part. 01 memo 문장의 형식

English Grammar and Structure10

MEMO 문장의 형식 : 줄친 동사의 의미를 쓰시오.

① 1형식 : He made toward the church. ( S가 )

② 2형식 : He will make a good lawyer. ( (SC:주격보어 )

③ 3형식 : He made a kite. ( O를 )

④ 4형식 : He made me a kite. ( IO에게 DO )

⑤ 5형식 : He made me angry. ( O를 )

1형식 문형 : 주어(S) + 완전 자동사(Vi) [ 부사, 구, 절 ] (~가 ~하다. ~가 있다)

1. The earth moves around the sun. 주어 완전자동사 부사구 (부사나 부사구 부사절은 문장형식에 영향을 주지않음)

2. ⓐ There [ is / are ] about 80,000 books in the library. ⓐ I think. Therefore, I am. (나는 생각한다. 그러므로 존재한다.)

3. ⓐ Honesty pays in the end. (정직이 결국 이익이다.)

ⓑ It does not matter who will go there. [ it은 가주어, who이하 진주어 ]

ⓒ Anything will do. (어떤 것이라도 좋다.)

ⓓ This fact counts for much.

2형식 문형 : S +불완전 자동사(Vi) + 보어(S.C)

1. ⓐ He is a carpenter. [ 주어와 동격을 나타 낼 때는 명사를 보어로 쓴다. ]

ⓑ My arm is asleep. [ 주어의 상태를 나타 낼 때는 형용사를 보어로 쓴다.] (내 팔이 저리다.)

2. The important thing is never to stop questioning. [ 부정사 보어 ]

3. My hobby is playing computer games. [ playing은 동명사 보어 ]

4. ⓐ People grow old by deserting their ideas. * 2형식동사는 수동태 쓸 수 없으므로 능동형이 수동의미를 지닌다.

ⓑ He remained [silent / silently]. (그는 여전히 말이 없었다.)

ⓒ This paper feels [smooth / smoothly ]. ⓓ The story sounds [strange / strangely]. ⓔ The teller looks [happy / happily]. cf. He looked [happy / happily] at the sight.

ⓕ The boss [appears / is appeared] friendly. [ 2형식 동사는 수동태 불가 ]

feel smooth 매끄럽게 느껴지다. come across 우연히 만나게 되다. hold good 유효하다. fall short of A : A가 모자라다.

go wrong 잘못되다. come true 실현되다. go bad 상하다. run mad 미치다. get lost 길을 잃다.

2Part. 01

1Part. 01

3Part. 01

·pay = be profitable

이익이다.

·matter = be important

·do = be good enough

·count = matter

·work = be effective

· become형 : grow, turn, get, fall, run, go, come + 형용사 : v 하게 되다.

· keep동사류 : keep, remain, lie, stand, stay, hold + 형용사 보어

· look 동사류 : feel, taste, sound, smell，look + 형용사 보어

· seem류 : seem, appear: 형용사 보어 (~하게 보이다.) [ 형+ly형 부사 불가 ]

* count = matter [ ] * count (for) much[ ] * count for nothing [ ]

* count (for) little [ ] * pay= be profitable[이익이다.] * do= be good enough [좋다.]

* work= be effective[효과가 있다.] * be=exist [있다, 존재하다.]

동사의 종류 및 문장의 형식01

11

MEMO보어의 형식 : 명사, 형용사 외에 부정사, 분사, 명사절이 보어가 될 수 있다.

1. He went an enemy and came back a friend.[ an enemy, a friend는 주격보어 ]

(그는 갈 때는 적이었으나, 돌아올 때는 친구였다.)

2. The child came home, crying bitterly. [ 주격보어로 주어와 능동관계일 때 현재분사 ]

3. The city lies utterly destroyed. [ 주격보어로 주어와 수동관계일 때 과거분사 ]

4. ⓐ His ex-wife stood there, [ leaned / leaning ] against the wall. * 현재분사일 때 번역은 앞에서부터 하고 「v하고서 v-ing하고 있었다. (v-ing했다)」

ⓑ The novelist sat there,[wrote / writing] a novel. = The novelist sat there (and he was) writing a novel.

ⓒ He went home, [satisfying / satisfied] with the result. = He went home, (and he was) satisfied with the result.

* 과거분사일 때 번역은 뒤에서부터 하고 「p.p한 채 v하다.」

3형식 문형 : 주어(S)+ 완전타동사(Vt) +목적어(O) [ S가 O를 V하다 ]

1. The early bird catches the worm. [ catches의 목적어 the worm ]

* 목적어로 명사(구,절), 대명사, 동명사, 부정사 가능

2. I have finished writing my composition.[ finished의 목적어 동명사] * finish v-ing

3. I hope to go bowling.[ hope의 목적어 to부정사 ] 4. He understood what she had said.[ what she said가 understand의 목적어 ]

주의할 타동사 : * 타동사 다음에는 [ 전치사 ]를 쓸 수 없음

1. Silence fell when a miser [entered / entered into] the room. cf. They entered into the conversation. * enter into 추상명사(~을 시작하다)

2. The teller [attended / attended to] the party.

3. The tourist [reached / reached at] the station on time.

4. He [waited / awaited] for her to come. = He awaited her to come.

5. Mr White [graduated from / graduated] law school in 2002.

6. He is not qualified to [discuss / discuss about] teacher’s salaries.

5Part. 01

4Part. 01

6Part. 01

* get to 장소 ~에 도착하다.

* wait for + O to root

※ 자동사로 착각하기 쉬운 타동사

· discuss = talk over　 · marry =be married to　 · await=wait for

· resemble =take after · approach=move nearer to (~에 다가가다)

· reach=get to, arrive at · address(연설하다) · attend(~에 출석하다.)

· greet(인사하다) · mention= refer to, speak of (~에 대해 언급하다)

· survive(~보다 오래 살다.) · enter 장소 = go into(enter into + 추상명사 : ~을 시작하다) 등

※ 타동사로 착각하기 쉬운 자동사 (반드시 목적어 앞에 전치사를 쓰는 동사)

· graduate from(~을 졸업하다) · sympathize with(~을 동정하다) · add to (~ 을 늘리다.)

· complain about(~에 대해 불평하다) · reply to(~에 답하다) · operate on(~을 수술하다.)

제 1장 동사의 종류 및 문장의 형식

* S+V ~, ing (능동)

* S+V ~, P.P (수동)


MEMO 주의할 자동사와 타동사의 변화표(반드시 암기할 것)

과거 과거분사 현재분사

1

lie(~가 눕다, 놓여있다) lay lain lying lay(~을 눕히다/놓다/낳다) laid laid(놓여진, 눕혀진) laying lie(거짓말하다) lied lied lying

2 fall(~가 떨어지다) fell fallen(떨어진, 타락한) falling fell(~을 떨어뜨리다.) felled felled felling

3 hang(~을 매달다) hung hung (걸린) hanging hang(~을 교수형에 처하다) hanged hanged(교수형 당한) hanging

4 find(~을 발견하다) found found(발견된) finding found(~을 설립하다) founded founded(설립된) founding

5 wind(~을 감다) wound wound(감아진) winding wound(~을 부상입히다) wounded wounded(부상당한) wounding

6 rise(~가 올라가다) rose risen rising raise(~을 올리다) raised raised(높아진) raising

1. The white hen [lay / laid] many eggs in a linen chest made of bark.2. The picture was [hung / hanged] on the wall.3. The remains were [found / founded] in the cave.4. They looked at the flag which the soldiers had [risen / raised].

4형식 문형 : 주어(S) +수여동사(V) +간접목적어(I.O) +직접목적어(D.O)「 IO에게 DO를 V해주다.」

1. ⓐ The hairdresser gave her the book.[ 4형식 ]

IO DO

= The hairdresser gave the book to her.[ 3형식 ]

ⓑ Smoking will do you a lot of harm. = Smoking will do a lot of harm [to / for] you.2. ⓐ The customs officer made his son a top.[ 4형식 ]

ⓑ The customs officer made a top [ ] his son.[ 3형식 ]

3. May I ask you a favor? [ 4형식] = May I ask a favor [ ] you?[ 3형식 ]

IO DO

4. ⓐ Could you explain to me what this means.[ 3형식 ]

ⓑ The judge admitted [her / to her] that she was right. ⓒ He suggested [us / to us] that we should meet her.

5. Everybody [ said / told] me that I had a talent for painting. * tell + IO + DO [ IO에게 DO을 말해주다] * find + IO + DO : IO에게 DO를 찾아주다.

7Part. 01

8Part. 01

* do A harm

A에게 해를 주다.

= do harm to A

* do A good

A에게 이익을 주다

= do good to A

1. 3형식으로 바꿀 때 to를 쓰는 동사 : give, send, pay, lend 등 + 목적어 +[ to ] + 생물

2. 3형식으로 바꿀 때 for를 쓰는 동사 : buy, make, get, order, find등+목적어+[ for ] + 생물.

3. 3형식으로 바꿀 때 of를 쓰는 동사 : ask + 목적어 + [ of ] +생물

4. 수여동사로 착각하기 쉬운 3형식동사 : explain, admit, suggest, propose, confess + O (to 사람)

5. 간접목적어가 꼭 와야 하는 동사 : convince, tell, inform, remind, persuade 등

동사의 종류 및 문장의 형식01

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MEMO5형식 문형 : 주어(S)+ 불완전타동사(V)+ 목적어(O) + 목적 보어(OC).

1. We elected him president. [him = president] O O.C

2. ⓐ I found this book [easy / easily]. (나는 이 책이 쉽다는 것을 알았다.):5형식

ⓑ I found this book [easy / easily] .(나는 이 책을 쉽게 찾았다.): 3형식

3. order, allow, cause, force, enable +목적어 + [ to 부정사 ]를 쓴다.

ⓐ General Lee ordered his men [to go / go] there. ⓑ The florist allowed me [do / to do] so. cf. He let me do so. ⓒ Airplanes enabled us [go / to go] abroad. ⓓ Genetics caused us [change / to change] our way of life. ⓔ The teller kept me [to wait / waiting] for a long time. cf. You’d better keep your food [covering / covered]. ⓕ His illness kept him [going / from going] to school.

4. 지각동사, 사역동사 +목적어 다음동사는 O와 능동관계일 때 [ 원형부정사 ]

ⓐ I heard him [laugh / to laugh] at her. ⓑ The bricklayer felt the house [shake / to shake]. ⓒ The patient felt someone [touch / to touch] her face. ⓓ The patient felt her face [touching / touched]. ⓔ I am afraid I haven’t had the film [develop / developed] yet. cf. They saw blankets [use / used] to keep ice cold.

5. 지각동사, 사역동사 +목적어 다음 동사는 O와 수동관계일 때 [ 과거분사 ]

ⓐ I had the mechanic [repair / to repair] my car. = I had my car [to repair / repaired] by the mechanic. * get +O(생물) + to root =get(have) +O(사물) + p.p

ⓑ “Are you going to repair the car yourself?” “ No / I’m going to have it [repaired / repairing].” ⓒ James had his nose [broken / break] in a fight.

9Part. 01

* 지각동사 :

look, hear, listen to, see,

watch, feel

* 사역동사 :

make, have, let


1. 목적어와 동격을 표현할 때는 명사(구,절)를 목적보어로 쓴다.

2. 목적어의 상태를 표현할 때는 형용사(구)를 목적 보어로 쓴다.

3. order, allow, cause, force, enable 등은 목적보어를 to 부정사를 쓴다.

4. 지각동사, 사역동사 + 목적어 다음동사는 O와 능동관계일 때 [ 원형부정사 ], 수동관계일 때는

[ 과거분사 ]를 쓴다.

* keep + O + ⓥ-ing (O와 목적보어 관계가 능동) 계속 ~하게 하다.

keep + O + p.p (O와 목적보어 관계가 수동일 때는 p.p) : O를 계속 ~한상태로 유지하다.

* keep( stop, prohibit) + O + from ⓥ-ing ~가 ~하지 못하게 하다.

목적어 + 원형부정사 : 목적어와 목적보어 관계가 능동일 때

* 지각동사나 사역동사 + 목적어 + ~ing : 목적어와 목적보어 관계가 능동 진행일 때

목적어 + p.p : 목적어와 목적보어 관계가 수동일 때

* have O+ 원형 혹은 과거분사 ： ① 이익 : (다른 사람을 시켜서) ~하게 하다,

② 손해: O가 ~하는 일을 당하다.


MEMO

과 / 제 / 학 / 습

※ 다음 문장에서 어법상 옳은 것을 고르시오.

1. The gorgeous girl is going to marry / marry with the man.

2. Take a look around us, and you can see many things recycle / to recycle .

3. The biologist resembles / resembles with his father in appearance.

4. On the table lay / laid a heap of periodicals and papers .

5. The sweet substance remains in your mouth, causing / caused tooth decay.

6. The widow tried to look as beautiful / beautifully as possible.

7. The food was unfamiliar, but it tasted excellent / excellently .

8. He has money automatically transferred / transferring to another account.

9. The plumber threw away magazines that lay / laid around the house.

10. The cement barrier protects / prevents traffic from passing.

11. David was always by himself, deeply lost / losing in his thoughts.

12. The surgeon died, satisfied / satisfying with the results.

13. The accountant went out, surprised / surprising at the news.

14. Students used charts to explain others / to others the water cycles.

15. The novelist left the village disappointing / disappointed .

16. The customs officer had his watch steal / stolen in a bus.

17. Where did you have your nose operate / operated on?

18. They are seating / seated on their boats, looking at waves.

19. I’ve gotten about three quarters of it doing / done .

20. One of the worst parts of urban life is riding / ridden in automatic elevators.

* be lost in ~에 몰두하다.

* satisfy ~을 만족시키다.

* surprise ~을 놀라게 하다.

* operate on 수술하다.

1장

15

MEMO※ 다음 문장에서 어법상 옳은 것을 고르시오.

21. We are having the house paint / painted at the moment.

22. The poet appeared / was appeared poor at that time.

23. I could not make myself understand / understood in English.

24. I saw crops ripening / to ripen in the fields.

25. Did you have your air-conditioning install / installed there?

26. His mother never saw his room clean / cleaned by him.

27. How often do you have your car to service / serviced ?

28. The miser had his pocket to pick / picked in a crowded bus.

29. It doesn’t matter / come who will rescue the kitten.

30. The poor man couldn’t get her accept / to accept the offer.

31. The physicist always helps me to do / done my homework.

32. The biologist made a kite his only son / his only son a kite .

33. The physician supplied the students for / with medical books.

34. The rumor turned out / was turned out false.

35. The botanist mentioned / mention about the matter.

36. Standing before you makes me feel / felt strangely nervous.

37. The mechanic told / said me to lock the door when I went out.

38. The greedy man told me not to count / count on her for help.

39. It is said that the ecologist always kept her room neat / neatly .

40. We remember seeing butterflies pin / pinned neatly in boxes.

* appear 형 : ~하게 보이다.

* make oneself understood

의사소통하다.

* help + O+ (to) root

* prove

① ~을 증명하다.

② ~로 판명되다(=turn out)

* 4형식과 5형식에서 tell쓴다

* keep + O+ 형용사

~을 ~하게 유지하다.


응 / 용 / 학 / 습


MEMO

1장

※ 다음 글에서 밑줄친 부분을 어법상 올바르게 고치시오.

1. In recent years there have been a huge increase in the number of economic migrants entering Europe illegally from Africa.

2. From his early childhood, Henry Ford always played with machines, ignored all else around him.

3. We do not really understand how a caterpillar can change into a different insect. But we do know that the fat caterpillar grows from a tiny egg lain by a butterfly.

4. To reduce the amount of water needed and to cut down construction costs, canals are made as narrowly as possible.

5. Electric bulbs transmit light but keep out the oxygen that would cause their hot filaments burning up. Television picture tubes enable viewers to see the image that is formed inside the tube.

6. People who rebel against everything in later life being often those who, as children, observed a wide difference between the preaching and the practice of their parents.

7. Most people who don’t feel contently with their lives don’t know the reason why. Often they suspect that circumstances or other people are to blame.

17

MEMO


※ 다음 글에서 밑줄친 부분을 어법상 올바르게 고치시오.

8. If you want to be well and strongly, work with nature, not against her, and she will make you well and keep you so.

9. I was on the roadside struggling to change a flat tire. A not-very bright-looking but friendly youth approached to me to help me change the tire.

10. For decades, critics have been predicting the death of classical music, suggested that the classical music audience has grown old with no younger generation to take its place.

11. As more and more classical organizations take the initiative to capitalize on classic music, the future is beginning to look promisingly.

12. Praise is the polish that helps keep his self-image brightly. What does this have to do with your giving praise? A lot.

13. Unlike the average middle school class size, there were little change in the average elementary school class size from 1996 to 2002.

14. Stretching creates flexibility and can make your walk more comfortably. Equally important to your walk is cooling down.

실 / 전 / 연 / 습


MEMO

1장

*erode : 침식하다

1. 지각동사나 사역동사가 수동태로 쓰일 때는 원형부정사는 to 부정사로 고친다.

2. (A) 병렬 구조이므로 과거 동사 came과 시제가 일치해야 한다.

(B) huge mosquitoes가 선행사로 주어역할을 하므로 주어 they가 필요 없다.

(C) 지각동사(saw) + O + 동사 원형 혹은 현재분사 구문이다.

1. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

The bodies of flowing ice we call glaciers are the most spectacular of natural features. They ① result from densely packed snow. Unlike a stream, a glacier cannot be seen ② move. Accurate measurements, however, show that it is flowing. Erosion of bedrock by glaciers and deposits of the eroded materials are characteristic and ③ easily recognizable. Their distribution enables us to infer that in the recent past glaciers have been far more extensive ④ than they are today. At the same time, this evidence has ⑤ raised the problem of the cause of the ‘ice ages.’

2. (A), (B), (C) 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 골라 짝지은 것으로 적절한 것은?

Two travelers who had never seen any fireflies came to this country and (A) stop / stopped at a hotel at night. They were soon attacked by huge mosquitoes (B) that / they had entered through the screen. The two travelers turned out the lights and crawled under the sheets. After a few minutes, one of the men peeked out and saw a firefly (C) flown / flying about the room. “It’s no use,” he groaned. “Now they are looking for us with lanterns.”

(A) (B) (C) ① stop that flown ② stop they flying ③ stopped that flying ④ stopped that flown ⑤ stopped they flying

19

MEMO


* soap opera : 연속극

3. make + O (your skin) + 원형부정사. look(-하게 보이다)은 2형식동사로 쓰여 능동형이 수동의미를 지닌다.

4. (A) one (of the most popular TV shows) 주어이므로 단수 동사 was, (B) marry는 타동사이므로 전치사 쓸 수 없다.

(C) people이 흥미를 갖게 하는 것이 아니라 흥미를 갖게 되었으므로 수동의미가 있는 과거분사를 쓴다.


One of the ways you can help make your skin younger is to trick your skin to make it　① think it needs to produce new cells. Use alpha hydroxyl acid(AHA), a substance found in many skin creams. It works by increasing skin turnover. That is, it irritates your epidermis, causing your skin　② to think it needs to produce new cells, ③ which has the effect of making your skin　④ looked younger. If you don’t need to spend a lot of money on expensive face creams to do it; any product ⑤ containing AHA will work; the expense of some products comes from other ingredients ― not the ones that do the work.


Russians are big soap opera fans : one of the most popular TV shows that ever aired in Russia (A) was / were a Mexican soap opera called ‘The Rich Also Cry’. It was the story of a rich and powerful man who (B)

married / married with his beautiful maid. Russian viewers also love Russian game shows, music videos, and broadcasts from the parliament. In fact, when the Russian government first aired a daily broadcast of its parliament in 1989, people were so (C) interested / interesting that they stayed home from work to watch it.

(A) (B) (C)① was married interesting② was married with interesting③ was married interested④ were married with interested⑤ were married interesting

실 / 전 / 연 / 습


MEMO

1장

5. 타) lay - laid - laid ( ~을 낳다, 놓다.~을 눕히다) lay가 타동사 현재로 쓰인 경우라면 hen이 단수이므로 lays로 쓰여야 한다.

글 전체가 과거이야기이므로 타동사 lay의 과거 laid이다.

6. (A) the problem은 목적어절의 주어가 되기 때문에 단수형의 동사 lies가 적절하다.

(B) 앞에 오는 일반 동사를 대신할 때는 do(does)나 did를 쓴다. (C) turn out 의 보어는 형용사를 써야 한다.


The chickens were not all alike. Some of them would not let me catch them, while others ① stood still till I ② picked them up. There were two that were particularly tame, a white hen and a speckled one. In winter. when they were kept in the house, my sister and I had these two for our pets. They let us ③

handle them, and stayed just where we put them. The white hen ④ lay her eggs in a linen chest made of bark. We would take the warm egg to Grandmother, who rolled it on our eyes, ⑤ repeating the following charm.


Most people who don’t feel content with their lives don’t know the reason why. Often they suspect that circumstances or other people are to blame. Even honest and self-aware individuals who know the problem (A) lie / lies inside of themselves still may have trouble getting to the root of the issue. They ask themselves, “Why am I this way?” They desire to change, but they don’t do anything differently so that they can change. They merely hope things will go

on smoothly and they are frustrated when they (B) aren’t / don’t . Recognize that only when you make the right changes to your thinking, other things begin

to turn out (C) right / rightly in your life.

(A) (B) (C)① lie don’t right② lie aren’t right③ lies don’t right④ lies don’t rightly⑤ lies aren’t rightly

* charm : 주문

21

MEMO

TELL me not, in mournful numbers,

Life is but an empty dream !

For the soul is dead that slumbers,

And things are not what they seem.

Life is real ! Life is earnest!

And the grave is not its goal ;

Dust thou art, to dust returnest,

Was not spoken of the soul.

Not enjoyment, and not sorrow,

Is our destined end or way ;

But to act, that each tomorrow

Find us farther than today.

Art is long, and Time is fleeting,

And our hearts, though stout and brave,

Still, like muffled drums, are beating

Funeral marches to the grave.

In the world’s broad field of battle,

In the bivouac of Life,

Be not like dumb, driven cattle !

Be a hero in the strife !

Trust no Future, howe’er pleasant !

Let the dead Past bury its dead !

Act,— act in the living Present !

Heart within, and God o’erhead !

Lives of great men all remind us

We can make our lives sublime,

And, departing, leave behind us

Footprints on the sands of time;

Footprints, that perhaps another,

Sailing o’er life’s solemn main,

A forlorn and shipwrecked brother,

Seeing, shall take heart again.

Let us, then, be up and doing,

With a heart for any fate ;

Still achieving, still pursuing,

Learn to labor and to wait.

A PSALM OF LIFEHenry Wadsworth Longfellow

part. 01 memo 문장의 형식

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