periodic table sampler

ACTINIUM

89

AcRUTHERFORDIUM

104

Rf

VANADIUM

23

VCHROMIUM

24

Cr

FRANCIUM

87

FrRADIUM

88

Ra

SCANDIUM

21

ScTITANIUM

22

Ti

HYDROGEN

1

H

LITHIUM

3

LiBERYLLIUM

4

Be

SODIUM

11

NaMAGNESIUM

12

Mg

POTASSIUM

19

KCALCIUM

20

Ca

RUBIDIUM

37

RbSTRONTIUM

38

Sr

CESIUM

55

CsBARIUM

56

Ba

YTTRIUM

39

YZIRCONIUM

40

Zr

LANTHANUM

57

LaHAFNIUM

72

Hf

NIOBIUM

41

NbMOLYBDENUM

42

Mo

TANTALUM

73

TaTUNGSTEN

74

W

DUBNIUM

105

DbSEABORGIUM

106

Sg

MANGANESE

25

MnIRON

26

Fe

TECHNETIUM

43

TcRUTHENIUM

44

Ru

RHENIUM

75

ReOSMIUM

76

Os

BOHRIUM

107

BhHASSIUM

108

Hs

COBALT

27

CoNICKEL

28

Ni

RHODIUM

45

RhPALLADIUM

46

Pd

IRIDIUM

77

IrPLATINUM

78

Pt

MEITNERIUM

109

MtDARMSTADTIUM

110

Ds

COPPER

29

Cu

SILVER

47

Ag

GOLD

79

Au

ROENTGENIUM

111

Rg

CERIUM

58

CePRASEODYMIUM

59

Pr

THORIUM

90

ThPROTACTINIUM

91

Pa

NEODYMIUM

60

NdPROMETHIUM

61

Pm

URANIUM

92

UNEPTUNIUM

93

Np

SAMARIUM

62

SmEUROPIUM

63

Eu

PLUTONIUM

94

PuAMERICIUM

95

Am

GADOLINIUM

64

GdTERBIUM

65

Tb

CURIUM

96

CmBERKELIUM

97

Bk

DYSPROSIUM

66

Dy

CALIFORNIUM

98

Cf

Copyrighted Material


ZINC

30

Zn

CADMIUM

48

Cd

MERCURY

80

Hg

BORON

5

BCARBON

6

C

ALUMINUM

13

AlSILICON

14

Si

GALLIUM

31

GaGERMANIUM

32

Ge

INDIUM

49

InTIN

50

Sn

THALLIUM

81

TlLEAD

82

Pb

NITROGEN

7

NOXYGEN

8

O

PHOSPHORUS

15

PSULFUR

16

S

ARSENIC

33

AsSELENIUM

34

Se

ANTIMONY

51

SbTELLURIUM

52

Te

BISMUTH

83

BiPOLONIUM

84

Po

FLUORINE

9

FNEON

10

Ne

HELIUM

2

He

CHLORINE

17

ClARGON

18

Ar

BROMINE

35

BrKRYPTON

36

Kr

IODINE

53

IXENON

54

Xe

ASTATINE

85

AtRADON

86

Rn

HOLMIUM

67

HoERBIUM

68

Er

EINSTEINIUM

99

EsFERMIUM

100

Fm

THULIUM

69

TmYTTERBIUM

70

Yb

MENDELEVIUM

101

MdNOBELIUM

102

No

LUTETIUM

71

Lu

LAWRENCIUM

103

Lr



Text and design copyright © Toucan Books Ltd. 2007Based on an original concept by Toucan Books Ltd.Illustrations copyright © Simon Basher 2007Published in the United States by Kingfisher,175 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10010Kingfisher is an imprint of Macmillan Children’s Books, London.All rights reserved.

Science Consultant: Dr. Christopher HutchinsonConsultant: Dr. Mark WinterDr. Winter is a senior lecturer of chemistry at the University of Sheffield,England, and the author of www.webelements.com.This book uses data adapted from www.webelements.com.

Designed and created by Basher www.basherbooks.comwww.basherworld.comwww.bebo.com/simonbasher

Dedicated to Ella Marbrook

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The periodic table/Adrian Dingle.—1st ed.p. cm.

Includes index.ISBN-13: 978-0-7534-6085-6

1. Periodic law—Tables—Juvenile literature. 2.Chemicalelements—Juvenile literature. I. Title.

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-Introduction 6Hydrogen 8The Alkali Metals 10The Alkaline Earth Metals 20The Transition Elements 32The Boron Elements 64The Carbon Elements 70The Nitrogen Elements 80The Oxygen Elements 90The Halogen Elements 98The Noble Gases 108The Lanthanides and Actinides 118The Transactinides 124Index 126Glossary 128

CONTENTSCopyrighted Material


6

The Periodic TableIntroduction

Everything in the world is made of elements—substancesthat cannot be broken down or made into anythingsimpler by chemical reactions. Each element has its ownunique personality. Many, such as gold, silver, and lead,have been known for thousands of years. Others, such asdarmstadtium, have been created in high-tech labs, onlyas recently as the 1990s.

The periodic table was the brainchild of Siberiansuperchemist Dimitri Mendeleev. In 1869, he arranged theknown elements into groups (columns) and periods (rows),leaving gaps in his table for chemical elements that werestill undiscovered at the time. Today the gaps have beenfilled, and there are a total of 111 known elements, butthere may be others that are yet undiscovered. The verticalgroups of the table make up “families”—all closely relatedand liking the same sorts of chemical shenanigans. In thisbook you’ll meet the most representative characters fromeach group, as well as the breakaways and mavericksthat do things their own way. . . .



Md101

Mendelevium (named after Mendeleev)



1 Hydrogen

Symbol: HAtomic number: 1Atomic weight: 1.0079

Color: NoneStandard state: Gas at 25ºC (77ºF)Classification: Nonmetallic

I may be undersized, but don’t underestimate me. I’m a petite package that packs a punch, and I have a fierycharacter to boot—always remember that I’m numerouno! I am the simplest and lightest of all the elements, the most abundant in the universe, and the source ofeverything in it—from matter and energy to life. I’m whatpowers nuclear fusion in the stars, and I’m the buildingblock for all of the other elements of the periodic table.

On Earth, I exist as a gas consisting of a pair of hydrogenatoms (H2). Things always happen with a bang when I’maround. I’m extraordinarily flammable. I was once usedto fill airships, until a few fatal explosions ended my career.In the future, I am set to become important in fuel cells—a clean and efficient way of generating electricity.

Density 0.082 g/lMelting point –259.14ºC (–434.45ºF)Boiling point –252.87ºC (–423.17ºF)

Date of discovery: 1766

8



Hydrogen

H

9



CHAPTER 1The Alkali Metals

10

A rowdy bunch of rebels, these elements have areputation for extremely reactive behavior. Chemicallytoo feisty to be found unchanged in nature, this group is closer and more alike than any other group of theperiodic table. All members are low-density, soft metals.When added to water, they turn it alkaline. Theirdangerous desperation to lose their outer electronincreases with their atomic number, and as soon as they come into contact with almost anything (includingair), a violently explosive reaction follows. . . .

Group ICopyrighted Material


FRANCIUMFr

87

CESIUMCs

5537

RbRUBIDIUM

POTASSIUMK

1911

NaSODIUM

3

L iL ITHIUM



18


Symbol: RbAtomic number: 37Atomic weight: 85.468

Color: SilveryStandard state: Solid at 25ºC (77ºF)Classification: Metallic

RubidiumThe Alkali Metals

Density 1.532 g/cm3

Melting point 39.31ºC (102.76ºF)Boiling point 688ºC (1,270.4ºF)

I’m scarce and hard tofind. If you do unearth me, you’ll see that I am amaster of disguise and canmimic my cousins in GroupI. Like the rest of the gang,I’m superreactive. I go offwith a bang on contactwith air or water. Since I’m such a rare prankster,I’m very expensive. Watchout for future medicinaluses. . . .

Rubidium

37

Rb



19


Symbol: CsAtomic number: 55Atomic weight: 132.91

Color: Golden tingeStandard state: Solid at 25ºC (77ºF)Classification: Metallic

CesiumThe Alkali Metals

Density 1.879 g/cm3

Melting point 28.44ºC (83.19ºF)Boiling point 671ºC (1,239.8ºF)

55

Soft and golden, I’m waymore exciting than gold.When provoked, I give off asky blue light. Of my Group Igang, I have the fiercestreaction to water. I keepthe beat in atomic clocks—accurate to one secondevery several hundredthousand years! My nasty radioactive isotope,cesium-137, was a majorpollutant after the 1986Chernobyl nuclear disasterin the former U.S.S.R.Cesium

Cs



20

The “alkaline earths” were once thought to be totallyharmless and boring, because they were always foundtightly bonded to oxygen. However, once released fromthese stable compounds, they began to act in the sameunruly fashion as their next-door neighbors, the Group Ifamily. Another gang of soft metals, these guys reacteasily and burn fiercely, getting meaner toward thebase of the group. All are eager to lose their outerelectrons, but this happens less easily than it does for the alkali metals, so they are a little less reactive.

CHAPTER 2 Group IIThe Alkaline Earth Metals



RADIUMRa

88

BARIUMBa

56

STRONTIUMSr

38

CALCIUMCa

20

MAGNESIUMMg

12

Be

4

BERYLL IUM



22

4 BerylliumThe Alkaline Earth Metals

Symbol: BeAtomic number: 4Atomic weight: 9.0122

Color: SilveryStandard state: Solid at 25ºC (77ºF)Classification: Metallic

Lucky for you, I am shy and secretive and don’t get outmuch. A small amount of me in your body can give youberylliosis, a disease that inflames the lungs and is linkedto lung cancer. As a metal, I am soft and silvery, and I’mused mostly in metal alloys, in league with other metals.I make an excellent electrical conductor, and I’m veryflexible, too. Because I am so superlight, I also get usedin the manufacture of airplanes.

I’m often dug out of the ground as silicates—compoundsthat I form with silicon and other elements—the mostbeautiful of which is an emerald. My proudest momentcame in 1932 when James Chadwick bombarded me withalpha particles and discovered the neutron. The neutronsthat I produce now play a leading role in nuclear chemistry.

Density 1.848 g/cm3

Melting point 1,287ºC (2,348.6ºF)Boiling point 2,469ºC (4,476.2ºF)




23

Beryllium

BeCopyrighted Material


32

Stuck in the middle of the periodic table, the transitionelements are a motley crew of roughnecks. Strapping,robust metals, these guys get involved in literally thousandsof industrial applications. Many are movers and shakersthat kick-start all sorts of important manufacturing reactions.Others use their amazing ability to bond with a widevariety of other elements to form alloys—some of whichhave changed civilization forever. But it’s not all grit andgrime: the transition elements love to show up in adazzling variety of highly colored forms.

CHAPTER 3The Transition Elements



MERCURYHg

80

GOLDAu

79

PLATINUMPt

78

IR IDIUMI r

77

OSMIUMOs

76

RHENIUMRe

75

TUNGSTENW

74

TANTALUMTa

73

HAFNIUMHf

72

CADMIUMCd

4847

AgSILVER

PALLADIUMPd

46

RHODIUMRh

45

RUTHENIUMRu

44

TECHNETIUMTc

43

MOLYBDENUMMo

42

NIOBIUMNb

41

ZIRCONIUMZr

40

YTTRIUMY

39

Z INCZn

30

COPPERCu

29

NICKELNi

2827

CoCOBALT

26

FeIRONMANGANESE

Mn

25

CHROMIUMCr

24

VANADIUMV

23

T ITANIUMT i

2221

ScSCANDIUM



34

22 TitaniumThe Transition Elements

Symbol: TiAtomic number: 22Atomic weight: 47.867

Color: Clean, gleaming silverStandard state: Solid at 25ºC (77ºF)Classification: Metallic

Titanium by name and a Titan by nature (Titans werestrong, divine giants in Greek mythology), I am brilliant,gleaming, extremely hard, and very resistant to any typeof chemical attacks.

As a dioxide compound (me plus two oxygen atoms), I’m bright white and excellent at spreading myself around.This combo makes me the king in the worlds of paint,paper, sunscreen, toothpaste, food dyes, and also inenameling and ceramic work.

My invulnerability makes me a favorite choice for bad-boy body piercings, but my main use is forsuperhard metal alloys. These are used in airplane and spacecraft manufacturing for their unrivaledcombination of lightness and strength.

Density 4.507 g/cm3

Melting point 1,668ºC (3,034.4ºF)Boiling point 3,287ºC (5,948.6ºF)




35

Titanium

TiCopyrighted Material


100

9 FluorineThe Halogen Elements

Symbol: FAtomic number: 9Atomic weight: 18.998

Color: Pale yellow/greenStandard state: Gas at 25ºC (77ºF)Classification: Nonmetallic

I’m a doer—a lively package set off by the perfectHollywood smile. I am added to drinking water to help protect your teeth, and I form lots of really useful compounds—such as Teflon®, the famous nonstickcoating. Running through all of the wonderful things Ido is a competitive streak. I am superreactive, and I willtake an electron from almost any atom or molecule in order to complete my set. This is just one of the reasonswhy I’m so usable and form so many nifty compounds.

The only blot on my record is my involvement withCFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)—the compounds thathave done so much damage to Earth’s ozone layer. I don’t like to talk about it. My invasive choking smellsignals my true toxic nature. So, be warned!

Density 1.553 g/lMelting point –219.62ºC (–363.32ºF)Boiling point –188.12ºC (–306.62ºF)




101

Fluorine

FCopyrighted Material


118

Removed from the main body of the periodic table, thelanthanides and actinides are outcasts. Sometimes calledthe “f-block” elements, they are a loosely grouped bunchof misfits. The lanthanides are naturally occurring heavymetals, used to date the rocks from outer space andwidely utilized in lasers. The actinides are all dangerouslyradioactive elements. Only two of them are naturallyoccurring—the rest are produced in nuclear reactorsand particle accelerators and decay (break down) inthe blink of an eye.

The Lanthanides and ActinidesCHAPTER 10Copyrighted Material


LAWRENCIUMLr

103

NOBELIUMNo

102

MENDELEVIUMMd

101

FERMIUMFm

100

EINSTE INIUMEs

99

CALIFORNIUMCf

98

BERKEL IUMBk

97

CURIUMCm

96

AMERICIUMAm

95

PLUTONIUMPu

94

NEPTUNIUMNp

93

URANIUMU

92

PROTACTINIUMPa

91

THORIUMTh

90

ACTINIUMAc

89

LUTET IUMLu

71

YTTERBIUMYb

70

THULIUMTm

69

ERBIUMEr

68

HOLMIUMHo

67

DYSPROSIUMDy

66

TERBIUMTb

65

GADOLINIUMGd

64

EUROPIUMEu

63

SAMARIUMSm

62

PROMETHIUMPm

61

NEODYMIUMNd

60

PRASEODYMIUMPr

59

CERIUMCe

58

LANTHANUMLa

57



120

92 UraniumThe Lanthanides and Actinides

Symbol: UAtomic number: 92Atomic weight: 238.03

Color: GrayStandard state: Solid at 25ºC (77ºF)Classification: Metallic

I am a force of nature—one of the most powerfulelements and the one with the greatest impact onhistory. My secret lies within my nucleus, and the key is simple but deadly. Take a neutron and fire it at myunstable, radioactive form (atomic number 235). Mynucleus splits apart with a roar of energy, firing neutronsin all directions. These go on to split other nuclei as I allow the chain reaction to rip me apart!

When this mighty reaction (called nuclear fission) iscontrolled in nuclear reactors, it can be used to generatepower, but pack me into a bomb, and I can cause chaos.I can flatten whole cities. In 1945 an atomic bomb madeout of me was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, with horrificresults—signaling the start of the Atomic Age.

Density 19.050 g/cm3

Melting point 1,132.2ºC (2,069.96ºF)Boiling point 3,927ºC (7,100.6ºF)




121

Uranium

UCopyrighted Material


126

Aactinides 118alkali metals 10alkaline earth metals 20aluminum 68antimony 88argon 114arsenic 86

Bbarium 30beryllium 22bismuth 89boron 66boron elements 64bromine 104Bronze Age 48, 76

Ccalcium 26carbon 72carbon elements 70cesium 19chalcogens 90chlorine 102chromium 38cobalt 44coinage metals 48copper 48

Ddarmstadtium 6

Ffluorine 100

Ggold 60Group I 10Group II 20Group III 64Group IV 70Group V 80Group VI 90Group VII 98Group VIII 108

Hhalogen elements 98helium 110hydrogen 8

Iiodine 106iron 42

Kkrypton 116

INDEX Copyrighted Material


127

Llanthanides 118lead 78lithium 12

Mmagnesium 24manganese 40mercury 62molybdenum 52

Nneon 112nickel 46nitrogen 82nitrogen elements 80noble gases 108

Ooxygen 92oxygen elements 90

Ppalladium 53periodic table 6phosphorus 84platinum 58plutonium 122potassium 16

Rradium 31radon 117rubidium 18

Sselenium 96silicon 74silver 54sodium 14strontium 28sulfur 94

Ttellurium 97tin 76titanium 34transactinides 124transition elements 32tungsten 56

Uuranium 120

Vvanadium 36

Zzinc 50



128

Alchemy Medieval attempts to convert base metals into gold.Alloy A mixture of metals.Alpha particle A positively charged particle (a helium nucleus) given off during some types of radioactive decay.Atom The fundamental building block of all matter.Beta particle A negatively charged particle (an electron) given off during some types of radioactive decay.Catalyst A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction.Compound A substance created by the chemical bonding of elements.Electron A subatomic particle with a negative charge.Element A substance that cannot be further broken down by chemical reactions.Gamma ray High-energy electromagnetic radiation given off by some nuclei.Group A vertical column of elements on the periodic table. These elements often have closely related properties.Ion A charged particle formed when an atom loses or gains electrons.Ionization The process of producing ions.Isotope Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but differing numbers of neutrons.Neutron A subatomic particle with a neutral charge.Nucleus The center of an atom where protons and neutrons are found.Oxide A compound of one element with oxygen.Particle accelerator A machine that can produce new elements by colliding charged particles at high speeds. Period A horizontal row of elements on the periodic table.Proton A subatomic particle with a positive charge.Radioactivity The spontaneous disintegration of certain nuclei accompanied by the emission of alpha, beta, or gamma radiation.Salts Compounds formed when the hydrogen ions in an acid are replaced by metal ions or other positive ions.

GLOSSARY Copyrighted Material


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