Period 5Learning about language

Helen Keller

Revision

△mainstream△fulfilling

never mindpoliticsabolish

△abolitionresign

slaveryliterature

n.  主流；主要倾向adj.  令人满意的；令人愉快的不必担心n.  政治（学）vt.  废除；废止n.  废除；废止vi. & vt.  辞职 ; 辞去 ( 工作 , 职位等 )n.  奴隶制n.  文学（作品）；著作；文献

Words preview

1.为做过…而自豪 ______________2. 参加 _____________3. 某人的志向是去做某事 ___________

________4. 高考 __________________5. 使某事被做 __________________6. 希望做某事 _______________7. 过着忙碌的生活 ______________8. 适合… _______________9. 在…中扮演主角 ______________10. 上课 ________________

be proud to have done

take part in

one’s ambition is to do sthuniversity/college entrance exams

have sth donehope to do sth

lead/live a busy lifebe suitable for

play a major part/role intake lessons

11. 浏览，匆匆看一下 ____________12. 发现…有用 ______________13. 换句话来说 _______________14. 除此之外 ____________15. 撞到…上 ____________16. 适应 __________17. 和…一样 _____________18. 过去常常做某事 _______________19. 事实上 __________20. 梦想做某事 _____________21. 最后 ___________22. 至少 __________

glance atfind sth beneficial

in other wordsin additionbump into

adapt tothe same as

used to do sthin fact

dream about doing sthin the endat least

23. 切去 ____________24. 上气不接下气 _______________25. 太…而不能… ____________26. 总之 ____________27. 闲坐着 ___________28. 和，也 , 除了… . 还 __________29. 在很多方面 ____________30. 为…难过 / 惋惜 _____________31. 取笑 ____________32. 接受他们现在的样子 ____________ 33. 像你们一样过着丰富多彩而充实的生活 __________________34. 一次 , 每次 ____________

cut outout of breath

too…to…all in all

sit aroundas well as

in many waysfeel sorry for

make fun of

live as rich and full a life as you doat a time

accept them for who they are

1. in other words ______________

2. out of breath _____________

3. all in all _____________

4. bump into _____________

5. at a time _____________

6. up until _______________

Phrases

上气不接下气 总而言之

撞上 , 不期而遇 每次 , 一次一直到…为止 , 直到…

换句话说 , 那就是说

7. dream about / of ________________8. make fun of ___________________9. feel sorry for sb _________________ 10. feel sorry for oneself_____________11. sit around ___________________ 12. as well as ____________________ 13. as well _____________________14. be worth ______________________

做梦 , 梦见 ; 向往 , 渴望取笑 , 开…的玩笑

同情某人自己感到忧伤

闲坐着不但…而且… , 既…又…也…

值得

Exercise

单词拼写1.The theatre has very good access for the __

_______( 残疾人 ).

2.We test your ________ ( 视力 ) before givi

ng you driving license.

3.I couldn’t have done it without your _____

__________ ( 鼓舞 ).

4.Mary is an old lady of great _______ ( 高贵的品质 ).

disabledeyesight

encouragement

dignity

5. Tom is studying ________ ( 政治 ) at university.

6. One of her a_________ is to become a doctor.

7. She went on holiday alone---she’s very i___________.

8. She took a year’s leave of a_______ from her job.

9. The tale of Two Cities in one of the great works of English l________.

10. He g________ from high school and went to college last year.

politics

mbitions

ndepedent

bsence

iterature

raduated

Learning about Language

Discovering useful

words and expressions

1 Fill in the table below. You can use the dictionary to help you.

Noun Adjective

ambitious

absent

suitability

benefit

annoyance

ambition

absence

suitable

beneficial

annoyed/annoying

1

Noun Adjective

clumsiness

firmness

noise

psychology

encouraging

clumsy

firm

noisy

psychological

encouragement

1. How do you measure the length of a race round a racetrack?

2. How would you feel if someone kept talking when you were trying to read?

2 Answer each question by using a correct new word in this unit.

lap

annoyed

2

3. In what way can a teacher check if you

have learned the new words by heart?

4. What do you call an item written in a

diary or in a dictionary?

5. What kind of instrument does a doctor

need to examine viruses in blood?

dictation

entry

microscope

6. How do you describe someone who is happy to meet new people?

7. What do you call students in the same year

group and the same situation as you?

8. What do you call the behaviour of one

student to others?

outgoing

fellow

conduct

adapt to cut out in other words

out of breath sit around in many ways

make fun of all in all

3 Complete this passage using the words below.

There was a time when children with mental

disabilities were prevented from living a normal

life _____________. They used to __________ in

their own homes after being educated in special

schools.

in many ways sit around

3

Other people sometimes ___________ them. But now

things are changing. There are training programmes

for young people with mental disabilities, which have

proved very beneficial. Students like Xie Li, mentally

disabled from birth, now have a chance to become

athletes. But it is a challenge. She has to __________

training programmes as well as mixing with other

able-bodied athletes.

make fun of

adapt to

“Xie Li’s confidence has grown,” said her father.

“She looks much better and is not so often

___________ after her training. ________ her

mother and I are very happy with her progress.”

So, instead of ___________ mainstream activities,

mentally disabled students can become part of the

mainstream. ______________ they can lead a more

fulfilling life.

In other words

out of breath All in all

cutting out

Learning about Language

Revising

useful structures

不定式是动词的一种非限定形式 , 由 “ to+ 动词原形” 构成 , 没有人称和数的变化 , 在句中不能独立作谓语。但不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等。

Grammar: the Infinitive

1. It is good to help others.

2. It is my ambition to make sure that the

disabled people in our neighborhood have

access to all public buildings.

3. My ambition is to work in the computer

industry when I grow up.

辨别下面不定式在句子中充当的成分 :

subject

subject

predicative( 表语 )

4. I don’t have time to sit around feeling

sorry for myself.

5. I am the only student in my class to have

a pet snake.

6. A big company has decided to buy

it from me.

7. My fellow students have begun to accept

me for who I am.

attribute

attribute

object

object

8. I have had to work hard to live a normal

life.

9. Some days I am too tired to get out of bed.

10. We must call on local government to

give financial assistance to disabled people.

adverbial( 状语 )

adverbial

object complement

一 . 不定式在句中的功能1. 作主语 :

那样做是很幼稚的 .

To act like that is childish.

为避免句子出现 “头重脚轻”现象 , 常用 it 做形式主语 , 将真正主语的不定式后置 .

要学好英语不是那么容易的。e.g. It is not easy to learn English well.

2. 作宾语她喜欢谈论这件事情。e.g. She loves to talk about the matter.

他希望不久能找到工作 .

He hopes to find a job soon.

他答应不把这事告诉任何人．He promised not to tell anyone about it.

常接不定式做宾语的动词有：

afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, attempt,

begin, bother, care, choose, continue, dare,

decide, demand, expect, fail, hate, hope, learn,

long, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prefer,

prepare, promise, prove, refuse, want, wish 等 .

1) 不定式有时和连接代词 / 副词构成宾语 .

你记得哪一条路到哪儿吗？ Do you remember which way to get

there?

下一步干什么你决定了吗 ?

Have you decided what to do next?

我来问他怎么样开这机器 .

I’ll ask him how to operate the

machine.

2) 有时不定式由 whether 引起 .

I didn’t know whether to laugh or cry

about it.

3) feel, find, judge, make, think, believe,

consider 等动词后如果是不定式做宾语 ,

补语是形容词 ( 间或是名词 ), 常用 it 作形式 宾语 , 把不定式后移 .

I find it difficult to work with him.

She asked me to stay there.

Please allow me to introduce Mr. White

to you.

Father will not allow us to play on the street.

My brother asked me to clean the room

with him.

3. 作宾语补足语 :

动词 + 宾语 + 带 to 的不定式

常带 to 的不定式做宾语补足语的动词有 :

ask, beg, prefer, help, promise, wish, want,

expect, permit, request, allow, command,

tell ,invite, cause, encourage, warn, advise,

persuade, force, order, remind, teach, 等 .

在主动结构中 , 下列动词后作宾补的动词不定式应省略 to: “五看” (see, watch, notice, observe, look at)

“三使” (make, let, have) “两听” (hear, listen to)

“ 一感觉” (feel) 。e.g. Who made him work all night long?

The policeman saw a child play in the street.

Don’t make the children do such heavy work.

Shall I have him come here?

但是 , 改为被动结构后 , 应补出省略的 to 。e.g. He was seen to break the window.

The policeman saw a child play in the street.

A child was seen to play in the street by

the policeman.

4. 作表语不定式可用作表语 , 说明主语的具体内容。My work is to clean the room every day.

我的梦想是成为一名医生。His dream is to be a doctor.

我的工作是帮助病人。My job is to help the patient

5. 作定语不定式放在被修饰的名词、代词后面 , 往往表示未发生的动作。I have a lot of work to do.

She is the first student to come to school.

I have some books for you to read.

She is looking for a room to live in.

There is nothing to worry about.

6. 作状语

目的状语 : 常用的结构— to do; in order to do, so as to do, so/ such …as to do, etc.

I come here to say good-bye to you.

结果状语 : 常与 only , enough 或 too 连用。

He studied hard only to fail the exam.

He is old enough to go to school.

原因状语 : 一般用在句尾

I’m glad to see you.

She wept to see the sight.

二 . 不定式的否定结构：动词不定式的否定式由 not/never＋ to do 构成，另外还有 in order not to do ， so as not to do 。否定副词 not, never, seldom, hardly 等要置于 to前。请告诉你的小孩不要在街上玩耍 .

Please tell your child not to play in the street.

她检查名字为了不犯错误 .

She checked the names so as not to make mistakes.I told him not to do it. 我让他别那样做的。Father warned me never to drive after drinking.父亲警告我不要酒后开车。

三、动词不定式的时态与语态

时态语态 主动语态 被动语态

一般式 to do to be done

完成式 to have done to have been done

进行式 to be doing 无

1.动词不定式的时态

(1)动词不定式的一般式所表示的动作，通常与谓语动词

动作同时发生(或几乎同时发生)或在谓语动词之后发生。

(2)不定式的完成式所表示的动作则发生在谓语动词之

前。

1) 一般时表示的动作 , 有时与谓语动词表示的 动作同时发生 , 有时发生在谓语动词表示的 动作之后。 He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事。 I hope to see you again. 我希望再见到你。2). 完成时表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的 动作之前。 很抱歉给了你这么多麻烦。 I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.

3). 一般进行时表示的动作正在进行 , 与谓语 动词表示的动作同时发生。 他好象正在吃什么东西。 He seems to be eating something.

4). 完成进行时表示的动作从过去开始并延续 至说话的时候。 据说她研究这问题有好多年了。 She is said to have been working on the

problem for many years.

进行式的动作发生在与谓语动词动作同时且正在进行。He is said to write a book.

据说他将写本书。 ( 之后 )

He is said to have written a book.

据说他已经写了本书。 ( 之前 )

He pretended to be reading the text when I came in.

当我进来时，他假装正在读课文。 ( 同时 )

2 ．动词不定式的被动语态当不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者

时，不定式一般要用被动式。

I'm pleased to have been given this opportunity.

给了我这次机会我很高兴。四、连接词＋不定式连接代词和连接副词及 whether 后可接不定式，在句中

起名词作用，可充当主语、表语和宾语。I know what to do.(I do what)

我知道要做什么。How to solve the problem is very important.

怎样解决这个问题是非常重要的。

Practice

1. She reached the top of the hill and stopped

______ on a big rock by the side of the path.

A. to have rested B. resting

C. to rest D. rest

2. We’re planning ______ a party next week.

A. to have B. have C. having D. had

C

A

3. ---Which do you prefer ____ your weekends,

fishing or watching TV?

----Neither.

A. Spending B. to spend

C. being spent D. spend

4. Did you find out _____ the pie out of the oven?

A. When to take B. to take

C. have taken D. being taken

B

A

5. _____ get a complete picture, further

information is needed.

A. In order that B. In order to

C. Being D. To have

6. It’s necessary ____ some English grammar.

A. for students to learn

B. for students learning

C. of students to learn

D. of students learning

B

A

7. I ought to ____ him the news, but I forgot to do so. A. remember to tell B. remember telling C. have remembered to tell D. have remembered telling8. I ____ you the exciting news, but you were not at home. A. meant telling B. meant to telling C. meant to having told D. meant to tell

C

D

高考链接

1. I like getting up very early in

summer. The morning air is so

good ______. (2008全国 I 卷 ) A. to be breathed

B. to breathe

C. breathing

D. being breathed

B

2. – Did the book give the information you needed? – Yes. But _____ it, I had to read the entire book. (2008北京卷 ) A. to find B. find C. to finding D. finding3. I feel greatly honored ____ into their society. (2008北京卷 ) A. to welcome B. welcoming C. to be welcomed D. welcomed

A

C

4. _____ the project as planned, we’ll have to work two more hours a day. (2008湖南卷 ) A. Completing B. Complete C. Completed D. To complete5. If there is a lot of work _____, I'm happy to just keep on until it is finished. (2008 上海卷 ) A. to do B. to be doing C. done D. doing

D

A

6. When asked why he went there, he

said he was sent there _______ for a

space flight. (07江西卷 )

A. training        B. being trained    

C. to have trained  D. to be trained

7. The children talked so loudly at dinner

table that I had to struggle _______.

(07浙江卷 )

A. to be heard    B. to have heard 

C. hearing     D. being heard

D

A

【链接训练】—① Where should I send my form?

—The Personnel Office is the place ________.

A ． for sending it　　　 B ． to send it to

C ． to send D ． to send it

【解析】　考查不定式作宾语的用法。根据 send的用法send sth.to some place可知选 B。

【答案】　 B

②The host didn't want his house ______ for the night ，so we had to try knocking at another door.

A ． being stayed B ． to stay in

C ． to be stayed D ． to be stayed in

【解析】　 want后的非谓语动词作宾语补足语时，通常用动词不定式，此处宾语与补足语是被动关系，故用不定式的被动式，因此选 D。

【答案】　 D

③I'm going to Shanghai.Do you have anything ________

to your parents?

A ． to take B ． take

C ． taking D ． to be taken

【解析】　考查不定式作定语。动词 take的逻辑主语并不是 you，而是 anything，故要用不定式的被动语态，意为“你有东西 (要我 )带给你的父母吗？”

【答案】　 D

—④ Where is George ？ He said he would meet me here

at 3 o'clock.

—He seems ________ with Mr.Brown in the office.

A ． to talk B ． talking

C ． to have talked D ． to be talking

【解析】　不定式的进行式表示正在进行的动作或状态。【答案】　 D

⑤What made me sad was that I went to see her the day

before yesterday only ________ her dead on her bed.

A ． to find B ． finding

C ． found D ． find

【解析】　 only to find作结果状语，通常表示一个令人失望的、沮丧的、预料之外的结果。

【答案】　 A

1. Summarize the rules of infinitive

in your own way.

2. Finish the exercises of the textbook

on Page 5.

Homework

EX.1 P.5Underline all the sentences in the unit which contain infinitives. Then mark their usages according to the headings below.

1

1. It is difficult to know what the future holds.

To look after my pets

properly takes a lot of time.

辨别下面不定式在句子中充当的成分 :

(subject)

It takes a lot of time to look after my pets.

2. Her ambition is to become part of the national team for the nxst Paralympic Games.

Now his ambition is to become an ac

tor. My ambition is to work in the comp

uter industry when I grow up.

辨别下面不定式在句子中充当的成分 :

(predicative)

3. Unfortunately, the doctors don’t

know how to make me better, but I

am very outgoing and have learned

to adapt to my disability.

Then I started to get weaker and

weaker.

A big company has decided to buy it

from me.

辨别下面不定式在句子中充当的成分 :

(object)

4.Does this disability make it difficult for them to do some things? In many ways my disability has helped me grow stronger psychologically and become more independent.

(object complement)

5.It gives ordinary young people with a disability a chance to tell their personal stories. I have a very busy life with no time to sit around feeling sorry for myself. If I had a chance to say one thing to healthy children, it would be this: having a disability does not mean your life is not satisfying.

(attribute)

6.What have they done to try to overcome these difficulties? She is proud to have taken part in competitions and to have broken a record by running two laps(800 metres) this year. He had the questions read to him and used dictation to give his answers into a special machine.

(adverbial)

I was too weak to go to school. I am happy to have found many things I can do. I have to work hard to live a normal life.

(adverbial)

Ex.2 P.5 ★to have kept you waiting★I seem to have forgotten so many things…★I was supposed to have finished all my shopping…★Nobody is said to have finished till there is no more left to buy!

2

Ex.3 P.5 He is known to have spent to free to see to treat able to help to abolish

3