postcolonial studies & goan historiography
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8/8/2019 Postcolonial Studies & Goan Historiography
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/postcolonial-studies-goan-historiography 1/1
Hjpx hen hjnrtja htexmcx Htkxpknj Getke! Wexhj
K gsaa{ eftcc vkrm Lkhmeca Gcttckte‛xacrrct jn rmc tchcnra{ hjnhasbcbTjeb xegcr{ vcco - Mcteab 55 Ien+.Btkwknf e wcmkhac jn Fjen tjebx! enbcxpchkeaa{ Wexhj! mex dchjlc wct{ benfctjsx. [js ncwct onjv vmj le{ hjlc kn dcrvccn {jst wcmkhac.
Len{ pcbcxrtkenx enb wcmkhac jvn,ctx! reao jn rmckt hcaa pmjncx vmkaxr
veaoknf jt btkwknf. Jn rmc isnhrkjnxer rmc KJH enb rmc tekave{ jwct dtkbfc!enb egrct kr! rteggkh hjpx xmjsab dc
pjxrcb.Rmc ljtc rmc nsldct jg rteggkh pj,
akhc! rmc acxxct rmc hmenhcx jg en ehhk,bcnr.
Xcnxcacxx ljrjtkxrx Ijmn Ajdj! Heaenfsrc
Rmc Knbken fjwctnlcnr mex bjnc e ajr rj klptjwc rmc hjnbkrkjnx jg tjebx. Mjv,cwct! K el wct{ lshm bkxeppjknrcb vmcnljrjtkxrx reoc rj rmc tkfmr xkbc jg rmctjeb! cxpchkeaa{ rmc rvj enb rmtcc aencjncx. Rmc ljlcnr rmc{ jwct reoc e wc,mkhac gtjl rmc acgr! rmc{ xvkrhm rj rmctkfmr. Rmkx aenc kx gjt gexr ljwknf wcmkhacxenb gjt jwctreoknf.
Vm{ bjcxn‛r rmc TRJ gknc rmcxc btkwctx:Len{ rtsho! rclpj enb dsx btkwctx etc ka,akrcterc enb bjn‛r onjv tjeb xcnxc. Rmcxc
btkwctx etc kn bktc nccb jg cbsherkjn kntjeb xcnxc.
Fjenx reoctx gjt KPA: Ebcalj Gctnenbcx! Wexhj
Jnc vjnbctx vmer mex meppcncb rjFje‛x xcnxerkjnea Xvepnka Exnjboet vmjxmjnc kn KPA‛x knesfstea cbkrkjn enbhesfmr rmc klefknerkjn jg rmc htkhocrknf vjtab pae{knf eajnfxkbc rmc Ptjrcex hep,rekn Fteclc Xlkrm.
Dsr gtjl rmcn jn! kr xcclcb e bjvnxakbcgjt rmc reacnrcb Fjen. Gjtrsnerca{! enjrmctpae{ct jg Fjen jtkfkn! Xmebed Ieoerk mexfjnc gtjl xrtcnfrm rj xrtcnfrm enb vex etcwcaerkjn kn rmc aexr KPA vkrm mkx klptcxxkwcpctgjtlenhcx kn xpkn enb gkcabknf. Mjpc,gsaa{! mc vkaa bjn rmc {caajv ictxc{ jg rmcHmcnnek Xspct Oknfx. Jnc hen mjpc rmer
Exnjboet hen pctgjtl jt etc rmctc xjlcFjen reoctx: Jrmctvkxc! Xmebed Ieoerk vkaadc rmc ajnc Fjen gehc kn rmc gjtrmhjlknfKPA.
Gjjb gjt rmjsfmr% Ncaxjn Ajpcx! Hmknhmknkl
Kn Vcxr Dcnfea 24aeomx jg pjrerjcx etctjrrknf kn rmc jpcn! vkrm herrac knbsafknfkn en cerknf gtcny{. Kr kx e htklknea vexrcjg xhethc gjjb tcxjsthcx. Snxcexjncbteknx mewc pae{cb xpjkaxpjtr. Jrmctx er,rtkdsrc kr rj rmc snonjvn! xpchsaerkwcenb knrctnerkjnea gehrjtx. Vkaa LelereDencticc sxc mct wkrtkjakh efeknxr VDfjwctnlcnr gjt rmkx hjajxxea vexrc: Rmer bjcxn‛r xccl akoca{. Cetakct! kr vex rmcxefe jg tjrrknf fteknx. Rmc kxxscx jg lkx,lenefclcnr! aeho jg xcnxkrkwkr{! crh.!
ptjwcx rmer gjjb htkxcx etc etrkgkhkeaa{ htcercbrj ieho sp rmc ptkhcx! xj rmer rmc rtebctx dcncgkr.Gjjb gjt rmjsfmr! rj xjlc chjnjlkxr! cm% Mchjsab cexka{ xchstc e PmB jn rmkx rjpkh.
Fje‛x fetdefc Eaav{n Fcjtfc! Hetljne
Fetdefc kx Fje‛x ajnf xrenbknf ptjdacl knhjexrea wkaaefcx enb kn jst hkrkcx. Wkaaefcpenhme{erx enb lsnkhkpea hjsnhkax mewcxmjvn nj knrctcxr kn xhkcnrkgkh lcrmjbx jg fetdefc bkxpjxea enb rtcerlcnr. Rmcfetdefc bslp er Xjnxjbbj kx e haexxkh xkrc
vmctc tjrrknf fetdefc kx hjwctcb d{ ret,pesakn! enb kx e xctkjsx mcearm meyetb.
Fetdefc rtcerlcnr xmjsab dcfkn er mjlcd{ fkwknf gtcc hjlpjxrknf snkrx rj krx hkrkycnx.Paexrkh hett{ defx enb PCR djrracx xmjsab dcdenncb. Rmc hjlpenkcx hjnhctncb xmjsabdc stfcb rj hjnrtkdsrc rj en cggchrkwc fetdefclenefclcnr paen. Snacxx rmc esrmjtkrkcxrtcer rmkx kxxsc xctkjsxa{! vc vkaa xrtsffac rjhjlc rj ftkpx vkrm Fje‛x tjrrknf fetdefc.
Temsa‛x hjnrknscb nekwcrc X Oeler! Earj Dcrkl
Egrct rmc hjllcnr rmer Mknbs jt mjlc,
ftjvn rcttjtkxl etc ljtc benfctjsx rjrmc hjsnrt{ rmen rcttjtkxrx gtjl Peokxren!Temsa Fenbmk mex {cr efekn xmjvn mkxnekwcrc kn xe{knf rmer hjeakrkjn hjlpsa,xkjnx vkrmkn rmc SPE,4! kx rmc hesxc gjtrmc knedkakr{ jg rmc knhsldcnr fjwctn,lcnr rj gkfmr ptkhc tkxc. Kr kx rklc rmer mc fcrx mkx lknb kn jtbct enb wctkgkcxen{ xrerclcnrx rj dc lebc vkrm Xjnke!jt jrmct xcnkjt acebctx jg rmc Hjnftcxxpetr{! dcgjtc wcnrknf rmcl jsr rj rmclcbke.
C}jtdkrenr getcx Pehms Lcnjn! Letfej
Rmc ptc,pekb re}k hjsnrct er rmc OjnoenTekave{ xrerkjn kn Letfej kx e vcaa,hjn,hckwcb srkakretken xhmclc rmer mex mcapcbhjllsrctx kllcnxca{. Rmc xctwkhc mexdccn vcaa epptchkercb. Rmkx! mjvcwct!hennjr dc xekb jg esrj,tkhoxmev btkwctxer Fje‛x wetkjsx tekave{ xrerkjnx. Rmcxcpchsaketkrkcx mewc dccn njrkhcb ljtc xjbstknf rmc ettkwea jg aerc,nkfmr enb ptc,bevn rteknx. Nj xjjnct mex e rteknhmsffcb knrj rmc xrerkjn enb rmc pex,xcnfctx xretr ljwknf rjvetbx rmc c}kr!
{js mewc rmc btkwctx ehhjxrknf rmcl.Rmc{ hmetfc rmcl c}jtdkrenra{ enb pex,xcnfctx etc akrcteaa{ gacchcb.
Xjlc xrercx mewc tkhoxmevx uscsknf sper rmc c}krx er klpjtrenr paehcx enb reocpexxcnfctx kn rstnx. Rmctc kx e hjp vmjlenx rmc pjknr enb kngjtlx pexxcnfctx jg rmc getcx.
Rmkx nccbx rj dc klpaclcnrcb mctc.Vkrm Fje dcknf en klpjtrenr rjstkxr bcx,rknerkjn! etc vc njr bclcenknf jst geljsxxcnxc jg mjxpkreakr{:
Hjsnrctknf hjttsprkjn
Ijxc Letke Lktenbe! Letfej E lethm efeknxr hjttsprkjn kx dcknfjtfenkxcb jn Telkaae ftjsnbx kn Ncv Bcamk jn 80 Ienset{! rmc be{ vmcnLemerle Fenbmk vex exxexxknercb!enb vkaa dc acb d{ ptjlkncnr pcjpacknhasbknf tcakfkjsx acebctx. Rmclethm kx rj bclenb rmc cnehrlcnr jg e aev vmkhm vkaa psr kn paehc! encggchrkwc enrk,hjttsprkjn djb{ djrmer rmc Hcnrtc ex vcaa ex kn rmc xrercx.Rmc Ajopea er rmc Hcnrtc kx {cr rjdc xcr sp enb rmc Ajoe{sor kn xjlcxrercx etc vceo enb kncggchrkwc. Rmchjnxcuscnhc kx rmer hjttsprkjn fjcxsnedercb.
Xknhc hjttsprkjn kn Fje mex tcehmcbeaetlknf acwcax! Fjenx rjj! xmjsab reocrmc knkrkerkwc jg jtfenkxknf xjlcrmknfxklkaet! enb reoc rj rmc xrtccrx.
Rmc knwjawclcnr enb petrkhkperkjnjg tcakfkjsx acebctx hjsab xpst pcjpacrj rstn jsr kn aetfc nsldctx.
Tebkerkjn meyetbx Tjho{ Bkex! Teke
Ehhjtbknf rj Fktkxm Oslet! KKR Ptjgcxxjt!
rmctc etc nj xrtkhr tebkerkjn njtlx knKnbke rj xrjp rmc sntcxrtekncb rtenxlkx,xkjn jg tebkerkjn gtjl ljdkac rjvctx.
Tebkerkjn mex en ebwctxc klpehr jnleac gctrkakr{. Vmcn enrk,lefncrkh tebk,erkjn ehhslsaerkjn kx kn aetfc nsldctx!rmc mslen djb{ bjcx njr pjxxcxx rmctcxkxrenhc rj hjnrtja bkxcexcx.
Kn gehr! rmkx eljsnrx rj lexx okaaknf! vkrm fjwctnlcnr‛x hjnnkwenhc. Xrtknfcnr njtlx xmjsab dc klpjxcb kn ftenrknfpctlkxxkjn gjt ljdkac rjvctx.
Kn e gcv dtkcg akncx jn aexr Xerstbe{‛x ” Mcteab‛-= Ienset{ 4055! p7+ vc tclknbcb jst tcebctxrmer jst gjtrnkfmra{ hjasln! ”Mkxrjtkhea C}paj,
terkjnx‛! vex en c}cthkxc kn pjxrhjajnkea xrsbkcxex eppakcb rj Fjen mkxrjtkjftepm{. Kr xccox rjgjaajv en jtkcnrerkjn ptjwkbcb d{ B B Ojxeldk!nelca{ jg wkcvknf rmc pexr jg rmc tcfkjn ex eptjhcxx jg xcag,bcwcajplcnr! njr ex e xrtknf jg cpkxjbcx! mjvcwct knrctcxrknf enb jtnelcnrearmc{ le{ eppcet! jg rmc nerkjnea mkxrjtkcx jtehmkcwclcnrx jg krx tchcnr hjajnkea lexrctx jtjrmctx vmj tsacb jwct kr er bkggctcnr rklcx.
Bcxpkrc tcxctwerkjnx enb bcdercx! tcxcethm knpjxrhjajnkea xrsbkcx kx ftjvknf dchesxc pjxr,hjajnkea htkrkusc eaajvx gjt e vkbc,tenfknf knwcx,rkferkjn knrj pjvct tcaerkjnx kn wetkjsx hjnrc}rx.Rmc gjtlerkjn jg clpktcx enb rmckt klpehr jnpjxrhjajnkea mkxrjt{! chjnjl{! xhkcnhc! enb hsarstcetc jg petrkhsaet knrctcxr. Hjnrtet{ rj vmer xjlcmewc ebwjhercb kn rmc gjtl jg ”xsdearctn‛ mkxrjt{!K hjnxkbct pjxrhjajnkea xrsbkcx bcxctwc enb nccbrj dc ptjljrcb! ex ljtc knhasxkwc rmen ”xsdea,rctnkr{‛ ex bcgkncb d{ hctrekn xchrkjnx jg ehebclkekn tchcnr rklcx. Kbcnrkgkherkjn enb tjacx jg bkggctcnr enb hjngakhrknf cakrc ftjspx kx petrkhsaeta{ klpjt,renr.
Rmc c}ptcxxkjn ”pjxrhjajnkea‛ kx jgrcn sxcb rjxkfnkg{ e pjxkrkjn efeknxr hjajnkeakxl enb Cstj,hcnrtkxl. Vcxrctn ve{x jg onjvacbfc ptjbshrkjnenb bkxxclknerkjn kn rmc pexr enb ptcxcnr rmcndchjlc jdichrx jg xrsb{ gjt rmjxc xccoknf earct,nerkwc lcenx jg c}ptcxxkjn. Dsr rmc rctl {jocxe bkwctxc tenfc jg c}pctkcnhcx! hsarstcx! enbptjdaclx. Ljtcjwct! rmc ”pjxrhjajnkea‛ kx lebcrj knhasbc hjsnrtkcx rmer mewc {cr rj ehmkcwc kn,bcpcnbcnhc! jt pcjpac kn Gktxr Vjtab hjsnrtkcx
vmj etc lknjtkrkcx! jt cwcn knbcpcnbcnr hjajnkcxrmer njv hjnrcnb vkrm ”ncjhjajnkea‛ gjtlx jg xsdisferkjn rmtjsfm c}penbknf hepkreakxl enbfajdeakyerkjn! ex vc xmeaa xcc dcajv.
Pjxrhjajnkea xrsbkcx xrenb er rmc knrctxchrkjnjg bcdercx edjsr len{ kxxscx aknocb vkrm rmcpjakrkhx jg kbcnrkr{ enb bcwcajplcnr kn rmc veocjg pjxr,hjajnkea gtccbjl jg c}ptcxxkjn. Kr kx ensnewjkbedac ehhjlpenklcnr jg rmc ptjhcxx jg jnfjknf tc,xrtshrstknf jg pjakrkhea! xjhkea! hsarsteaenb chjnjlkh tcaerkjnxmkpx jg rmc pcjpac jg rmctcfkjn! vkrmkn enb etjsnb rmc ptcxcnr,be{ xrercdjtbctx. K dcakcwc rmer rmc klpjtrenhc jg ptcx,cnr,be{ djtbctx kx jgrcn c}effctercb kn bkxhsx,xkjnx jg Fjen kbcnrkr{.
Pjxrhjajnkea xrsbkcx xmjsab njr dc tcbshcb rjbcgcnhc jg en{ ”earctnerkwc‛ onjvacbfc x{xrclx!jt ex xjlc jg rmjxc tcehrknf rj l{ ”MkxrjtkheaC}pajterkjnx‛ hen jna{ wkcv kn rmcl Fjen tcehrkjnxrj Pjtrsfscxc hjajnkeakxl! cwcn rmjsfm rmkx tchcnr
mkxrjtkhea ae{ct pctlkrx cex{ kaasxrterkjnx. Rmctenfc jg knrctcxr kx get ftcerct! enb hjsab c}rcnbgtjl rmc peacjakrmkh tjho cnftewknfx jg rmc ptc,mkxrjtkh hjllsnkrkcx kn rmc Xenfscl,Uscpcltcfkjn rkaa rmc bkxhjwct{ jg dehrctkjgjtl fjab bc,
pjxkrx jg Njtrm Fje ex tchcnra{ ennjsnhcb d{ BtNenbeoslet Oeler.
Pjxr,hjajnkea xrsbkcx etc hctrekna{ njr edjsr hjnrknsknf rj akxrcn rj rmc gjtlct hjajnkea xjhk,crkcx enb rmckt ehebclkh lcnrjtx. Kr tcgctx rj enjnfjknf cweaserkjn d{ rmc gjtlct hjajnkea pcjpacxkn rmckt pjxr,hjajnkea xkrserkjnx. Jdwkjsxa{! rmkxnerstc jg pjxr,hjajnkea xrsbkcx leocx rmcl exjsthc jg kttkrerkjn gjt vcxrctn xhmjaetxmkp! vmkhmkx ehhsxrjlcb rj bkhrerc xrenbetbx enb ljb,cax.
Rmc lcenknf errtkdsrcb rj pjxrhjajnkea xrsbkcx wetkcx ftcera{! bcpcnbknf spjn vmkhm xkbc kn rmcbcderc acebx rmc bkxhsxxkjn. Rmc gjtlct hjajnkeaxjhkcrkcx hjsab njr kfnjtc rmc clctfcnhc jg rmcpjxr,hjajnkea xrsbkcx! enb mewc xjsfmr rj epptj,
ptkerc rmcl! jgrcn bcgcnxkwca{! ptcxcnrknf hjaj,nkeakxl ex en mkxrjtkh cggjtr rj xmetc rmc mkfmct
weascx jg vcxrctn hkwkakxerkjn vjtabvkbc rmtjsfm vcxrctn lkxxkjnet{ cxredakxmlcnrx! cbsherkjnenb rchmnjajf{! kbcex jg akdctr{ enb bcljhteh{!
crh. Kn rmckt wkcv rmc vcxrctn,xr{acb ljbctnkxerkjnjg hjajnkea xjhkcrkcx vex e pjxkrkwc hjnrtkdsrkjnjg rmc Vcxr! enb c},hjajnkxcb pcjpacx xmjsabftercgsaa{ ehonjvacbfc kr ex xshm.
Vcxrctn gjtlsaerkjnx jg pjxrhjajnkeakxl rcnbrj jwctclpmexkyc m{dtkbkr{ er rmc c}pcnxc jg lerctkea tceakrkcx! enb xcco rj ptjichr bchjajnk,xerkjn ex en efftcxxkwc tcrstn rj rmc ptc,hjajnkeapexr. Rmkx kx er rklcx useakgkcb ex ”‛ enb ex xsdich,rkjn jg bchjajnkxcb pcjpac rj ncv gjtlx jg xspte,tcfkjnea ncjhjajnkea hjnrtjax. Rmc eaacfcbBcamk,dexcb ”ncjhjajnkea‛ jpptcxxkjn kn Fje kxpetr jg xshm ptjichrkjnx jg xjlc Cstjpcen xhmja,etx enb rmckt ncj,jtkcnreakxr Fjen bkxhkpacx! expjknrcb jsr kn l{ tchcnr ”Mkxrjtkhea C}pajterkjnx‛.
Rmc cbsherkjnea x{xrcl jg hjajnkea rklcx xretrcb
vkrm rcehmknf rmc aenfsefc jg rmc hjajnkea lexrctx.Rmc nerkwcx vctc tercb enb hj,jprcb ehhjtbknfrj rmckt edkakr{ rj c}ptcxx rmclxcawcx kn kr. Rmer
vex rmc xretrknf pjknr jg rmc knisxrkhc jg rmc hjaj,nkea onjvacbfc x{xrcl. Jdwkjsxa{! cwcn e lcr,tjpjakren dtsrc vmj xpjoc mkx nerkwc aenfsefc
vkrmjsr mewknf rj acetn kr hjsab ajtb jwct rmchjajnkea nerkwcx vmj meb rj xvcer rj acetn e gjt,ckfn aenfsefc kn jtbct rj ptjwc rmckt lctkr. Rmcdcxr enb rcnbct {cetx jg akgc vctc kn rmkx ve{ xpcnr kn acetnknf rmc rjja jg onjvacbfc% Rmcsxcgsa onjvacbfc rmer hjsab dc fekncb aerct vex
aetfca{ hmenncaacb knrj psxmknf gkacx gjt rmc hjaj,nkea eblknkxrterkjn. Cbsherkjn vex njr eklcb er gjtlknf htkrkhea lknbx rmer hjsab uscxrkjn rmcacfkrkleh{ jg rmc x{xrcl.
Rmc ptjhcxx jg pjakrkhea bchjajnkxerkjn meb rjdc gjaajvcb d{ bchjajnkxerkjn jg lknbx. Rmkx kl,pakcx e tcwelpknf jg rmc hjajnkea acetnknf x{xrcl!xsdichrknf kr rj e htkrkhea exxcxxlcnr jg rmc lcrm,jbx enb pcbefjf{ jg rmc hjajnkea onjvacbfc x{x,rclx rmer xctwcb rj hjnrtja enb c}pajkr rmchjajnkea pcjpacx enb tcxjsthcx. Rmc bchjajnk,xerkjn jg lknbx eppakcx kn Fje rj rmc bc,hjajnkxerkjn jg rmc akrstfkhea heacnbet jg rmcHmsthm.
Gjtrsnerca{! rmc tcpaehclcnr jg Xr Hermctkncex rmc pertjn xeknr jg rmc ethmbkjhcxc vex e fjjbx{ldjakh ljwc kn rmkx bktchrkjn. Dsr vm{ xmjsab!be{,kn enb be{,jsr! Knbken Hmtkxrkenx xrkaa hjl,lcljterc xj len{ ”xeknra{‛ enhcxrjtx jg rmc Cs,tjpcenx:
Vm{ kx rmc ptjhcxx jg tcpaehknf rmcl vkrm Kn,bken xeknrx gjt rmc akrstfkhea hsar kn Knbke xrkaa njr tcwkcvcb cnrmsxkexrkheaa{! vkrm e wkcv rj ptjwkbcljtc cnwktjnlcnreaa{ -klpa{knf hsarstea cnwktjn,lcnr+ gtkcnba{ ljbcax gjt klkrerkjn: Knhkbcnreaa{!K vkxm enb pte{ rmer rmc Knbken xeknrx! vmcn rmc{ leoc rmckt ptcxcnhc gcar! vkaa pkho sp ptkwerc enbknxrkrsrkjnea bcwjrccx kn Cstjpc. Rmer kx! jdwkjsxa{!kg en{ xkfnkgkhenr nsldctx jg ptehrkhknf Hmtkxrkenxxrkaa xstwkwc rmctc.
Kr kx hstkjsx eaxj mjv kn rmc tchcnr pexr len{ {jsnf henbkbercx gjt ptkcxrmjjb gkaacb rmc Fjenxclknetkcx! jgrcn feknknf wjherkjn gjt ptkcxrmjjbex e tcxsar jg rmc knedkakr{ jg rmckt petcnrx rj ptj,
wkbc rmcl en c}pcnxkwc cbsherkjn kn ptkwerc Cnf,akxm xhmjjax! jvknf rj chjnjlkh metbxmkp. Dsr len{ cnbcb ajxknf rmckt wjherkjn! bsc jgrcn rjrmckt knedkakr{ rj hjpc vkrm Aerkn. Rmer vex rmcaenfsefc rmc Fjb jg hjajnkea Hmtkxrkenkr{! ex sn,bctxrjjb kn rmjxc be{x. Vkrm hmenfcb rklcx enb
vkrm rmc tcgjtlx jg Werkhen KK! Fjb pkhocb sp rmc wctnehsaetx. Ojnoenk fekncb ehhcxx kn rmc mcewcna{ edjbc! enb njr isxr kn rmc =rm xhmcbsac jg rmc Kn,bken Hjnxrkrsrkjn.
JPKNKJNvvv.jmcteabj.kn
Pf7Wja Nj H]K Nj9 052
Fje! Xerstbe{! 53 Ienset{! 4055
Acrrctx rj rmc Cbkrjt
Acrrct jg rmc Be{
”Hjeakrkjn Hjlpsaxkjnx‛ ikn}: Lermcv Jjllcn! Psnc
Temsa Fenbmk‛x xknhctc hjngcxxkjn jn fjwctnlcnr‛x knedkakr{ rj hjnrtja rmc ptkhcjg cxxcnrkea hjlljbkrkcx! eljnf rmc tchrkgkherkjn jg xcwctea jrmct g esar akncx knrmc eblknkxrterkjn! bsc rj rmc ”hjeakrkjn hjlpsaxkjnx‛ xmjsab nchcxxetka{ hjlcsp gjt e nerkjnea bcderc. Xmeteb Pevet! knxrceb jg bcljnxrterknf mkx edkakr{ rjxcr mkx etce jg tcxpjnxkdkakr{ kn jtbct! mex teocb sp rmc gjtckfn jtkfkn kxxsc jg Xjnke Fenbmk.
Hkrkycnx bjn‛r snbctxrenb Pevet‛x pmkajxjpm{ jg ”hjeakrkjn bmetle‛ kg rmckt htshkeaknrctcxr etc njr reocn hetc jg% Kr kx mkfm rklc gjt lcldctx jg rmc tsaknf bkxpcnxerkjnrj tceakxc rmer ”rmctc kx en Knbke rmer venrx rj ljwc gjtvetb jt cwcn gexrct! dsr bj rj
wetkjsx hjlpsaxkjnx! Knbke kx njr edac rj herhm sp.‛ Rmctc kx e gccaknf eljnf eaahkrkycnx rmer njnc jg rmc xreocmjabctx jg rmc tsaknf hjeakrkjn mewc lebc en{ xctkjsxcggjtrx rj caklknerc rmc gesar akncx! gjt tcexjnx vmerxjcwct. Rmctcgjtc! rmc KnbkenBkexpjte kx snbct mcew{ ptcxxstc jvknf rj rmc xj,heaacb ”hjeakrkjn pjakrkhx.‛ Mewcrmcxc hjlpsaxkjnx dchjlc xj knbkxpcnxedac: Jst PL xmjsab hjlc jsr jg rmc ptcxcnr knctrke vkrm e gktl dcakcg rmer rmc expkterkjnx jg rmc Knbken hkrkycnx etc ljtc klpjtrenr!rmen rmc neffknf errkrsbc jg rmc hjeakrkjn petrnctx.
Kr kx e benfctjsx kaasxkjn rj rmkno rmer knehrkjn kx rmc dcxr pjakh{ rj hjsnrct”hjeakrkjn hjlpsaxkjnx.‛
Ptknrcb enb psdakxmcb d{ Wkne{eo Pek Dkt gjt enb jn dcmeag jg Mcteab Psdakherkjnx Pwr Arb . Ptknrcb er Mcteab Psdakherkjnx Pwr Arb! Pajr Nj9 A,583! Pmexc KK! Wctne Knbsxrtkea Cxrerc! Wctne! Xeahcrc! Fje. Psdakxmcb er PJ Dj} 570! Tse Xej Rjlc! Penikl! Fje , 208005. Cbkrjt,kn,hmkcg9Lt T G Gctnenbcx. Cbkrjt9 Exmvkn Rjlder -Tcxpjnxkdac snbct PTD Ehr+. Tcfb Jggkhc9 Xr Rjlc Tjeb! Penikl! Fje. Rca9 4442404! 444=0=8! Ge}9 4444263 -eaa Cbkrjtkea+? 4480383! Ge}9 4443744 -Ebwctrkxknf+? Letfej9 46867=;. Lsldek Jggkhc9 57,E! Dcaa Dskabknf! 4nb Gajjt! 5; Xkt PL Tjeb! Gjtr! Lsldek , 200005 -Rca9 44=20604*44=22;0=+. TNK Nj9 28776*=8.MJV RJ HJNREHR SX9 leka@mcteab,fje.hjl ‒ Gjt ptcxx njrcx! fcnctea usc tkcx. isnkjt@mcteab,fje.hjl ‒ Isnkjt Mcteab? isnkjt{jsrm@mcteab,fje.hjl ‒ Hetcctx. mcteablkttjt@mcteab,fje.hjl ‒ Xsnbe{ Lkttjt. tcpjtrctx@mcteab,fje.hjl ‒ Gjt Tcpjtrctx. dsxkncxx@mcteab,fje.hjl ‒ Gjt Dsxkncxx ncvx.cbkrjt@mcteab,fje.hjl ‒ Gjt Acrrctx rj rmc Cbkrjt. xpjtrx@mcteab,fje.hjl ‒ Gjt Xpjtrx ncvx. ebwr@mcteab,fje.hjl ‒ Gjt Ebwctrkxclcnrx. 4be{@mcteab,fje.hjl ‒ Gjt Mcteab 4be{. rkert@mcteab,fje.hjl ‒ Gjt Rkert Tcwkcvx enb Tcpjtrx. Bkxhaeklct9 C}hcpr gjt rmc cbkrjtkea edjwc! etrkhacx enb acrrctx kn Mcteab tcptcxcnr rmc wkcvx jg rmc hjnhctncb esrmjtx! enb bj njr nchcxxetka{ tcgachr rmc wkcvx jg rmc Mcteab cbkrjt! psdakxmct! enb*jt jvnctx.
rmc esc g ,e sbc e sc g e g vcc me! e{ rCjrØnkj t BC xjSYE
JMCTEABJ J M C T E A B J
500 [cetx Efj
53 Ienset{ 5;55
Isxrkhc Lknkxrct tcpakcxRmc Isxrkhc Lknkxrct jg Pjtrsfea kn mkx
jpcn tcpa{ xrercb rmer Xrerc‛x Aevx bjcxnjr pctlkr mkx knrctwcnrkjn xj ex rj gewjstrmc ljbctnkxrx.
Aev rj cnhjlpexx hjajnkcxGkwc {cetx mewc caepxcb xknhc rmc Fjw,
ctnlcnr jg Gtenhc c}chsrcb rmc xcpete,rkjn jg rmc Xrerc gtjl rmc Hmsthm enb kr kx jna{ njv rmer rmc Fjwctnlcnr kx fjknfrj knrtjbshc rmc Aev kn krx jvn hjajnkcx.
Eppjknrlcnr jg Haexx LkxrtcxxAeste Letuscx Pexxeaeuse vex ep,
pjknrcb ex rmc Haexx Lkxrtcxx jn rmc ptj,pjxea xsdlkrrcb rj rmc Fjwctnlcnr d{ rmc Knxpchrjterc Hjsnhka jg rmc NerkjneaXhmjja gjt Gclknknc fcnbct jg Njwe Fje.
Xhtkdcx errehocbTcsrct hjllsnkhercx rmer rmtcc jggk,
hkeax jg Ljnethmkxr ncvxpepctx vctc er,rehocb vmkac vjtoknf jn en cbkrkjn jg rmc be{ enb rmc ptknrknf ptcxxcx belefcb.Rmc{ etc njv snbct rmc ptjrchrkjn jg Tc,psdakhen Pjakhc.
PTKLCKTJ BKETKJ NEX HJAJNKEX PJTRSFCYEX
Pjxrhjajnkea xrsbkcx ' Fjen mkxrjtkjftepm{
MkxrjtkhEa C}pajtErkjnx
Fbc Fe...usc ce{Rjnfsc kn hmcco
Fjabcn Fje‛ jt ”elhmcl denfetehmcl Fjcl‛ kx en jgr tcpcercbpmtexc rj bcxhtkdc rmkx dcesrkgsa xrerc jg jstx. Kr tcgctx rjjst fjabcn xsn,okxxcb dcehmcx enb ptjdeda{ cwcn rmc mjx,
pkredac Fjen pcjpac! vmj etc onjvn rj pjxxcxx e mcetr jg fjab.Dsr njv! e ncv bklcnxkjn mex dccn ebbcb rj rmc pmtexc. Kr mexdccn ennjsnhcb rmer rmctc etc fjab bcpjxkrx dcncerm rmc xstgehc
jg Fjabcn Fje.Rmkx ptjdeda{ kx rmc dcxr dtceoknf ncvx Fjenx lsxr mewc m cetb
gjt e ajnf! ajnf rklc. Ex gjt lc! kr rjjo hjnxkbctedac rklc gjt rmctceakr{ rj bevn. Rmc geaajsr jg gknbknf fjab kn Fje! kx lknb djffaknf.Jst rkn{ xrerc vkaa dc onjvn eaa jwct rmc vjtab! njr isxr gjt krxnerstea dcesr{ enb krx wexr hjexraknc! enb ex e rjstkxr petebkxc!dsr eaxj gjt rmc fjab bcpjxkrx dcncerm rmc xstgehc. Egrct Xjsrm
Egtkhe! kr vkaa dc! bcxrknerkjn Fje! vmctc cwct{jnc vkaa dc mcebknfrj gcrhm rmc {caajv lcrea.
Jn rmc mjlc gtjnr! kn gsrstc! rmc nsldct jg icvcaact{ xmjpxhjsab get jsrnsldct rmc detx enb rewctnx! kn rmc xrerc. Ptjdeda{ cwct{ mjsxcmjab vjsab fj knrj rmc dsxkncxx jg xcaaknf fjab. Rmcptkhc jg rmc {caajv lcrea vjsab bkp.
Fjab vjsab ptjdeda{ dc ljtc cexka{ ewekaedac kn rmc letocr!rmen jnkjnx. Fjen dtkbcx vjsab dc kn mkfm bclenb eaa jwct rmc
vjtab. Nj! njr dchesxc jg rmckt hjjoknf c}pctrkxc kn rmc okrhmcn!dsr dchesxc jg rmc eljsnr jg fjab rmc{ vjsab dc dtknfknf! d{
ve{ jg bjvt{. Isxr akoc rmc Mjaa{vjjb ljwkc ‑Lehocnne‛x Fjab“!Fjen fjab vjsab eaxj dc ex geljsx. kg njr ljtc. Xj lshm xj rmer e Djaa{vjjb gkal ptjbshct hjsab cwcn rj{ vkrm rmc kbce jg xmjjrknfe gkal! dexcb jn rmc bkxhjwct{ jg fjab Kn Fje.
Kr kx snbctxrjjb rmer rmc fjab rmer akcx dcajv rmc Fjen xjka mexdccn gjtlcb d{ xjlc gjtl jg dehrctke. Dsr rmcn! vmer bjcx kr lerrct: Egrct eaa fjab kx fjab! vmercwct krx jtkfkn. Vmctcwct
rmctc kx fjab! {js vkaa bcgknkrca{ njr edac rj occp jst pjakrk,hkenx eve{ gtjl xshm xpjrx. Rmctc vkaa! knbccb! dc e fjabtsxm.
Kr kx snbctxrjjb rmer xjlc jg jst Fjen pjakrkhkenx etc eatceb{ jn e aenb,ds{knf xptcc. Rmc aenb! ljtc kn bclenb! ex e tcxsar jg kngjtlerkjn jg fjab bcpjxkrx kn Fje! vkaa njr dc rmc jnc d{ rmc
dcehm,xkbc vkrm e penjtelkh wkcv jg rmc Etedken xce! dsr knxjlc tcljrc mkaa{ etce dcajv vmkhm rmctc kx e tkhm bcpjxkr jg fjab.
Rmc ceta{ dktb fcrx rmc vjtl! xj rmc{ xe{. Kn Fje kr vkaa dc ehexc jg rmc ceta{ pjakrkhken! fcrrknf rmc dcxr xkrc gjt fjab lknknf.Knbccb ktjn,jtc lknknf vkaa njv fkwc ve{ rj fjab lknknf.
Ex gjt rmc Fjen aebkcx! rmckt xmepca{ djb{ vkaa dc ebjtncb vkrmex lshm fjab ex pjxxkdac! tkfmr gtjl gknfct,tknfx rj rjc,tknfx.Fjenx vkaa dc e asho{ ajr. Nccb K xe{ ljtc:
Rmc Vcbbknf Gcexr
Rmc Oknfbjl jg mcewcn kx akoc rmkx.Jnhc! rmctc vex e Oknf vmj ptcpetcbe vcbbknf gcexr gjt mkx xjn. Mc xcnr mkx xctwenrx rj rcaa rmc knwkrcb fscxrxrj hjlc rj rmc gcexr! dsr rmc{ bkb njr venr rj hjlc. Xj! mc xcnr jrmct xct, wenrx vkrm rmkx lcxxefc gjt rmc fscxrx.”L{ gcexr kx tceb{ njv? l{ dsaajhoxenb ptkyc heawcx mewc dccn dsrhmctcb!enb cwct{rmknf kx tceb{. Hjlc rj rmc vcbbknf gcexr%‛ Dsr rmc knwkrcb fscxrxpekb nj errcnrkjn enb vcnr edjsr rmcktdsxkncxx9 jnc vcnr rj mkx getl! enjrmctrj mkx xmjp! vmkac jrmctx fteddcb rmcxctwenrx! dcer rmcl enb okaacb rmcl.
Rmc Oknf vex wct{ enft{? xj mc xcnr mkx xjabkctx! vmj okaacb rmjxc lstbctctxenb dstnr bjvn rmckt hkr{. Rmcn mc heaacbmkx xctwenrx enb xekb rj rmcl! ”L{ vcb,bknf gcexr kx tceb{! dsr rmc pcjpac K kn,
wkrcb bkb njr bcxctwc kr. Njv! fj rj rmclekn xrtccrx enb knwkrc rj rmc gcexr exlen{ pcjpac ex {js gknb.‛ Xj rmc xctwenrx
vcnr jsr knrj rmc xrtccrx enb fermctcbeaa rmc pcjpac rmc{ hjsab gknb! fjjb enbdeb eakoc? enb rmc vcbbknf meaa vex gkaacb
vkrm pcjpac.
Rmc oknf vcnr kn rj ajjo er rmc fscxrxenb xev e len vmj vex njr vcetknf vcbbknf hajrmcx. ‑Gtkcnb! mjv bkb {jsfcr kn mctc vkrmjsr vcbbknf hajrmcx:“rmc oknf exocb mkl. Dsr rmc len xekbnjrmknf. Rmcn! rmc oknf rjab rmc xctwenrx!‑Rkc mkl sp menb enb gjjr enb rmtjv mkl jsrxkbc kn rmc beto. Rmctc! mc vkaaht{ enb ftknb mkx rccrm.
Enb Icxsx hjnhasbcb! ‑Len{ etc kn, wkrcb! dsr gcv etc hmjxcn.“
-Lerrmcv 44? 5,52+
Permx jg Vkxbjl
D{ Ebcalj Gctnenbcx
Hcacdterc ”Jxlkrek Bkx‛
Jn Xsnbe{! Fjenx jsfmr rj hcacdterc ”Jxlkrek Bkx‛.Rmctc kx njr rjj lshm evetcncxx edjsr vmer e lj,lcnrjsx be{ rmkx vex gjt Fje! enb mjv lshm jg e bkg,
gctcnhc kr vjsab mewc lebc! meb cwcnrx rstncb jsr bkggctcnra{.
Jn 57 Ienset{ 5;76! rmc Fje Jpknkjn Pjaa vex mcab. Kr vex etcgctcnbsl -rmc jnc enb jna{ cwct mcab kn Knbke+ rj bchkbc jnrmc gsrstc jg rmkx rcttkrjt{. Rmc pcjpac jg Fje meb rj hmjjxc
vmcrmct rmc{ venrcb rj hjnrknsc ex e snkjn rcttkrjt{ jt lctfc vkrm rmc nckfmdjstknf xrerc jg Lemetexmrte.
Ex rmknfx rstncb jsr! rmc pcjpac jg Fje wjrcb efeknxr rmclctfct. Fje hjnrknscb ex e snkjn rcttkrjt{! fjknf jn rj dchjlce gsaa,gacbfcb xrerc kn 5;=6! egrct Ojnoenk dchelc krx jggkhkea aen,fsefc. Meb rmc{ wjrcb rmc jrmct ve{! kn eaa ptjdedkakr{ rjbe{ Fje vjsab mewc dccn jnc jg rmc ljxr dehovetb bkxrtkhrx jg Le,metexmrte! akoc nckfmdjstknf Xknbmsbstf.
Kn rmc gktxr cachrkjn kn Fje jn ; Bchcldct 5;78! rmc Leme,texmrtevebk Fjlenreo -LF+ petr{ vjn en jsrtkfmr wkhrjt{! bc,gcerknf rmc Snkrcb Fjenx -SF+. Rmc Hjnftcxx ‘ rmc petr{ jg rmcgtccbjl gkfmrctx ‘ bkb njr fcr e xknfac xcer kn Fje! enb isxr jnckn Belen. Vex kr rmcn rmer Penbkr Ncmts lebc mkx lcljtedactcleto9 ‑ Eiccd mekn Fje oc ajf .“ -Fje‛x pcjpac etc xrtenfc+: RmcLF vex dehocb d{ njn,Dtemlkn Mknbsx! vmkac rmc SF vex xsp,pjtrcb d{ rmc Hmtkxrkenx enb ljxr Dtemlknx. Xjjn egrct rmc cach,rkjn! rmc LF! acb d{ krx hmetkxlerkh acebct Be{enenb ”Dmes‛Denbjboet! haeklcb rmer rmc cachrkjn lenberc vex ex fjjb ex e
wjrc gjt lctfct vkrm Lemetexmrte! ex rmer meb dccn rmc petr{‛xlekn pjaa paeno. Rmc{ venrcb rj lctfc Fje knrj Lemetexmrted{ pexxknf e dkaa kn rmc xrerc acfkxaerstc.
Dsr rmc acebctx jg rmc SF enb rmc Hjnftcxx bclenbcb enjpknkjn pjaa! enb rjjo rmc kxxsc rj rmc hcnrtea fjwctnlcnr. Rmcfjwctnlcnr jg Oetnereoe -rmcn heaacb L{xjtc+! rjj! jppjxcbrmc lctfct. Dsr e bchkxkjn vex bcae{cb! ex Penbkr Ncmts bkcb rmcnc}r {cet! gjaajvcb d{ Ptklc Lknkxrct Aea Demebst Xmexrtk rvj
{cetx aerct. Knbkte Fenbmk! vmj rjjo jwct gtjl Lt Xmexrtk! gkneaa{ fewc rmc fj,emceb gjt rmc Jpknkjn Pjaa.
Rmc Ptcxkbcnr jg Knbke fewc exxcnr rj rmc Fje! Belen enb Bks-Jpknkjn Pjaa+ Ehr jn 57 Bchcldct 5;77! egrct kr vex pexxcb kndjrm mjsxcx jg Petakelcnr! enb 57 Ienset{ 5;76 vex bchaetcb exB,be{. Rj cnxstc rmer rmc wjrc vex gtcc g tjl en{ jggkhkea kng ascnhc!rmc LF fjwctnlcnr tcxkfncb jn 8 Bchcldct 5;77.
Rmc x{ldja gjt lctfct vex rmc ”gajvct‛. Efeknxr lctfct! kr vex ”rvj acewcx‛. Pcjpac rmjsfmr rmer rmc Mknbsx jg Fje -lknsxrmc nslctkheaa{ knxkfnkgkhenr Dtemlknx+ vctc gjt lctfct! vmkacrmc Hmtkxrkenx vctc efeknxr kr. Dsr meb rmknfx dccn xj hacet,hsr!rmc lctfctkxrx vjsab mewc vjn en jsrtkfmr wkhrjt{. Fjenx ‘djrm Mknbsx enb Hmtkxrken ‘ jdwkjsxa{ meb e ftcerct xcnxc jg lerstkr{ enb xcag,knrctcxr.
Helpekfnknf jn djrm xkbcx vex wkfjtjsx. Rmc ptj,lctfctftjsp vex xsppjtrcb d{ acebctx gtjl Lemetexmrte! ehtjxx pjakrkheaakncx. Dsr rmc enrk,lctfctkxrx meb rmckt hmelpkjnx rjj! kn Bt
Ieho Xcusckte enb mkx xjn Ctexlj! e wctkredac etl{ jg ehrkwkxrxkn wkaaefcx enb rjvnx! rmc rkertkxrx jg Fje! Ojnoenk xknfctx akocSamex Ds{ej! enb {jsnf Ojnoenk vtkrctx akoc Sbe{ Dmcldtc! BtLenjmettek Xetbcxek enb Xmenoet Dmenbetk. Vmkac rmc Letermkncvxpepct ”Fjlenreo‛ vex ptj,lctfct! ” Texmrteler ‛ e ncv Letermkbeka{ cbkrcb d{ Hmenbteoenr Ocnk! exocb Letermk tcebctx rj wjrcefeknxr lctfct.
Rmctc vctc 8==!284 cakfkdac wjrctx. E rjrea jg 856!788 wjrcx vctc pjaacb. Bcxpkrc e hacet Mknbs nslctkhea xspctkjtkr{! Fjenxtcichrcb lctfct vkrm Lemetexmrte d{ 564!5;5 wjrcx -32.4 pct
hcnr+ rj 58=!560 -28.3 pct hcnr+. Jdwkjsxa{! e xkfnkgkhenr xchrkjnjg rmc LF‛x Mknbs xsppjtrctx meb wjrcb efeknxr lctfct‧
Rmc tcxsarx vctc ftccrcb d{ ftcer ij{. Dmes Denbjboet jg rmcLF ennjsnhcb rmer mc vjsab tcxpchr rmc vkaa jg rmc pcjpac enb
vjsab ncwct tekxc rmc lctfct kxxsc efekn. Enb! knc}pakheda{! rmcLF xvcpr rmc nc}r cachrkjn! isxr akoc rmc aexr.
Meb mc dccn eakwc! Penbkr Ncmts vjsab ptjdeda{ mewc tcpcercb9‑ Eiccd mekn Fje oc ajf.“