon the delay selected. The altitude fromwhich this flare should be launched will dependupon the tactics to be employed in that par-ticular ease.

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 11 Mod 0 has afriction type snubber device at the lower endof the suspension cable, allowing the flare tobe launched at speeds as high as 200 knots withsatisfactory results.

Safety Precautions--In addition to the gen-eral safety precautions outlined in Chapter 2,the following special precaution should beobserved :

The Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 11 Mod 0 should not be launched from bomb bays.

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AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARESPacking-Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 11Mod 0 is shipped in a moisture-proof metal

container, four containers in one wooden box.Storage-Flares should be stowed in theoriginal containers in a location where the tem-perature will not exceed 100 degrees Fahren-

heit. If this temperature is not exceeded, satis-factory performance can be expected for fromsix to ten years after the date of manufacture.Flares, Airc raft, Parac hute,M26 and AN-M26

These flares provide illumination for nightbombardment and reconnaissance. (Fig. 11.)Flare, Aircraft, Parachute, AN-M26 is an im-

I provement of Flare, Aircraft, Parachute, M26.These flares are parachute-supported withshaded candles. The shade is folded aroundthe candle and opens like an umbrella.

The complete flare (with the fuze) weighsapproximately 53 pounds. The metal flare case,cylindrical in shape (with tail fins and arounded nose) has a diameter of eight inches(not including the fins) and a length of 50inches (with the fuze installed) ; the diameteracross the tail fin is 131/z inches. The case isequipped with two suspension lugs i4 inchesapart. A shipping cover with a handle attachedcloses the tail end of the case. This opening issealed by a strip of adhesive tape.

Two types of illuminant are used in Flare,Aircraft, Parachute, M26-the standard il-luminant which produces a light of approxi-mately 800,000 candlepower, and a substituteilluminant which produces a light of approxi-mately 575,000 candlepower. As the substituteillumant ages, the burning time sometimes de-creases to about two minutes, and, at the sametime, the light intensity increases to about onemillion candlepower. A flare with the substi-tute illuminant can be identified by a blue bandpainted around the nose, or by blue supportbands.

Ignition Delay of Flares, Aircraft, Para-chute M26 and AN-M26 is controlled by theFuzes, Flare, Mechanical Time, Mill, MlllAl,or MlllA2. Of these three fuzes, the MlllA2is the most sturdily constructed, and the most

satisfactory. A new fuze which is available forissue in limited quantity is the Fuze, Bomb,Mechanical Time, M146; it is detonator safeand is preferred to any of the above fuzes. Itis the only fuze authorized for carrier use withthis flare.

For additional details concerning fuzes andthe proper procedures for the handling offuzes, refer to Chapter 7. These fuzes permitthe use of the flare for high-altitude bombard-ment. They may be set to function at 3,000 feetwhen released from any altitude beeween 5,000feet and 25,000 feet. The delay is indicated onthe time graduation ring. Table 1 shows thefuze setting corresponding to the number ofseconds required for a flare to fall from anyaltitude in the above range to an altitude of3,000 feet, and the dropping angles to be usedwith various airplane ground speeds.

This Aare is launched only from bomb racksand bomb shackles. If the rack or shackle tobe used has only one suspension hook, the flareshould be suspended by the after lug, which isabove the center of gravity of the flare. If therack or shackle has two suspension hooks, theflare should be suspended by both lugs.

The flare should be prepared for mounting inthe aircraft 2s described in Chapter 5. Flare,Aircraft, Parachute, M26 can be released atany air speed up to 130 knots. At higherspeeds, the drag sleeve is apt to tear away,with the result that the flare will not functionproperly. For the same reason, Flare AN-M26must not be released at an air speed in excessof 240 knots.

Operation--Flares may be released safe orarmed. When released safe, they may functionon impact. When released armed, they functionas follows :

Downward movement of the flare with-draws the arming wire from the fuze, allowingthe vane to rotate and arm the fuze. With-drawing the arming wire also allows the re-lease pin to be ejected, thus starting the timemechanism.

When the flare has dropped the length of thehanglvire, the latter breaks the seal wire and

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AIRCRAFT PYROTECHNICS AND ACCESSORIES OP 998 (SECOND REV.)

FUZE

i- ARMING WIRE

SUSPENSION BAND Ml I

QUICK MATCHFLARE CHARGE

IGNITION DELAY ELEMENTSHOCK ABSORBE

RELEASING CUP COVER tSTABILIZING SLEEVE -

28Fg ure 1 --fla res, Aircraft, Parac hute, M26 and AN-M26

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AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARESpulls out the hangwire container, which dropsfree. Meanwhile, the tear wire, (attached tothe hnngwire near its end) pulls out the tearwire cord which, in turn, pulls out the dragsleeve and its shrouds. A lengh of cord at-tached to the shrouds removes the detachablecover lock of the cover releasing cup.

When the flare has dropped the combinedlength of the hangwire, tear wire, tear wirecord, sleeve, and sleeve shrouds, the tear wirebreaks, allowing the flare to drop. The flare isstabilized in flight by the fins and by the dragsleeve. The arming vanes arm the fuze in aboutfive seconds from the time of release.

When the time set on the periphery of thefuze has elapsed, a small charge of blackpowder is ignited and the gases generated pushout the cover releasing cup. The four retainingpins (which engage the groove in the case with

one end and also rest against the periphery ofthe cover releasing cup at the other end) areretracted by the retaining pin springs. Thisreleases the detachable cover to which thesleeve shrouds are attached, and allows thedrag sleeve and cover assembly to separatefrom the flare.

The cover assembly is attached to the para-chute by the parachute pull-cord. The pulloutcord and the expanding gases from the explodedblack powder force the parachute, glass clothshade, and illuminant from the case, whichfalls free. As the parachute leaves the case,the parachute pull-out cord breaks and thesleeve falls away from the suspended flare.

The shock caused by the opening of the para-chute is taken up by a shock absorber. Thisis composed of two lengths of metal tubingwhich have been slipped over the suspension

Table I-Dropp ing Ang les and Fuze Settings(Altitude of Functioning, 3,000 Feet)

Release Fuzealtitude Setting Dropping angles (degrees) for various ground speeds (knots)__-- ___-.-(feet) (seconds) 122.5 140 157.5 175 192.5 2105,0006,0007,coo8,0009,00010,00011,00012,00013,00014,00015,00016,CO017,coo18,00019,000

20,00021,00022,oco23,00024,00025,000

14.018.222.226.129.933.737.340.944.547.951.354.758.061.264.467.670.773.779.676.6a.5

17.316.114.713.512.411.510.710.19.59.08.58.28.07.77.47.16.96.76.56.46.2

19.017.716.214.913.712.711.811.110.59.99.49.08.78.48.07.87.67.47.27.06.8

20.719.217.616.114.9.13.812.812.111.410.810.39.89.49.18,sS.58.38.17.87.77.5

22.220.618.917.315.914.813.813.012.211.611.110.610.29.89.59.28.98.78.58.38.1

23.621.920.018.417.015.s14.713.813.012.411.811.310.910.510.19.89.69.39.18.98.7

24.923.121.119.518.016.715.614.613.813.112.512.011.511.110.710.410.29.99.69.49.2

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AIRCRAFT PYROTECHNICS AND ACCESSORIES OP 998 (SECOND REVcable and then coiled around an arbor about 3/4inch in diameter. The shock is absorbed bystraightening the metal tubing.

As the suspension cable straightens, the igni-tion wires are pulled through the ignition mix-ture; this starts the ignition train composed ofthe igniter, the delay element, the quick-matchwhich runs down through the center of thecandle, the first fire composition, and the il-luminant candle. The delay element burns forabount six seconds, to insure the completeopening of the parachute before the candleignites. As the candle ignites, the gases gener-ated force off the rib retainer, allowing the ribsprings to open the shade. Full ignition isreached in about eight seconds.

The illuminant candle burns for approxi-mately three minutes, with a light intensity ofabout 800,000 candlepower. The suspendedflare drops at an average rate of about 700 feetper minute.

Safety Precautions-In addition to the gen-eral safety precautions outlined in Chapter 2,the following special precautions should beobserved :Flare, Aircraft, Parachute, M26 should notbe released at an air speed in excess of 130

knots. .Flare, Aircraft, Parachute, AN-M26 should

not be released at an air speed in excess of 240knots.If short time setting or low launching speedis used with the Fuze MlllA2, the fuze shouldbe modified as described on page 62.

Packing-Flare, Aircraft, Parachute, M26 oAN-M26 is packed in an unlined wooden boxFuzes are shipped separately.

The forward opening of these flares is sealedby a gasket, and the opening closed by the shipping cover is sealed with tape. This makes iunnecessary to pack these flares in a sealedmetal container similar to the one used foNavy flares having the shellac-impregnated chip board case. The tap seal at the edge of theshipping cover is not moisture-proof. There-fore, the service life of these flares is only twto three years, while the service life of Navyflares is six to ten years.

Storage-Flares should be stowed in a drywell ventilated place out of the direct rays othe sun, and protected against excessive or variable temperatures. The temperature in thmagazine should not exceed 100 degrees Fahr-enheit at any time. Under ideal stowage conditions, the service life of the Flares, Aircraft,Parachute, M26 and AN-M26 is about threeyears.Unused flares should be removed from anaircraft which is to be temporarily grounded. The fuze must be disassembled from the flarbefore ret.urning the flare to stock. The seawire and safety cotter pin must be replacedbefore removing the arming wire from thfuze. The arming wire and hangwire should bcoiled and replaced in the hangwire container,Replace the shipping cover ; seal it with tape and replace the shipping plug. Care should btaken to repack and reseal the fuze in thoriginal container.

30 RESTRICTED

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Chapter5INSTALLATION OF PARACHUTE FLARES ANDLAUNCHING

Aircraft parachute flares are launched byone of six methods. The type of flares whichcan be launched by each method are indicatedin Table 2 on page 40.

No bomb racks have been designed to oper-ate with a suspended weight of less than 25pounds. However, Bomb Racks Mk 50 andMods and Mk 51 and Mods give satisfactoryservice with all types of aircraft parachuteflares. Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 5 Mod 8,all Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 6 and Mk 10Types, and Flares, Aircraft, Parachute, M26and AN-M26 can be launched from the follow-ing bomb shackles mounted in bomb bays:Bomb Shackle Mk3 and ModsBomb Shackle Mk 4 Mod 2 and above

Bomb Shackle Mk 5 and ModsBomb Shackle Mk 8 and ModsCaution: Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 4,Mk 8, atid Mkll should not be released frombomb bays, ecause the parachute is pulled outof the flare case by a static line, and may foulon the airplane struct.ure.Flar

op 998a a-c pyro

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