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Overview of China 's Clean Coal-fired Power and Its Future Development

张俊春

ZHANG JUNCHUN

September 2017

1

Contents

General status of China’s coal-fired power

Recent situation of China’s coal-fired power

Analysis on development trend

Prospective of advanced technologies

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Contents

3

Thermal power is dominate in the major developed countries‘ power supply

structure . The proportion of thermal power installed capacity are all more than

60% (except Germany), China only 57.3%.

1. General status of China's coal-fired power

Japan

Korea

China

Germany

USA

Thermal

Nuclear

Hydro

Wind

Solar, Geothermal, Tidal, etc.

61.8%

69.23%

57.3%

49.0%

73.4%

The importance of thermal power

Source: Electricity Information 2016, IEA4

In China’ thermal power generation, coal takes up a big share due to energy

sources, shadowing oil, gas and other sources. The proportion of thermal

electricity production by coal is more than 90% in China.


The structure of thermal power generation

39.4%

63.3%

91.1%

69.4%

49.7%

10.4%

4.4%

1.4%

1.3%

45.4%

31.8%

4.4%

15.0%

46.3%

4.8%

0.5%

4.4%

14.2%

2.7%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Coal Oil Gas Biofuels & waste

USA

Germany

China

Korea

Japan


Coal power is foundational energy in China. In 2016, China's total installed power

capacity is 1650 GW, power generating 6100 TWh. The proportion of coal power

capacity and generation is 57.0% and 63.9%.

Biomass0.7%

Other Fossil2.1%

Gas 4.2%

1650GW

Hydro 20.2%

Coal 57.0%

Nuclear 2.0%

Wind 9.0%

Solar 4.7%

Power capacity 2016

Other Fossil4.1%

6100TWh

Hydro 19.4%

Nuclear 3.5%

Wind 3.9%Solar 1%

Coal 63.9%

Biomass1.1%

Gas 3.1%

Power generation 2016

Installed power capacity & electricity generation


6

In 2016, China's coal power installed capacity is 943GW, with an increase of 4.7%,

while the lowest level since 2000.

In 2016, China's coal-fired power generation is 3906TWh, with an increase of

0.2%, ending a two year downtrend.

Coal-fired power capacity & electricity generation


796 832 900 943

5.4% 5.7% 7.0%4.7%

2013 2014 2015 2016

Installed Capacity Growth Rate

3981 39513898 3906

7.1%

-0.7% -1.4% 0.2%

2013 2014 2015 2016

Power Generation Growth Rate

[Unit: GW] [Unit: TWh]

7

By 2020 and 2030, the proportion of non-fossil energy consumption targets were

15%, 20%, the corresponding proportion of coal power installed capacity from

59% in 2015 to 55%, 50%, the proportion of coal power generation from 67% in

2015 to 65%, 55%.

2030

2020

2015 2015

59% 59%

55%

50%

2030

2020

59%

55%

50%

67%

65%

55%

The Proportion of Coal Power Capacity The Proportion of Coal Power Generation

Installed capacity & electricity generation targets


57%, 2016 64%, 2016

8

Owing to eliminating backward capacity and upgrading of coal-fired power plants,

the national average coal consumption rate keeps decreasing. By the end of 2016,

312gce/kWh, with a net efficiency of 39.4%, has reached world-class levels.

Annual average coal consumption for power supply by fossil-fired units nationwide [Unit: g/(kWh)]

380 376 370 366 356 345 340 333 330 326 321 318 315 312 310

32.4%

32.7%

33.2%

33.6%

34.6%

35.7%

36.2%

36.9%

37.3%

37.7%

38.3%

38.7%

39.0%39.4%

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2020

Coal Consumption Rate Net Efficiency

Energy efficiency being improved continually


9

Emission standards for air pollutants from coal-fired power plants have been

tightened over the years. China's ultra-low emission standards are among the

most stringent in the world.

GB13223-1996

Dust:200mg/Nm3

SO2:1200~2100

NOX:650~1000

Dust:50mg/Nm3

SO2:400~1200

NOX:450~1000

Dust:30mg/Nm3

SO2:100~200

NOX:100~200

Dust:10mg/Nm3

SO2: 35

NOX: 50

GB13223-2003

GB13223-2011

“ultra-low emission”

2014

Pollutant emission standards being improved continually


10

0.47 0.43

0.09

1.83

0.89

0.14

0.56 0.63

0.03

0.520.41

0.03

SO2 NOx Dust

China（Thermal Power） USA Germany Japan

Pollutant emission intensity being reduced significantly


Source: USA, US EPA Air Markets Program Data；Germany, German Informative Inventory Report

Japan,石油エネルギー技術センター《次世代大気環境改善効果分析事業報告書》

Emission intensity by coal-fired units nationwide [Unit: g/(kWh)]

In 2015, China’s average SO2, NOx and dust emission from thermal power was

0.47g/kWh, 0.43g/kWh and 0.09g/kWh, down 68%, 71% and 61% over the

previous year, respectively. Clean coal technologies have reached advanced world

levels.

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Contents

12


Bohai-Rim Steam-Coal Price Index [Unit: yuan/ton]

2 Recent situation

(1) Coal price continues to soar in 2nd half of 2016

The Bohai-Rim Steam-Coal Price Index (BSPI) jumped by more than 60% from

January to November and hit 607 yuan/ton in Nov, its highest point in nearly

three years.

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2 Recent situation

(2) Retrofitting costs on emission reducing

Emission standards for air pollutants from coal-fired power plants have been

upgraded frequently in the last several years. With further technological

advancement and scale, the cost will continue to decline.

GB1322

3-2003

GB1322

3-2011

ultra-low

emission

2014

Cost price：2~3 cent/kWh

Dust concentration reduced：20 mg/Nm3

SO2 concentration reduced ： 300 mg/Nm3

NOx concentration reduced ：350 mg/Nm3

Total：670mg/Nm3

Dust concentration reduced：20 mg/Nm3

SO2 concentration reduced ： 65 mg/Nm3

NOx concentration reduced ：50 mg/Nm3

Total：135mg/Nm3

Cost price：0.4~1.5 cent/kWh14

2 Recent situation

(3) Wind, Solar and Hydro Power Curtailment

In 2016, overall wind curtailment was 49.7 TWh, 98.7% of which happened in

three northern regions. Overall solar curtailment was 7.4 TWh, almost all

happened in three northern regions. Fast growth of RE and lack of flexibility in

power system are the main causes of RE curtailment.

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0% 0%1%

10%11%

10%

15%17%

11%

8%

15%17%

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Solar curtailment rate Wind curtailment rate

20%

50%60%

75%

Combined-Heat-Power Power-only (Condensing Unit)

China International advanced area

2 Recent situation

(4) Power surplus in heating period

Wind generates more in Spring and Winter time when CHP plants have to be run

to meet the heating requirement. In northeastern China, 80% the thermal power

units are CHP units, of which the operational flexibility is weak. There are large

surplus of generating capacity in heating period.

Regulation Capability of Coal-Fired Units

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2 Recent situation

(5) Pressure from Climate Change

三北地区

其他地区

<China-US Joint Statement on Climate Change>

•China has agreed a target for its emissions of

greenhouse gas to peak by around 2030.

•China intends to increase the share of non-

fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to

around 20% by 2030.

• China promises to cut its CO2 emissions per

unit of GDP by 60% to 65% from its 2005

level by 2030.

2014.11

2016.11

<Paris Climate Change Agreement>

2015.11

After the ultra-low emissions retrofits, carbon emissions will become the fair

competition restrictions between coal and renewable energy.

17

2 Recent situation

(6) Pressure from Carbon Trading

Shenzhen Beijing GuangdongShanghai Tianjin ChongqingHubei Fujian

Carbon Trading Price in China [Unit: yuan/ton]

China has already launched eight pilot regional carbon trading markets since

2013. It’s planned to expand the pilot program nationwide later this year.

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2 Recent situation

Relevant policies

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《13th Five-Year Plan for Electricity Sector (2016-2020)》

《Full implementation of ultra low emission and energy saving retrofit of coal-fired

power plants》

《Retrofit to improve thermal power plant flexibility》

《Revolution strategy of Energy Production and Consume (2016-2030)>》

《Work program of greenhouse gas emission control in 13th Five Year》




Contents

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3. Analysis on development trend

(1) Coal-fired power continues to grow, even as share declines

China’s annual electricity consumption and electricity installed capacity per capita

were both only about a half of Korea and Japan. In the future, China's power

generation and power consumption still have large growth potential.

China Korea JapanChina Japan

4356

9618

Annual electricity consumption

per capita [Unit: kWh]

China Korea Japan

1.2

2.48

Electricity installed capacity per

capita [Unit: kW]

7948

Korea

1.76

China Korea Japan



Clean

Flexible

Efficient

Energy-saving retrofit

Flexibility retrofit

420GW

340GW

220GW

Ultra low emission retrofit

(2) Future Development of China’s coal-fired power

The future development of coal-fired projects should be more efficient, much

cleaner, and more flexible.

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(3) Reducing pollutant emissions

During a period of time, China will be committed to promoting the full

implementation of ultra-low emissions retrofit.

The mercury emission reducion from coal-fired power plants will attract more and

more attention.

Mercury emission standards:

China, 30μg/Nm3, trends to be more stringent.

USA, 0.013 Ib/GWh (≈1.7μg/Nm3) for existing units not low rank virgin coal

0.04 Ib/GWh (≈5.2μg/Nm3) for existing units low rank virgin coal0.003 Ib/GWh (≈0.4μg/Nm3) for new built units not low rank virgin coal0.04 Ib/GWh (≈5.2μg/Nm3) for new built units low rank virgin coal

Germany, 30μg/Nm3.

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Mercury Emissions Measured from Coal-fired Power Plants

Unit Installed Capacity Environmental Equipment Hg Emission μg/Nm3 Removal Efficiency

1 1000MW SCR+ESP+WFGD 3.04 88.5%

2 220MW ESP+WFGD 1.93 93.7%

3 600MW SCR+ESP+WFGD 1.12 91.7%

4 1000MW SCR+ESP+WFGD 2.12 84%

5 300MW SCR+ESP+WFGD 1.96 87.9%

6 50MW ESP+WFGD 14.7 27.5%

7 125MW ESP+WFGD 12.86 20.1%

8 215MW ESP+WFGD 14.54 33.9%

9 600MW SCR+ESP+WFGD 4.72 70.6%

10 1000MW SCR+ESP+WFGD 5.52 74.2%

Through the synergistic removal of denitrification, dust removal and

desulfurization equipment, the mercury emission can be controlled below the

current standard.

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(4) Improving energy efficiency

High energy efficiency is the most important base for development of pollutants

control and CCS technologies.

Based on current material base, increasing steam parameters, improving the

comprehensive energy efficiency.

620℃ AUSC

29Mpa/600℃/620℃

USC

28Mpa/600℃/600℃

620℃ AUSC with double reheat

32.45Mpa/600℃/620℃/620 ℃

630℃ AUSC with double reheat

35Mpa/615℃/630℃/630 ℃

Generation Efficiency：50%CO2 Intensity: 715g/kWh




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(5) Improving the operation flexibility

Coal power is the most economical flexible peaking resource. There is need for

coal power to participate in system peaking, rotating standby and other ancillary

services.

Coal Plant A

Paid load line

Wind Power PlantNuclear Power Plant

Compensation FundLoad

Coal Plant B Coal Plant C Coal Plant D

50%

Ancillary service market operation regulations in Northeast China 26





Contents

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4. Prospective of advanced technologies

(1) 630 ℃ USC coal-fired power generation technology

Steam turbine inlet main steam parameters: 35MPa / 615℃ / 630℃ / 630℃。

Power generation efficiency can be increased to 50% or more.

China has organized the demonstration project selection work.

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(2) USC CFB boiler technology

After 1995, the CFB burner went into China’s electricity generation market. Large

scale and higher parameters have become the direction of CFB development.

Coal consumption rate of USC CFB units can be reduced about 20g/kWh

compared with Baima 600MW SC unit.

USC CFB

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1st 1980-1990

learning

2nd 1990-2000

improvement

3rd 2000-2005

Scaling up and maturating

4th 2005-present

developing

Baima 600MW SC unit

(3) Coal-fired power flexibility retrofit technology

Retrofit Routes Retrofit Effect

1 Add a heat accumulator system Realize thermoelectricity decoupling for 5 to 7 hours

2 Add an electric boiler Reduce on-grid electricity to zero

3 Retrofit of boiler, turbine body and auxiliary system

Reduce minimum stable combustion load to 20% to 30% of rated load or an even lower level

Heat Accumulator

(under construction)

Minimum 30% rated load (Huaneng Dandong Plant)

Solid Electric Heat Storage Boiler(Huadian Dandong Jinshan Plant)

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(4) Biomass co-firing with coal power generation technology

Compared with pure biomass-fired power generation, co-firing biomass and coal

technology has much advantages in energy efficiency, investigation and cost, and

biomass collection market.

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

pure biomass-fired

biomass cofiring

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

pure biomass-fired

biomass cofiring

10000

5000

Unit: CN￥/kW

InvestmentEnergy Efficiency31


(4) Technical routes for co-firing biomass in China

There are three technical routes for co-firing biomass in China.


Route 3： Biomass gasification

Route 2：Biomass mill to biomass burner

Route 1：Pellet, co-milling biomass with coal

Boiler TurbineStraw Dedicated millDedicated

burner

Pellet Mill BoilerStraw Turbine

Existed Equipment

coal

coal

BoilerStraw Gasification device Turbine

coal

Thanks for your attention !

ありがとうございます

overview of china 's clean coal-fired power and its …. overview of china 's...solar,...

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