pds lab ii

EXPT NO: 01 CONSTRUCTORS & DESTRUCTORS, COPY CONSTRUCTOR.

Aim:To implement the concept of Constructor, destructor and copy constructor using C++

language

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the programStep 2: Create class with two constructors.Step 3: Create the objects for the class with arguments.Step 4: Invoke the member function using objects.Step 5: Display the result.Step 6: Stop the program

PROGRAM:

// 1. Constructor, Destructor, copy constructor#include<iostream.h>#include<string.h>#include<conio.h>class string { char*name; int length; public: string() { length=0; name=new char[length+1]; } string(char*s) { length=strlen(s); strcpy(name,s); } void display(void) { cout<<name<<"\n"; } void join(string & a,string & b); ~string(){} };void string::join(string&a,string&b)

{ length=a.length+b.length; delete name; name=new char[length+1]; strcpy(name,a.name); strcat(name,b.name); }int main() { clrscr(); char*first="joseph"; string name1(first),name2("louis"),name3("lagrange"),s1,s2; s1.join(name1,name2); s2.join(s1,name3); cout<<"\n\t Dynamic memory Allocation, Constructor & Destructor\n"; name1.display(); name2.display(); name3.display(); s1.display(); s2.display(); getch(); return 0; }

OUTPUT

Dynamic memory Allocation, Constructor & Destructor joseph louis lagrange josephlouis josephlouislagrange Null pointer assignment

Result: Thus the C++ program for Constructor, destructor, and copy constructor was verified and executed successfully.

EXPT NO: 02 FRIEND FUNCTION & FRIEND CLASS

Aim:To implement the concept of Friend Function & Friend Class using C++ language

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the programStep 2: Create friend function and friend class.Step 3: Create the objects for the classStep 4: Invoke the Friend function using objects.Step 5: Display the result.Step 6: Stop the program

#include<iostream.h>

#include<string.h>

//class

class friends

{

//access specifies

private:

// initialization of member variables

int mVar1, mVar2;

//access specifier

public:

// member function

void test()

{

// assigning value to member variables

cout<<"Enter the first value :";

cin>>mVar1;

cout<<"Enter the second value :";

cin>>mVar2;

}

// Declare the two functions friends.

friend int addition(friends input);

friend int subtraction(friends input);

};

// Function one

int addition(friends input)

{

// addition operation performed

return int(input.mVar1 + input.mVar2);

}

// Function two

int subtraction(friends input)

{

// subtraction operation performed

return int(input.mVar2- input.mVar1);

}

// main function

int main( )

{

// object created

friends ofriend;

//accessing member function using the object

ofriend.test();

//print the output of addition

cout << "The addition value is:"<<addition(ofriend) << endl;

// print the output of subtraction

cout << "The subtraction value is:"<<subtraction(ofriend) << endl;

}

Output:

b) Program for friend class#include <iostream>using namespace std;class Square;class Rectangle { int width, height;

public: int area () { return ( width * height ); }

void convert ( Square a ); };

class Square {

friend class Rectangle; private: int side; public: Square ( int a ) : side ( a ) {} };

void Rectangle::convert ( Square a ){ width = a.side; height = a.side;}

int main (){ Rectangle rect; Square sqr ( 4 ); rect.convert ( sqr ); cout << rect.area(); return 0;}

Output

Result

Thus the C++ program for Friend function and friend class was verified and executed successfully.

EX. NO: 03 INHERITANCE

Aim:To implement the concept of inheritance using C+ + language.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program.Step 2: Create a class student with two function get_number( )and put_number( ).Step 3: Define the member functions.Step 4: Create a class test inherited from class student which contain two member function get_mark( )and put_mark( ).Step 5: Create a class result inherited from class test which contain a member function display( ).Step 6: Create a object with result class and invoke the function.Step 7: Display the results.Step 8: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:

#include<iostream.h>#include<conio.h>class student { protected: int roll_number; public: void get_number(int a) { roll_number=a; } void put_number(void) { cout<<"roll_number:"<<roll_number<<"\n"; } };class test:public student { protected: float part1,part2; public: void get_marks(float x,float y) { part1=x;part2=y; }

void put_marks(void) { cout<<"marks obtained:"<<"\n"; cout<<"part1="<<part1<<"\n"; cout<<"part2="<<part2<<"\n"; } };class sports { protected: float score; public: void get_score(float s) { score=s; } void put_score(void) { cout<<"sports wt:"<<score<<"\n\n"; } };class result:public test,public sports { float total; public: void display(void); };void result::display(void) { total=part1+part2+score; put_number(); put_marks(); put_score(); cout<<"total score:"<<total<<"\n"; }int main() { clrscr(); result student_1; cout<<"\n\t Multiple and Multilevel Inheritance \n"; student_1.get_number(1234); student_1.get_marks(27.5,33.0); student_1.get_score(6.0); student_1.display(); getch(); return 0;

}

OUTPUT

Multiple and Multilevel Inheritance roll_number:1234 marks obtained: part1=27.5 part2=33 sports wt:6 total score:66.5

Result: Thus the C++ program for multiple and multilevel inheritance was verified and executed successfully.

EX. NO.: 04 POLYMORPHISM & FUNCTION OVERLOADING.

Aim:To implement the concept of polymorphism, function overloading using C++

programming.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the programStep 2: Declare three methods with different parameters with same name.Step 3: Define three methods separately.Step 4: Call the methods by giving values at run time.Step 5: Return the result.Step 6: Stop the program

PROGRAM:

// 1. Function Overloading#include<iostream.h>#include<conio.h>int volume(int);double volume(double,int);long volume(long,int,int);int main() { clrscr(); cout<<"\n\t Function Overloading"; cout<<"\n Volume of a square ="<<volume(10); cout<<"\n Volume of a circle ="<<volume(2.5,8); cout<<"\n Volume of a rectangle ="<<volume(100l,75,15); getch(); return 0; }int volume(int s) { return (s*s*s); }double volume(double r,int h) { return(3.14519*r*r*h);

}long volume(long l,int b,int h) { return (l*b*h); }

OUTPUT

Function OverloadingVolume of a square =1000Volume of a circle =157.2595Volume of a rectangle =112500

Result: Thus the C++ program for function overloading was verified and executed successfully.

EXPT NO: 05 VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS

Aim:To implement the concept Virtual function using C++ programming.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the programStep 2: Declare two methods.Step 3: Define one method as VirtualStep 4: Call the methods by giving values at run time.Step 5: Return the result.Step 6: Stop the program

PROGRAM:

#include <iostream>using namespace std;// abstract base classclass Shape { protected: // attribute section int mWidth; int mHeight; int mResult; public: // behavior section void setVar(int Width,int Height) { mWidth = Width; mHeight= Height; } virtual void area() { // virtual function cout<< "shape drawn"; }

int getresult() { return mResult; } };

// add class inherits from base classclass rectangle: public Shape {

public: void area() { mResult = mWidth*mHeight; } };

//sub class inherit base classclass triangle: public Shape {

public: void area() { mResult= ( mWidth*mHeight)/2; } };

int main(){ int Length,Breath; //pointer variable declaration of type base class Shape* oShape; //create object1 for addition process rectangle oRectangle; //create object2 for subtraction process triangle oTriangle; cout << "\nEnter the width and height: ";

while (cin >> Length >> Breath) { oShape = &oRectangle; oShape->setVar( Length , Breath ); //area of rectangle process, even though call is on pointer to base(shape)! oShape->area(); cout << "\nArea of rectangle = " << oShape->getresult(); oShape = &oTriangle; oShape->setVar( Length , Breath ); //triangle process, even though call is on pointer to base! oShape->area(); cout << "\nArea of triangle = " << oShape->getresult() << endl;

} return 0;}

Output

Result: Thus the C++ program for operator overloading was verified and executed successfully.

EXPT NO: 06 OVERLOADING UNARY AND BINARY OPERATOR USING MEMBER FUNCTION AND NON-MEMBER FUNCTION

Aim:

To implement Operator Overloading using member function and non member function in C++

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program.Step 2: Create a class with operator function, other function and variable.Step 3: Define the member functions.Step 4: Create the objects for the class.Step 5: Invoke the member function using object.Step 6: Display the output.Step 7: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:

#include<iostream>using namespace std;class ComplexOperations { // Access specifies private: // Declaration of member variables float mRealnumber; float mImaginarynumber; public: ComplexOperations() { mRealnumber = mImaginarynumber = 0.0; } ComplexOperations ( int real, int imaginary ) { mRealnumber = real; mImaginarynumber = imaginary; } ComplexOperations ( double real, double imaginary ) { mRealnumber = real; mImaginarynumber = imaginary;

} friend istream & operator >> ( istream& , ComplexOperations& ); friend ostream & operator << ( ostream& , ComplexOperations& ); ComplexOperations operator+ ( ComplexOperations ); ComplexOperations operator- ( ComplexOperations ); ComplexOperations operator* ( ComplexOperations ); ComplexOperations operator/ ( ComplexOperations ); };istream& operator >> ( istream& input , ComplexOperations& oComplex ) { cout << "Real Part:"; input >> oComplex.mRealnumber; cout << "Imaginary Part:"; input >> oComplex.mImaginarynumber; return input;}

ostream& operator << ( ostream& output , ComplexOperations& oComplex )// Defining non-member function{ if ( oComplex.mImaginarynumber < 0 ) output << oComplex.mRealnumber << oComplex.mImaginarynumber << "i"; else output << oComplex.mRealnumber << "+" << oComplex.mImaginarynumber << "i"; return output;}// Defining member functionComplexOperations ComplexOperations::operator+ ( ComplexOperations oComplex){ ComplexOperations oAddition; oAddition.mRealnumber = mRealnumber + oComplex.mRealnumber; oAddition.mImaginarynumber = mImaginarynumber + oComplex.mImaginarynumber; return oAddition;}ComplexOperations ComplexOperations::operator-(ComplexOperations oComplex { ComplexOperations oSubtraction; oSubtraction.mRealnumber = mRealnumber - oComplex.mRealnumber; oSubtraction.mImaginarynumber =mImaginarynumber- oComplex.mImaginarynumber; return oSubtraction;}ComplexOperations ComplexOperations::operator*(ComplexOperations oComplex{ ComplexOperations oMulti; oMulti.mRealnumber = mRealnumber * oComplex.mRealnumber - mImaginarynumber * oComplex.mImaginarynumber;

oMulti.mImaginarynumber = mRealnumber * oComplex.mImaginarynumber + mImaginarynumber * oComplex.mRealnumber; return oMulti;}ComplexOperations ComplexOperations::operator/ ( ComplexOperations oComplex ){ ComplexOperations oDivision; float result_of_complexoperations; result_of_complexoperations = oComplex.mRealnumber * oComplex.mRealnumber + oComplex.mImaginarynumber * oComplex.mImaginarynumber;oDivision.mRealnumber = ( mRealnumber * oComplex.mRealnumber + mImaginarynumber * oComplex.mImaginarynumber )/result_of_complexoperations; oDivision.mImaginarynumber = ( mImaginarynumber * oComplex.mRealnumber - mRealnumber * oComplex.mImaginarynumber )/result_of_complexoperations; return oDivision;}int main(){ ComplexOperations oNumberOne, oNumberTwo, oNumberThree; cout << "complex number 1: "; cin >> oNumberOne; cout << "complex number 2: "; cin >> oNumberTwo; cout << "complex numbers are:"; cout << "1st:" << oNumberOne; cout << "\n2nd:" << oNumberTwo; oNumberThree = oNumberOne + oNumberTwo; cout << "\nAddition is:" << oNumberThree; oNumberThree = oNumberOne - oNumberTwo cout << "\nSubtraction is:" << oNumberThree; oNumberThree = oNumberOne * oNumberTwo; cout << "\n Multiplication is:" << oNumberThree; oNumberThree = oNumberOne / oNumberTwo cout << "\n Division is:" << oNumberThree; return 0;}Output

Result: Thus the C++ program for operator overloading was verified and executed successfully.

EXPT NO: 07 CLASS AND FUNCTION TEMPLATES

a) Class Template

Aim:To write a C++ program for creating class template.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program Step 2: Create a template vector using template <class T>.Step 3: Define the template.Step 4: Create the object using template vector.Step 5: Do the operations.Step 6: Display the result.Step 7: Stop the program

PROGRAM:

// Class Template#include<iostream.h>#include<conio.h>const size=3;template<class T>class vector { T*V; public: vector() { V=new T[size]; for(int i=0;i<size;i++) V[i]=0; } vector(T*a) { for(int i=0;i<size;i++) V[i]=a[i]; } T operator*(vector&y) { T sum=0; for(int i=0;i<size;i++)

sum+=this->V[i]*y.V[i]; return sum; } };int main() { clrscr(); float X[3]={1.1,2.2,3.3}; float Y[3]={4.4,5.5,6.6}; vector<float>V1; vector<float>V2; V1=X; V2=Y; float R = V1*V2; cout<<"\n\n\n\t Class template \n"; cout<<"R="<<R<<"\n"; getch(); return 0; }

OUTPUT

Class templateR=38.720001

Result: Thus the C++ program for creating class template was verified and executed successfully.

b) Function Template

Aim:To write a C++ program for creating function template.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program Step 2: Define the function template.

Step 3: Do the operations.Step 4: Display the result.Step 5: Stop the program

/ Function Template

Displaying greatest value using function template

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

using namespace std;

// Function template declaration

template <typename T>

inline T const& Max (T const& number_one, T const& number_two)

{

// Returns greatest number

return number_one < number_two ? number_two : number_one;

}

int main ()

{

// Integer variables declaration

int int_number_one, int_number_two;

// Double variables declaration

double double_number_one, double_number_two;

// String variables declaration

string string_word_one, string_word_two;

cout << "Enter integer values";

cin >> int_number_one >> int_number_two;

// Function call to template

cout << "Integer Result:" << Max(int_number_one, int_number_two);

cout << "Enter double values";

cin >> double_number_one >> double_number_two;

cout << "Double Result:" << Max(double_number_one, double_number_two);

cout << "Enter string values";

cin >> string_word_one >> string_word_two;

cout << "String Result:" << Max(string_word_one, string_word_two);

return 0;

}

Output:

EXPT NO: 08 EXCEPTION HANDLING

Aim:To write a C++ program for Exception handling with multiple catch statements.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the programStep 2: Cerate a function test with conditions in the try block.Step 3: Catch the values which is troughed from the try block.Step 4: Display the messages from the block which is catched.Step 5: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:

#include<iostream.h>#include<conio.h>void main(){ int a,b,c; float d; clrscr(); cout<<"Enter the value of a:"; cin>>a; cout<<"Enter the value of b:"; cin>>b; cout<<"Enter the value of c:"; cin>>c; try { if((a-b)!=0) { d=c/(a-b); cout<<"Result is:"<<d; } else { throw(a-b); } }

catch(int i) { cout<<"Answer is infinite because a-b is:"<<i; } getch();}

OUTPUT:

Enter the value of a: 5Enter the value of b: 4Enter the value of a: 2Result is: 2

Enter the value of a: 5Enter the value of b: 5Enter the value of a: 2Answer is infinite because a-b is: 0

Result: Thus the C++ program for exception handling with multiple catch statements was

verified and executed successfully.

EXPT NO: 09 STL CONCEPTS

Aim:To implement concept STL using C++ program.

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program.Step 2: Include the standard template library of list in the header file.Step 3: Using the list STL display the list values, add the element in the list, remove the element from the list, merge two lists, sort and reverse the listStep 4: Display values after each operation.Step 5: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:

#include <iostream.h>#include <vector.h>#include <string.h>

void main(){ vector<string> SS;

SS.push_back("The number is 10"); SS.push_back("The number is 20"); SS.push_back("The number is 30"); cout << "Loop by index:" << endl; int ii; for(ii=0; ii < SS.size(); ii++) { cout << SS[ii] << endl; }

cout << endl << "Constant Iterator:" << endl;

vector<string>::const_iterator cii; for(cii=SS.begin(); cii!=SS.end(); cii++) { cout << *cii << endl; }

cout << endl << "Reverse Iterator:" << endl;

vector<string>::reverse_iterator rii; for(rii=SS.rbegin(); rii!=SS.rend(); ++rii) { cout << *rii << endl; } cout << endl << "Sample Output:" << endl; cout << SS.size() << endl; cout << SS[2] << endl;

swap(SS[0], SS[2]); cout << SS[2] << endl;}

OUTPUT:

Loop by index:The number is 10The number is 20The number is 30

Constant Iterator:The number is 10The number is 20The number is 30

Reverse Iterator:The number is 30The number is 20The number is 10

Sample Output:3The number is 30The number is 10

Result: Thus the C++ program for using STL was verified and executed successfully.

EXPT NO: 10 FILESTREAM CONCEPTS

Aim:To concept of file stream concept using C++

Algorithm:

Step 1: Start the program.Step 2: Include the fstream in the header file.Step 3: perform all function in file stream Step 4: Display values after each operation.Step 5: Stop the program.

PROGRAM:

a) Program to write a text in the file#include<iostream>

#include<fstream>


int main()

{

// Create object to display output

ofstream oFileoutput;

// Open the text file in write mode

oFileoutput.open ( "out.txt" );

//String declaration

char char_string[300] = "Time is a great teacher, but unfortunately it kills all its students.

Berlioz";

//Display the string

oFileoutput << char_string;

//Close the text file in write mode

oFileoutput.close();

return 0;

}

Output:

b) Program to read data from text file and display it#include<iostream>

#include<fstream>

#include<conio.h>


int main()

{

// Create object to get input values

ifstream oFileinput;

// Open the text file in read mode

oFileinput.open ( "out.txt" );

// Character declaration

char char_text;

/* Read the character until the file reach end of file*/

while ( !oFileinput.eof() )

{

oFileinput.get ( char_text );

//Display the text

cout << char_text;

}

//Close the text file opened in read mode

oFileinput.close();

return 0;

}

Output:

c) Program to count number of characters from “out.txt”.#include<iostream>

#include<fstream>

#include<conio.h>


int main()

{

// Create object to get input values





char char_text;

//Integer variable declaration

int int_count = 0;



{

// Read characters from the text file


// Increment the count values

int_count++;

}

// Display number of characters in text file

cout << "Number of characters in file is " << int_count;


oFileinput.close();

return 0;

}

Output:

d) Program to count number of words from “out.txt”#include<iostream>

#include<fstream>

#include<conio.h>


int main()

{

// Create object to read input values





char char_word[30];

//Integer variable declaration

int int_count = 0;

/* Read the word until the file reach end of file*/


{

//Read the word from the text file

oFileinput >> char_word;


int_count++;

}

// Display number of words in text file

cout << "Number of words in file is " << int_count;


oFileinput.close();

return 0;

}

Output:

e) Program to count number of lines in the file#include<iostream>

#include<fstream>

#include<conio.h>


int main()

{






char char_word[30];

// Integer variable declaration

int int_count = 0;

/* Read the word until the file reach end of file*/


{

// Read the word from the text file

oFileinput >> char_word;


int_count++;

}

// Display number of words in text file

cout << "Number of words in file is " << int_count;

// Close the text file opened in read mode

oFileinput.close();

return 0;

}

Output

f) Program to copy contents of one file to another file.#include<iostream>#include<fstream>#include<conio.h>using namespace std;int main(){





// Create object to display output values


// Open the text file in write mode

oFileoutput.open ( "sample.txt" );


char char_text;



{

// Read characters from the "out.txt"


// Write characters to "sample.txt"

oFileoutput << char_text;

}


oFileinput.close();

return 0;

}

Output:

g) Binary file(Write mode)#include<iostream>

#include<fstream>


struct StudentDetails

{

int RollNo;

char Name[30];

char Address[40];

};

void ReadStudentDetails ( StudentDetails& TempStud )

{

cout << "\n Enter Roll No:";

cin >> TempStud.RollNo;

cout << "\n Enter Name:";

cin >> TempStud.Name;

cout << "\n Enter Address:";

cin >> TempStud.Address;

cout << "\n";

}

int main()

{

struct StudentDetails BE_Student_Output;

ofstream BE_StudFile_Output;

BE_StudFile_Output.open ( "BE.dat", ios::out | ios::binary | ios::trunc );

if ( !BE_StudFile_Output.is_open() )

{

cout << "File cannot be opened \n";

}

char Continue = 'Y';

do

{

ReadStudentDetails ( BE_Student_Output );

BE_StudFile_Output.write ( ( char* ) &BE_Student_Output, sizeof ( struct StudentDetails )

);

if ( BE_StudFile_Output.fail() )

{

cout << "file write failed";

}

else

{

cout << "Do you want to continue Y/N:";

cin >> Continue;

}

}

while ( Continue != 'N' );

BE_StudFile_Output.close();

return 0;

}

Output

h) Binary file(Read mode)#include<iostream>

#include<fstream>


// Declaring the structure variables

struct StudentDetails

{

int RollNo;

char Name[30];

char Address[40];

};

// function declaration

void WriteStudentDetails ( StudentDetails TempStud )

{

cout << "\n The Roll No:";

cout << TempStud.RollNo;

cout << "\n The Name:";

cout << TempStud.Name;

cout << "\n The Address:";

cout << TempStud.Address;

cout << "\n";

}

// Main function

int main()

{

struct StudentDetails BE_Student_Input;

ifstream BE_StudFile_Input ( "BE.dat", ios::out | ios::binary );

while ( !BE_StudFile_Input.eof() )

{

BE_StudFile_Input.read ( ( char* ) &BE_Student_Input, sizeof ( struct StudentDetails ) );

if ( BE_StudFile_Input.fail() )

{

break;

}

WriteStudentDetails ( BE_Student_Input );

}

BE_StudFile_Input.close();

return 0;

}

Output:

i) Reading from and writing the personal details into the file using getline function#include <fstream>

#include <iostream>


int main ()

{

char Personal_data[100];

// open a file in write mode.


oFileoutput.open ( "personalfile.dat" );

cout << "Writing to the file" << endl;

cout << "Enter your name: ";

cin.getline ( Personal_data, 100 );

// write input data into the file.

oFileoutput << Personal_data << endl;

cout << "Enter your age: ";

cin >> Personal_data;

cin.ignore();

// again write input data into the file.

oFileoutput << Personal_data << endl;

// close the opened file.


// open a file in read mode.


oFileinput.open ( "personalfile.dat" );

cout << "Reading from the file" << endl;

oFileinput >> Personal_data;

// write the data at the screen.

cout << Personal_data << endl;

// again read the data from the file and display it.

oFileinput >> Personal_data;

cout << Personal_data << endl;

// close the opened file.

oFileinput.close();

return 0;

}

Output

j) Reading from and writing into the file#include<fstream.>

#include<stdio.h>

#include<ctype.h>

#include<string>

#include<iostream>


int main()

{

char txt_file_data,file_ASCII_result;

char char_filename[10];


cout<<"Enter File Name:";

cin>>char_filename;

oFileoutput.open(char_filename);

//write contents to file

cout<<"Enter the text(Enter # at end)\n";

while ((txt_file_data=getchar())!='#')

{

file_ASCII_result=txt_file_data-32;

oFileoutput<<file_ASCII_result;

}


//read the contents of file

ifstream oFileintput(char_filename);

cout<<"\n\n\t\tThe File contains\n\n";

while (oFileintput.eof()==0)

{

oFileintput.get(txt_file_data);

cout<<txt_file_data;

}}

Output

pds lab ii

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