physics 3 lab book by nku (greek)
DESCRIPTION
Physics Lab book, covering topics from Optics and Waves.TRANSCRIPT
-
. http://physlab.phys.uoa.gr
IIIIII,,,,
.
R.P.Feynman, What is Science?, Phys. Teach. 7, 313 (1969)
, R. Feynman.
2014
-
2
, & ( ): . , . , . , . -, . , . , . , . , . , . - . . . : . e-mail: [email protected], .. 210 727 6882, 210 727 6781 .3: e-mail: [email protected], .. 210 727 6912-13 : http://physlab.phys.uoa.gr :
-
3
........................................................................... 4 .............................................................................................. 8 1: - .................................................... 11 2: Otto ............................................... 21 3. ............................................................................................................................................ 29 4: , () .......................................................................................................................................... 38 5: . .............. 43 6: Michelson................................................................................ 56 7: ................................................................... 62 8: Doppler .......................................................................... 68
-
4
. : / . . : / , , , email, . : / , , , . / - . () 1 ( ). : / , . 10:00-12:30 10:15 11:30-14:00 11:45 . . : / , , . -, , . / , . : 2 / . , , . / : . - . . . / . : -/ . / , , ( , ): 4 . () - ( ), - . , . - .
-
5
, , - . . . . : / ( -) . / , . : / . - ( , ., 2/3) ( 1/3). - . , #.#. / , ( & ). / , - . / (< 5), . -. : / . (1) / , . / - ( ), . : / / , , , ( ). ! . .
. I
1 (1).
(2 3) 1
-
6
(4, 5 6) : () - (, , / ), () - , () , , , , , -
. 2.5h.
II . . . 2.5h.
III -. . . 2.5h.
IV . . . 2h.
. . . 2h.
. . . 1.5h.
-
7
IV, . - . , - , . 800 - (, , , ). - , , -. , - , , . (- ), , . - .
-
8
- . , , V, , . - . - . - .
- .. , - (. 210 7277873) 166 ( ), - . , - / . , (-) -. http://www.redcross.gr
. , . - . ! , (.. ). . 166 . - . http://www.electronics-lab.com/articles/files/electric_shock.pdf
: - . - II . - , . . , -
-
9
. - . - . - . http://www.eeae.gr
Laser Laser: Laser - II, III IV. . . laser . http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/eyeandface/ppe/laser_safety.html
: (LN2) ( ) - -196oC!! ( Dewar ). - LN2 . . . 166 ( ) . http://www.matheson-trigas.com/msds/00202589.pdf
, 3 () - () () . 3 . - (.. ). -, . . , , . - (CO2) . - ( ) ~30- 40 ! ( - ) - . . , , - , 5' 15-20 !. - , , 199, / . http://www.fireservice.gr
-
10
. () . . , , - , . - , . , , , . http://www.oasp.gr/defaultflash.htm
- : http://www.keel.org.gr/keelpno/2009/id994/afisa_mv.pdf : . : , . - . ; . . , . & , & (....) http://www.keel.org.gr (H1N1) : http://www.uoa.gr/h1n1/ : 210-3689797
. : , , , , , : http://news.in.gr/files/1/2010/WNV.pdf
-
1: -
11
1: -
: , (), , , , , , .
. n=n() . - .
, , , , . , , .., - . .
- . . , - ( ), . 1.
/
1: / .
-
12
, , ( ), . , -. ( ), - . - , , . - (). , ( ) . . / . Hg.
. ( ). , 2, , d. , , , = () :
2 2sin sin N()= ( )[ ]0 2 2 sin (1)
2sin=
dsin=
, 0 =0 () .
: , ()/0 2. -, - d .
: (1) -.
2
2
2
I
II
III
=6
-
1: -
13
. 2sin=
, 0,
f() = sin/, l Hospital f(0) = 1.
(1) : 2sin N()= [ ]0 2sin
(2)
sin2N , sin2 . , , . (3) ( cm) sin2 (. 3).
sin2 . :
sinN coslim ( )= lim ( )= 0 0sin cos
(3)
m sin=0 : dsinm =m, m=0,1,2,. (4)
-2
-2
-2
-2
-1
-1
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
N
N=8
N=4
N=2
d
d
d
d
3
-
14
dsin =m, m=0,1,2,.m (4) (2) (3) m :
2( )=N I , m=0,1,2...m 0 (5) : /M - , , , - . = () - . , : =dsin=m, m=0,1,2...
A B
E0
E1 4
dsin=m, m=0,1,2... m, 2( )=N I , m=0,1,2...m 0 . - . m , .. m = 2 .
sinm 1 m m
sin = , m=0,1,2,.m d d. , =6000 d = 2*10-6 m, m 4 - . = 0, 17.5, 36.3 64.2. - - .
. : , d - , - . . : , , +d, , . :
d (6)
-
1: -
15
Rayleigh, , . -, . :
=m
d (7)
m . . : /M , m : d(sin+sin )=m, m=0,1,2..m , =0, . dsin =m, m=0,1,2..m
. , 80 ,100, 300 /mm. 1. ,
; 578 nm, ;
2. Hg. - :
/ () 1 4046.56 2 4077.81 3 4358.35 4 4916.04 5 5460.74 6 5769.59 7 5790.65
3. 80 /mm . - m = 0, 1, 2, ... m = 0. ) ; ) m; ) ;
) 2( )=N Im 0 (m) , m . ; .
-
16
4. 100 /mm. - . -; .
5. : , .. , : ) m m = 0 m . "" m m -
. m dsin =m, m=0,1,2..m | - |ma m =m
2.
) - . - . . - .
6. . . / ; - ;
. - . - , c = 3108 m/s, .
-
1: -
17
, - , - , 1, . d/d1= 0, (1), . 6 , . 1=2. Snell
A+minsin( )2n=A
sin2
(9)
n=n() ) ) .
:
1. . - . ;
2. . / .
3. . - , . , , , .
4. - (. 7). - . - . - . (- .
5. | - |
A=2
.
6. -.
7. ; 8. -
;
min
6
7
-
18
: 1. . 2. . 3. Hg. ; -
, ; 4. , :
) . . , . . . - . . ) . 0. min : | |min 0 .
5. : - - . . . .
: | |
min2
1. : -
min (9) . / () 0 min n() 1 4046.56 2 4077.81 3 4358.35 4 4916.04 5 5460.74 6 5769.59 7 5790.65
2. n=n(). ; - ;
3. , -
Cauchy, : n=B+ 2 , , .
-
1: -
19
4. n=n(1/2) - . , , , ( ) - r (correlation coefficient). , Cauchy. n Cauchy . n, . ; ;
/ () n n n nn
1 4046.56 2 4077.81 3 4358.35 4 4916.04 5 5460.74 6 5769.59 7 5790.65
5. Sellmeier: 2
2 20
An=1+ - 0 . - y=B+x, x1/2, (-02/), (1/) y(1/n-1). Sellmeier Cauchy; ; - , , ;
. .. - . ( ). ) - , .8(), (). ) , (. 3() 3) .
-
20
, .
- - . . , - , :
A
A
8: () () - 3
()
()
-
2: Otto
21
2: Otto
: , , , , , , . (, , ), , - , . . , Otto, Carnot, . , -,
, /.
.
(.. ) 1o -
Q dU W (1) , Q ( ) : ) dU ) W . , C , ()
QC
d (2)
Q dT . . .. ,
( )VdUQ
CV dT dT
, , ,
( )PQ
C PdT ,
W - dV
W=PdV (3)
-
22
, (.. , dV>0) -. , . ( ): ) . ) . ) . ) , Q=0, -. ) , .
C= . .PV W=PdVW=PV
Q CdT dU C dTV PV
C CaC C
Q= 0 .PV W=PdV
=-dU=-CVdT
0Q dU C dTV CPaCV
T= . .PV W=PdV Q W 0dU 1a P=.
.VT
W=PdVW=PV Q C dTP dU C dTV 0a
V=. .P
T W =0 Q C dTV
dU C dTV a
: Q, U, W - .
PV vRT (4)
(mole) R= 8.31 J/(mole .K) . (4) (1) .
. =. - , - . , =. PV=. , P-V, -, 1.
-
2: Otto
23
=.
V
Va
W PdV
(5) V V. (4) :
lna
VW RTV (6)
. Otto -, . i , iQ
-
iW , ,
iQ = iW
(7)
- ( ) . : ) Qin ) W ) - Qout T. Qin ,
V
P =.
1: P-V
-
24
.
in
Wn
Q (8)
2: Otto P-V.
Otto, - . Otto 2 P-V, - : 12 : : Q=0. W ( ) . (1) W12 = -U0 . 34: : Q=0. W34 . (1) W34=-U>0. , 4. 41: : dV=0, W=0. Qout= CV (T4-T1) T1. , n, , (8)
34 12 4 1
3 21in out
in in
W W Q Q T Tn
Q Q T T (9)
: 32 1( )1 24
TT VTT V
1 12 1
11 ( ) 1 ( )r V
VnV
(10)
:
) 12
VVrV
) .
1
4 2
V
P
3
-
2: Otto
25
, - / Logger Pro. .
, 3, () . - - (). - (T) . , (P), , - . 4.45cm. (mm) -.
1: A. P,V,T Ch1, Ch2, Ch3, , Labpro - Logger Pro H/Y - File, Open, Desktop, 1.cmbl - (sensor confirmation) raw volt-age 0-5V click Connect . - sampling rate 50Hz (length) 20 s. (t), V(t), P(t) logP-logV B. . ) - .
P
V
3: -
Interface H/Y
-
26
- P(t), V(t), T(t) collect, - , . - , (t), , /, . - . - - ( , collect erase and continue). File, Save as, : {...}_p1Ea {...}= __DD_HH : i) logP-logV linear Fit . , . ii) integral ( P-V) (P, V) (P, V) W. . iii) W. (6). mole, , =0.00118g/cm3 (T=298 K), Vo , , . ( 80% 2 20% 2).
() logP -logV
W(J) W.(J) ()
logP -logV W(J) W(.J)
: 2 - {...}_p1Eb {...}_p1c ) - . -, . - - . - File, Save as, {...}_p1Ca - 2. 2 - {...}_p1Cb , {...}_p1Cc
-
2: Otto
27
2: Otto Otto - . 2. : - . . Otto - , , -. : 4 ( 2) : P4=1atm, T4= , V4 = - : - 4-3, V3 W43=-U= -CV (T3-T4)0 - 1-4, V1=V4 Qin=U= CV(T4-T1) . : Desktop template 2.cmbl 1. (t), V(t), P(t) P-V Autoscale Axis Options. . A . 1) , . 1 . 2) ( sec) ( ). , (t). 3) , , - , . 4) ( ). 5) . P-V . 6) : File, Save as, {...}_p2s : ) P-V Integral W43-W21.
-
28
) copy P, copy V template. P-V Integral - , . W43. ) = (W43-W21)/ W43. ) Vmax/Vmin, .. V(t). - (10) n Otto. ) n . ; . log . Linear fit. ( -) () . . . . . , . - : File, Save as, {...}_p2 l = (W43-W21)/ W43 -. (10) - n Otto.
CD . .
. : ,
, 2010 . : , 1996 . : , , 1962 R. Serway: Physics for Scientists and Engineers, . P, , -
-
-
3.
29
3. -
: () , , (- , ), ( ) , Lissajous, Hooke, Young
u - , . u - Young .
A.
L S, - ( 1). - . , . , - =(x,t), (), x, t. , =(x,t) -:
2 2(x,t) 1 (x,t)=2 2 2x tY
(1)
, Young -. ,
, () Yu=
. -
. u . - .
1: (x,t)
F
-
30
B. 2 L .
F(t)=F0cost x=0. - x=L, , x=0 . , , (1), :
i(t-kx) -i(t-kx)(x,t)=Ae +e (2) -. (2) () . i. () Hooke, f :
f=-SY
x
(3)
x=0 , (3), :
0xx
SYeF ti0 (4)
, . , f=0 x=L. :
0Lxx
(5)
(2) (4) (5) : iSYkBiSYkAF0 (6)
0ikBeikAe ikLikL (7) :
0 0,2 sin (kL) 2 sin (kL)
ik L ik LF e F eA BSYk SYk
(,t) :
2: F(t)
-
3.
31
t0, 2 sin (kL) ik L x k L x iFx t e e eSYk :
0 i tcos k L-x,sin (kL)
Fx t e
SYk (8)
, :
0 cos,xsin (kL)
F k L xC
SYk (9)
ii. , , x :
cos{k(L-x)}=0 2a-1k(L-x)= 2
x=L-(2a-1)4
, 4L
a=1,2,3,... +1/2
(10)
, (/4) . iii. (10) , x=0 - , , , . L - /4, x=0. , - x=0. L /4, . iv. . (). - , x=0, C(,x) sin(kL)=0, kL=n, n=1,2,3, :
L=2n , n=1,2,3...4
(11)
u = n , n=1,2,3, ....2L
(12)
(12) - - ( !). (12) - . - , (, ). 3: Cn(n, x) n=1, 2,3
-
32
n (x,t)=Cn(n,x)eit ( ). Cn(n,x) (n=1,2,3) . 3. - , . -, , (9) sin(kL)=1, - :
-.L=(2n-1) , n=1,2,3...4
u = (2n-1) , n=1,2,3, ....- 2L
, x=0, -, - , . .
. u :
u =n , n=1,2,3...n2L
: nL=2n ,n=1,2,3...4
: u= , n=1,2,3,...n n
u n n. n , n =2L/n, n=1,2,3, v1 , , 1=2L (. 3). , , u , . , - , . i. Lissajous : . . . . - , -.
-
3.
33
y= . , , . , Lissajous, y/ . , . - Lissajous . 4. =y : Lissajous y , . :
y x
x y
av a
=y. :2 101:1
4
34
2
1:2
1:3
2:3
3:4
4: Lissajous. ii. (x=0) - , . , (x=L), . . - ( ) . , -
-
34
( ) , -. , , - , .. 0-max, , 1. () . , , 0 max, 1 - . , Lissajous, . 0-max , 1 2. - , , . . , - 1 2 (=21). - =1, Lissajous 1 2 y:x (. 4). x=2 1 y:x. equalizer - , - . , , . , . 3, - . , . , -, . , , y=1 x=1 . L/4 , - . , , 2 , . , y= 2. x=1 Lissajous x=2=1 -. - . iii. : - (n=1,2,3); . 5 - , , . , , . , t - 0 max max 1/t. 5
-
3.
35
, t - max
-
36
(=y=x), . 3. x=2, 3, 4 /2, /3, /4 (). - Lissajous
y x
x y
av a
4. : , , ., , , . , . 5. : - , , - . 2. 1. (, , -) 2. . . , L. . 1=2L, 2=L 3=2/3L . , . . x , . . x=1. 1. . /4 - x21. x . . 3 L/6 L/2 . x31, x=3. . . , -. . u=u(k) =(k) =2 k=2/ . - ; u =(k). . , , Young . . . . 3. 2 2
-
3.
37
: 1. (cm) 2. (kz) 3. :
) 1 L/2 ) 2 =21 L/4 ) 3 =31 L/6 L/2
1
2
1
2
1
2 L (cm)
L/2 (cm) L/4 (cm) L/6 (cm) 1 (KHz) 2 (KHz) 3 (KHz) (N/m2) 12*1010 20*1010 21.1*1010 ( g/cm3) 8.8 7.75 7.87
L. Kinsler, A. Frey, A. Coppens, and J. Sanders : Fundamentals of acoustics, John Wiley,
Chapter 3
H.J. Pain: . , 1991
-
38
4: - ,
() A : , , , , & , , , , / , , , , ( -, )
, f, . ( .. ).
1 1 1f a
(1)
= (), = () (), . 1. (R1,R2) , n,
1 2
1 1 1( 1)( )nf R R (2)
. n, - n n/n. (1) - : i) , - - (. 1), ii) iii) , . , -. , , , , . , f 1 - .
-
4: , ()
39
( ) . n() , , .
. : ), , - , - h (.. ) - h, (h) - , 1. ()=-(h). - - . , - . . , , . . : . - , , .
(h)
1:
h
hA O
2:
f.
f.
-
40
- , - () , . 2. , . f=f(). . - ( ).
i) . ii) (I.D.) 25 mm, () (.D.) 55 mm I.D.= 25 mm O.D.= 55 mm. . iii) ( , LEDs (-, , )). iv) . v) () mm, , .
1: 1. .
25 mm. - .
2. . -. 15-130 cm, 5 cm. . .
3. (, ) (1) - f. - . ) (, ) - . .
(cm)
(cm) 1/
(cm-1) 1/
(cm-1) f
(cm) faver. (cm)
f (cm)
(f)2 (cm2)
faver f (cm)
.. . .. . .. . .. .
:
-
4: , ()
41
) (1/, 1/) (1/, 1/) ( 3 4 ). (1) 1/=(1/) - 1/f . 3. , (1/,1/) , .. . f .
) (i+i,i). +=g(), , 4. (2f, 4f). f. , , 4, x,y (f,0) (0,f), - f.
2: 1. 1,
55 mm. (i,i), . .
+
f 2f
f
4f
4: + = g() .
3: 1/=(1/) 1/f
1/f
1/
1/
-
42
2. - . - 1. 3. I.D. 25 mm O.D. 55 mm . =20 cm . ; . .
3: 1. LEDs , , . 2. 25 mm, ( 1) . 3. =16.5 cm. M LED . (), (), () . . 4. (, ), (,) (,) 17-20 cm 0.5 cm, , 5. , ,
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
f
(cm) f
(cm) f
(cm) f
(cm) f
(cm) f
(cm) . .. ..
:
R. Serway: Physics for Scientists and Engineers, . , -
-- . Alonso-. Finn: ( 3
) Jenkins and White: Principles of Optics. Ch. 9. McGraw-Hill, ew York (1976).
-
5: .
43
1:
5: .
: / , , , , , , -, , , , , , Malus, Brewster, , .
I.
.
" ". ( ) . - , -
. (- -). z-, :
E=E cos(kz-t) 0 (1) k (k = 2/) -. - , . - - ( -) . . 1.
z -. : . =0: . - . , . . 0: - ( o x y), - . :
-
44
E =E cos(kz-t) 0xx (2) E =E cos(kz-t+) 0yy (2)
-, z = ., x y, :
E EE E y y2 2 2 2x x( ) -2 cos +( ) =sin E E E Eox ox oy oy
(3)
.
) =0 : EE y 2x( - ) =
E Eox oy0
EE yxE Eox oy
, .
) , = : EE yx
E Eox oy , .
) =/2 EE y2 2x( ) +( ) =
E Eox oy1, -
x y .
E = =E0y0x 0 , 2 2 2E + =Eyx 0 , -
. , :
.
, , - . (.. -, CaCO3) . - .
-
5: .
45
- -. - - , - . , , -. - . . () - . - - , d . , : . "" "" : , - 0 . , , - /x, , - , - . () , " () "" () . - , , , 0 , d . , . :
x
dnn ET (4) /x 2/x . , /4 90 -. , . . /4 i) /4, , - . /4 . , /4 , 90, . ii) 45 /4, - 90, .
2. () ()
-
46
iii) , , , - . ) - /4 J - ,
= cos J= J cos2 (5) Malus. -.../4- . 3.
.
J0 J1 J2 J3
(T)
/4
(B)
3: - /4- , Malus J3 . J0 - :
01
2
JJ (6)
3 Malus J2 - /4 J 2 20J =J cos = cos 2 12
J 2 20J =J sin = sin 2 12
(7)
: J2
J2
. J3
2 2J =J sin +J cos 2 23 (8) 3. (7) (8)
-
5: .
47
J 2 2 2 20J = (cos sin +sin cos )3 2 (9)
J 20J = sin (2)3 4
(10)
J3=0 /4 - .
J 20 sin (2)=04
(11)
0
-
48
0
JR
J (13)
5. (R) , (. 6). (Rn) (. 6). R - , ( ) . 7. - .
6: - ( () () ) .
7: -
.
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 90o
n=1.5
Rnat
RpRn
R
-
5: .
49
. - . Laser He-Ne ( ) (, , .../4) . - . : Laser - ( 00 90 ) . : laser ( ) - (. . 9). Na ( ). - , -. , .../4, - ( ).
.
) - . ) (..) - /4 ( 8) . . ) (..) (..) . ... /4, ( ) - ( 9). , ... /4. = ...... =....... /4=......
... /4
8. ... /4 .
-
50
... /4
9. ... /4 -
. . ) .../4 . . .../4 ; ) . . ) ... /4 (. 9) - (... /4)1 . (. 10I). ) .../4 (. 10). .
. - Brewster (... /4)1 . , ... /4 - . 11. - . , 1.
10. - (... /4)1.
(I)
(II)
... /4(... /4)1
-
5: .
51
... /4
11. .
- . - ( -), . 2. . 12. Brewster :
902
(14) , n, . - 90 - .
1
2
12: Brewster
-
52
. : -
- (. .1) . ( SiO2), (KClO3) , .. , .
, . , . - . (SiO2) . - . , - -, ..2 . , - . - - - . . .2 - , . , .
.1: .
.2: .
-
5: .
53
( ) . . .1. (), () - () . - - , . - . . - . -. - . - . . - () () (), . .3.
.3:
. - Fresnel, : z , , 0 , . .4. EL ER z=0
E E costLx= 0E E sintLy= 0
E E costRx= 0E E sintRy= 0
(15)
/ E =E +E =2E costx Rx Lx 0E =E +E =0y Ry Ly
(16)
-
54
/ (16) x. .4 EL ER z=0.
.4: / , z - x z=0. - - , z=0 (15) (16). Fresnel - , ul, z , ur. d tl=d/ul tr=d/ur z=d
nl(t-t )=(t-d )=t-kn dl lcnr(t-t )=(t-d )=t-kn dr rc
(17)
E E cos(t-kn d)Lx= 0 lE E sin(t-kn d)Ly= 0 l
E E cos(t-kn d)Rx= 0 rE E sin(t-kn d)Ry= 0 r
(18)
(18) L ER z=d y=0 z=0 . = EL+ER - x, . EL, ER z=d -: t=knd/ (18) :
Lx 0
Ly
E =EE =0
Rx 0 l r
Ry 0 l r
E =E cos{kd(n -n )}E =-E sin{kd(n -n )}
(19)
(19) .5 nl>nr. EL, ER 2 . =k(nl-nr)d/2 (20) t . (18) = d (21)
-
5: .
55
, . . - , C, , :
= C = C d (22)
O - (~1/2 ) .
1. . 2. Na -
. 3. . -
. 4. , , . 5 . ( -
). . 5. . (H %
.. ). 6. -
, . - .
7. = - 8. ,
. =6.645 deg/(g/cm3)cm ( Na T=300K), . d=20 cm.
R. Serway: Physics for Scientists and Engineers, . , , -
-. . : , , . . Alonso . Finn: , , , -
3 .
.5: - (19) nl>nr
Rx
Ry
L
L
-
56
6: Michelson : / , , , , - , ,, / ,
, - Michelson ) ) ) - .
.
/ ( - ). , - . , . , - , , . . - , (- ). Young .
. . - Michelson, Fabry-Perrot - Twyman-Green. Michelson. - Michelson Morley 1881 , , . , . , , , Doppler.
-
6: Michelson
57
Michelson . 1 - .
Laser, (beam splitter) 50% 50% . H ( ), . ( ) , - () . ( ), . - laser ( ) . . . ) - , ) . - (). . . (- ). 1 m. - 1,5% .
1: Michelson .
-
-
--
-
-
-
58
(laser), - . . laser . : ) , . (~5 Kg) , . ) . , , . ) ( ) .
1.
) : laser . - . /2 . - ,
oI 2I= {1+cos( -1)}4
(1)
=m/2, m=1,3,5,... , =m/2, m=0,2,4,... ) : , . - , , x, . m 4x =n, n=0, 2,...
cos (2)
4x =m,m= 1, 3,...cos (3)
, . =0. x, , , .. () ( ()) .
N=2x (4)
, x .
-
6: Michelson
59
1. , -
. 2.
. ( backlash). .
3. . 20 . .
4. x - . - 1m.
5. , , , x , - .
6. , . x, . 5 .
7. x=f(N). .
2. n>1 . P
-
60
P T dnn =1+
T dP (8)
.
P T dn =1-
T 2d dP (9)
(9) , n, - (P=101.3 kPa T=273 K) =f(P). 1.
d=3 cm. - .
2. - . , . .
3. , inHg kPa. Pgauge : P =P -Pcell atm gauge .
4. Pgauge. . .. .
5. 70 a 10 KPa. - , Pcell, .
6. =f(Pcell) - . dN dp
7. 9. n = ., . 1. .
3:
, d= 6mm. - .
/ . --- Pgauge (KPa) Pcell (KPa) 1 0 100
2 10 90 ... ... ...
7 60 40
8 70 30
-
6: Michelson
61
, . 2, (n+)-(nAZ+Z).
2(n+-nd-Z)= (10) Snell
n{2d (1-cos) -N}= (2d-N)(1- cos)+22/4d (11) - 0 . - 11 , n, :
(2 )(1 cos ) 112 12 (1 cos ) 1 1 1
cos
d Nn ndd
(12)
1. 50 x 50 x 6 mm3
. 2. ( -
). . ( ).
3. , , 5. . (, ) .
4. (12) n .
G. S. Monk, Light Principles and Experiments, McGraw Hill, New York and London, 1937
Z
d
B
2: d
-
62
7: -
: , , , -, (, ), , , , , , , , , /M .
(, , , ) .
(/M) 1 cm < < 3 cm. , , : = . , . / 180. 180, . , , Snell:
sinsin
r
r i
nn
(1)
ni, nr i, r , . - . -, ( ) ( ). , . , (. 5.3). () () -, = M0cos, 0 = 0 (. 5.4). () () , = 2. () () = M0cos2. . /M - , - . - , (). : sin = n , (n) .
-
7:
63
/M (. 6.1) , , . (d) (), d sin = n , d sin = (n+1/2) , (n) .
- , , - =10.5 GHz, 15mW. (10.5 GHz) , . : - . - , ( -), .
1:
1. , . 1.1.
2. ( ) ( OFF 10). T LED .
3. -, R, 60 cm. ( 1.2). , . ; ( Loyd);
4. 360, - . , ) - ) . ; .
5. , =1.0. - =0 - 90 10, .
1.1: 1.2:
-
64
2: 1. , -
- (. 2.1). .
2. , = 45.
3. = 10-60 5 ( ). - , = f() ( ) .
4. . ( ).
5. (in) 20 60 10 (ref).
6. in ref. ; - in; . 7. ;
: 8. ; -
; 9. ; -
; ;
3: . 1. . -
() . 2. .
. (.. 3), - . .
2.1. .
-
7:
65
3. ( 1-2 cm) ( mV) . .
4. , , - (). () .
5. , - , 10 (-) (). . .
6. . 1
2
3
4: , - . 1. . 4.1.
, . 2. . -
. - .
3. , , .
4. 4.2 .
= __________, i = __________, r = __________ 5. ni/nr = ________ 6. n 1.0 -
n .
3.1:
-
66
5: 1. ( 5.1) -
( = 1.0). 2. 10 ,
180. (). 0 . - =0cos ( ) = cos2 (- ~2).
3. , - () , () () .
4. . , ; 22.5, 45, 67.5 90 . , ;
5. , 90 - . . , 45 . -.
6. ; ( . 5.4 : i) , ii) iii) ).
4.1: 4.2: -
5.1: 5.2:
-
7:
67
6: () 1. (. 6.2) ( = 1,5 cm
) (d) . .
2. , , .
3. . 0 85 5 () . ( ).
4. = f (). . Fraunhofer; .
5. (d) ( 50%) - "" .
6. 2, 3 4.
6.1. 6.2.
5.3: 5.4:
-
68
8: Doppler
: , , , Doppler (.. / ),
Doppler () . () . .
(S) 0, ( ). , - - ( 1). S=., , S/0 - . , 0 = /0 ( ) = /0 - S/0. :
0 SS
0 = = = ( ) (- - ) / v
(1)
, S/0 0 0, :
0 SS
0 = = = ( ) (+ + ) / v
(2)
, , :
S0
= ( ) (3)
.
1: 0 - (S) - S ().
S
-
8: Doppler
69
- :
0 = ( ) (4)
O . . , , ,
O0
= ( ) S
(5)
: 2 3 41-(1 x) =1 x+x x +x ... |x| < 1, (3) -:
S0 0
SS0
1 = ( ) = ( ) (1 ) 1
(6)
S
-
70
(1) - . / - (2) . . . . FUNCT - FREQUENCY MODE REPETITION KHz. - 20.5 KHz. . . RUN STOP RESULTS. --: (~ 30 min), . 1. FUNCT TIME. MODE TIME, REPETITION, S. R, STOP, 3, 4.
2. RUN, . - RUN, . . . .
1. 20 min.
. . - "2" RUN .
2. "" 0, , (0) .
3. RUN .
-
8: Doppler
71
4. , , STOP .
5. RESULTS (+). : - (. ). 0 < + .
6. 4-8 (-), (0) - . : -< 0 < +.
7. 4-9 , . : " 2 "
/
v01 v02
+
t1
t2 1
2
3
8. ( ).
9. (3) t1, . t2 .
10. (3) ( "3", "4", "5") .
11. 01, 02, +, , t1, t2, - .
v0 t v S - v01 02 + v
t1
t2
v1
v2
1
2
"2"
"3"
"4"
"5"
-
72
12. : = - 1 + 01, 2 - = - 02 , s =1 t1, s =2 t2
(s = 20cm). 13. = f (S) . -. ( = 340 m/s)
R. Serway: Physics for Scientists and Engineers, . , , -
- . : , , . Alonso . Finn: , , -
3
-
8: Doppler
73
.3 (2014-2015) - , , .
.3 ( ) 16:00-18:30 9:00-11:30 16:00-18:30 09:00-11:30 11:30-14:00 14:00-16:30 16:30-19:00 11:30-14:00
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 2 1 4 3 6 5 8 7 3 3 4 1 2 7 8 5 6 4 4 3 2 1 8 7 6 5 5 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 6 6 5 8 7 2 1 4 3 7 7 8 5 6 3 4 1 2 8 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
(.. , .., e-mail) 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8
.: : e-mail: