Psych II Final Exam Review

• 1. Sketch the divisions of the body’s nervous system.

1. Sketch the divisions of the body’s nervous system?

• 2. What is the primary purpose of the autonomic nervous system and what are the nicknames for the two components?

• the part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.

• Sympathetic- flight or flight system!• Parasympathetic- rest and digest system!

What are the primary functions of the left and right hemisphere?

What are the primary functions of the left and right hemisphere?

Left• Language • Logic

• Examples: math, science, and many skills needed in school. Needed to communicate with others and understand speech

Right• Creativity• Intuition

• Examples: Artists and musicians have strengths in these areas. Allows us to interpret other people’s emotions.

4. What are functions of the following lobes of the brain?

• Frontal-

• Parietal-

• Occipital-

• Temporal-

4. What are functions of the following lobes of the brain?

• Frontal- Decision-making, planning, and aspects of personality (what makes you smart and what makes you YOU)

• Parietal- Pain, sensation, touch, body temperature

• Occipital- Vision• Temporal- Hearing and speech

comprehension

5. What are the functions of the following parts of the brain?

• hippocampus- Formation of new LTMs• thalamus- Relay station for sensory information• medulla- Heart rate and breathing (life functions)• amygdala- Fear and emotions• cerebellum- balance, fine motor skills,

coordination• pre-frontal cortex- planning and decision-making• corpus collosum- connects the two hemispheres

6. What is the purpose of neurotransmitters in the body?

6. What is the purpose of neurotransmitters in the body?

• To transmit messages throughout the body• Serotonin- mood, hunger, sleep• Ach- learning, memory, movement• Dopamine- reward pathway• Endorphins- natural pain relievers

7. Describe each part of the neuron below.

• soma-

• axon-

• myelin sheath-

• dendrites-

7. Describe each part of the neuron below.

• dendrites- receives incoming messages• soma- cell body• axon- message travels down and is insulated

by…• myelin sheath- protects and insulates the

axon (speeds up neural impulse)

8. Describe each type of psychological study briefly.

• cross-sectional design-• • longitudinal study- • • double-blind experiment-• • naturalistic observation-• • case study-

What is the purpose of a correlational study?

What are the pros and cons of naturalistic observation?

Pros Cons

What are the requirements of an experiment?

• 12. I’m conducting an experiment on cell phones effect on attention. I break a group into a control and experimental group. At the end of a lesson I give a test to see how well the two groups know the lesson’s material.

• What is the independent variable? (dif. b/t two groups)

• What is the dependent variable? (what will be measured)

• What is the operational definition for the DV?

13. What can an experiment prove that no other research method can

do?• Cause and Effect relationships!

• Correlations prove a relationship exists but not that one thing causes the other. (Ex: Violence and Video Games)

14. What is the difference between reliability and validity?

• Reliability- Repeat with the same results• Example: You find that people with drug A

have higher test scores in EVERY trial! • Example: You find that people with drug B are

more distracted and have lower scores EVERY trial.

• Validity: The test measures what it should measure. Does the memory test measure memory or attention?!

What ethical guidelines exist regarding psychological research?

• Informed Consent• Do No Harm• Right to Withdraw• Confidentiality• Debrief• Correct Undesirable Consequences

Explain culture:

• A culture is a way of life of a group of people--the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next.

What is the difference between individualist and collectivist cultures?

• Individualist cultures- such as those of the United States and Western Europe, emphasize personal achievement regardless of the expense of group goals, resulting in a strong sense of competition.

• Collectivist cultures- such as those of China, Korea, and Japan, emphasize family and work group goals above individual needs or desires.

What are norms?

• Norms are expectations for behavior based on your culture

What are gender roles?

• Expectations based on your gender!

20. Explain divergent and convergent thinking types:

• Divergent- Lines of a problem diverge into multiple solutions (Creative)

• Convergent- All the lines of a problem converge to one solution (not creative, more likely to suffer from functional fixedness)

21. Explain the following problem-solving techniques.

• Algorithms

• Heuristics

• Trial and Error

21. Explain the following problem-solving techniques.

• AlgorithmsStep by step instructions (recipe, equation, etc.)

• HeuristicsMental shortcuts, “rule of thumb”, or guess based

on experience (making a guess instead of looking up recipe)

• Trial and ErrorTry and try again until it works!

Define intelligence:

• Ability to acquire knowledge and learn from experience

23. What is the Stanford-Binet Intelligence test? How did it begin to

be used?

• Terman’s modification of the Binet Intelligence test used to get an IQ score.

• Was used for immigration and discrimination but now used in education

24. How is IQ determined?

• MA/CAx100=IQ

25. What are the most common causes of developmental delay?

• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome• Down Syndrome• Environmental Deprivation

26. What is social psychology?

• The study of how the presence of others influences your behavior.

27. What are the characteristics of groupthink? Think of at least one

example.

• Deindividuation• Lack of Introspection• Rationalization• Harmony/Lack of Disagreement

32c. Bystander Effect• You are LESS likely to get help with MORE

people around

34. Universal Emotions

• Happiness• Sadness• Anger• Fear • Disgust• Surprise• Contempt

35. What are display rules and how are they influenced by culture?

• Display rules are a social group's informal norms about when, where, and how one should express emotions. They can be described as culturally prescribed rules that people learn early on in their lives by interactions and socializations with other people.

• Ex: sadness shown by males and females

36. Describe the following theories of emotion.

• James-Lange:StimulusArousalEmotionScary dogArousal SymptomsFear• Cannon-Bard:StimulusBrainBOTH arousal and emotion• S&S’s Two-Factor (Angry/Happy Man):Stimulusarousalcognitive appraisallabel

the emotion!

37. What is motivation?

• The desire to begin and continue behaviors

38. Describe each level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs:

39. What are characteristics of individuals with a higher need for

achievement?

• Individuals with high Nach usually have high levels of intrinsic motivation and approach more challenging tasks

40. Describe the difference between anorexia and bulimia:

• Anorexia: Underweight, pre-occupied with weight and has belief they are underweight. Avoids eating or excessively exercises to lose weight.

• Bulimia: Binge and purge. Usually in normal weight range

41. What is the difference between sensation and perception?

• S- Activation of sensory receptors (example skin receptors)• P- Organizing and interpreting

sensory information

• 42. Describe each of the following sensory systems:• Olfaction• • Gustation• • Vision• • Audition• • Somesthestic senses

43. What is the process of vision? (From light entering the eye to seeing)• C- Cornea- protective outer surface• I- Iris- colored muscle that contracts to change

size of pupil• P- Pupil- allows light to enter eye• L- Lens- changes shape to focus of close or far

objects• R- Retina- back wall of eye contains rods and

cones• F- Fovea- focus point on retina (most cones)• O- Optic Nerve- sends messages to brain

44. How does the eye see in light and darkness?

•Light- cones•Dark- Rods

45. Five Basic Tastes:

46. What is Gestalt psychology?

• “The whole is greater than the sum its parts”

47. 47. What are the Gestalt principles of

perception?

48. Difference between monocular and binocular cues?

• Monocular- PICTORAL DEPTH CUES- ways you see depth in flat surfaces! • Examples: interposition, texture

gradient, linear perspective, etc. • Binocular- BOTH eyes- retinal

disparity and convergence allow us to perceive depth

49. What is an illusion?• Something that distorts our ability to

perceive!

50. What is consciousness?

•the state of being awake and aware of one's surroundings.

51. What is circadian rhythm?

• Biological sleep/wake cycle! Hypothalamus secretes melatonin when it is dark ot make us drowsy! • Causes jet lag because our “cycle”

gets thrown off

52. What happens in each stage of sleep?

• 1- light sleep, sleep onset (Alpha waves)• 2- light sleep, with sleep spindles (Theta

waves)• 3/4- Deep sleep! Little movement in muscles

or eyes, restoring the body! (Deep sleep= delta waves!)

• REM- Rapid eye movement, dreaming, and memory consolidation (Beta waves like when awake!)

53. Explain the following sleep disorders.

• Narcolepsy-• always sleepy, falling directly into REM

• Insomnia-• inability to fall asleep or stay asleep

• Somnambulisms-• Sleep walking, common in children

54. What are the symptoms of sleep deprivation?

• Irritability, inability to concentrate, acne, memory problems, weight loss or gain, etc.

55. Explain the following categories of drugs briefly with an example.

• Stimulants- speed up CNS. Example: Nicotine• Depressants- slows down CNS. Example:

Alcohol• Narcotics- Mimics endorphins, pain relieving

Example: Morphine, heroin, opium• Hallucinogenics- Distort perception Example: marijuana, LSD