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PED0031, VARHAISPEDAGOGIIKKA 06.11.2018 Professori Lasse Lipponen 1

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Page 1: PED0031, VARHAISPEDAGOGIIKKA 06.11 · •Children (humans) develop trough their changing participation in the socio-cultural activities of their communities which also change •

PED0031, VARHAISPEDAGOGIIKKA 06.11.2018

Professori Lasse Lipponen

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Page 2: PED0031, VARHAISPEDAGOGIIKKA 06.11 · •Children (humans) develop trough their changing participation in the socio-cultural activities of their communities which also change •

MITÄ ON VARHAISKASVATUS?MILLAISIA TEHTÄVIÄ SILLÄ

ON?

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VARHAISKASVATUSLAKI 01.08.2015

• Varhaiskasvatus on osa kasvatus- ja koulutusjärjestelmää

• Korostaa pedagogiikan merkitystä

• Henkilöstön osaaminen on keskeinen laatutekijä

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MIKSI VARHAISKASVATUS ON TÄRKEÄÄ?

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• Kaikki keskeiset kehitykselliset muutokset tapahtuvat ennen kouluikää (Bransford et al.,1999; Bruner, 1987; Meltzoff et al., 2009; Piaget, 1928; Vygotsky,

1978)

• Oppimispotentiaali on varhaislapsuudessa valtava (Gopnik,

2016)

• Hyvä varhaiskasvatus ennustaa myöhempää kognitiivis-akateemista kyvykkyyttä (Vandell, et al. 2010)

• Syrjäytymisen ennalta ehkäisyssä sijoitettu dollari tuottaa paremmin kun se sijoitetaan varhaiskasvatukseen kuin kouluun tai työhön (Heckman, 2006)

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• Lastentarhanopettajan taidot heijastuvat lapsen myöhempään kehitykseen esimerkiksi lukemisessa ja matematiikasssa (Konstantopoulos, 2011)

• Lapsuudella on itseisarvo

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VARHAISKASVATUKSEN TEOREETTINEN JA

PEDAGOGINEN PERUSTA

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• It seems to me that American researchers are constantly seeking to explain how the child came to be what he is; we in the USSR are striving to discover not how the child came to be what he is, but how he can become what he not yet is (A. N. Leontiev (cited in Cole, 1979, p. 151)

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Page 10: PED0031, VARHAISPEDAGOGIIKKA 06.11 · •Children (humans) develop trough their changing participation in the socio-cultural activities of their communities which also change •

• Kehityspsykologia ollut vahvasti varhaispedagogiikan taustalla

• Iän mukaisten kompetenssien ja osaamisen dokumentoiminen

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Page 11: PED0031, VARHAISPEDAGOGIIKKA 06.11 · •Children (humans) develop trough their changing participation in the socio-cultural activities of their communities which also change •

MUUTOS SIINÄ MITEN TULKITSEMME JA YMMÄRRÄMME

LASTA JA LAPSUUTTA

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Page 12: PED0031, VARHAISPEDAGOGIIKKA 06.11 · •Children (humans) develop trough their changing participation in the socio-cultural activities of their communities which also change •

FOUR FRAMEWORKS FOR UNDERSTANDING

CHILDHOOD

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Page 13: PED0031, VARHAISPEDAGOGIIKKA 06.11 · •Children (humans) develop trough their changing participation in the socio-cultural activities of their communities which also change •

• In what age, you would let a child handle a sharp knife?

• In what age a child is intelligent and competent enough to be trusted to take care of an infant?

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Page 14: PED0031, VARHAISPEDAGOGIIKKA 06.11 · •Children (humans) develop trough their changing participation in the socio-cultural activities of their communities which also change •

• 1. Developmental (psychology) view of childhood

• 2. Sociology of childhood

• 3. Research on children’s rights

• 4. Socioculturally oriented research on learning and development

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• Relies on Piaget’s idea of human development

• Age related competencies and skills

• Child’s development is age bounded, and development sets the limits for learning

• Childhood and development are universal (de-contextualized child and childhood?)

DEVELOPMENTAL VIEW OF CHILDHOOD

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• Childhood is a pathway to adulthood - from simplicity to complexity, from immaturity to rationality (“becoming”)

•Still prevailing approach

• Missing developmental/ learning potential?

• (Educational research about children is mainly children’s non-competence)

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SOCIOLOGY OF CHILDHOOD (CORSARO, 1985; PROUT, 2005; QVORTRUP ET AL., 1994; WOODHEAD, 2006)

• “Counter-attack” for the dominant developmental view of a child and childhood

• Invented by sociologists

• Childhood is historically and socially constructed (biolological immaturity is evident, but how this is understoood is a fact of culture)

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• Childhood cannot be separated from variables such as class, gender, ethnicity - a variety of childhoods

• Children’s social relationships and their cultures are worthy of study in their own right (“being”)

• Childhood is valuable in itself

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Page 19: PED0031, VARHAISPEDAGOGIIKKA 06.11 · •Children (humans) develop trough their changing participation in the socio-cultural activities of their communities which also change •

There exists not such a thing as childhood, but childhoods

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RESEARCH ON CHILDREN’S RIGHTS

(Freeman, 1998; Smith, 2002)

• United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC)

• Children as rights holders

• If children have the right to participate in social life, they should have the right to express their opinions and experiences regarding their lives

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•To recognize children’s abilities and right to participate in societal activities and to speak for themselves

•Children are seen as social actors and as active participants of society not just objects of upbringing.

•Children are the experts and subjects of their own life

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SOCIOCULTURALLY ORIENTED RESEARCH ON LEARNING

AND DEVELOPMENT (Fleer, 2003; Edwards & D’Arcy, 2004; Engeström, 2005; Gresalfi et al., 2009; Greeno, 2006;

Kumpulainen & Lipponen, 2010; Kumpulainen, Lipponen, Hilppö & Mikkola, 2013; Lipponen & Kumpulainen, 2011; Rainio, 2010; Rogoff, 2003; Vygotsky,1978)

• In what age, you would let a child handle a sharp knife?

• In what age a child is intelligent and competent enough to be tursted to take care of an infant?

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• Focus is on children’s participation in cultural practices

• Understanding childhood from sociocultural perspective requires examination of the cultural nature of children’s everyday life

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Page 24: PED0031, VARHAISPEDAGOGIIKKA 06.11 · •Children (humans) develop trough their changing participation in the socio-cultural activities of their communities which also change •

•Children (humans) develop trough their changing participation in the socio-cultural activities of their communities which also change

• Through this transformation, individual roles, positions, agency, identity change and developmental transitions in communities become evident (visible for others as well)

•Example: Entering from preschool to school

• Individual transformation through participation means that not only do individuals change, but they change the communities in which they live

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Page 25: PED0031, VARHAISPEDAGOGIIKKA 06.11 · •Children (humans) develop trough their changing participation in the socio-cultural activities of their communities which also change •

• “Development can be viewed as a transformation of participation in cultural activities. Through this transformation, individual roles change and developmental transitions in communities become evident. Individual transformation through participation means that not only do individuals change, but they change the communities in which they live” (Rogoff, 2003)

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Page 26: PED0031, VARHAISPEDAGOGIIKKA 06.11 · •Children (humans) develop trough their changing participation in the socio-cultural activities of their communities which also change •

•How one understands the phenomena ‘child’ and ‘ ‘childhood’ has serious consequences for teaching and learning (pedagogy) and research as well (and how one sees development and learning)

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•Osallisuus ja toimijuus uusien opetussuunnitelmien keskeisiä käsitteitä

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OSALLISUUS (ESIM. SHIER, 2001)

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Page 30: PED0031, VARHAISPEDAGOGIIKKA 06.11 · •Children (humans) develop trough their changing participation in the socio-cultural activities of their communities which also change •

• Osallistuminen = osallisuus

• Osallisuus on tunne/kokemus kuulumisesta

• Päiväkodissa/koulussa opitaan muutakin kuin “tietämään”

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Page 31: PED0031, VARHAISPEDAGOGIIKKA 06.11 · •Children (humans) develop trough their changing participation in the socio-cultural activities of their communities which also change •

• Päiväkodissa opitaan myös toimimaan sitoumusten ja eri tilanteiden vaatimusten mukaan, tekemään aloitteita, olemaan vastuullinen, vastustamaan, ottamaan ja antamaan apua, tietämään, saamaan ja antamaan arvostusta ja tuntemaan kuka on

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Page 32: PED0031, VARHAISPEDAGOGIIKKA 06.11 · •Children (humans) develop trough their changing participation in the socio-cultural activities of their communities which also change •

• Osallisuus on suhteessa identiteettiin: käsitys itsestään toimijana, jolla on oikeuksia ja velvollisuuksia ja jonka ajatuksia, tunteita, mielipiteitä, tietoja ja taitoja muut arvostavat tai eivät arvosta

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• Millainen käsitys lapselle muodostuu itsestään ja toisista lapsista toimijoina ja osallisina

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• Children, women, elderly people, disabled (this is, people on marginals) are suppressed in society

• What are their possibilities to take action and be full members of the society

TOIMIJUUS (BANDURA, 1989; EDWARDS & D'ARCY, 2004; EMIRBAYER & MISCHE, 1998; ENGESTRÖM, 2005; GREENO, 2006; HOLLAND ET AL., 1998; LIPPONEN & KUMPULAINEN, 2011; REUNAMO, 2007)

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• Pyrkimys tarkoituksellisesti muuttaa sosiaalisia suhteita, käytäntöjä ja fyysistä ympäristöä

• Aktiivisuus, aloitteisuus, intentionaalisuus, osallisuus, vaikutus- ja valinnanmahdollisuus, vapaaehtoisuus sekä taito ja voima valita itse toimintatavat

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Page 36: PED0031, VARHAISPEDAGOGIIKKA 06.11 · •Children (humans) develop trough their changing participation in the socio-cultural activities of their communities which also change •

• Aloitteiden tekeminen

• Vastustaminen, itsestäänselvyyksien kyseenalaistaminen (uuden luominen)

• Avun antaminen ja avun pyytäminen

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• Kuinka aloitteellisesti lapset voivat toimia päiväkodissa?

• Kuka tekee toimintaan liittyvät aloitteet ja päätökset? (Kenen pitäisi olla/tehdä? Miksi? Miksi ei)?

• Millä tavalla aloitteisiin suhtaudutaan?

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Page 38: PED0031, VARHAISPEDAGOGIIKKA 06.11 · •Children (humans) develop trough their changing participation in the socio-cultural activities of their communities which also change •

• Kaveripiireissä ja kotona lapset kokevat voivansa vaikuttaa asioihin

• Mihin lapset voivat vaikuttaa päiväkodissa?

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• Mistä ja kenelle lapset ovat vastuussa?

• Keneltä ja miten päiväkodissa saadaan/haetaan arvostusta?

• Mitä tarkoittaa kasvaa eskariksi ja eskarista koululaiseksi?

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• Kuka on eniten äänessä opetus/oppimistilanteissa?

• Mikä on vuorovaikutuksen suunta: vertikaalinen vai horisontaalinen, kahdenvälinen vai monenvälinen?

• IRE: initiation - reply - evaluation

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Page 41: PED0031, VARHAISPEDAGOGIIKKA 06.11 · •Children (humans) develop trough their changing participation in the socio-cultural activities of their communities which also change •

• Osallisuuspositiot: opettaja, lapsi (mitä muita positioita)

• Positiot sisältävät oikeuksia ja velvollisuuksia (vuorovaikutuksessa)

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• Vuorovaikutuksessa lapset asetetaan erilaisiin positioihin (asemiin)

• Lapsi voidaan asettaa (opettaja, toiset lapset) tai hän voi positioida itsensä passiiviseksi vastaanottajaksi, joka toimii vain suhteessa esim. opettajan aloitteisiin

• Lapsi voi myös ottaa (tai hänet voidaan asettaa/hänelle voidaan antaa) aktiivinen positio, jossa hän tuo esille omia mielipiteitään ja rakentaa tietoa yhdessä muiden kanssa

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• Viittaaminen

• Lapset saavat puhua pyydettyään vuoron (opettajalta)

• Mikä on päiväkodissa tärkein kriteeri tulla huomatuksi (koulussa se on halu työskennellä ja saada hyviä numeroita)?

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• Vertaisvuorovaikutus ja vertaisoppiminen

• Aikuinen - lapsi -vuorovaikutus

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• Lapsinäkökulmasta lasten näkökulmaan

• Lasten ääni kuuluviin

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CHILD PERSPECTIVE (Sommer & Pramling, 2010)

• Child perspective directs adult’s attention towards an understanding of children’s perceptions, experiences, and actions in the world.

• Child perspective is always expressed in adult’s words and thoughts (this is, through scientific concepts and theories concerning children and childhood)

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CHILDREN’S PERSPECTIVE (Sommer & Pramling, 2010)

• Children’s perspective represents children’s experiences, perceptions, and understanding in their life-world. The focus is on the child as subject, not object, in his or her own world

• What children say and do express what is meaningful to them (do not mix up what is important, that’s Child perspective)

• Children’s perspective is always expressed in the children’s own words, thoughts, and images

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