planning and establishment of a national scientific and...
TRANSCRIPT
Restricted FIT/413/ETH/80 Technical Report ETHIOPIA
Creation of a National Scientific and Technological Information and Documentation Centre
Planning and establishment of a national scientific and technological information and documentation centre
by M . N . Seetharaman
Serial N o . F M R / I P S / O P S / 8 8 / 2 3 8 (FIT)
United Nations Educational, | [ | Scientific and = = • Cultural Organization
Paris, 1988
E T H I O P I A
Creation of a National Scientific and Technological Information and Documentation Centre
PLANNING AND ESTABLISHMENT OF A NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION AND DOCUMENTATION CENTRE
by M.N. Seetharaman
Report prepared for the Government of Ethiopia by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco)
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
FIT/413/ETH/80 Technical Report (Seetharaman) FMR/IPS/OPS/88/238(FIT) 27 July 1988 © Unesco 1988 Printed in France
(i)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. BRIEF SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES 1
III. MAIN FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
General review of the current state of R&D activities in science and technology in Ethiopia 3 - 5
Evaluation of existing library and information facilities in Ethiopia 6 - 8
Planning for a national S&T information system in Ethiopia - the role of the Government and international organizations 8 - 1 5
Scope and objectives of the NSTIDC and its information policy 15 - 17
The organizational structure of the NSTIDC 18 - 24
Practical steps for the development of the NSTIDC and its functions and services 24 - 40
Details of equipment and facilities required for the NSTIDC 40
Manpower requirements and training 40 - 48
Links between the NSTIDC and other national, regional and international information systems 48 - 51
Estimate of financial requirements 51 - 52
Details of international assistance required 53 - 55
IV. RECOMMENDATIONS 56
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I - List of Background Publications Studied 57
APPENDIX II - Organizational Chart 58
(ii)
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)
Pages
APPENDIX III Checklist of Furniture and Equipment Required 59 - 63
APPENDIX IV Summary of Details of Existing Posts and Additional Posts required 1988-1992 for the NSTIDC 64
413/ETR/80 - Creation of a National Scientific and Technological Information and Documentation Centre
Technical Report
I. INTRODUCTION
1. The Government of Ethiopia has embarked upon a massive programme of research and development in several national priority sectors, such as food and agriculture, rural development, health and medicine, industry, housing and construction, natural resources and energy.
2. The provision of library and information facilities in science and technology will be one of many crucial factors in accelerating the progress of these activities throughout the country. By the terms of the present survey, library and information facilities in Ethiopia are inadequate and deficient in many respects.
3. Plans to set up the National Scientific and Technological Information and Documentation Centre (NSTIDC) were first evolved by the Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission (ESTC) in 1977. The institution was designed as an apex body and agency for initiating, furthering, strengthening and coordinating various facilities and services concerning the collection, organisation and dissemination of scientific and technological information.
II. BRIEF SUMMARY OF ACTIVITIES
4. The consultant paid a five weeks visit to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, under the auspices of Unesco, from 7 May to 10 June 1987.
5. The purpose of the mission was:
(i) to prepare a plan for the establishment of the NSTIDC in close cooperation with the ESTC authorities;
(ii) to conduct a training course in information-handling techniques and computer-based information systems for the benefit of the staff working in these areas within the Commission and in other Government departments and agencies.
6. The initial stages of the mission involved preparatory work, such as gathering information by studying earlier Unesco mission reports on setting up the NSTIDC, having talks with concerned persons and visiting several organizations in the city.
(a) Study of background material
7. All available background material relating to the project to found the Centre was examined. This included the previous reports from Unesco consultants, the draft proposal drawn up by the Commission, the proceedings and recommendations of a National Seminar held in 1984 in Nazret and other related publications, as listed in Appendix I.
- 2 -
(b) Discussions
8. The consultant had the privilege of being received by Mr. Abebe Muluneh, the Commissioner of the ESTC, on 12 May 1987. Mr. Muluneh stressed the urgent nature of the proposal put forward by the Commission and explained what was expected of the present mission. In particular he wished the consultant to prepare and submit a preliminary project document outlining a practically-oriented plan of action, pending presentation of a formal report to the Commission and to Unesco at a later date.
9. The consultant also called on Mr.Awad Idris, the Unesco Representative and Liaison Officer to the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), in Addis Ababa. Mr. Idris gave full information about Unesco's participation in various science and technology projects under the Commission and its particular role with regard to the proposal to set up the NSTIDC.
10. Extensive and almost daily discussions were held with Mr. Teferi Kebede, the Head of the Scientific and Technical Documentation Centre of the ESTC, in connection with the proposed project.
11. The consultant also met several other officers of the ESTC and discussed the matter further with them. «,
(c) Visits
12. In the company of Mr. Teferi Kebede, the consultant visited the following libraries and information centres in Addis Ababa and examined possible areas of cooperation and other matters relating to the NSTIDC with the persons concerned:
- Library and Documentation Centre, Mr. Michael Hailu, Head of the International Livestock Centre for Library and Documentation Africa, Addis Ababa Centre
- Addis Ababa University Library Mr. Adhana Mengsteab, Assistant University Librarian
- Pan-African Documentation and Mr. Francis K. Inganji, PADIS Information System (PADIS), United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
- Library of the Institute of Ms. Helen Van Hauten, Publications Agricultural Research and Documentation
13. A draft project report was duly completed to illustrate the establishment of the Centre under a phased programme to be conducted over the next five years (1988 to 1992).
14. The draft was presented for discussion at meetings held in the Commissioner's Chambers on 22 and 25 May 1987. Mr. Muluneh, the Commissioner, Mr. Awad Idris, the Unesco Representative, Mr. Debebe Tegegne, the Secretary-General of the Ethiopian
- 3 -
National Agency for Unesco and Mr. Teferi Kebede were present. A final meeting was held with the Commissioner on 9 June 1987. Many valuable and important suggestions made at these meetings have been incorporated in the present report.
15. On 18 May 1987 the consultant gave two lectures on planning for national information systems in science and technology. About 50 officials from the various departments and councils of the Commission attended.
16. The consultant also conducted a course in information-handling techniques and computer-based information systems from 22 May to 1 June 1987. The course was followed by 24 participants from the ESTC and several other Ministries and Government departments. Manuscript outlines were prepared and distributed.
17. On a visit to the Ethiopian Telecommunications Authority (ETA) the consultant was able to discuss the possibility of setting up a terminal facility in the proposed Centre to receive international data bases from the Information Retrieval System (1RS) of the European Space Agency (ESA) in Frascati, Italy. Both the ETA and the ESA/IRS have been requested to send formal proposals for this project.
18. A set of rules and procedures was drawn up and a number of forms and registers were designed for use in the NSTIDC.
.III. MAIN FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
General review of the current state of R&D activities in science and technology in Ethiopia
19. In Ethiopia, R&D activities in science and technology began with the establishment of Addis Ababa University and some other research institutions in the early 1960s. The initiative came from a number of expatriates who were working in various university departments.
20. An analysis of the «Register of Current Research in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa, 19-63-1971» published by the Institute of Ethiopian Studies shows that, during this period, 468 out of a total of 844 projects were completed by 48 institutions. The fields covered were: agriculture, forestry, buildings, geography, medicine and natural sciences (botany, zoology and palaeontology).
21. Since 1974, R&D activities in the country have been given great impetus and recognition as one of the priority concerns in national development.
22. In 1975, the ESTC was established as the principal Government body responsible for the formulation of national policy and planning in the S&T sector, as well as the overall promotion and coordination of scientific R&D activities throughout the country.
- 4 -
The structural framework for science and technology is as follows:
COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
S&T ADV. COUNCIL
" MINIbxKiJss
AND COMMISSIONS
' SSI
DEPARTMENTS
RESEARCH ' INSTITUTES
. AND CENTRES
EXPERIMENTAL STATIONS
ESTCJ
SECTORAL AND OTHER
DEPARTMENTS
! •
TECHNICAL ADV.COUNCIL FOR S&T
The various institutions carrying out R&D work in science and technology be classified under the following headings:
(a) Autonomous and semi-autonomous organizations (administratively linked to ministries or universities)
- Institute of Agricultural Research - Institute of Development Research - Institute of Ethiopian Studies - Institute of Language Studies - Educational Research Centre - Geophysical Observatory - Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Centre - Institute of Pathobiology - National Health Research Institute - Ethiopian Nutrition Institute - Ethiopian Geological Studies Institute - Ambo Scientific Phyto-Pathological Laboratory - Plant Genetic Resources Centre - National Meteorological Service Organization - International Livestock Centre for Africa - Armer Hansen Research Institute - All-African Leprosy and Rehabilitation Training Centre (ALERT)
- A new R&D Centre for Water Resources was inaugurated in Arba Minch recently
- There are plans to set up R&D centres in various other fields.
- 5 -
(b) R&D centres and field stations (non-autonomous) attached to the main research institutes
A number of R&D centres and field stations, mainly in the agricultural sector, are located in Ho let a., Jumna.» Bako, Melkawerer, Mekele, Awasa and so on.
(c) R&D units and laboratories in colleges and universities
- Addis Ababa University including its various faculties and colleges
- Alemaya University of Agriculture and its different faculties - Asmara University and its different faculties
25. Further activities include scientific and technological support services necessary for the implementation of R&D projects and investigation.
26. The support services are provided by various organizations or units in ministries, departments and universities as below:
(a) Testing, quality control and standards (Ethiopian Standards Institute);
(b) Resource exploration and development services:
- Geological, geophysical and other surveys (Ministry of Mines and Energy);
- Flora and fauna scientific expeditions (Addis Ababa University, Ministry of Agriculture).
27. The ESTC in a frank appraisal of the current state of R&D activities in the country, has identified several areas where improvement and greater effort are required:
(a) Optimum utilization of existing facilities by concentration of R&D efforts in priority areas instead of fragmentation;
(b) Effective links between R&D and national economic planning and industrial production;
(c) Formulation of a national policy of self-reliance in S&T;
(d) Need for extensive dissemination of scientific results;
(e) Need for extensive provision of latest scientific and technical information facilities and services for the benefit of R&D personnel.
28. Several measures to improve the effectiveness of R&D activities throughout the country have been proposed for implementation. A comprehensive national science and technology policy is also under consideration.
- 6 -
Evaluation, of existing library and information facilities in Ethiopia
29. The existing situation as regards the provision of library and information facilities for the public, for academic studies and scholarship and for R&D activities in science and technology, has been discussed in detail in many publications. Particular mention should be made of the following:
- Parthasarthy, S. Ethiopia: Establishment of a National Scientific and Technological Information Centre, Unesco 1978 (pp.12-16)
- Adhana Mengstab. Information Work in Ethiopia: Past, Present and Future (in: Proceedings of the Seminar on National Information Policy and Plan, Nazret, Ethiopia, 4-7 April 1984 (pp.27-50))
- Schwarz., A. and Winkel, A. A Background Study and Proposals for Development of Information Provision in Science and Technology in Ethiopia, Denmark and Sweden, 8 May 1984.
30. From a perusal of these publications and from the consultant's own appraisal following visits to some of the libraries and information centres in Addis Ababa, it is quite evident that the existing library and information facilities in the country are not wholly adequate, even judged by the standards of some of the developing countries (considering the size and population of Ethiopia and the evolution in education, science and technology and other sectors since 1974).
31. Although modern library development in Ethiopia can be said to have begun in 1930 with the establishment of the National Library (and its re-establishment after national liberation in 1944) , much progress has yet to be made in ushering in a nationwide movement.
32. The number of existing libraries and information centres in the country can be broadly classified as follows:
(a) the National Library of Ethiopia (collections 100,000+);
(b) the library system of Addis Ababa University (collections 500,000+);
(c) the libraries attached to the colleges under the umbrella of Addis Ababa University situated in campuses outside Addis Ababa, such as Alemaya, Gonder, Bahirdar, Awasa and Debre Zeit;
(d) the libraries of various institutions under the Higher Education Commission, including Asmera University, the Agricultural Institutes in Ambo and Jimma, the Bahirdar Polytechnic Institute, etc.;
(e) special libraries attached to various R&D institutes functioning under the Ministries and Commissions of Agriculture, Health, Mines and Energy, Industry, Transport and Communications, Urban Development, Water Resources (there are about 50 such libraries under these categories);
- 7 -
(f) libraries and documentation centres under international . organizations such as the International Livestock Centre for Africa, the Desert Locust Control Organization for East Africa, and the Pan-African Information and Documentation System in the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.
33. Except for the libraries and documentation centres in the international organizations, which provide a wide range of services including access to computer-based information, most libraries can only offer reading-room and lending facilities due to the lack of trained personnel, inadequate collections of books and journals and shortage of equipment and installations.
34. This is plain from the details given by various libraries in response to a questionnaire distributed by the ESTC as part of its survey of existing library and information facilities in science and technology.
35. The reasons for the slow development of library facilities and services in the country appear to be the following:
- financial constraints;
- lack of adequate and skilled personnel to initiate action and provide leadership and management for the promotion of a library movement ;
- absence of legislation to serve as a basis for the orderly development of the library movement;
- lack of public awareness in general about the role of library and information facilities in national development;
- lack of national coordinating agency to advise the Government on these matters ; and
- low national priority for the development of library and information facilities, in the general scheme of things.
36. However, there are many visible signs that things are changing for the better, although not yet on the scale desired:
(i) due to a tremendous spurt in mass literacy programmes, more than 6,000 reading-rooms have been provided all over the country to serve the needs of the neo-literate.
(ii) the National Library Department in the Ministry of Culture is setting up a number of public libraries to pave the way for a national network;
(iii) Addis Ababa University library is being strengthened by the addition of new books through gifts, purchases and exchange;
- 8 -
(iv) there is a proposal to start new courses of study at Addis Ababa University leading to Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Library and Information Science;
(v) the ESTC is undertaking vigorous measures not only to set up the NSTIDC but also to strengthen existing sectoral information systems and to create new facilities where necessary.
37. There is clearly a considerable and largely unsatisfied demand for library facilities throughout the country. All educated persons, scientists, engineers, administrators and others share a tremendous thirst for information and knowledge in order to improve their skills and be better able to contribute through their work and activities.
38. In every country, whether developed or developing, it is now the responsibility of the government to play an active and dominant part in creating and maintaining nationwide facilities in this area, with public libraries, academic libraries, specialized and technical libraries, information systems, and so on.
39. It is, therefore, imperative that the Ethiopian Government too should assume a greater role in accelerating the development of national library and information facilities. However, in view of the massive efforts required in this» direction, the participation of many international organizations, voluntary aid agencies and other bodies is indispensable.
Planning for a national S&T information system in Ethiopia - the role of the Government and international organization's"
A. The role of S&T information in national development
40. It is now universally recognized that information, particularly scientific and technological information, is one of the basic resources in the socio-economic development of a country. Information might therefore be compared with electric energy, since the impact of reliable, fast and inexpensive transmission of data on the national economy will be as great as that of electricity. Some specialists even go so far as to say that information is the resource of resources or rather that on which all others depend because it enables those resources to be identified, evaluated and utilized. Information is an essential ingredient of change, which is no more than the transformation produced by a new contribution or the different treatment of data. It is the only resource which grows since it sub-divides and spreads. Underdevelopment, in the final analysis, is merely the consequence of the lack of capacity, to generate information, handle it properly, store it, transform it regularly and distribute it equitably.
"41. The flow of fresh and reliable information is the pacemaker of progress. It is a kind of modern currency, an investment for the future.
42. The newly-emerging «high-tech» disciplines such as super computers, telecommunications, microelectronics, new sources of energy, bio-technology, and so on, are valued more in terms of information generated than anything else.
- 9 -
43. Many advanced countries are said to be entering upon a «post-industrial» phase in which the rise in the Gross National Product (GNP) depends not so much on the production and distribution of goods and commodities as on the generation, distribution and application of scientific knowledge and information. In some of those countries, more people work in the information-based service sectors than in all the other employment sectors put together.
44. The situation in the developing countries, however, is very varied in terms of infrastructural scientific and technological information facilities and services available, and the extent of their use.
45. Broadly speaking, the developing countries fall into the following categories:
(i) Developing countries where the information infrastructure is fairly advanced and includes science-and technology plans, policies and institutional arrangements, computer facilities, etc.
(ii) Developing countries where information facilities have been set up in certain key sectors of the economy and institutional and operational bases have been established through universities, documentation centres, etc.
G-ii) A large number of developing countries where information activities barely exist and where even the capacity to use eventual facilities is very low. Awareness of the importance of S&T information at the user level is limited. Documentary collections are poor and fragmentary and there is very little or no demand for information services.
46. Apart from the overall inadequacy of national information systems in S&T in Ethiopia, the following specific constraints have been highlighted:
(i) inadequate coverage of S&T information sources in the form of books, monographs, periodicals, patents, etc.;
(ii) shortcomings in generation of information at the national level;
Cii) inadequate collection of technical information generated from national sources;
(iv) lack of skilled and trained manpower in information handling techniques;
(v) low demand for use of information facilities and services;
(vi) absence of mechanisms for links to national, regional and international information systems;
(vu) absence of a national agency for coordination of information systems, facilities and services.
- 1 0 -
Ca) Vienna Plan of Action
47. It was to assist the developing countries in coping with the need for effective use of appropriate information, as an essential ingredient in the maximisation of the impact of science and technology, that the United Nations Conference of Science and Technology for Development was held in Vienna during 1979.
48. In its adopted programme CVienna Plan of Action) the Conference stressed the need for the developing countries to formulate and pursue national information policies as an integral part of their overall national development plans, to strengthen and coordinate agricultural and industrial extension services, to develop and improve library services and to use mass media to popularize science and technology.
49. It further recognized that the developing countries should urgently develop and strengthen their information infrastructure in order to be able to take advantage of the vast pool of available information in both developed and developing countries.
50. The Conference likewise recognized that inter-dependence in scientific and technological information between the developed and the developing countries, and between the developing countries themselves was a key factor to be taken into account in devising strategies for faster growth in the less developed. It consequently recommended the establishment of a global network of scientific and technological information as a tool to ensure an effective and intensive coupling of problem solvers and information services both in the developing South and the developed North.
B. The role of the Government in planning a national S&T information system in Ethiopia
51. In the developing countries national governments must assume the principal role in creating and nurturing library and information facilities.
52. Bearing in mind the problems and deficiencies in existing S&T information facilities in Ethiopia and the recommendations of the Vienna Plan of Action, it would be advisable if the Ethiopian Government were to consider the following measures to develop scientific and technological information facilities and services in the country.
53. A national information policy covering public libraries, academic libraries and S&T libraries should be formulated and adopted as an integral part of national development plans and policies.
54. The Ethiopian Library Association submitted a proposal to the Government, as far back as 1978, with a view to setting up a National Advisory Council for Library Information and Archives Services which would advise the Government on all matters relating to the provision and extension of library and information facilities and services. It is recommended that this proposal be revived and given earnest consideration.
- 11 -
55. It is recommended that the Ethiopian Library Association be recognized as one of the national professional associations and be supported with regular annual grants to enable it to undertake various activities in library education and training such as holding annual national conferences, conducting user studies, organizing library orientation programmes and so on.
56. in 1977 the ESTC initiated a proposal to set up the NSTIDC along the lines of the existing nucleus structure. This project should be given high priority and implemented according to the recommendations made in this report.
57. The NSTIDC should be placed in charge of several sectoral information systems in the priority S&T areas during the initial stages. More sectoral information systems might be set up later on with a view to creating a national S&T information network.
58. It should also act as the national coordinating and apex body for the ESTC and the Government concerning advice on all matters relating to S&T information policies and programmes and regional and international cooperation.
(a) Statutory measures for S&T information policies and programmes
(i) Public libraries
59. Apart from promoting self-education and improvement, mass literacy and mass education programmes and other leisure time activities, the public libraries also serve to popularize science and technology by organizing separate collections of «know-how» and «how-to-do» types of books and programmed-instructional manuals, audio-visual materials, etc. Such collections will be useful to educated and self-employed technicians and small industrialists in rural areas.
60. It is recommended that the Government set.up, through an appropriate announcement, a nationwide multi-purpose public library system under the control and direction of the National Library of Ethiopia, on the model of the Public Libraries Acts in several developing countries.
61. The funds required to support the public library system should be provided by specific allocations made for the purpose in the annual budget on a regular and sustained basis.
62. However, considering that budgetary allocations for the public library movement may be subject to fluctuations from year to year due to economic factors, and, in order to ensure that such fluctuations will not affect the orderly growth and development of the libraries, it will be necessary to devise other suitable statutory measures to generate a steady and independent source of income.
(ii) Academic libraries
63. Similarly, the academic libraries attached to the national educational institutions and universities play a crucial role in promoting general awareness and a spirit of inquiry with regard to science and technology among students, research scholars and faculty members. It would therefore be advisable if liberal grants to improve documentary collections and audio-visual materials in science and technology were made available to all academic institutions by the Commission for Higher Education.
- 12 -
64. Even in the developing countries, philanthropists, charitable trusts and industrial firms are encouraged to give liberal grants to educational institutions, particularly for the purchase of books and publications. Such grants are exempted from taxation. Similar measures should be considered in Ethiopia.
(iii) S&T libraries and information centres
65. The development of S&T libraries and information centres to support R&D activities in the country hardly needs emphasis.
66. It is estimated that many advanced countries spend between 1 and 3% of their GNP on scientific research and development and that about 4 to 6% of that investment is spent on library and information facilities and other data processing activities.
67. It is recommended that the Government of Ethiopia set aside at least 2 to 3% of the national R&D budget for the development of scientific and technical libraries and information centres throughout the country.
68. The establishment of the NSTIDC under the auspices of the ESTC has been on the anvil since 1977 and should be given high priority. The funds provided might be allocated on an actual costs basis during the initial stages, and on a fixed percentage basis linked to the annual budget of the ESTC later on.
69. In addition to the NSTIDC, the Government might approve establishment of the six proposed sectoral information systems in priority sectors like agriculture, natural resources and so on. More sectoral information systems of this type might be set up in due course as and when necessary.
(iv) Industrial information centres
70. in order to promote industrial innovations and development, the Government should encourage Ethiopian industries to set up their own in-house library and information facilities, wherever possible.
71. Industries should also be encouraged to form «industrial research associations» in appropriate sectors on a cooperative basis. Apart from engaging in group R&D work, industrial research associations ought also to set up their own «industrial information centres» for the common benefit of their members.
72. The Government should cover the costs involved in setting up and operating the industrial research associations and information centres through annual grants or allow the industries to meet such expenses up to a fixed percentage out of their net annual income.
(v) Release of foreign exchange for all libraries
73. It appears that, at present, libraries in Ethiopia must apply to the National Bank of Ethiopia and other competent authorities for the release of foreign exchange each time books or equipment have to be imported.
- 13 -
74. Since such cumbersome and time-consuming procedures seem likely to retard the growth and development of libraries in the country, it is recommended that in the interest of the national library movement and R&D activities these institutions be exempted from foreign exchange restrictions and be allowed to import the books and equipment they need directly. Alternatively, the libraries might be granted a lump sum quota of foreign exchange on an annual basis in accordance with the estimates they submit before the beginning of each financial year, which would enable them to import their requirements within that limit without applying for foreign exchange for each separate item.
(vi) Deposit of publications
75. An appropriate Government announcement should make it obligatory for copies of all printed books, reports and other publications produced in the country to be deposited as follows:
- one copy of all S&T books, unrestricted reports, dissertations and other publications with the NSTIDC;
- one copy of all publications of an academic nature with the Addis Ababa University;
- one copy of all printed books with the National Library of Ethiopia. (This has been done)
(b) Training and education of skilled manpower
76. This is one of the most critical requirements for a successful national information system and demands the urgent and earnest consideration of the Government.
77. it is recommended that the Department of Library Science in Addis Ababa be strengthened by the creation of a post of Professor of Library and Information Science, a post of Reader and additional posts of lecturers, as required.
78^ The Department may be given suitable grants to improve textbook and audiovisual collections, computer facilities and so on. The Department should introduce :
(i) a Bachelor's Degree course in library and information science (after BA/B.Sc. degrees) lasting one year;
(ii) a Master's Degree course in library and information science (after the Bachelor's degree course in library and information science) lasting one year.
79. The proposal to set up an international regional training centre in information in Addis Ababa should be pursued with the sponsoring organizations concerned. To cater for the need for specialists to handle modern information techniques in science and technology, a separate training centre should be set up as part of the NSTIDC, as proposed in this report.
- 14 -
SO. Liberal fellowships, scholarships, stipendiary apprenticeships and so on should be provided to attract bright young persons to seek a career in library and information science.
(c) Establishment of a National Science Press and a Science Publications Directorate
81. As R&D activities in the country gather momentum, a need will arise to disseminate information on the results of the research undertaken.
82. At present, many Government departments and agencies bring out their own bulletins and newsletters for that purpose.
83. in order to pool all the separate and fragmentary efforts and promote scientific writing and journalism of a high order, it would be advisable to establish a National Science Press and Publications Centre, as one of the major departments of the ESTC.
84. The National Science Press should be equipped with all modern printing and reprographic facilities, including photo-composing and type-setting machines, offset presses and other accessories to undertake high-volume production.
85. The Publications Centre should be able to call upon regular scientific writers and editors and a number of editorial advisory boards, consisting of outside experts drawn from the various university departments and R&D institutes. The Centre should print a number of Ethiopian S&T journals in different series: technology series; basic research series; popular science series; etc.
C. The role of international organizations and agencies in providing technical assistance
86. The United Nations Advisory Committee on Science and Technology for Development, in its report on its fifth session in 1985, holds the view that technical assistance for the development of national information systems and appropriate infrastructure and network arrangements should be provided on request to developing countries by United Nations organizations and bodies; by other international bodies and through bilateral assistance programmes.
(i) The Committee recommends that pilot projects be undertaken to develop S&T information systems in various categories of developing countries on request. Such projects could be used as models to be monitored and adopted in other countries with appropriate modifications and adaptations.
(ii) Technical assistance programmes should also determine the equipment and other facilities that would be required, including training courses for local personnel and linkage arrangements at national and international levels.
- 15 -
87. In Ethiopia a number of international technical assistance programmes supporting R&D activities in science and technology and S&T information projects have been in operation for many years now under the auspices of Unesco, UNDP, WHO J ILO and other United Nations agencies. Technical assistance is also being provided by several countries including the Federal Republic of Germany, Sweden, Netherlands, USA, United Kingdom, France, USSR, etc.
88. Unesco has been providing considerable technical assistance in the form of consultants' services, training, supply of equipment, study missions, and so on for the various Ethiopian S&T development programmes.
89. in cooperation with the ESTC, the following assistance projects have been identified:
(i) S&T manpower development programmes;
(ii) National S&T Information Centre;
(iii) Prototype Centre for Engineering Design;
(iv) Science and Technology Popularization Centre and a Publishing House;
(v) National Computer Centre;
(vi) Workshop on R&D equipment and training.
90. With regard to the proposal to set up the NSTIDC, Unesco has provided the services of a consultant in 1977 and in 1987 and supported the organization of a National Seminar on S&T Information Policy in 1984. In addition, a grant of US $15,000 towards the purchase of equipment has been provided.
91. The Centre has also received a grant of US $337,024 from UNDP to supplement a counterpart provision of E.Birr 374,624 by the Ethiopian Government.
92. The International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada has likewise given support towards the establishment of the NSTIDC.
93. However, considering the magnitude of the efforts and expenses involved in this project, further international assistance will be required.
Scope and objectives of the NSTIDC and its information policy
94. The NSTIDC will function as the main national agency and apex body under the Government for purposes of initiating, developing, strengthening, coordinating and monitoring all activities, programmes and policies relating to the collection, organization and dissemination of scientific and technical information and data throughout the country.
95. It will assist the Commission and the Government in the formulation and implementation of a long-term national information policy.
* WHO - World Health Organization ILO - International Labour Organization
- 16 -
96. In order to speed up the establishment of the NSTIDC, the Commission should set itself a series of comprehensive objectives and direct all activities, plans and programmes towards achieving those objectives in a coordinated manner.
97. The objectives should be divided into two categories: short-term and long-term, because the available resources and trained manpower are too limited to permit work on all levels at once. The short-term objectives might, therefore, be pursued and achieved within the next two years (1988-1989) and the long-term objectives might be followed up in the succeeding years (1990-1992) under a phased programme.
98. The details of the proposed short-term and long-term objectives are as follows:
(a) Short-term objectives
(i) to provide basic and essential infrastructure facilities such as buildings, furniture, fittings and equipment, printing and reprography and audio-visual materials within the existing budget and by fresh funding when available;
(ii) to accelerate the development of the existing ESTC library as a central S&T library providing document procurement, lending and other library services;
(iii) to build up comprehensive collections of scientific and technical literature relevant to national needs by purchase, gifts and exchange;
(iv) to organize programmes for the education and training of skilled manpower through fellowships, apprenticeships, international scholarships, etc.;
(v) to undertake national surveys of existing S&T library collections, information facilities, manpower with a view to upgrading through grant-in-aid schemes and optimum utilization;
(vi) to compile inventories of on-going R&D projects, naming the S&T experts involved and giving lists of specialized test facilities and equipment;
(vii) to organize existing S&T document collections using computer-based information storage and retrieval techniques;
(viii) to identify user needs for information and develop techniques and services that will satisfy those needs;
(ix) to organize the existing sectoral information systems in the priority areas so as to form a cooperative national S&T information network;
- 17 -
(x) to set up facilities for access to international data bases and offer literature research services and current awareness services to Ethiopian users; to take advantage meanwhile of the off-line search facilities offered by other countries (Sweden, Denmark, India);
(xi) to provide immediately a nationwide document delivery service with back-up from national and international resources; and
(xii) to provide reference and referral services for the S&T community.
Long-term objectives
(i) to set up a national advanced training centre in information science and technology with the cooperation of Addis Ababa University and support from international organizations;
(ii) to organize a national pool of technical translators and set up a translation centre as part of the NSTIDC;
(iii) to design and develop data banks and data bases to reflect Ethiopian R&D activities and the output of S&T literature;
(iv) to promote the development of an Ethiopian data communication network with the cooperation of other concerned authorities and the Ethiopian Telecommunication Authority;
(v) to set up a library concerning patents, standards and trade literature;
(vi) to promote indigenous production and distribution of S&T publications, R&D digests, newsletters, catalogues, directories, etc.;
(vii) to promote the use of information resources and services through audio-visual presentations, seminars, exhibitions, etc.;
(viii) to serve as national focal point for promoting regional and international cooperation in library and information services; and
(ix) to accelerate the ongoing activities listed under the short-term objectives.
- 18 -
The organizational structure of the NSTIDC
A. The existing organizational structure
99. The Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission has a nucleus structure which could serve in planning, developing and establishing the proposed National Scientific and Technological Information and Documentation Centre.
100. This structure is organized as a Scientific and Technical Information Unit as below:
E S T C
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION UNIT (Headi STIU - 1)
TECHNICAL LIBRARY
Professional Librarians - 2
Secretarial Assistants - 2
INFORMATION PROCESSING AND DOCUMENTATION
Science Graduates - 5
Secretarial Assistant - 1
REPROGRAPHY SERVICE
Reprography Assistants - 2
101. The Scientific and Technical Information Unit is directed by an experienced specialist who has received advanced training in information handling in Ireland and other countries.
(a) Technical Library
102. The Technical Library has a modest collection of about 10,000 documents, including books, monographs, reports, publications of UN agencies and reprints. It receives about 75 journals by subscription and by exchange.
.103. The library provides some basic services like loan of books and publications and reading-room and general reference facilities. Further increases in the collections, provision of shelving and furniture and introduction of additional services are being contemplated. The construction of a new building to house the library and the other units of the proposed NSTIDC is still being planned but is expected to be completed within the next three years.
(b) Information Processing and Documentation Section
104. A good beginning has been made by recruiting five science graduates (four with B.Sc. and one with M.Sc. qualifications).
- 1 9
105. All have been given practical training in information processing and documentation techniques in the Library and Documentation Centre of the International Livestock Centre for Africa, perhaps one of the best of its kind in Africa.
106. The team will be augmented by the addition of a subject specialist on secondment from the Department of Food and Agriculture of the Commission.
107. A NCR microcomputer and printer has been provided for this section. Unesco's CD/ISIS information processing software has also been procured and is now in use.
108. An HP/300 minicomputer with associated peripherals and MINISIS information storage and retrieval software should be procured soon.
109. The Commission also has its central computer centre with IBM PC/XT and IBM PC/AT compatible microcomputers and associated printers and equipment. These facilities may be used by the Information Unit if necessary.
110. Much of the responsibility for planning and establishing the NSTIDC will ultimately rest on this important and well-equipped section.
111. The section is now engaged in the following projects:
(i) a national survey of existing library and information facilities in science and technology;
(ii) a national survey of user needs for scientific and technical information;
(iii) creation of a computer-based data base of selected scientific and technical papers, Ethiopian S&T dissertations and holdings of books, reports and reprints available in the technical library; and
(iv) planning for the sectoral information systems in the priority areas specified in the paper on National Science and Technology Policy.
(c) Reprography and General Services Section
112. The following reprographic facilities are available:
Gevafax X-10 copying 1 Rex Rotary Model 745 copying (with reduction and enlargement 1 Rex-Rotary Stencil Duplication 2 Electronic Stencil Cutting 1 Flexible Binding 1 Paper Cutting 1 Stapling (heavy duty) 2
- Z O -
llS. An extensive document reproduction service is being provided for the users of the Information Unit and also for all the main and subordinate offices of the Commission.
B. The proposed organizational structure
114. It will be seen from the details of the existing organizational structure given above, that good foundations have been laid for the development of the NSTIDC.
115. However, considering the scope and functions of the Centre, that structure will need to be enlarged on a very great scale in order to achieve the various objectives set out above.
116. A detailed framework of the proposed structure is given in the chart appended to this report (Appendix II ).
117. The salient features of the proposed organizational structure for the NSTIDC are highlighted below.
(a) Director of the NSTIDC
118. One of the immediate steps to be taken will be to choose and appoint a capable and qualified person as the Director of the NSTIDC.
119. The Director will be responsible, as Chief Executive Officer, for the administration, control and management of all the activities and functions of the NSTIDC in accordance with the guidelines of the Commissioner, the Advisory Council and the Executive Committee.
120. The success of the NSTIDC and its activities will depend mainly on the Director's leadership qualities, managerial abilities and professional competence. He should have the status of a Director of a Research Institute or a Head of Department in a university.
121. However, subject to general guidance and control by the authorities in major policy and financial matters, the Director of the NSTIDC should enjoy considerable freedom and initiative in routine and day-to-day matters. His administrative powers should be equivalent to those delegated to Heads of Government Departments.
(b) The NSTIDC Advisory Council
122. It is proposed that an Advisory Council be constituted to aid the Commission in all matters relating to the growth and development of the NSTIDC and, in particular, the following matters:
(i) overall policy and guidelines;
(ii) budgetary proposals and funding;
(iii) grants-in-aid schemes for specific projects and programmes;
- 21 -
(iv) international cooperation and assistance.
123. The Council will be a high powered body consisting of five ex-officio and 14 other members representing various ministries, government commissions, professional organizations and research institutions as below:
- Commissioner, ESTC (ex-officio) Chairman
One representative from the:
- Office of the National Committee for Central Planning (ONCCP) (ex-officio) Member
- Ministry of Finance (ex-officio) Member
- Ministry of Agriculture Member
- Ministry of Industry Member
- Ministry of Mining and Energy Member
- Commission for Higher Education Member
- Commission for Water Resources Member
Other Members:
- Director, National Health Institute
- Director, Institute of Development Research
- Director, Institute of Agricultural Research
- University Librarian, Addis Ababa University
- Head, Library and Documentation Centre, IL CA*
- Head, National Library and Archives of Culture, Addis Ababa
- President, Ethiopian Library Association, Addis Ababa
- University Librarian, Asmara University
- Head, Administration and Finance ESTC (ex-officio)
- Director, NSTIDC (ex-officio)
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member-Secretary
124. Five non-ex-officio members of the Council will retire after two years and members representing other ministries and organizations will be nominated.
125. In addition to the aforementioned members, special observers and guests should attend the meetings of the Council, if the items of the agenda so require.
* International Livestock Centre for Africa
- 22 -
126. The Council should meet at least twice a year to consider and adopt the agenda prepared by the Commission and the Member-Secretary. -
127. The Member-Secretary will be responsible for preparing the minutes of the meetings and for circulating them to all concerned after approval by the Chairman. He will also be responsible for taking up necessary follow-up action to implement the recommendations of the Council after administrative and financial processing.
(c) The NSTIDC Executive Committee
128. it is also proposed that an Executive Committee should be set up as a permanent Standing Committee to advise the Commission on all matters relating to the management and operations of the NSTIDC and, in particular, the following matters:
(i.) consideration of budget proposals;
(ii) creation of posts (regular and on contract);
(iii) consideration of proposals for purchase of equipment, furniture, fittings, etc.;
(iv) construction of a new building for the NSTIDC;
(v) approval of expenditure over the financial limits of the Director;
(vi) training programmes;
(yii) award of fellowships, apprenticeships and scholarships;
(viii)proposals for grant-in-aid programmes;
(ix) rules and regulations for NSTIDC services;
(x) proposals under international assistance programmes;
(xi) deputations abroad for training, conferences, etc.;
fcii) other matters relating to NSTIDC management and operations.
129. The composition of the Committee will be as follows:
- Commissioner, ESTC (or his nominee) (ex-officio) Chairman
- Chairman, Industry and Technology Research Council, ESTC Member
- Chairman, Science Popularization Research Council, ESTC Member
- Head, Central Computer Centre, ESTC Member
- Head, 0 & M Division, ESTC Member
- Head, International Relations Council, ESTC Member
- Head, Administration and Finance, ESTC Member
- Director, NSTIDC Member-Secretary
- 23 -
Additional members may be co-opted, whenever necessary, as the occasion demands.
130. The Committee should meet at least once every two months to consider and dispose of agenda items prepared by the Member-Secretary and/or received by him from members or from staff members of the Commission or NSTIDC users, as the case may be. The idea is to consider all constructive proposals and suggestions concerning proper organization and growth. Proposals and agenda items should be invited before committee meetings by an announcement on the notice boards.
131. The Member-Secretary shall be responsible for preparing the agenda, taking the minutes and ensuring any follow-up action to the meetings.
(d) NSTIDC working groups
132. The Commissioner, in consultation with the Executive Committee and the Director of the NSTIDC, should set up one or more working groups from time to time on an ad-hoc basis to study particular proposals or projects relating to the NSTIDC and make appropriate recommendations.
133. Typical examples of professional and technical matters requiring ad-hoc working groups would be:
(i) organization of seminars, conferences and exhibitions;
(ii) organization of short-term courses, training programmes, preparation of course materials;
(iii) conducting surveys, preparation of state-of-art reports and background material on specific topics;
(iv) preparation of application of software for computer-based information systems, network techniques and data communication.
134. Working groups should be composed of:
- The Director of the NSTIDC Chairman
- Outside specialists and/or consultants (one or more) Members
- Concerned staff members of the NSTIDC (one or more) Members
- One staff member of the NSTIDC (to be nominated) Member-Secretary
135. The reports submitted by the working groups should be laid before the Executive Committee and/or the Advisory Council through the Commissioner for consideration and follow-up action.
- 24 -
(e) NSTIDC Secretariat (administration ana finance)
136. The Director of the NSTIDC will be assisted by a Secretariat which will undertake the following duties:
(i) office administration, management and other secretarial functions;
(ii) finance and accounting;
(iii) purchase of stationery, consumables, equipment, etc.;
(iv) stores and inventory control;
(v.) travel, transportation and communication;
(vi) assistance in convening meetings;
(vii) liaison with other offices, departments and councils of the Commission.
(f) NSTIDC Operational Divisions
137. The functions, services and other activities of the NSTIDC will be carried out through the following eight major operational divisions, namely the:
- Central Technical Library;
- Information Processing and Documentation Division;
- Information Services Division;
- Sectoral Information Systems and Networks Division;
- Training and General Facilities Division;
- Special Projects and Programmes Division;
- Planning and Programming Division; and
- External Relations Division.
Practical steps for the development of the NSTIDC and its functions and services
138. This section deals with the practical steps to be taken for the development of the NSTIDC and its functions and services. These steps are detailed as follows.
A. Constitution of an Advisory Council and an Executive Committee
139. The Commission should formally approve and announce, as early as possible, the constitution of an Advisory Council and an Executive Committee through an appropriate Order of the Commission, so that these bodies may start functioning immediately.
- 25 -
B. Formal establishment of the NSTIDC
140. Through an appropriate announcement in the National Gazette (already initiated) the Centre and its various divisions, as outlined in the organizational chart given in Appendix II of this report, should be formally established by upgrading and redesignating the existing Scientific and Technical Information and Documentation Unit.
C. Appointment of a Director for the NSTIDC
141. The post of Director of the NSTIDC should be created immediately and a suitable person should be selected and appointed so that he or she may initiate action for the planning and development of the Centre on the basis of this report.
142. To ensure effective functioning, the Director should enjoy administrative and financial powers corresponding to those delegated to the directors of the R&D institutes under government control. In particular, he should have financial powers over the following matters, subject to prescribed ceiling limits and observance of government procedures and regulations:
(i) selection and purchase of books, journals and other publications for the Central Technical Library;
(ii) sanction and payment of binding expenses;
(iii) purchase of stationery items, consumables and other essential items;
(iv) payment of service charges for maintenance and servicing of equipment, and purchase of essential spare parts;
(v) authorization of travel for subordinate staff on duty;
(vi) sanction of other contingency expenses up to a limit not exceeding E.Birr 500 in each case.
D. Development of the Central S&T Library
143. High priority should be given to developing the Technical Library of the Commission because its documentary collections and services will guarantee the successful establisment of the NSTIDC.
144. in order to develop the Library, the following measures are considered necessary:
(a) Staff strengthening
145. There is an urgent need to strengthen the existing library staff. An. initial appointment might be a Senior Technical Assistant, Grade III, with qualifications in science (B.Sc. or M.Sc.) and a degree in library science as well as several years of experience in running a technical library independently. As the Library develops further, additional staff will be required as indicated in Appendix IV to this report.
- 26 -
(b) Collection development
146. The existing documentary collection is considered inadequate to provide essential library services and to serve the needs of the NSTIDC. The collection should be augmented by at least 500 documents (of all types) a month, reaching a total of 50,000 documents at the end of five years. Similarly, the number of science and technology journals should be increased from the present 75 to at least 500 over the next five years in phases. The journals should be received by air freight delivery system through a foreign subscription agent, as in the case of the ILCA Library.
147. In order to avoid costly duplication in purchasing books, journals and so on, a cooperative acquisition policy should be introduced to cover all the S&T libraries and the S&T section of Addis Ababa University Library. This should ensure that at least one copy of all significant publications in science and technology will be available in the network.
148. Under the cooperative acquisition policy, responsibilities for strengthening documentatary collections in certain specified fields may be given to the following S&T libraries in the Addis Ababa area:
- Research level books, monographs, - Addis Ababa University S&T international conference Library proceedings.
- R&D books and publications in - Library of the Institute of food, science and agriculture Agricultural Research
- R&D books and publications in - Library of the Institute of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences Health
- Publications on planning and - 0NCCP Library development
(This list is only illustrative and not exhaustive. A meeting of representatives of all the S&T libraries should be held to draw up a final division of responsibilities)
149. Suitable financial grants to strengthen documentary collections in the above institutions should be considered.
150. The Central Technical Library of the NSTIDC should serve as a National S&T Library, supplementing the collections in the other S&T libraries. It should specialize in the following types of publications:
- books, monographs, conference proceedings and other specialized publications in all fields of applied science and technology; (other than those fields covered by the libraries mentioned above);
- S&T journals including abstracting and indexing journals in the national priority areas (other than those received in other libraries);
- 27 -
- technical reports (hard copy and microfiche);
- publications of U.N. agencies and international organizations;
- publications obtained under exchange programmes from various organizations ;
- standards, patents, specifications in engineering and technology;
- trade literature in engineering and technology;
- motion films, audio-tape books and lectures, video cassettes and other audio-visual materials ;
- international conference papers in science and technology in microfiche (on a subscription basis);
- reprints and preprints in science and technology.
151. Whenever the ESTC or the Government enters into bilateral agreements with foreign governments, international organizations and agencies, such agreements should provide for regular deposit of their S&T publications in the Central Technical Library of the NSTIDC.
152. Similarly, the ESTC should issue an Executive Order requiring all organizations, university departments, R&D institutes, field stations and so on to deposit at least one copy of their S&T publications, reports and dissertations in the Central Technical Library of the NSTIDC as a matter of course, by including its name on their distribution lists.
(c) Organization of library collections
(i) Books and monographs
153. The existing procedure for classifying books and monographs using the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) scheme should be preserved.
154. Updated and new UDC schedules may be obtained from the British Standards Institute through the British Council or the Ethiopian Standards Institute, Addis Ababa.
155. For book cataloguing, the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Version II (AACR II) should be followed.
(ii) Journals
156. The issues of various journals are stored without binding. Immediate steps should be taken to have these bound by outside contractors.
- 28 -
157- Priority should be given to setting up an in-house bindery with modern equipment.
153. Bound volumes of journals should be stored by title in alphabetical order.
159. Issues of an ephemeral nature, with no permanent value for preservation should be sorted under the guidance of a Working Group and disposed of by donations to schools and colleges, if required, or by auction as waste paper according to Government procedures.
160. An index to the collections should be drawn up by title and by subject headings (based on those given in ULRICH's International Periodicals Directory).
(iii) Technical reports
161. Reports of all types bearing a document number and/or the name of an issuing organization should be stored in pamphlet boxes under the name of the organization concerned in alphabetical order and within each organization by the document number in ascending order.
162. Reports are to be indexed by:
- the name of the author;
- the name of the issuing organization;
- the document number;
- subject headings (key words) up to about six terms per document selected from the title, abstract, table of contents and summary; these terms should be checked with the appropriate subject thesaurus.
163. For use in indexing reports, the following publications are recommended:
- Subject Headings in Engineering, Engineering Index Inc., USA
- INSPEC Thesaurus, Institution of Electrical Engineers, United Kingdom
- NASA Thesaurus (National Technical Information Service), USA
164. In order to select more such publications, a list should be obtainable from the Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux (ASLIB), United Kingdom.
(d) Library services
165. The following library services should be introduced as soon as possible:
(i) Library membership
166. All bonafide and eligible users should be allowed to enter the Library freely for purposes of browsing, reference and consultation.
167. Users who wish to have borrowing privileges should be required to fill i an application for membership in the prescribed form and submit it through the
- 29 -
respective Heads of Departments. Users who are admitted as Members of the Library may be issued with borrowers' cards according to a prescribed scale (e.g. senior officers : three cards; supervisory personnel : two cards; all others : one card). The number of borrower cards may be increased later on, depending on the increase in the collections.
168. Detailed rules for the use of the Library and its services should be plainly visible.
(ii) Inter-library services
169. In cooperation with all other S&T libraries in the Addis Ababa area, an extensive inter-library service should be introduced. The inter-library service should cover: loan of books and reports (except current and back issues of journals), supply of reprints, exchange of unpriced publications and library accession lists, sharing of other library facilities such as technical translations, and reprographic and photographic facilities.
170. xt is recommended that a formal code for inter-library cooperation and service be prepared for acceptance by all the libraries.
E. Development of the Information Processing and Documentation Division of the NSTIDC
171. As mentioned, an Information Processing and Documentation Division has already been set up within the existing Scientific and Information Unit. A team of science graduates and subject specialists has been formed and work has begun in conducting surveys of existing facilities and user needs and creating a computer-based data base.
172. In addition to the work already taken up, this Division should plan and undertake new projects as follows:
(i) Inventory publications
compilation of inventories (through personal visits and questionnaires) concerning:
- on-going R&D projects in various Ethiopian S&T organizations, R&D institutes, universities;
- bio-data of experts engaged in R&D work, or having R&D experience, in various organizations and institutions;
- specialized test facilities and instrumentation available in the various institutions.
(ii) National Union Catalogue of S&T publications in Ethiopia
Compilation and database creation of a «National Union Catalogue of Publications in Science and Technology in Ethiopia» to cover the following types of publications currently available in libraries:
- 30 -
- current journals with holdings of back issues;
- technical reports;
- survey reports, project reports;
- publications of U.N. agencies;
- publications issued by the Ethiopian Government and its agencies, departments, commissions, etc.;
- publications issued by R&D institutes.
F. Information Services Division
173. This Division will be the main service arm of the NSTIDC, along with the Central Technical Library.
174. As too few qualified information scientists are currently available, not all the information services indicated in the organization chart can be provided.
175. However, with the existing staff and facilities, it should be possible to start some essential services such as:
(a) Literature Search Service and Selective Dissemination of Information (SDÎ1
176. The NSTIDC should initiate a project, as an urgent priority, with international assistance if necessary, to set up a terminal facility for on-line access to the data bases of the European Space Agency via national and international telecommunication circuits.
177. This project would envisage the linking of a microcomputer available in the ESTC's computer centre to the mainframe computer of the European Space Agency's Information Retrieval System (ESA/IRS) which has more than 100 data bases and data banks containing over 40 million abstracts/indexes of scientific and technical literature of interest to the Ethiopian scientific community.
178. Discussions have already been held with the authorities of the Ethiopian Telecommunication Authority (ETA) and they see no difficulty in providing the national and international circuits required for this link.
179. xhe Director of the ESA/IRS has also been requested to send an engineer to Addis Ababa to discuss the details of the project with the ESTC and the ETA.
180. When this facility is established, it will be possible to provide an on-line retrospective literature search service and a current awareness service (SDI) for Ethiopian scientists and engineers on topics of specific interest to them as well as instantaneous computer printouts of search results.
181. it should also be of help in offering a nationwide document delivery service in response to orders for copies of scientific papers and reports, on-line.
- 31 -
(b) Reference and Technical Enquiry Service
132. A separate «Information Desk» should be established immediately as part of this Division to receive and handle technical enquiries from all departments, organizations and individuals working for the Government and industry.
183. The Information Desk should be manned by one or more of the specialists already recruited by the NSTIDC.
184. It should have a good collection of reference books and publications (handbooks, manuals, encyclopaedias, yearbooks, directories, dictionaries, etc.) and be allowed to use existing communication facilities (telephone and telex) to provide this service effectively.
185. Some of the typical technical enquiries and reference questions that should be handled by the Information Desk are:
(i) technical and engineering data, property of materials and products;
(ii) details of process engineering;
(iii) technical specifications and standards;
-(iv) information on patents;
(v) background information on specific subjects;
(vi) trade information, e.g. addresses and product details of foreign manufacturers;
(vii) details of foreign R&D institutions, governmental agencies and organizations.
186. In cases where the Information Desk has difficulty in providing answers to the enquiries, assistance should be sought from some of the following libraries and information centres:
(i) the Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress, USA;
(ii) the Science Reference Library, United Kingdom;
(iii) the Association for Information Management (ASLIB), United Kingdom, (by becoming an institutional member);
(iv) other learned societies and professional associations in advanced countries.
(c) Circulation of current contents of journals
187. Subscriptions should be inherent with the Institute of Scientific Information, USA, for the following series of «current contents» by air mail:
- Engineering and Technology;
- Physical Sciences.
- 32 -
188. On receipt of the weekly issues of these journals, photocopies of the tables óf contents of selected journals should be circulated to users as an SDI service.
(d) Reprints supply service
189. This service can and should be introduced immediately for the supply, on a payment basis, of photocopies of any papers published in scientific and technical journals or included in international conference proceedings and any technical reports that may be required by Ethiopian users.
190. This service is to be based on the following support facilities:
(i) existing journal collections in all S&T libraries in the • Addis Ababa area, including ILCA, PADIS and the Addis Ababa University Library;
(ii) the overseas photocopying facility offered by the British Library, Document Supply Centre, United Kingdom (coupons for supply of photocopies may be procured through the British Council Library in Addis Ababa);
(iii) the National Library of Technology, Denmark (which has offered to serve as a back-up source for the supply of reprints);
(iv) the Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden (which has also offered to cooperate);
(v) Engineering Societies Library, USA;
(vi) Technical Information Library, Federal Republic of Germany;
(vii) On-line document ordering through the ESA/1RS terminal facility (when established).
- G. Sectoral Information Centres and Networks Division
191. The Commission and the Government have laid special emphasis on accelerating R&D activities in priority sectors of the national economy. The sectors tentatively identified subject to revision later on after finalization of the national policy for Science and Technology are the following:
(i) food, agriculture and rural technology;
(ii) natural resources and energy;
(iii) health, medicine and environment;
(iv) engineering, industry and new technologies;
(v) housing and construction;
(vi) planning and development.
- 33 -
192, To support R&D activities in the above areas, it is essential to provide adequate library and information services. To this end an information system has been planned for each sector with a view to linking up the different sectoral information systems to form a cooperative information network under the auspices of the NSTIDC.
193. It is considered desirable that the sectoral information systems should be developed on the basis of existing library facilities in the following institutions:
(i) Sectoral Information System for Food, Agriculture and Rural Technology
(ii) Sectoral Information System for Housing and Construction
- Library of the Institute of Agricultural Research
- Library of the Ministry of Housing and Construction
(iii) Sectoral Information System for Health, Medicine and Environment
- Library of the National Research Institute of Health
(iv) Sectoral Information System for Natural Resources and Energy
(v) Sectoral Information System for Engineering, Industry and New Technologies
Library of the Commission for Water Resources
- Library of Industry
(vi) Sectoral Information System for Planning and Development
- Library of the Office of the National Central Committee for Planning
194. Most of these libraries are poorly equipped and need to be strengthened considerably in terms of documentary collections, qualified and trained staff, equipment and facilities, accommodation and so on.
L95. In order to enable these libraries to function effectively as decentralized sectoral information systems within the overall network, the NSTIDC should initiate a plan of action:
- to extend considerable support to these sectoral systems with a view to upgrading their facilities through grant-in-aid schemes ;
- to constitute a «Sectoral Information System Advisory Committee» for each system for purposes of advice and technical guidance;
- to develop norms and standards of services to be provided by each system to users in their respective fields;
- to facilitate regular and constant interaction and consultations among the systems within the network;
- 34 -
- to assist in the development of necessary tools for cooperation within the network (union catalogues, inter-library services, exchange of publications);
- to organize training programmes for staff.
196. The sectoral information systems which have hitherto been concerned with providing services within their respective institutions must accept significantly wider responsibilities, if they are to take part in a national network, and thereby provide a national service. These additional responsibilities may, at least in some cases, be seen as falling outside the mandate of the parent institution. Extra staff may be needed as well as an extra budget for the purchase of more books and journals and equipment. The costs involved should be covered by the NSTIDC within the network project funds.
197. It is recommended that part of the funds allocated for the establishment of the NSTIDC be made available for disbursement - under terms and conditions to be formally agreed - to those sectoral information systems which agree to cooperate in the national network. Emphasizing the financial role played by the network will, of course, give it much more real power than if it depended solely on voluntary cooperation. Voluntary inter-library cooperation is important but more efforts will be needed if six separate and different libraries are to redefine their activities and participate on a national scale. The scope and objectives of an institution's in-house library are much narrower than those required to support a library responsible for a national service within a larger network.
198. Some of the essential services a sectoral information system should undertake to provide are:
(i) document procurement and delivery service for all users working in the same area irrespective of their location;
(ii) quick and equal response to bonafide enquiries in the subject field from users anywhere in the country;
(iii) participation in networking planning and consultation;
(iv) agreement to follow national norms of service and to participate in the development of tools for cooperation;
(v) inter-library services and exchange of publications;
(vi) preparation and distribution of documentation bulletins, abstracting/indexing'service, subject bibliographies, etc.
H. Training and General Facilities Division
199. This Division will comprise the following facilities and service centres:
- Training and Manpower Development Section;
- Audio-visual Section;
- 35 -
- Publications Section;
- Patents and Trade Literature Section;
- Engineering Standards and Specifications.
(a) Training and Manpower Development Section
200. Training and manpower development will be one of the most crucial requirements for successful growth and development of the NSTIDC as regards functions and services. No matter how generously physical facilities and money are provided, they can only be effectively used if an adequate number of properly qualified persons is available.
201. In view of the foregoing, there is an urgent need to set up a training and manpower development section as part of the NSTIDC.
202- It may be worth mentioning in this connection that, when the Indian National Scientific and Documentation Centre (INSDOC) was founded in New Delhi during 1952, a training wing was also established as one of its divisions with assistance from Unesco. So far, INSDOC has produced nearly 200 information science specialists who have filled senior positions in various S&T library and information centres in the country.
203. In order to set up a training and manpower development section within the NSTIDC and to ensure its operation for a period of at least five years (1988-1992), suitable international assistance in the shape of faculty members, textbooks, teaching aids, audio-visual materials and computer facilities will be necessary, as indicated in the section entitled «Details of international assistance required» of this report (paras. 309-314).
204. The section should impart both theoretical and practical training in information handling, computer-based information storage and retrieval, information centre management, information services, micrographics, reprographics and other emerging information technologies.
205. in the meantime, urgent measures should be taken to ensure the training of adequate and skilled manpower, as detailed in "paras. 252 to 267 of this report.
(b) Audio-visual Section
206. Audio-visual materials constitute a valuable source of information for science, education, training and research.
207. The NSTIDC should have a well-equipped audio-visual section possessing:
(i) motion films (8 mm, 16 mm and 35 mm);
(ii) audio-tape books (by many publishers);
(iii) audio-tape lectures by eminent scientists issued by learned societies like the Instrument Society of America, the American Society of Metals, etc.;
- 36 -
(iv) slides;
(v) transparencies (purchased abroad and produced locally in Ethiopian organizations);
(vi) video cassettes.
208. The Canadian Film Institute has more than 5,000 films and has published a catalogue. This catalogue may be used as a source of information for the purchase of films.
209. Similarly, the Engineering Societies Library, USA, has published a catalogue of technical films which can also be used as a source for selection.
210. The Science Film Catalog published by the American Association for Advance of Science, USA, may also be consulted to select films.
211. Other sources to be contacted for information on technical films include:
- Encyclopaedia Británica (films section);
- Technical Information Library, Federal Republic of Germany;
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France;
- United States International Communication Agency (through the American Embassy in Addis Ababa);
212. The British Council, Addis Ababa, has a good collection of technical and other films, film loops, audio-tapes, etc. It may be willing to procure other films on loan if required. It may also donate some audio-visual materials to the NSTIDC, if a request is made.
213. A first step might be to obtain the technical films on loan from the British Council and arrange to screen them once every two months as a regular service for the benefit of scientists and engineers.
214. The audio-visual section should be properly equipped with projection facilities, listening cabins, furniture, etc.
215. The section should also help Ethiopian scientists to make their own slides, transparencies, video-films and other audio-visual aids.
(c) Printing, Photography and Graphic Arts Section
216. This section is intended to serve the needs not only of the NSTIDC but also of all of the councils, departments and offices of the Commission.
217. Certain basic reprographic facilities have already been set up, and are now in use.
218. Since the NSTIDC will be bringing out a number of publications for the dissemination of information on its own behalf and on behalf of the Commission,
- 37 -
the existing facilities should be extended still further in order to have a fully-fledged unit with all the necessary printing, reprographic and graphic arts facilities.
219. The additional facilities proposed are:
(i) a desk-top publishing system similar to the Apple Macintosh and H-P microcomputer with software and laser printer;
(ii) photographic equipment and dark-room facilities;
(iii) microfilm/microfiche equipment, including camera, readers, reader-printers and associated facilities;
(iv) offset printer with a paper master system and other associated facilities;
(v) collating and binding equipment.
(d) Publications Section
220. It is suggested that the NSTIDC produce the following publications for the dissemination of information.
- ESTC Newsletter covering the activities of the ESTC and including the NSTIDC;
- R&D Digest covering current international developments in R&D in general and in Ethiopia in particular.
221. The services of subject specialists and reprographic facilities should be used to bring out these publications.
2Z2. In the course of time, when additional staff are available, this section will be expected to prepare state=of-the-art reports, trend reports and analytical reports on specific subjects.
(e) Patents and Trade Literature Section
223. This section should subscribe to patents gazettes, bulletins and other announcement publications from patents offices in the United Kingdom, USSR, Federal Republic of Germany, German Democratic Republic, France, Canada, Japan and the USA.
224. A subscription might also be made-to the index journal entitled «World Patents Index» published in different subject fields in the United Kingdom.
225. On receipt of these publications, patents considered relevant to the Ethiopian engineering industry should be selected and procured.
- 38 -
226. A documentation bulletin on patents should also be prepared and circulated.
227. Trade literature is another valuable source of information for the scientific and industrial development of a country.
228. Trade literature consists of product directories published in many countries, catalogues of products from manufacturing industries, publications of international organizations like General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the International Trade Centre (UNCTAD) and the World Bank, publications of Chambers of Commerce in many countries and market reports published by the «Economist» in the United Kingdom, and others.
229. The NSTIDC should compile a source directory of trade information and build up a collection of selected trade literature.
(f) Engineering Standards and Specifications
230. The Ethiopian Standards Institution (ESI) has a collection of nearly 90,000 standards as indicated in the response to a questionnaire sent out by the NSTIDC.
231. The NSTIDC should assist the ESI in strengthening the collection of engineering standards and supplying copies of standards to Ethiopian industry, whenever, required through suitable grants for the purchase of documents and photocopying equipment.
232. in cooperation with the ESI, the NSTIDC should also arrange to disseminate information on standards by producing and distributing a publication on «Monthly Standards Additions».
I. Special Projects and Programmes Division
233. in the context of ever-changing and rapid technological developments, it is imperative for the NSTIDC to keep abreast of innovations in order to attune its roles, policies and functions to evolving needs.
234. Some of the major projects which the division should initiate are:
(a) Setting up an on-line terminal facility to access international data bases
235. This project has already been initiated, as explained in the earlier pages of this report. Once the facility has been established, it should be maintained and operated by the Division.
(b) Ethiopian Data Communication Network
236. The Ethiopian Telecommunication Authority (ETA) is upgrading its facilities to offer a service for the transmission of data and texts as well as improved voice transmission.
- 39 -
237. A project may be initiated for the approval of the ESTC and the Government to set up a data communication network, at least in the Addis Ababa area to permit computer-to-computer access and transfer of data and information. Such a network will facilitate the installation of intelligent terminals in many of the libraries and provide access to computer-based data bases available both within the country and outside. A terminal could be installed in the Institute for Agricultural Research (LAR) Library to reach the CAB and AGRIS data bases from the ILCA Documentation Centre for information retrieval.
(c) R&D programmes in information science and technology
238. As a long-term policy, the NSTIDC might undertake R&D programmes in information science and technology, data communication, and computer science under its own auspices and also provide stimulation and support for similar activities carried out by other organizations and individuals.
(d) International collaboration and cooperation
239. As already indicated earlier, the NSTIDC should become the national focal point for international collaboration and cooperation.
240. The areas where collaborative activities can be carried out have been given above.
(e) Monitoring new technologies
241. The National Science Policy Paper has stressed the need to monitor the newly emerging technologies, such as bio-technology and microelectronics with a view to taking appropriate action to adapt them to the needs of the country.
242. Since the NSTIDC will be receiving a large number of scientific and technical publications in many inter-disciplinary areas, a small group of subject specialists working in the Centre should scan all the incoming material and monitor information on the developments taking place in the new areas. The Centre should also alert the authorities on the Commission and in the Government as to such developments. This service should take the form of a digest publication, SDI notifications, state-of-the-art reports, etc.
(f) Grant-in-aid schemes
243. In many countries, such as France, the UK and the USA, the government gives grants to promote innovations and developments in the area of information science and technology and thereby strengthen the national information system, although excellent facilities already exist in these countries.
244. In Ethiopia, where the national information system is still in the planning stage, it is far more necessary to provide liberal grants for promotion of training and education, documentary collections, information systems and services, publications and other activities which would directly contribute to the development of facilities throughout the country.
- 40 -
245. The NSTIDC should be the main focal point for considering proposals for grant-in-aid schemes in the area of information science and technology and the Government should approve adequate funds for this purpose.
Details of equipment and facilities required for the NSTIDC
246. The details of the equipment and facilities required for the NSTIDC may be listed under the following headings:
- library furniture;
- library equipment and supplies;
- computer facilities, equipment and supplies;
- audio-visual equipment and facilities;
- printing, reprographic and photographic equipment;
- micrographie equipment;
- office equipment.
247. Of these, modern reprographic facilities already exist, as mentioned above.
248. Steps have also been taken already to order additional items of equipment, furniture and computer facilities as follows:
- bookshelves, periodical display units, library supplies, etc.;
- HP 3000 series mini computer;
- computer furniture.
These items are considered adequate to meet present needs.
249. However, as the NSTIDC develops and its activities begin, additional equipment and facilities may be required.
250. Taking into account the available items and those on order, the details of any further items that might be required during the next few years have been worked out and are given in Appendix III to this report.
251. The items given are to be treated as only a «check-list» for consideration. Those to be procured would actually depend on the developing needs of the NSTIDC and on the availability of funds.
Manpower requirements and training
252. As already pointed out, availability of adequate numbers of qualified and experienced personnel will be the most crucial requirement for the successful growth and development of the NSTIDC and its sectoral information systems.
- 41 -
253. One of the major problems faced in many developing countries in planning national information systems is the difficulty in attracting persons of the right calibre to the profession and retaining them in it thereafter.
254. The changing developments in this field create a need for a cadre of individuals with analytical minds who are capable of creative thinking and preferably have background qualifications in science and technology. Scientists and engineers with the necessary intellectual background will be the most able, as a rule, to make information available in that area. It is therefore desirable to attract persons who have had experience in scientific research and development work. To secure the best people, it is essential to ensure that they will have career prospects comparable to those they would have otherwise enjoyed in their original branch.
255. A separate and distinct cadre for library and information science should be created in order to cater for the immediate and long-term manpower needs of the NSTIDC, the sectoral information systems and the national information system.
256. The cadre should offer good salary scales, bright prospects for advancement in the career ladder and training opportunities so as to attract those who can make original contributions.
257. Three cadre levels are recommended:
258.
- Group I - Junior grade staff
- Group II - Supervisory grade professional staff
- Group III - Senior officers (managing and directing)
Each group should be structured from bottom to top as follows:
(i) Group I
Group I (1)
Group I (2)
Group I (3)
(ii) Group II
Group II (1)
Group II (2)
Group II (3)
Junior Assistant, Grade I (Entry level)
Junior Assistant, Grade II
Junior Assistant, Grade III
Senior Technical Assistant Grade I (Entry level)
Senior Technical Assistant Grade II
Senior Technical Assistant Grade III
(iii) Group III
Group III (1) Senior Technical Officer Grade I (Entry level)
Group III (2) Senior Technical Officer Grade II
Group III (3) Senior Technical Officer Grade Ill/Deputy Director (Head of Division)
Group III (4) Director
- 42 -
A. Recruitment procedures and career prospects
259. Recruitment of staff for Groups I, II and III should normally be made at the entry level. Recruitment to entry level posts will be by competitive written examinations and practical tests. Candidates successful in the examinations and tests will have to appear before a Selection Board for final appointment.
260. Candidates chosen at the entry level will be promoted to the next grade in the career ladder after completing the prescribed number of years at each level. At the end of the prescribed period the Selection Board will screen and evaluate their work during the preceding years on the basis of reports and performance- at the interview. This procedure will ensure the availability of promotional opportunities and keep staff morale high.
261. Staff members who have acquired higher qualifications or pursued advanced training after joining the service may be granted accelerated or out-of-turn promotions. Every encouragement should be given to existing staff members eager to acquire professional qualifications and/or follow advanced training in the form of scholarships, studentships, stipends, official deputations with pay and allowances and so on.
262. Staff members who have done exceedingly good work or brought out publications of merit may be given advance increments on their salary scale.
263. In addition to recruitment at the entry level, there should also be direct recruitment and appointment to posts at all levels, depending upon needs and demands and whether persons with specialized qualifications and experience are required. However, this procedure should only be used in urgent and exceptional cases. Bringing in people from outside over the heads of those already in service may have an adverse effect on staff morale. If such recruitment is made, the posts should be advertised publicLy so that serving members of staff can also have opportunities to compete for such posts on a par with outside candidates.
264. It is estimated that the NSTIDC alone will need 50 additional posts during the five-year period from 1988 to 1992, or rather over and above the existing 16 posts. A summary of details of these posts is given in Appendix IV to this report. A breakdown of the 50 additional posts is given below:
- Central Technical Library - 11
- Information Processing and Documentation Division - 8
- Information Services Division - 6
- Sectoral Information Systems Division ' - 6
- General Facilities and Training Division - 9
- Special Projects and Programmes Division - 5
- Administration and Finance - 5
Total 50
- 43 -
265- Details of the grades and levels at which such posts should be filled are given below:
- Director, NSTIDC
- Chief Librarian, Central Technical Library (Senior Technical Officer, Grade II)
- Heads of Division (Senior Technical Officer, Grade II)
Information Processing Information Services Sectoral Information Systems General Facilities and Training Special Projects and Programmes
- Heads of Section in various Divisions and Translation Departments (Senior Technical Officer, Grade I)
- Professional Assistants in Information Analysis/Information Services/Library Services (Senior Technical Assistants, Grade III)
- Professional Assistants in Information Processing (Senior Technical Assistants, Grade II)
- Library Assistants (Senior Technical Assistant, Grade I)
- Administration and Finance Assistants
- Reprography Assistants/Binders/ Secretarial Assistants (Junior Assistants, Grade III)
The existing post of Head of the S&T Information and Documentation Unit should be upgraded to Director of the NSTIDC
10
12
2
2
15
Total 50
266. It will be seen from the above that 28 of the 50 additional posts required up to the level of Senior Technical Assistant, Grade III are professional posts, the remaining 22 belonging to the sub-professional and supporting categories.
267. The 50 additional posts may be categorized further according to qualifications, experience and other job requirements as follows:
- 44 -
- Post Graduates in Science (or Graduates in Engineering) with a degree in library/ information science (some previous experience will be preferred)
or
- Graduates in Science or Engineering with postgraduate qualifications in library/information science (some previous experience will be preferred) 10
Central Technical Library 1 ) Information Service Division 2 ) Sectoral Information Systems Division 4 ) General Facilities and Training ) Division 2 )
Special Projects and Programmes ) Division 1 )
- Post Graduates in Computer Science or Graduates in Engineering with specialization in Computer Science (some previous experience in information processing will be preferred) 3
Information Processing Division 2 ) Special Projects and Programmes ) Division 1 )
- Graduates in Arts/Science with a Degree or Diploma in Library Science 10
Central Technical Library 5 ) Information Processing Division 3 ) Information Services Division 2 )
- Science or Engineering Graduates 7
Information Processing Division 3 ) Information Services Division ) (Technical Translation) 1 )
Sectoral Information Systems ) Division 1 )
General Facilities Division 1 ) Special Projects and Programmes ) Division 1 )
- Matriculates with a Diploma in Library Science 2
Central Technical Library 2 )
- Matriculates with a Diploma in typewriting/word processing (secretarial assistants) 10
- Qualifications and experience in administration, finance, buying, stores, etc. 2
- 45 -
- Practical/technical experience in audiovisual techniques, photography, binding, etc. 6
50
B. Training
268. A fully-fledged Department of Library Science was established in Addis Ababa University in February 1966 to provide formal education in that field. Until about 1980, the Department offered two possibilities: a Minor course and a Diploma course. The objective of the Minor course was to prepare teacher-librarians for work in school libraries whereas the Diploma course was designed to train library assistants.
269. Both the above schemes were abolished in 1978 and replaced by a single Diploma course for the academic year 1978 to 1979. There had been 97 graduates from the Diploma course and 120 from the Minor course under the old scheme. The new Diploma course is expected to produce qualified and competent middle-level librarians to meet the needs of school, public and special libraries. The course lasts two years (with two semesters in each year). From 1980 to 1983, 166 graduates had attended the regular day programme and the extension programme.
270. it will be seen from the above summary of existing facilities for manpower development in library science that the situation is far from satisfactory. Both quantitatively and qualitatively, the students graduating from the Department of Library Science since 1966 (about 500) are too few to meet the needs of a country of the size of Ethiopia and since 1974 especially to take part in the accelerated developmental activities in the areas of science and technology education.
271. Moreover, the students who have been trained in traditional librarianship rather than in modern information systems will not be equipped to answer the manpower needs of the NSTIDC, which will be responsible for introducing modern information services in science and technology throughout the country. The lack of training facilities in modern information systems and services is largely due to the non-existence of such systems and services in Ethiopia.
272. in view of this, the establishment of a centre within the NSTIDC for imparting advanced training in modern information-handling techniques and computer-based information systems has been proposed, as described above.
273. it is recommended that the proposals under consideration for starting regular Bachelor's and Master's Degree courses in Library/Information Science in Addis Ababa University and the establishment of an international Training Centre in Informatics under the auspices" of the IDRC of Canada and Unesco be given priority.
274. Until these proposals can be implemented, it will be necessary to undertake urgent and short-term training programmes such as those outlined below.
- 46 -
C. Training for senior staff
275. Twenty additional posts are required (over and above the existing three posts) to provide Heads of Division and Heads of Section respectively.
276. It is recommended that suitable candidates having the prescribed qualifications be recruited immediately and that all 23 members of staff, including the three service members, be sent abroad for advanced training in library and information science under national and international scholarship schemes and other programmes.
277. The training schedule proposed for these 23 persons is as follows:
(i) Heads of Division
- Central Technical Library
- Information Processing - Information Services - Sectoral Information Systems - General Facilities and Training - Special Projects and Programmes
(ii) Heads of Section
- Central Technical Library - Sectoral Information Systems - Special Projects and Programmes
- Central Technical Library - Information Services - General Facilities
- Central Technical Library - Information Processing - Sectoral Information Systems - Special Projects and Programmes
- Central Technical Library - Sectoral Information Systems - General Facilities
- Central Technical Library
1) 1) 1) 1) 1)
1 (1989)
5 (1990)
1) 1) 1)
1) 1) 1)
1) 1) 1) 1)
1) 1) 1)
3 (1988)
3 (1989)
4 (1990)
3 (1991)
1 (1992)
Totals (i) and (ii) 20
(iii) Training of existing personnel 3 posts
Grand Total 23
- 47 -
273. Year-wise, the number of persons to be sent abroad for training will be as follows:
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
-----
6 4 9 3 1
persons (3 existing + 3 new) t i
r T
1 T
i i
23
279. Some of the foreign institutions to which senior persons can be sent for training are listed below:
- School of Librarianship and Information Studies, Ladbroke House, United Kingdom
- School of Information Science, City University, United Kingdom
- School of Library and Information Studies, Queen's University of Belfast, United Kingdom
- School of Library Information Studies, Loughborough University of Technology, United Kingdom
- College of Librarianship, University College of Wales, United Kingdom
- Indian National Scientific and Documentation Centre (INSDOC), India
- Indian Statistical Research Institute, Documentation Research and Training Centre, India
- Patrice Lumumba University, USSR
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Bibliothèques, France
230. In the USA, more than 70 universities offer courses of instruction in library and information science.
281. It is recommended that the following publications, which give details of courses available in library and information science, be obtained for guidance and selection:
- World of Learning, USA
- Commonwealth Universities Yearbook, United Kingdom
- Graduates and Professional Programs, Peterson's Guides, USA
D. Training for sub-professional staff
282. The Addis Ababa University should be requested to start, as from the new academic term, a one-year evening post-graduate Bachelor's Degree course in Library and Information Science, so that persons already working in the NSTIDC and other libraries may attend. For this purpose, grants should be given to the University to strengthen the faculties, textbook collections and other facilities.
- 48 -
283. The international organizations in Addis Ababa which have their own library and documentation centres, such as ILCA and PADIS, may be requested to accept fresh or serving library science diploma holders as apprentices for practical training in their respective libraries and documentation centres. A suitable stipend for the selected apprentices should be provided by the NSTIDC.
Links between the NSTIDC and other national, regional and international information systems
284. A significant role of the NSTIDC is to maintain close contacts and links with all national sources of information as well as with other information systems in the region and national nodes or «focal points» of information-producing countries throughout the world.
285. Such contacts entail taking part and organizing regular national meetings, initiating and maintaining working contacts with other national information systems in the region, promoting cooperative projects and programmes, particularly with regard to the education and training of librarians and information specialists.
286. The NSTIDC should represent Ethiopia on inter-governmental organizations and at conferences dealing with matters relating to libraries and information centres.
287. Some specific measures that might be taken to establish links with other information systems are detailed below.
A. Links with national information systems
2C8. The NSTIDC should strengthen its formal links with the following national information systems and develop, in due course, a formalized mutually cooperative information network:
- Library and Documentation Centre, International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), Addis Ababa
- Pan-African Documentation and Information System,(PADIS), Addis Ababa
- Sectoral Information Systems identified
- British Council Library, Addis Ababa
B. Committee membership
289. The directors of the information systems should be invited to serve on the working groups and committees set up by the NSTIDC. Similarly, the Director of the NSTIDC and/or his colleagues should be asked to sit on the advisory committees of other systems.
- 49 -
C. Exchange of publications
290. The information centres in the network system should freely exchange their publications, newsletters, bulletins and other unpriced publications.
D. Accession list
291. Under the principle of decentralized input and centralized processing and output, the sectoral information systems within the network should send copies of the main entry cards or worksheets in respect of all new S&T publications received by them to the NSTIDC with a view to bring out a «Current Additions to Addis Ababa Libraries». Such a publication, produced by cooperative efforts, would be a very useful tool for the dissemination of information and for promoting inter-library cooperation.
E. Ethiopian Library Association
292. The NSTIDC should provide support for the activities of the Ethiopian Library Association in the shape of financial grants for the organization of study-circles, lectures, short-term courses, conferences, and so on, to promote the level of knowledge and competence of all serving librarians and information personnel in the country. The Association should be encouraged to conduct a one-year diploma course in library and information science in the evenings; this diploma should be recognized by the Government for purposes of recruitment to junior-level posts in all state libraries and information centres.
F. Cooperation with the British Council Library, Addis Ababa
2.93. The NSTIDC should enrol as an institutional member of the British Council Library in order to take advantage of the excellent documentary collections, audiovisual materials and other resources available. It would also be advisable to request the British Council Library to play a greater role in providing library and information services in Ethiopia and also to arrange for gifts of S&T publications from many donor institutions and agencies in the United Kingdom.
294. It might be possible, in cooperation with the British Council, to invite librarians and information specialists from the United Kingdom to visit Ethiopia and conduct special programmes in manpower education and training.
295. It should also be possible, with their assistance, to procure S&T books from British sources, as well as science films on loan and overseas photocopy coupons of the British Library's Document Supply Centre.
G. Links with regional information systems
296. The NSTIDC should apply to represent Ethiopia in the Regional Committee (Council) for the Development of Information Services in Eastern Africa, at the Kenya Academy for the Advancement of Arts and Sciences, Nairobi. Membership of the Regional Committee would help to promote resource sharing and lead to a standardization of bibliographical activities and the development of common regional information products and services (directories of experts and on-going R&D projects, union catalogues, inter-library loans, regional document delivery service).
- 50 -
297. Since Kenya is a neighbouring state, contacts there should.be established through appropriate sectoral information systems with the libraries of the following organizations for regional cooperation in resource-sharing, exchange of publications and other activities:
- Kenya University Library, Nairobi
- United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi
- The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE)
- The International Laboratory for Research ön Animal Diseases
- The Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Mugugal, and
- The Ministry of Agriculture.
298. A survey of existing information systems and libraries in other major countries in Africa should be undertaken with a view to active participation in regional cooperation. A list of major libraries and information centres may be found in many directories like the «Africa Yearbook», the «Commonwealth Universities Handbook» for African countries belonging to the British Commonwealth, the Unesco Directory of World Information Centres and «Europa Yearbook», the «World of Learning», etc.
H. Links with international information systems
299. It is suggested that the NSTIDC apply for membership, as a national member representing Ethiopia, of the following international professional organizations in order to have access to their services:
(i) The International Federation of Documentation (FID), Netherlands
(ii) The International Federation of Library Associations, Netherlands
300. The NSTIDC might also consider becoming an institutional member of the following national library associations:
(i) The Association for Information Management (ASLIB), United Kingdom
(ii) Special Libraries Association, USA
(iii) American Society for Information Service, USA
(iv) Other national associations in Sweden, Federal Republic of Germany, USSR, German Democratic Republic, etc.
301. Membership of these associations would entitle the NSTIDC to obtain their publications at membership rates. It would also open opportunities to participate in conferences and to take advantage of their training facilities and other professional services.
- 51 -
302. Some learned societies and technical associations have a scheme of corporate/institutional membership:
- American Society for Testing Materials, USA
- Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., USA
- American Society for Mechanical Engineers, USA
(There are in all about 14 engineering societies in the USA alone and many others in other countries. For a list see Europa Yearbook and other directories)
303. Membership of these societies would be helpful in order to receive some free publications and also to obtain all the other publications and journals at membership rates. Their libraries' services for photocopies of articles, reports would also be available. Similarly, it would be possible to take advantage of their training programmes and to participate in the conferences they organize.
304. Finally, links should be established with all the information systems under the UN and its agencies throughout the world.
Estimate of financial requirements
305. It is impossible to work out precisely and in detail the financial contribution that might be required to complete the project to set up the National Scientific and Technological Information and Documentation Centre within the next five years (1988-1992).
30Ó. The project is already an on-going one, as outlined above, and investments have already been made in terms of numbers of staff, equipment, in-house staff training and other facilities provided under the UNDP and Unesco assistance programmes and with the Government's counterpart provision in local currency.
307. A new building for the NSTIDC is also being planned and is expected to be ready in about three years time.
308, Any estimate of the order of fresh investments must take all these factors into account. The following statement has been drawn up on that basis.
- 52
-
o H
O
I-I
CO
O
o L
O i-
1
0
o o 10
O
o o o
o o o
o LO
o LO
LO
CN
C
Ti
cy>
Oí
O
CJN
O
V
cy. oo
O v
o en
CN
o CM
m CN
vO
r-l
CN
tí *-N ca
co S
rC
4
J
o tí
<=> 2
v£> S
tí /•••»
ca w
B
rC
4J
<
• tí
o
o
LO
g
ça co
a x
4
-1 O tí
CN
O
•tf
B
tí ^
ca w
s x
¡ 4
J
O tí
vO
O
en B
LO
C
N
m
O
O
LO
o o o o o o
LO
L
O
CO
u X
o L
O
O
r-t
O
en CO u
rC
LO
C
N
O
rM
LO
C
N
CO i-I
rC
O
o
o
r-l O
C
N
CO
^-
\ H
Lj
LO x! ca
[^
C
U
o >,
LO
o ro
LO
C
N
O
CN
O
CO
LO
C
N
o CN
r-l
C
8
O
en
LO
C
N
O
CN
LO
L
O
LO
o l>»
VO
CN
v
O
O
CN
SO
vO
en
tí o
•H
•r-l
S L
O
en L
O
u u •H
X!
4-1
w
oo 0
0
CT
i
tí <U a 4-1
CO C
U > tí r-l
I 3
CJ
U ed
O 00
CO
cu 0
0
ca ?
•o
tí
c8
W cu •H
M
ca
r-l ca co ca
c/i
tí ^
ca co
B
X!
4J
O tí
en
&
!-l
u •1
-1 M
X!
4J
Ed
4J
^
-N
ca w
X!
CO X
i 4J
tí O
E I tí
S O
sj-
CN
•
X
00
O
tí O B I
tí
u CU
O.
tí •M 4-1
U
CU
C
u
co c8
•H
K O
CU O
o o LO
co 0
0
tí •H
H
4J ta
4-1
CO
• r-l
L
M
O
o
« o
CU
» W
O
3
en 4
-1
tí M
3
LM
x¡ 4-1
5
C0
CU 0
0-H
tí 4-1
•r-l
-H
T3 r-l
HM
ca
LM
O CU
•S co 3 r-l
CJ
•S H ta C
O
M
CU
P
. M
•M O
3 ea
X <M
* "2
CU tí
Z ea
r-l
>
M
4J
CU
Cd
CO
T) tí ca
u cu
o r-l
M
•S
H
ea c/j
rH
Z •M
ca
eu S -=
ea
4J
>,
M
O
i—l
O -r-l
r-l
L
M
CO
ca u
o
LM
O
> •H
4J
-O
CU
C
0 •>
3 4J
O
<u
fi
-H
co eu
M
cd E
ea X
O
, >
O
-M
r-l
3 C
0 3
cr
u
eu eu -M
M
o tí
CU
x¡ 4
-1
O
-g ed CO C
U •
M
O tí CU
00
tí
•M 4
-1 tí o
CJ
C0
/-s
u u
O
X ea
L
O o
o
o
C0
4-1
s cu
cu X tí
ca o
>>
•* ta
4-1
o.
cd u
C0
-M
eu c
00
3
" §
ca
E X
O
CJ
O
CU
tí rM
O
CU •r-l
H
cu
4-1
•r-l
CJ
CU
ca co
LM
3
C0 LM
Cfl
O
CU
CJ
CJ
ea cu tí
•M
ca o
•M
c 3
lx
O
4-1
O
W
CU
-M
C
J
cu X
H
4J
tí
M
O
U
•H
o L
M
•
X
>> 4
J
4J
W
•H
M
O
O
O
X
LO
4J
3
M
<
ea
co. C
U •
M
M
ca u
X
.-i
H
ca «a M
en o
. 4
-1 »
U
co eu
B co
cu o 4-1
Tí
•M
ed
I
tí •H I
4-1
tí ed M
O
co
co
tí o
• 4J
-M
ed
cfl
I cu C
J •r-l
C0
4-1
CU
tí -H
4)
TJ
U
3
a,
4J
O.
CO
CO
o.
cd
X 4
-1
3 cu
O
T3
rM
3
o M
co X ta
tí l-l
•M
X
CU
CO 4J
o «
4J
C
O
o. •
•M
O
00
c •
M
c
•r-l
ea «
M
CO
4-1
Cu
.
-H-B
ü
X tí
co co
cd
CO
CU
u ed O
X
co M
cd
c •r-l
.
S CJ
eu -u
co cu
CO r-l
eu eu
tí x
•H
-H
ea x
u *
H CU
C3 U
0
0
O
U
Cu
M
C
LO
CO
c o •
M
4-1
ed U
•M r-l
X 3
a.
tí. o ed S
•H E eu co co
tí o
•M
4
-1 ed E U O
CM
tí M
00
C
•H
•M
CJ
ed
ca
co CU
rM
X ed E 3 co C O o Pv eu M
eu *
C
0)
O
00
• M
ed
ea co
4J
O
co tu
o >>
U
tí cu r-l U
3
CJ
ed o o tí
•M
«
4J
^
O
H
rM
O
CO
Z
LO
V
O
ON
r-l
- 53 -
Details o£ international assistance required
309. Setting up a National Scientific and Technological Information and Documentation Centre almost from scratch, so to speak, is a challenging and rewarding enterprise, but nevertheless, a costly one. If the NSTIDC can be successfully established as a vigorous and dynamic operational service, as envisaged in this project report, it will prove of great and indispensable benefit in supporting and accelerating R&D activities throughout the country.
310. Establishing such a service, however, calls for an investment of the order of 5.35 million over the next five years (1988-1992) in local currency alone, not to mention the foreign exchange content of the project, needed for the import of scientific and technological publications, journals, equipment and facilities, training, consultancy services, etc.
311. Such a heavy burden, however essential, is bound to strain the limited and scanty financial resources of a developing country like Ethiopia, where there are many more important sectors which must be given higher priority.
312. Considerable assistance from several international organizations, aid agencies and other funding sources will therefore be necessary. Inevitably, if such assistance is not forthcoming, the project will take many many years to materialize and may not even be viable ultimately.
313. It is recommended that the Commission and the Government explore all possible external funding sources in order to secure implementation of the project within the five year time limit.
314. The details of those development activities which require international assistance under the project and the extent of that assistance are indicated in the statement attached.
- 54
-
4-1 O
ca u cu
XI
4-1
U
CU
O.
O
O
O
O
o
c8 -cfl-
O
o
o *
o
o
m
r-l T
3 ca
a •H
ca 4-) tí
a <U
-
H
CO
4-1
CO
-r-l
CU
4J
tí T
) <U
tí
-H
ca u
co
CJ
•rl 4-1
CO
O
cd
xi co
tí
4-1 O
O
T-l 4-1
4-> O
u
<u
O
r-l O
. r-l
S
o
M
O
cal
•r-l tí X
¡ CJ CU
T
3 H
C
ca
I—1
ca u
t-i
Q
4-1 M
tí
H
CU
C
/J
o
s cu cu
X
¡ X
¡ 4
-) 4
J
60 4-1
c o
•I-I
•>
TJ
co
C
x:
ca o. ca
• í-l
CJ
M
4-) O
C
J
tí o
-S
co
r-l •» ca
co
tí
Já
tí
o
ca o
s
,o
•S
i—i
co
ca ¿¿
o
o
• rl
O
tí X
¡ X
¡ -O
Ü
tí
cu ca
4-1 X
! • co
S
cu
4J
X co
•rl
>,
CO
CO
cu
c x:
o
4-> -
H
4-1 4-1
ca
0 E
H
CO
O
C
U
4-1
•rl tí
rl M
ta U
r-l
a.
t^xi
ca O
S-i
r-l C
8 C
U
S-4 >
x.
cu
-ri
Q
hJ
•rl í-l
rJ O
4J
CU
U
A
CU
4J C
/3
O
O
\r\
4J CO
ca CU
r-l 4-1
ca o
4J
tí o
•rl 4-1 tí.
•rl U
CJ CO
ru
3 co
and
/—^
CM
CTN
o> r-l P». X
i s—
'
co
r-l ca CJ
•rl T
3 O
•rl U
0)
eu
4J
tí cu
rl rl 3 u
• co
4-1 CU
CO
J¿
CJ
ca xi
4-1
o
CU
co
ca rtí CJ
u
3 O.
O
O
O 0t
O
o from 2
248 i -
O
'CO
CU
-*
4J C
M
U
CU
•
r-4 C
O
cu ca C
O
í-l
ca 4-1
CU
tí cu
tí S
-H
O
. •rl
tí 4J
3 CU
r-l
w
> o
CU
-rl O
, 60
CU
4-1 U
O
4-1 co co
4J
T-l -rl
HH
Í O
4J
tí. cu
S
x:
4-1 M
4-1
O
13 tí ca cj
tS
•rl g
x:
ca «
o.
oo ca 4-1
tí U
tí
• H
00 CU
4-1
O
Ë
tí ^
tí. •rl
O
-H
!-i X
I 3
a a
er <U
4-1
•> O
O
i-I
•rl C8
&X
! 3
3 O
. co
ca
-rl 00
rl >
tí Û
0 1
•rl O
O
4J
í-l -H
4.1
a.
-a CU
CU
3
co !-(
ca
co
CU
•r-l
4-1 •rl 1—
1 •rl O
ca
4-1
o
o
o A
o
o ers, 3
ths), uter-
¿2
tí O
. C
J O
E
ca E
o
C
U
1 CJ
•u
tí •
^ ca
T3
S tí
co ca
4J O
í-4
CM
C
O
CU
i-l
tí
o.
o
¡*¡ 1
>rl
CU
4
J
co o
4
-1 í-l
CU
O
«J
H
•9 '-' co
E
o
91
91 U
u
E
•rl
J¿
>
>. O
í-l
4-1 O
cu
i-i
xi W
3
4J Ü
X
•
« cu
r-l
4-1 4-1
tí •rl
-o
tí C
U
ca u
4J
(JO
tí
tí cu
•rl C
J tí
•rl 4-1
ca c
M cu
H
E
o.
ca o
I-I
4-1 CU
o
> C
U
o- o
o
3 Q
í-l
r-l
Ü0
CU
H
tí S
M
•
HO
Z 4J
Oí
4-1 tí
CU
cu ca x
: C
O
S
4J
• co
13 •1-4
ca tí o
•1-4 4-> CJ 3 U
4J CO
tí •rl
T3 CU
4-1 CO
• H
CO
co
ca
o
o
o A
o
o training 2
co
ca cu
co
u cu
¡> o
u
o
4-1
co
o. •rl X
I co
rl ca I-I o
x: CJ C/J e C
M
T3
cu
4J CJ CU
r-l CU
CO
!i O
4-1
CO
cu
co
rl 3 O
O
P
TJ 3 4-1 CO
13 tí CO
nnel o
CO
í-i <u
a. tí o
•rl 4-1
ca a Ü
o
4-1
tí •rl
-o
tí ca >-> í-i ca rl
Xi
•1-1 1-1
/-N
co
XI 4-1 tí o
S
1 tí ca E
O
<
•
CM
*»
•
O
o
o ffl
o
o er- 1
line
4-1 1
tí tí •rl
O
í-l C
O
O
CO
4-1
CU
CJ CU
C
J
E ca
•r-l 4-1 C
U
co
4J ca
CJ
X)
CU
1
tí ca
tí 4-1
o ca
ü
T3
i í-i i-i
cu ca •"->
tí 3
O
0--rl E
<>-> o
ca o
tí
o
4-1
>s ca 4-1
4-1
•H ca
r-l -O
•rl C
J r-4
ca ca
4-J tí
O
r-l -H
CO
4J
tí ca
•n
E
E
u
u
o
CU
4
-1
4J
tí •H
CU
tí
w •rl
C0
i-l CU
1
CJ
tí O
o ca
1 basis
ca 4-1
tí cu
E
•H
í-l CU
a X
CU
tí CB
tí O
• co
rl
X!
O
O
o A
!—1
•*—'
co
cu
co
CB
Xi
/-^ í-i 3 O
XI í-l CU
tí.
o
o
1—1
co
!-4
ca rH
i—
1
O
•o
4-1
ca
o
o
o *
O
o
en
CN
- 55
-
CO
u
•1-1 14-1
0» X
! co
•U
U
CO
6
0 <U
a >> •1-1
u
o
3 3
Q
-U
O
O
O *
in CO
y^
U
S
tí O
01
-r-l
>, -u
CO
C
N|
4-1 v-'
C
<U
»-" S
C
U C
U
CO i-l
•1-4 0
-
> s
•d
-i-i
ca 4-1
4J O
C
J 0)
ai .i-i
•r-l O
O
l-i
!-l Q
, p
. M
cu
o
C
M-i
o
^ •
1-1
CO
4-1
s cfl 4-1 1—
1
3 CO
c o
u
IM
o
CO
0) 0
• 1-1
> M
cu
c/5 • L
O
"J Ol
•1-1
3 CT" CU
!-< c Ol
Xi ¡3
O
o
o M
m
CN
i ^
!-4 C
O
<U ¿
2 4J
4-1
3 3
ft O
I F
U
3 ^
^ es S
4J
tí o
cd
v-' 4J
^-s
1-4 4J
3 co
C
O
-r-l 3
r-i O
es O
—
1 U
cu cu
C
Cu
O
co
• C
M
CO
U
•r-l lt-1
01 ,3 4-1
60 S
•i-l ¡-I 3 O
O
O
o
o
m
>> u
tí u
X
I •H
i—
1
—'
4-1 3 cS
4-1 r-l 3 co
3 O
O
cu
s o
• C
O
í-i eS
0)
>.
4-1 3 01 S
cu
M
eS
S
cS
S
T
S
S
CS
S
o
•1-1 4J
es N
•i-I 3 cS
/~\ C0
x¡ 4J S
o
S 1
3 eS
S
00
CN
S-l O
1-1 N
-'
T3
CU ^4
•H
3 cr" 4) i-i 3 CU
X
¡ S
O
O
o A
in
CN
3 O
•H
4J cS
g O
«4-1
3 •iW
'>—' 4J 3 es 4-1 i—
l 3 co
3 O
U
CU
3 O
• -tf
T3 S
es
•~
\
oo co
3 ,3
•i-I 4
J
4J S
O
O
es
a U
1
4J S
co
cd
xt g
es vD
A
>
*•
t>0 S
/-*
•i-l 6
0 co
3 C
0 -i-l
eu 1«! CJ
0) O
13
H
3 O
.-1-l
T3
eu i-l
•1-1
3 cr 0) M
S
eu
j
5 o
o
o A
m
CN
s o
•1-1 4-1 CO
^
"v
N
C0
•i-l eu
3 ü
cS -
H
s?e o
cu
•—'
co
•u
3 S
O
C
fl .i-l
4-> 4
J i-l
CO
3 S
CO
M
3 O
O
14-1
Ü
S
•i-I CU
S
1-t
o
o
• m
^-s co
x¡ 4-1 S
o
B
1 S
eS
S
V
O
v—
/
O
o
o M
o
o
CN
m •
o
s * 1-1
w u o
14-1
1-4 C
S 4->
O
H
O
O
O A
O $1,50
•^
m
o
4J
•-i • CO
o
s • 1-1 C
/3 ^-x
1-1
cS
4-1
o
4-1
•o
3 cS M
O
co
S
O
• H
4-1 •
i-l ond o
T3 S
cS
ng, terms
•H
T3 S
3
i+-i
M-l O
CO
S
eu
4-1 •i-i CJ •H
4-1 •H
CJ 01 C
leo
Oi
CO
3 O
•1-1 4J annual alloca cu
JS
4J
CO
T) ^ C0 (JO
C
U
r-l
CO
CS
CO
1-1 •1-1
es 4-1
eu
eu
X!
H
13 •
i-I
CS
9)
-3 4-1 ties and
•I-I í-i o
X!
4-1
3 CO
S
es •H
a. o
•H
X
! 4-1
w eu
X!
4J
3 Ol
Ol
¡s 4-1
o> X
i be worked out o
4-1
Ol
U
CS •
O
+-I
01 »1
0)
o 3 cfl
4-1 CO
•i-I CO
CO cfl
U-4
o
• XI d
i
s u cu
o
3 O
Ü
co
3 O
•H
4-1
es N
•
i-I gan
u
o
- 56 -
IV.. RECOMMENDATIONS
315. It is recommended that:
(a) The establishment of the NSTIDC, as contemplated in this report, be approved as a high priority project without further delay, by an appropriate announcement in the National Gazette.
(b) The Government allocate the necessary funds for the establishment of the Centre and provide all the necessary facilities, such as buildings, manpower and equipment to ensure its successful growth and development.
(c) The Government approve the recruitment of qualified and experienced staff and arrange for their training.
(d) The Government explore also possibilities of seeking international assistance for the Centre in order to meet foreign exchange costs in respect of scientific books, journals and other publications, equipment and facilities and manpower training.
(e) The Government consider favourably the recommendations of the Vienna Plan of Action (1979) of the United Nations and implement various measures to formulate and adopt national information programmes as an integral part of the overall national development policy. Similarly,it should augment and improve library facilities and services and strengthen infrastructures in order to take advantage of the vast resources available in both the developed and the developing countries. Some of the steps the Government might approve have been discussed in detail in this report.
- 57 -
APPENDIX I
List of Background Publications Studied
Parthasarathy, S.: Establishment of a National Scientific and Technological Information Centre, Paris, Unesco, 1978 (FMR/BEP/PGL/78/151)
Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission and Unesco: Proceedings of the Seminar on National Information Policy and. Plan, Nazreth, 4-7 April 1984.
Schwartz, S. and Winkel, A.: Background Study and Proposals for Development of Information Provision in Science and Technology, in Ethiopia, Copenhagen and Stockholm, 8 May 1984
Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission: National Science and Technology Policy Paper (Draft), Addis Ababa, January 1987
Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission: A Proposal for the Establishment of a National Scientific and Technical Information and Documentation Centre (Draft), Addis Ababa (1986)
United Nations Development Programme: Establishing a National Scientific and Technology Information System: Socialist Ethiopia (Project Document), New York and Addis Ababa, 1986
United Nations: Scientific and Technological Information for Development: Proceedings of the Ad-hoc Panel of Experts on Information Systems for Science and Technology Development, New York, United Nations, 1984
Unesco: NATIS - National Information Policy, Paris Unesco, 1976
Unesco: Guidelines on National Information Policy (Scope, Formulation and Implementation), Paris, Unesco, 1976
Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission: Introduction to Information Systems: A Report, Addis Ababa, 1986
- 58
-
APPEN
DIX
II
4-1
U
u
n) Ö
o
•H
rt N
•r-l
03 bO
'H
O
1-
ul
EST mlsi
E
o
U
~
tor
«Í •
I Q
11°
II 2
25
2g
<
! U
JQ
o
llf
i¥
O
EL
.
2 c
•a |
i-Q
•S
E
O
O
CD
Si il —
D t,
Q.
C O
is o
o
UU
Z
¿ » I
U :-a 6
u. -a .£ I 3
£
3 S
3
O
iJU
K2
«I
•° E
^ g
o -a
2
»
c — O
. <o
°
oc
"í
5=
*~
o -a
—
o
.sua
r-S
su
o. o
o
—
a:
o
éz
M
té
m
m
C
cj U
u
— c
»S
i «
(U
Cl
t-
-ÍS
tn
ZU
í M
P E
ÏIl z-a
V)
•a £
m 3
c 2
a "
a
_j
•»I
is
CJ
>*
°£ E
Ç
» o
Ht
UJ J
= t/i
O
i/i
<
2 E
c
u
a .c
ou
£
-3
^ o
Pf
If m
• •a S
£°ÏS
-t-
E ^
—
J3
•S °
S £
Z
Çn
jï
ii
—
U-
¿- n
i i.i
U.
-ac
11
m
Q
h
- 59 -
APPENDIX III
Checklist of Furniture and Equipment Required
Library Furniture
(a) Details of furniture on order
The following items of library furniture are already on order:
1. Shelving racks for books, periodicals, newspapers, maps
2. Display units for periodicals
3. Book trolley
4. Furniture for video units
5. Computer furniture
6. Pamphlet boxes
7. Catalogue card cabinet
The quality of items ordered is considered adequate for the present.
(b) Details of furniture to be ordered locally
1. Tables and chairs as required
2. Cataloguing and classification table (main table with trays for catalogues and an attached side table for typewriter - to be made to order)
3. Bulletin board
4. Study carrels for readers
5. Library stools
6. Periodicals sorting rack with A-Z pigeon holes
7. Directory stand
8. Lounge furniture (Sofa-set)
9. Display rack for new books
10. Lateral filing cabinet (for reprints and for publications in flexible covers)
11. Caution bells (to be sounded 3 minutes before closing)
- 2 Nos.
- 6 Nos.
- 12 Nos.
- 1 No.
- 1 No.
- 2 Sets
- 1 No.
- 6 Nos.
- 2 Nos.
- 60 -
APPENDIX III (Cont'd)
(c) Details of furniture to be ordered abroad
The following items may be procured from foreign sources:
1. Library catalogue cabinets (60 drawers each) - 4 Nos.
- one for author - one for subject headings - one for reports and reprints - one for periodicals
2. Microfiche storage cabinet - 1 No.
3. Microfilm storage cabinet (for books and dissertations on microfilm) - 1 No.
Library Equipment
The following items may be procured from foreign sources:
1. Fire-fighting systems (foam or chemical based) - 2 Units
2. A complete set of book binding system with wire stitching, cutting, folding machines and accessories - 1 Unit
3. Table-top binding system (for pamphlets and periodicals) with accessories - 1 No.
4. Packing equipment for books and accessories - 1 No.
5. Line index (Rotadex) with index strips - 2 Nos.
6. 5" x 3" catalogue card duplicator with accessories - 1 No.
7. Wall clocks (local) - 4 Nos.
8. Book supports (plastic) - 250 Nos.
9. «Se-lin» book spines labelling system - 1 No.
10. 3 - M (GAYLORD) lettering system - 1 No.
Computer Facilities, Equipment and Supplies
Micro-computer facilities exist already. Purchase of one HP 3000 mini-computer system is in process.
The following additional items may be ordered from foreign sources:
1. Off-line data entry equipment - 2 Nos.
2. Magnetic tape storage racks - 2 Nos.
3. Diskette-to-tape convertor - 1 No.
- 61 -
APPENDIX III (Cont'd)
4. Computer stationery storage racks - 2 Nos.
5. Glass cases for books, catalogues, etc. - 2 Nos.
6. Wall clock - 1 No.
7. Punched tape Reader (if necessary) - 1 No.
8. Punched card Reader (if necessary) - 1 No.
9. Computer terminal work stations (for micro-computers, HP 3000 mini-computer system, etc.) - 6 Nos.
10. CD-ROM system with computer, CD-ROM drive and printer (for consideration in future) - 1 No.
Training Centre Facilities
Equipment and facilities required are:
1. Microphone and speaker system - 1 No.
2. Woode,n platform, (local) - 1 No.
3. Platform chairs and tables - as required
4. Overhead projector - 2 Nos.
5. Slide-projector with remote control - 2 Nos.
6. Voice-cum-vision synchronized system - 1 No.
7. Cassette tape record player with listening cabins and headphones - 4 Nos.
8. Video - VCR system - 1 No.
9. 8 mm, 16 mm and 35 mm projectors - 1 No. each
10. Cine screens - 1 No.
11. Blackboards (fixed) with lighting arrangement - 1 No.
12. Special chairs for trainees with provision for writing facility - 24 Nos.
13. Dictaphone - 1 No.
Printing, Reprographic and Photographic Equipment
Adequate printing and reprographic facilities exist at present. •
One more xerox 1035 copying machine has been ordered by Unesco for supply to NSTIDC under an aid programme.
The following additional items may be required:
- 62 -
APPENDIX III (Cont'd)
1. Desk-top publishing system (similar to apple-microcomputer with software and laser printer) - 1 Unit
2. Offset printing machine with accessories - 1 No.
3. Paper-master making equipment (to produce a paper-master on chemically coated paper) for offset printing (similar Rotoprint Electrofax and Ricoh models) - 1 No.
4. Sorting and collating equipment - 1 No.
5. Ruling machine - 1 No.
6. Folding machine - 1 No.
7. Photographic equipment system with dark room facilities - 1 Complete Set
8. Video-film camera and equipment - 1 Set
Micrographic Equipment
At present, no micrographie equipment is available.
The following items are recommended for purchase:
1. Microfiche readers (table model)
2. COM microfiche reader
3. Microfiche reader (portable model)
4. Microfilm reader
5. Microfiche reader printer
6. Microfiche consumables storage unit
7. Microfiche camera and microfiche production system (for future consideration)
8. Microfilming unit and processing equipment (for future consideration)
Office Equipment
The following items may be required:
1. Electronic typewriters with 32 K internal memory and additional external memory system - 2 Nos.
2. Inter-com systems - 1 (16 lines
3. Lateral filing systems - 2 Units
4. Tables and chairs - *~ '~ '
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
i-i
Nos
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
- 63 -
APPENDIX III (Cont'd)
General
A copy of the Consultant's paper on «some aspects of planning, design and procurement of library furniture» was sent to the Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission for general information.
This paper contains an exhaustive list of library furniture and equipment that may be needed for a modern technical library and information centre.
- 64
-
APPEN
DIX
IV
C
O
•H
4J •i-l
T3
T3
<3
ß ni
U O M
H
C
O
s a) 4=
to O P
u
SO c¡
.1-1
4-1
•i-)
w O
o t-l
CM
1—1
I 00 00
•I-I
cd 4J
o
14-1 O
u C3
0) M
•H
3 o*
m
u w u ta o
C
M
CO
a; <; s w
a;
Q
2: *»: a; o 2:
« ^
* r 11;
OS
Oö
Q
OÍ
kl
DÍ
CO
E-CO
O
ß
,
•J 2: O
S Q
Q
CM
O
l a
i
c» o
i
Ol
O)
Ol
co O
l
CO
00 O
l
2,
CO
•—
I
X ~1
O
to 2
:
te
o « °
U
*o
T3
*-> o
au
s
-H
2
*-< C
o
CO
C
O
Ol
1/5 in
I C
O
"H
I <
M
I C
I
»—i
i-i C
M
.-i C
M
CM
•—
i
I C
M
CM
C
M
CM
C*3
CM
c*j
<o C
O
2: O
to
*-< Q
k.
o
kl -e •
<
2:
o
S
Q
kl t-"
E-«
fri to
^
¡
Z ^
- ce
Q
t-. <
2 fa]
tü
ï O
O
2 •* S
r- •»
t-« '-
5 2
^ to
S
Po
o 5
CL, Q
2 O
S
«s
2 O
E- O
E
-O
u.
to kl
2 ^
to £
; to
to cu
3 2
o
-a
to -<í
SÍ
§
, « lo«
uj a,
o. to
-ü 3:
O E-