Tbilisis vano sarajiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo konservatoria

xelnaweris uflebiT

Teona konstantines asuli ruxaZe

qarTuli saqorwilo musika _ stilisa da Janris sakiTxebi

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtoris

akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili disertaciis

a v t o r e f e r a t i

Tbilisi, 2013 weli

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: natalia zumbaZe

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori sruli profesori

eqspertebi: ______________________________________________

(samecn. an akad. xarisxi, akad. Tanamdeboba, saxeli, gvari)

______________________________________________

(samecn. an akad. xarisxi, akad. Tanamdeboba, saxeli, gvari)

disertaciis dacva Sedgeba ___________________________

(TariRi da dro)

Tbilisis vano sarajiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo konservatoriis

sadisertacio sabWos sxdomaze N .

misamarTi: Tbilisi, griboedovis q. #8

Tbilisis saxelmwifo konservatoria

disertaciis da avtoreferatis gacnoba SesaZlebelia Tbilisis vano

sarajiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo konservatoriis biblioTekaSi da

konservatoriis veb-gverdze: www.conservatoire.edu.ge

sadisertacio sabWos swavluli mdivani

ekaterine oniani

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori

asoc. profesori

1

sadisertacio naSromis kvlevis sagania qarTuli saqorwilo

ritualis Tanmxlebi tradiciuli musika.

qorwineba odiTganve adamianis cxovrebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes

etapad iyo miCneuli. igi saukuneebis manZilze didi avtoritetiT

sargeblobda yvelgan, msoflios yvela kuTxeSi, ganviTarebis gansxvavebul

safexurebze mdgom sxvadasxva kulturaSi. wyvilTa SeuRleba ara mxolod

warsulSi, aramed awmyoSic gansakuTrebul movlenas warmoadgens. axali

ojaxis Seqmna sicocxlis, nayofierebis, dedamiwaze adamianis arsebobisa

da dRegrZelobis sawindaria. qorwinebis amgvar mniSvnelobas unda

ganepirobebina misi aRniSvnis aucilebloba da TandaTan sakmaod rTuli

struqturis ritualad Camoyalibeba.

saqorwilo ritualSi, romelic wyvilTa SeuRlebasa da maT bednier

Tanacxovrebas emsaxureboda, didi adgili eWira magias. xalxis Rrma

rwmeniT, magiuri safuZvlis mqone wes-Cveulebebis Sesruleba momavali

ojaxis bednierebis, gamravlebis, keTildReobis, baraqianobis, uxifaTo da

xangrZlivi cxovrebis aucilebeli sawindari iyo.

saqorwilo rituali, romelsac Rrma fesvebi gaaCnia, saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda. droTa viTarebaSi igi mravalnawilian

Teatralizebul sanaxaobad iqca. musikis roli masSi, zepirsityvierebasTan,

qoreografiasa da Teatralur sanaxaobasTan erTad, Zalze mniSvnelovania.

sadisertacio naSromis kvlevis obieqti uSualod qorwilTan

misadagebuli, specifikurad saqorwilo repertuaria, rogorc vokaluri,

ise sakravieri musika. qorwilis Tanmxlebi musika mTlianobaSi did

saqorwilo Janrs qmnis, romelic Tavis mxriv moicavs sxvadasxva funqciisa

da Sinaaris mqone, sxvadasxva Janris nimuSebs.

Cveni kvlevis mizania saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi da mis

dRevandel sazRvrebs gareT mcxovreb qarTvelTagan Cawerili saqorwilo

repertuaris _ mgzavrulis tipis `mayrulis~, keris garSemovlisas

saTqmeli `jvari winasas~, qorwilis sufrasTan da momdevno dReebSi

Sesasrulebeli sxvadasxva saqorwilo simRerisa da cekva-TamaSobis,

qorwilis Tanmxlebi sakravieri musikis Seswavla. saWirod miviCnieT, aseve:

`mayrulis~ safuZvelze aRmocenebuli sxva saxelwodebis simRerebis

2

kompleqsuri kvleva da qarTuli `mayrulebis~ Sedareba mezobeli xalxebis

_ afxazur da osur _ saqorwiloebTan.

sadisertacio naSromis amocanaa zemoT CamoTvlili sxvadasxva

saxeobis saqorwilo simRerebis analizi da dajgufeba Janrul-stiluri

maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT, TiToeuli simReris Tu dasakravis daniSnulebis

garkveva saqorwilo ritualSi, erTi Janris sxvadasxvadialeqturi

nimuSebis regionaluri stilis Taviseburebebis gamovlena da, sabolood,

mayrulis Janris adgilis gansazRvra zogadad qarTul musikalur

folklorSi.

saqorwilo ritualsa da mis Tanmxleb musikas qarTul

eTnomusikologiaSi ramdenime sagangebo kvleva eZRvneba. esenia: JuJuna

TaqTaqiSvilis sadiplomo naSromi `aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Zveli

saqorwilo wesi da masTan dakavSirebuli mayruli simRerebi~, qeTevan

WiTanavas statia `megruli simRera `kuCxa bedinera~ da Cveni sabakalavro

da samagistro naSromebi _ `aWarul-SavSuri mayrulebi~ da `qarTuli

mayruli simRerebi~. miuxedavad amisa, uklebliv yvela qarTuli

musikaluri dialeqtis da, amave dros, saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT

mcxovrebi qarTvelebis saqorwilo musika sagangebo kvlevis sagani aqamde

ar gamxdara. sadisertacio naSromis aqtualoba amiTac aris ganpirobebuli

_ igi dasaxelebuli problemis monografiuli Seswavlis pirveli cdaa.

naSromis mecnierul siaxles warmoadgens qarTuli saqorwilo

musikis kompleqsuri kvleva, ritualis Tanmxlebi nimuSebis Janruli da

stilisturi kanonzomierebebis gamovlena da klasifikacia.

naSromis ZiriTadi safuZvelia Tbilisis saxelmwifo konservatoriis

qarTuli xalxuri musikaluri Semoqmedebis laboratoriis arqivSi

daculi, Cvens mier notirebuli saeqspedicio fonomasala. gamouqveynebel

fonoCanawerebTan erTad, saqorwilo simRerebis Seswavlisas

gaviTvaliswineT yvela gamoqveynebuli, pirveladi Tu meoreuli

folkloris, audioCanaweri. fonoCanawerebis garda, kvlevis arealSi

Sevida gamoqveynebuli da xelnaweri sanoto nimuSebi sxvadasxva sanoto

krebulidan da qarTuli xalxuri musikaluri Semoqmedebis laboratoriis

saarqivo masalebidan.

3

sakuTriv musikaluri masalis garda, bunebrivia, naSromSi

gamoyenebulia specialuri samusikismcodneo, eTnologiuri, istoriuli,

filologiuri da qoreologiuri literatura.

kvlevis procesSi viyenebT SedarebiTi, kompleqsuri, sistemuri da

struqturul-tipologiuri analizis meTodebs.

vfiqrobT, naSromSi dasmuli da gadaWrili sakiTxebis aqtualoba da

Sromis sanoto danarTi mas Teoriul da praqtikul Rirebulebasac sZens.

naSromis gamoyeneba SeuZliaT rogorc musikosebs, ise _ momijnave

dargebis specialistebs.

Sroma Sedgeba Sesavlis, Svidi Tavisa da daskvnisagan. axlavs

literaturisa da gamoyenebuli musikaluri magaliTebis sia (sanoto,

audio, video), da sanoto danarTi.

Tavi I

sakiTxis Seswavlis istoria

qarTuli saqorwilo ritualisa da misi Tanmxlebi musikis

kvlevisaTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnili naSromebi

romlebSic mravali sayuradRebo mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli.

disertaciis pirvel TavSi mimoxilulia qarTuli qorwilis Sesaxeb

arsebuli istoriuli, filologiuri, eTnologiuri da eTnomusikologiuri

literatura; naSromebi kavkasiis sxvadasxva xalxis saqorwilo

tradiciebisa da musikis Sesaxeb.

mniSvnelovani daxmareba gagviwia qarTveli eTnomusikologebis,

zepirsityvierebis mkvlevrebisa da eTnologebis (dimitri arayiSvilis,

grigol CxikvaZis, Salva aslaniSvilis, vladimer axobaZis, grigol

kokelaZis, oTar CijavaZis, mindia Jordanias, kaxi rosebaSvilis, evsevi

WoxoneliZis, valerian maRraZis, ioseb Jordanias, qeTevan nakaSiZis, ediSer

garayaniZis, rusudan simonovis, qeTevan gelaSvilis, irakli minaSvilis,

oTar kapanaZis, nana gogolaZis, giorgi kraveiSvilis; petre umikaSvilis,

TeTo razikaSvilis, Tedo begiaSvilis, mixeil Ciqovanis, qsenia

sixaruliZis, vaxtang kotetiSvilis, mixeil alaviZis, aleqsandre

msxalaZis, jemal noRaidelis, elene virsalaZis, zurab Tandilavas, sofio

4

Coxelis, SuSana futkaraZis, Teimuraz qurdovaniZis, Tina SioSvilis;

zaqaria WiWinaZis, ilia Wyonias, Tedo saxokias, konstantine gvaramaZis,

lazare daduanis, xaTuna ioselianis, besarion niJaraZis, apolon wulaZis,

giorgi gamxaraSvilis, zaqaria edilis, ambako WeliZis, givi doliZis,

aleqsi xucuraulis, giorgi cocaniZis, levan boZaSvilis, valerian

iToniSvilis, rusudan xaraZis, sergi makalaTias, mzia beqaias, nunu

maCablis, lia meliqiSvilis, giorgi gociriZis, biZina nanobaSvilis, arCil

janaSvilis, Tina ivelaSvilis, nugzar anTelavas, irakli surgulaZis,

neli bregaZis, manana SilakaZis, nino maisuraZis, giorgi garayaniZis) im

naSromebma, romlebSic qarTvelTa saqorwilo musika da tradiciebi

gansxvavebuli intensivobiT aris Seswavlili.

Tavi II

qarTuli `mayruli~ simRerebi

disertaciis meore TavSi ganxilulia qarTuli saqorwilo ritualis

struqtura da misi Tanmxlebi `mayruli~ simRerebi.

qarTuli saqorwilo rituali, formis mxriv, ramdenime ZiriTadi

momentisagan Sedgeba. esenia: 1. dakvleva-garigeba, 2. dawindva, anu niSnoba, 3.

sapatarZlosTan gamoTxoveba, 4. qorwili da 5. patarZlis samuSaoze gayvana.

dasaxelebulTagan dakvleva-garigeba da dawindva-niSnoba miekuTvneba

winasaqorwilo periods, sapatarZlosTan gamoTxoveba da qorwili _

uSualod saqorwilos, xolo patarZlis samuSaoze gayvana _ qorwilis

Semdgoms.

mdidari da mravalferovani qarTuli qorwili sxvadasxva saxis

saqorwilo simRerebiT iyo Tanxlebuli. maTgan yvelaze gavrcelebuli da

popularuli `mayrulebia~.

`mayrulebs~ saqorwilo ritualSi centraluri adgili eWira. maT

mefisa da dedoflis mxleblebi, mayrebi qorwilis yvelaze mniSvnelovan

momentebSi _ kerasTan, patarZlis saxlidan wamoyvanisas, gzaSi mayrionis

msvlelobisas da patarZlis axal ojaxSi Seyvanisas _ asrulebdnen.

saxelwodeba `mayruli~ momdinareobs arabuli warmoSobis sityva

`mayar~-isagan. Zvel qarTul enaSi misi Sesatyvisi yofila `Zmadi~

5

(orbeliani, 1993:355). rogorc Cans, saqorwilo simRerebs `Zmads~ manamde

uwodebdnen, vidre am sityvas arabuli `mayar~-i da misgan nawarmoebi

`mayruli~ ar Caenacvla. dRes metyvelebaSi sityva `Zmadi~ ar gamoiyeneba.

samagierod, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gvxvdeba `mdade~ (`dade~),

romelic patarZlis mxlebel qals aRniSnavs (orbeliani, 1928:203).

sakuTriv saxelwodeba `mayrulis~ garda, dadasturda mayrebis mier

saTqmeli simRerebis sxva saxelwodebebic. aseTebia: `saqorwilo~ (qarTli),

`ori oxo~ / `ori voxo~, `saqorwilo~, `qorwilobis simRera~ (svaneTi),

`orira~, `dedoflis simRera (guria), `orira~, `orirama~, `vorira~,

`dedoflis simRera~, `dodoflis simRera~ (aWara-SavSeTi), `kuCxi bedineri~

`bedinera~, `axali kuCxi bedinera~, `kunta bedinera~, `mayarefiS obiru~

(samegrelo).

`mayrulebi~ saqarTveloSi sakravis TanxlebiTac sruldeba (svaneTi);

ufro metic, arsebobs `mayrulebis~ sakuTriv sakravieri hangic (SavSeTi).

saxelwodebebi _ `ori oxo~, `orira~, `orirama~, `vorira~ _ umetesad

mayruli simRerebis sawyisi da ZiriTadi glosolaliebia. glosolaliebis

garda, `mayrulebSi~ gvxvdeba verbaluri teqstic, romelic metwilad

saqorwilo, ufro naklebad ki samonadireo, sufruli Tu saxumaro

Tematikisaa.

`mayrulebi~ Cawerilia saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela eTnografiul

kuTxeSi. iSviaTad isini yofaSi dResac JRers Tanamedrove sofluri da

qalaquri qorwilis Tanxlebad. es simRera xSirad gvxvdeba meoradi

folkloruli ansamblebis sakoncerto repertuarSic.

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis `mayrulebs~ gaaCnia rogorc msgavsi,

ise gansxvavebuli musikaluri kanonzomierebebi. sxvaobas, ZiriTadad,

mocemuli musikaluri dialeqtis, regionuli stilis Taviseburebebi

gansazRvravs. gansxvavebis miuxedavad, aSkaraa sxvadasxva kuTxis

`mayrulebis~ naTesaoba da saerTo Ziridan warmomavloba.

saqarTveloSi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebulia `mgzavrulis~ tipis

oTxwiladi `mayrulebi~. isini gvxvdeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos baris

musikalur dialeqtebSi _ qarTl-kaxurSi da yvela dasavlurqarTul

dialeqtSi _ svanurSi, raWulSi, leCxumurSi, imerulSi, megrulSi,

gurulsa da aWarulSi.

6

SedarebiT naklebad aris gavrcelebuli samwiladi saferxulo wyobis

`mayrulebi~. isini gvxvdeba: aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi _ TuSeTSi, erwo-

TianeTsa da qarTlSi, dasavleT saqarTveloSi ki _ raWaSi.

kidev ufro iSviaTia Tavisufalmetriani `mayrulebi~, romlebic

SedarebiT meti raodenobiT qarTlSi gvxvdeba, xolo TiTo nimuSiT

Semoifargleba zemo imereTi da raWa.

Tavisi musikaluri kanonzomierebebiT oTxwiladi, `mgzavrulis~ tipis

`mayrulebi~ ramdenime gansxvavebul qvejgufs qmnis. pirvel qvejgufSi

Sedis saerTo stiluri niSnebis mqone qarTl-kaxuri `mayrulebi~,

romlebsac aerTianebs:

1. msgavsi sawyisi intonacia,

2. maJoruli mixrilobis arakontaqturi hangi,

3. bani centraluri tonis qveviT mdebare VII, VI, V, IV da mis

zeviT mdebare I, II, III safexurebiT; muxlebis mijnaze saxasiaToa rTuli

modulaciuri kvartuli kadansi,

4. damaboloebeli intervali _ kvinta,

5. struqtura variantulad cvalebadi, SeWrili kadansiT

daboloebuli simetriuli aRnagobis muxlebiT (5+1 taqti),

6. Sesrulebis orpiruli forma,

7. mravalferovani ritmi sinqronulad an asinqronulad moZravi

xmebiT,

8. metrulad xazgasmul droebze banze oqtaviT daSenebuli

maRali xma,

9. verbaluri teqsti saxasiaTo glosolaliebiT (`aralali~,

`aralalo~) da saqorwilo Sinaarsis leqsebiT.

oTxwiladi `mayrulebis~ meore qvejgufi aerTianebs svanur, raWul,

leCxumur, qvemoimerul da megrul `mayrulebs~, romlebsac saerTo aqvs

Semdegi musikaluri kanonzomierebebi:

1. msgavsi sawyisi intonacia,

2. ufro minoruli mixrilobis kontaqturi hangi,

7

3. bani centraluri tonis qveviT mdebare VII, VI, V, IV

safexurebiT; imerul nimuSebSi, aseve, centraluri tonis zeviT mdebare II,

III safexurebiT,

4. damaboloebeli intervali _ unisoni,

5. struqtura variantulad cvalebadi, SeWrili kadansiT

daboloebuli simetriuli aRnagobis muxlebiT (7+1 taqti),

6. Sesrulebis orpiruli forma,

7. ritmi sinqronulad an asinqronulad moZravi xmebiT,

8. metrulad xazgasmul droebze banze ufro xSirad kvintiT,

SedarebiT naklebad oqtaviT daSenebuli maRali xma,

9. verbaluri teqsti saxasiaTo glosolaliebiT (`orera~,

`abarera~ da sxv.) da saqorwilo Sinaarsis leqsebiT.

am jgufis `mayrulebi~ saerTo warmomavlobisaa.

oTxwiladi `mayrulebis~ mesame qvejgufSi Sedis zemoimeruli

`mayrulebi~, romlebic meore qvejgufis `mayrulebisagan~ gansxvavdeba

gazrdili struqturiT (variantulad cvalebadi, SeWrili kadansiT

daboloebuli simetriuli aRnagobis muxlebiT _ 10+1 taqti); baniT da

ZiriTadi hangiT.

calke, qvejgufs (rigiT meoTxes) qmnis, aseve, megruli `mayrulebis~

(`kuCxa bedinerebis~) erT-erTi saxeoba. nimuSebi sawyisi intonaciiTa da

glosolaliebiT, zeda xmebSi xSiri paraleluri terciebiT, paraleluri

samxmovanebebiT, saerTo xasiaTiT, simkvircxliTa da xmebis sisxartiT

Camouvardeba rogorc tipur megrul, ise dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva

kuTxeebis `mayrulebs~. misi musikaluri analizis Sedegad Cndeba eWvi imis

Sesaxeb, rom simReris am variantis Camoyalibebaze garkveuli zegavlena

sasceno praqtikaSi mis aqtiur damkvidrebas da lotbarTa Carevasac unda

emoqmeda.

oTxwiladi `mayrulebis~ mexuTe qvejgufs megruli `kunta bedinerebi~

warmoadgens. am simRerebs danarCeni oTxwiladi `mayrulebisgan~ upirveles

yovlisa, xasiaTi ganasxvavebs. `kunta bedinera~ umetesad RiRiniT

8

sruldeba. zog SemTxvevaSi trios mier. am simReras sakmaod rTuli

polifoniuri faqtura gaaCnia.

oTxwiladi `mayrulebis~ Semdeg, rigiT meeqvse qvejgufSi erTiandeba

am simReris guruli, yvelaze rTuli faqturis maRalganviTarebuli

nimuSebi. guruli `mayrulebis~ msgavseba da saerTo kanonzomierebebi maT

erTi Ziridan warmomavlobaze miuTiTebs. am simRerebs bevri ram

anaTesavebs dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis `mayrulebTanac~, Tumca

musikaluri enis TandaTan garTulebam guruli `mayrulebi~ maT daaSora.

dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis nimuSebTan gacilebiT axlosaa

SedarebiT martivi faqturis mqone `mayrulebi~, romlebic guriaSi, aseve,

gvxvdeba.

oTxwiladi `mayrulebis~ bolo, meSvide qvejgufi moicavs am Janris

aWarul simRerebs, romlebic gansxvavebulia faqturiT da mravalxmianobiT.

saqarTvelos am kuTxeSi sakmaod xSiria orxmiani `mayrulebi~. maTTvis

damaxasiaTebelia sisadave da arqauli JReradoba, romelsac xSiri

kvinturi paralelizmi iwvevs. samxmian `mayrulebSi~ maRali (I) xmis

SedarebiT gviandel warmoSobaze metyvelebs banTan misi oqtauri da

kvinturi koordinaciac.

qobuleTis mxareSi Cawerili `mayrulebi~ Tavisi ganviTarebis doniT

aRemateba aWaruls (or- da samxmians), magram CamorCeba gurul

maRalganviTarebul nimuSebs.

aWaruli `mayrulebi~ musikalurad dakavSirebulia rogorc

dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelos amave Janris simRerebTan.

gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa qarTl-kaxur nimuSebTan msgavseba, rac banis

melodiur formulaSi iCens Tavs.

oTxwiladis garda, qarTul musikalur folklorSi gvxvdeba

samwiladi `mayrulebic~. isini saxezea TuSur, qarTl-kaxur da raWul

musikalur dialeqtebSi, aseve _ erwo-TianeTis mxareSi. Tavisi gavrcelebis

arealiT da raodenobiT es nimuSebi CamorCeba zemoT ganxiluls.

9

samwiladi `mayrulebis~ pirvel qvejgufs qmnis TuSuri `mayruli~. igi

samwiladi zomiT, rbili sinkopiT, taqtebis kenti ricxviT Seicavs

aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da kerZod qarTluri ferxulisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel niSnebs, Tumca samwiladi saferxulo wyoba da

aqcentirebuli metrika, rac saferxulo simRerebis yvelaze mkafio

maxasiaTebelia, simReris audioCanaweris mosmenisas arc Tu mkveTria. Cveni

azriT TuSuri `mayruli~ im tipis saferxuloebs ganekuTvneba, romelSic

ar vxvdebiT aqcentirebul samwiladobasa da saferxulo wyobas, Tumca

miuxedavad amisa misi Sesrulebis forma saferxuloa.

Tavisi musikaluri kanonzomierebebiT erTmaneTs aSkarad enaTesaveba

samwiladi `mayrulebis~ meore qvejgufSi Semavali erwo-Tianuri, qarTl-

kaxuri da aRmosavlurqarTulis tipis raWuli `mayrulebi~. am simRerebs

saerTo aqvs:

1. maJoruli mixrilobis arakontaqturi hangi,

2. burdonuli bani VII, I safexurebiT,

3. damaboloebeli intervali _ kvinta,

4. ritmi sinqronulad moZravi xmebiT,

5. aqcentirebuli metrika, rbili sinkopa,

6. struqtura 6-taqtiani muxliT,

7. Sesrulebis orpiruli forma,

8. verbaluri teqsti ZiriTadad tradiciuli saqorwilo leqsebiT.

samwiladi `mayrulebis~ rigiT mesame qvejgufs qmnis

dasavlurqarTulis tipis raWuli `mayrulebi~. am simRerebs axasiaTebs:

1. msgavsi sawyisi intonacia,

2. maJoruli mixrilobis kontaqturi hangi,

3. bani centraluri tonis qveviT mdebare VII, VI, V, IV safexurebiT;

4. damaboloebeli intervali _ unisoni,

5. ritmi sinqronulad moZravi xmebiT,

6. aqcentirebuli metrika, rbili sinkopa,

7. struqtura variantulad cvalebadi, SeWrili kadansiT daboloebuli

simetriuli aRnagobis muxlebiT (5+1 taqti),

10

8. Sesrulebis orpiruli forma,

9. verbaluri teqsti saxasiaTo glosolaliebiT (`aralo~, `aridaralo~) da

saqorwilo Sinaarsis leqsebiT.

qarTul musikalur folklorSi gvxvdeba, aseve, sam- da oTxwiladi

`mayrulebisagan~ sruliad gansxvavebuli, Tavisufalmetriani `mayrulebi~,

romlebic `mayrulis~ Janris simRerebisaTvis aratipur rig

kanonzomierebebs efuZneba. aseT `mayrulebs~ aerTianebs:

1. msgavsi sawyisi intonacia,

2. maRal xmebSi monacvleobiT mJReri hangi, mdidari melizmatikiT,

3. burdonuli (gabmuli) bani,

4. mravalferovani ritmuli suraTi,

5. struqtura sxvadasxva centraluri toniT dabolovebuli

frazebiT, romlebic modulaciebis Sedegia,

6. verbaluri teqsti TxrobiTi xasiaTis (xSirad saxumaro,

zogjer saqorwilo) leqsebiT.

Tavisufalmetriani `mayrulebi~ Tavisi musikaluri kanonzomierebebiT

grZel `sufrul~ simRerebs hgavs. maT aaxlovebs: cvalebadi da Tavisufali

metri, hangis improvizaciuloba, modulaciuri gegmebi, ori solistis

monacvleoba gabmuli banis fonze.

Tavi III

mayrulis~ monaTesave simRerebi qarTul musikalur folklorSi

`mayrulebis~ musikaluri maxasiaTeblebis didi nawili mxolod am

Janris nimuSebs ar axasiaTebs. mTeli rigi aseTive parametrebi gvxvdeba

sxva JanrebSic _ rogorc Zvel misadagebul, ise SedarebiT gviandeli

warmoSobis miusadagebel simRerebSi.

qarTl-kaxuri oTxwiladi `mayrulebis~ musikaluri enis

Taviseburebebis kvlevisas gamovlinda simRerebi, romlebic Tavisi

kanonzomierebebiT `mayrulebs~ enaTesaveba, Tumca ar aris saqorwilo da

saxelwodebebic gansxvavebuli aqvs. aseTebia: `qarTvelo, xeli xmals ikar~,

`aralalo~; `laSqruli~; `aragvispiruli laSqruli~; `mxedruli~;

11

`garekaxuri laSqruli~; `mgzavruli~; `waiyvanes Tamar qali~; `CauxdeT

baraTaSvilsa~; `murmano~; `dianbego~; `avTandil gadinadira~; `gafrindi,

Savo mercxalo~ `varsali lale~, `oduri~ da `grZeli kaxuri

mravalJamieri~.

zemoT CamoTvlil qarTl-kaxur nimuSebs amave dialeqtis

`mayrulebTan~ aaxloebs. esenia: rTuli modulaciuri kvartuli kadansi,

struqtura, ZiriTadi hangi, glosolaliebi, azrobrivi mniSvnelobis mqone

sityvieri teqsti da Sesrulebis forma.

qarTl-kaxur musikalur dialeqtSi gvxvdeba iseTi simRerebic,

romlebic samwiladi, saferxulo wyobis `mayrulebisagan~ unda iyos

warmoSobili. miuxedavad imisa, rom am simRerebis saxelwodebebi da

verbaluri teqstebi ar ukavSirdeba saqorwilo Tematikas, Tavisi

musikaluri kanonzomierebebiT isini ganxiluli `mayrulebis~ gverdiT unda

davayenoT. ori qarTluri `saferxulo~ faqtobrivad, qarTluri samwiladi

saferxulo wyobis `mayrulebis~ identuria. samwiladobisa da saferxulo

wyobis garda, maT msgavsi aqvs ZiriTadi hangi, harmonia, orsafexuriani

burdonuli bani, akordika, muxlebis moculoba da Sesrulebis orpiruli

forma.

`mayrulis~ monaTesave simRerebi gvxvdeba dasavleT saqarTvelos

musikalur dialeqtebSic. aseTia, magaliTad, imeruli `ofeTura~, megruli

`vaxtanguri~, amave kuTxeebis `mayrulebis~ msgavsi `mgzavrulebi~. mayrulis

monaTesave simRerebiT sayuradReboa guriac. aq cnobilia `orira~ _

samgzavro-salaSqro simRera da `dedoflis simRera~, romelsac xSirad

`vaxtangursac~ eZaxian. guriis mezobel kuTxeSi, aWaraSi saxelwodebebi

`orira~ da `dedoflis simRera~ `mayrulebis~ sinonimebia. Janruli

sxvaobis miuxedavad, dasaxelebuli guruli simRerebis iseTi musikaluri

parametrebi, rogoricaa metr-ritmi, struqtura, ZiriTadi hangi, Sesrulebis

forma, maT `mayrulebTan~ anaTesavebs. SesaZloa, am simRerebis Ziric

mayrulis JanrSi iyos saZiebeli. Zveli Janrebis safuZvelze axlebis

warmoSobas guruli musikaluri dialeqtis maRalganviTarebulobamac

Seuwyo xeli.

12

Tavi IV

keris garSemovlisas saTqmeli saqorwilo simRera aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi

qarTuli qorwilis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani monakveTi

kerasTan Sesasrulebeli ritualia. disertaciis meoTxe TavSi ganxilulia

saqorwilo simRera `jvari winasa~, romelic swored am rituals

ukavSirdeba.

`kera, keria _ tradiciuli saxlis centraluri adgilia. aq xdeba

ojaxis yvelaze mniSvnelovani aqtebi: anTia mudmivi cecxli, mzaddeba

yoveldRiuri sazrdo ojaxis wevrebisaTvis, aq iyris Tavs ojaxi

yoveldRiuri trapezisaTvis, mis garSemo Semoatareben ojaxis axal wevrs

_ axladmoyvanil patarZals~ (kiknaZe, 2007:100-101).

keris garSemovlis rituals axlda saqorwilo simRera, romelic

gavrcelebuli iyo: xevsureTSi (`jvari winasa~/`jvaris winasa~), fSavSi

(`jvaris winasa~/`joris winasa~/`jvarobis simRera~), TuSeTSi (`jvari

winasa~), mTiuleTSi (`jvaris winasa~/`jvaris ferxuli~/ `joris winasa~),

gudamayarSi (`joris winasa~/`jvaris winasa~), erwo-TianeTSi (`jvaris

winasa~), qarTlSi (`jvaris winasa~), kaxeTSi (`jvari wina~/`jvari da winao~),

javaxeTsa da raWaSi (`jvari wina~). miuxedavad amisa, simRera CamoTvlil

kuTxeTa mxolod erT nawilSia Cawerili. esenia: fSavi, mTiuleTi,

gudamayari, erwo-TianeTi, qarTli da kaxeTi.

`jvari winasa~ ar aris dafiqsirebuli xevsureTSi, Tumca am simReris

mniSvnelovani roli, zogadad, saqorwilo ritualSi da misi gavrcelebis

sakmaod didi areali (faqtobrivad, mTeli aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo)

gvafiqrebinebs, rom igi aqac unda arsebuliyo.

musikalurad ucnobia `jvari winasas~ TuSuri variantic, Tumca

aqauri qorwilis s. makalaTiaseuli aRweriloba simReris uwin arsebobas

saqarTvelos am kuTxeSic adasturebs (makalaTia, 1983:165).

sayuradReboa, rom xevsureTisagan gansxvavebiT (sadac `jvari winasas~

mayrebi asruleben), eTnografiul cnobebSi, TuSuri `jvari winas~

Semsruleblad erTi piri _ `xanjalamowvdili ejifi~ _ saxeldeba. Janris

koleqtiuri xasiaTis miuxedavad, gamoricxuli ar aris, rom aq solo

13

intonireba igulisxmebodes. am varauds is faqtic ganamtkicebs, rom Zveli

TuSuri simRerebis umetesoba erTxmiania, xSiria solo intonirebis

SemTxvevebi.

qorwilSi `jvari winas~ Sesrulebis tradicias zepirsityvierebis

mkvlevrebi _ e. virsalaZe (virsalaZe, 1964:149) da s. Coxeli (Coxeli, 1990:49)

_ javaxeTSic adastureben.

dasavleT saqarTveloSi simRera `jvari winasa~, faqtobrivad, ar

gvxvdeba. am mxriv erTaderTi gamonaklisi raWaa: e. virsalaZis mixedviT,

`nefis saxlSi axalgazrdebi samjer Semouvlidnen keras jvariswinas

simReriT~ (virsalaZe, 1977:84). dasavleT saqarTvelos am kuTxeSi simReris

arsebobis erTi SexedviT ucnaur faqts raWuli musikaluri dialeqtis

gansakuTrebuli buneba unda ganapirobebdes _ mas xom Sualeduri adgili

uWiravs aRmosavlur da dasavlurqarTul dialeqtebs Soris. am kuTxis

xalxur musikaSi SeiniSneba orive arealisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi,

wminda raWuli simRerebis gverdiT aq gvxvdeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos,

metwilad, qarTl-kaxeTidan Sesuli simRerebi. cxadia, msjeloba gacilebiT

gagviadvildeboda musikaluri nimuSis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi.

`jvari winasa~ sruldeba keris garSemovlis, keris irgvliv siarulis

dros. aseTi Sesrulebis da, agreTve, imis gamo, rom simReris musikaluri

mxare aSkarad gamoxatuli saferxulo wyobis niSan-Tvisebebs atarebs,

`jvari winasa~ ferxulad miiCneva. saferxulo Sesruleba TavisTavad

ganapirobebs `jvari winasas~ orpirulobas. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva kuTxeSi (fSavSi, mTiuleTSi, gudamayarSi, erwo-TianeTSi

qarTlsa da kaxeTSi) Cawerili, keris garSemovlisas saTqmeli saqorwilo

simReris Seswavla aaSkaravebs erTi Janris sxvadasxvadialeqturi nimuSebis

erTi Ziridan warmomavlobas. amave nimuSebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel, maT

ganmasxvavebel niSan-Tvisebebs TiToeul SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadad ama Tu im

musikaluri dialeqtis Taviseburebebi ganapirobebs.

keris garSemovlisas saTqmeli simRebis Seswavlis Sedegad dadginda

maTi saerTo kanonzomierebebi:

1. sawyisi daRmavali intonacia, xSirad kilos umaRlesi bgeridan,

2. minoruli mixrilobis arakontaqturi ZiriTadi hangi dabali

meore safexuriT, melizmatikiT,

14

3. burdonuli bani VII, I safexurebiT,

4. samwiladi zoma,

5. ritmuli suraTi rbili sinkopiT,

6. aqcentirebuli metrika,

7. Sesrulebis orpiruli forma,

8. verbaluri teqsti `jvari winasasTvis~ tradiciuli leqsebiT,

9. orxmianoba fSaur, gudamayrul da erwo-Tianur nimuSebSi;

samxmianoba moxeur, mTiulur da kaxeTSi Caweril nimuSebSi,

10. orxmiani nimuSebis struqtura _ 2 Tanabari winadadebisagan

Semdgari 6-taqtiani muxliT; samxmianebisa _ 8-taqtiani muxliT,

11. damaboloebeli intervalebi: unisoni _ orxmian nimuSebSi da

kvinta _ samxmianebSi).

Tavisi funqciiT keris garSemovlisas saTqmel `jvari winasebs~ hgavs

moxeuri `joruli~/ `jvaruli~, Tumca, funqciuri msgavsebis miuxedavad,

moxeuri simReris musikaluri ena sagrZnoblad gansxvavebulia. nimuSSi ar

fiqsirdeba `jvari winasasTvis~ tipuri Sesrulebis forma, rbili sinkopa,

saferxulo wyoba. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom saferxulo wyobis TandaTan

Sesusteba da metr-ritmuli Tavisufleba simReris socialuri funqciis

cvalebadobas gamoewvia.

TaviNV

sxvadasxva saqorwilo wes-Cveuleba da maTi Tanmxlebi musika

disertaciis mexuTe TavSi ganxilulia saqorwilo sufris Tanmxlebi

simRerebi, saqorwilo cekva-TamaSobebi da ferxulebi, gamosaRviZebeli

simRerebi, qalTa saqorwilo repertuari, saflavze gasvlis wesi da misi

Tanmxlebi musika, mefis ganadirebis rituali da saqorwilo sakravieri

musika.

Sinaarsis mixedviT saqorwilo sufrasTan Sesasrulebel simRerebs

ganekuTvneba kaxeTSi Cawerili `mefis dalocvebi~. Tavisi musikaluri

kanonzomierebebiT es simRerebi tipuri kaxuri `sufrulebia~. isini

qarTlSi gavrcelebul Tavisufalmetrian `mayrulebsac~ mogvagonebs. es

15

faqti kidev erTxel gvafiqrebinebs, rom qarTluri Tavisufalmetriani

`mayrulebi~, sufrasTan Sesasrulebeli simRerebia.

eTnografiuli da eTnomusikologiuri literaturis mixedviT,

saqorwilo sufras mravalferovani musikaluri Tanxleba hqonia mesxeT-

javaxeTSic.

cnobilia v. maRraZis mier Cawerili saqorwilo simRerebi.

safiqrebelia, rom samxmiani mReris tradiciis dakargvamde isini

mravalxmiani (samxmiani) da amave tipis qarTl-kaxuri simRerebis msgavsi

iqneboda.

saqorwilo repertuari aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi, kerZod

xevsureTSic aris fiqsirebuli. Tumca am kuTxeSi Cawerili nimuSebi arc

`jvari winasebia~ da arc `mayrulebi~. erT maTgans `saqorwilo simRera~

hqvia, meores ki _ `qorwilis samRerali~. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom am

tipis simRerebi saqorwilo purobas xleboda.

simRerebi, romelTa Sesrulebac saqorwilo nadims an mis Semdgom

periods ukavSirdeba, dasavleT saqarTveloSic gvxvdeba.

eTnografiuli cnobebis Tanaxmad, svanur saqorwilo sufrasTan, siZe-

patarZlis sadRegrZelos moyveboda saqorwilo simRera `sadami~ am

simReras aseve asrulebdnen kerasTan.

`sadami~ sakmaod gavrcelebuli simReraa. Tavisi musikaluri

maxasiaTeblebiT igi gacilebiT ufro axlosaa amave dialeqtis sakulto-

saritualo simRerebTan, vidre `mayrulebTan~.

specialurad saqorwilo sufrisTvis gankuTvnili simRerebi

arsebobda raWaSi, samegrelosa da aWaraSi.

Zvel saqarTveloSi saqorwilo rituali saqorwilo nadimis Semdegac

ar iTvleboda dasrulebulad. igi meore dResac grZeldeboda da zogierT

kuTxeSi saintereso sanaxaobad iqceoda xolme.

qorwils ukavSirdeba aWarul-SavSuri `ohoi nano~, mesxuri `Svidi

wyvili ferxuli~, kaxuri `vai sabra~. specialur saqorwilo repertuars

ganekuTvneboda `gamosaRviZebeli simRerebi~, saflavebis kurTxevisa da

mefis ganadirebis Tanmxlebi simRerebi da ferxulebi. eTnografiul

literaturaSi damowmebulia saqorwilo sabavSvo TamaSobebic

(nanobaSvili, 1988:62, 90, 91).

16

saqorwilo qalTa repertuars mxolod ori simRera _ aWarul-

SavSuri `gelino~ da `vin mogitana~ _ SemorCa. specialuri literaturis

Tanaxmad qalTa mier Sesasrulebeli saqorwilo simRerebi saqarTvelos

sxva kuTxeebSic arsebobda.

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis saqorwilo ritualSi bunebrivia

sakravieri musikac JRerda. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT

aWara gamoirCeva.

Tavi VI

saqorwilo tradiciebi da musika saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT

(fereidanSi, saingiloSi, lazeTsa da SavSeT-imerxevSi) mcxovreb

qarTvelebSi

musikaluri tradiciis, simyaresa da sicocxlisunarianobas im

kulturis siZliere ganapirobebs, romelSic igi arsebobs. ramdenadac

ufro Zlieria kultura, imdenad ufro metad aris mzad SeinarCunos

TviTmyofadoba, miiRos da erovnul niadagze gardaqmnas sxva

kulturebidan Sesuli elementebi. kulturaTa urTierTgavlena ki, rogorc

wesi, bunebrivi da Seuqcevadi procesia, romelsac didi mniSvneloba aqvs

maT formirebaSi. K

qarTul mravalxmian musikaze sxva xalxTa musikis an piruku

gavlenebze msjelobisaTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania Cveni qveynis

sazRvrebs gareT mcxovreb qarTvelTa _ kerZod, fereidnelTa, ingiloTa,

lazTa da SavSel-imerxevelTa, musikaluri tradiciebi. disertaciis meeqvse

TavSi saqorwilo musikisa da tradiciebis magaliTze naCvenebia Tu rogor

warimarTa ucxo da qarTulisagan diametrulad gansxvavebul musikalur

arealSi moxvedrili qarTuli kulturis bedi, ramdenad Tavdacvisunariani

aRmoCnda qarTuli mravalxmiani musikaluri azrovneba monodiuri

kulturebis pirobebSi. F

iranis provinciaშi, fereidanSi XVII saukuneSi samSoblodan iZulebiT

gadasaxlebul qarTvelebs mdidari musikaluri kultura unda hqonodaT.

17

fereidnul qorwilSi dasturdeba Semdegi sakravebi: Tari, sazi,

Wianuri, naRara, daira, dafi da doli (WeliZe, 1951:94; SaraSeniZe, 1969:32-37).

rogorc irkveva am sakravebis garda, aq specialuri sqorwilo simRerebic

JRerda (gociriZe, 1987:100). Cvens xelT arsebul cnobebSi saxelwodeba

`mayruli~ arsad gvxvdeba, magram aRwerilobiT, Sesrulebis droiTa da

funqciiT simRera, romelsac mayrioni mgzavrobisas asrulebda swored

`mayrulad~ unda miviCnioT.Aaq aseve scodniaT patarZlis gasacilebeli da

axal ojaxSi Seyvanis dros Sesasrulebeli qalTa simRerebi. dRes

cnobilia maTi mxolod verbaluri teqstebi.

rogorc Cans, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi fereidanSi mcxovrebi

qarTvelebi axerxebdnen, garkveuli formiT SemoenaxaT qarTuli xalxuri

musikaluri tradicia, Tumca bolo periodSi igi TandaTan ikargeba

sparsuli kulturis farglebSi. aRmosavluri gavlenis garda, es faqti,

istoriul samSoblosTan kontaqtebis sisustesac unda gamoewvia.

ingilour qorwilSi mravalferovani sakravieri musika JRerda.

cnobebSi dasaxelebulia: fanduri, stviri, salamuri, buzika, garmoni, sazi,

zurna, dafi da naRara (janaSvili, 1991:11).

sasiZos ojaxidan patarZlis saxlamde da piriqiT mayrionis

msvlelobas zurna da doli JRerda (iqve:11). aSkaraa, rom am SemTxvevaSi

sakravieri musika tradiciul saqorwilo simReras, `mayruls~, enacvleba,

vinaidan qorwilis zemoT dasaxelebul momentebs saqarTveloSi swored

`mayrulebi~ axlda. rogorc Cans, sakravieri musikis rolis zrda, mesxeT-

javaxeTisa da aWaris msgavsad, saingiloSic aRmosavluri musikis gavlenam

da simReris tradiciis Sesustebam ganapiroba.

mSobliur ojaxTan patarZlis gamomSvidobebisas Sesasrulebeli

musikaluri nimuSebi fereidnis msgavsad, saingiloSic arsebula. qorwils

ukavSirdeboda simRera `dedaჲ qal waiyones~, `ToroRai modis~, `kuCxa-

kuCxa~.

lazur qorwilSi fereidnisa da saingilos msgavsad mniSvnelovani

adgili eTmoboda sakravier musikas. sakravebidan aq gamoiyeneboda: pilili,

18

qamanCa, doli, Wiboni da salamuri; patarZlis wayvanisas zogjer _ dauli

(didi doli) da zurna.

cnobilia lazuri qorwilis Tanmxlebi erTxmiani simRerebic. esenia

`Tiramola~, `Wuta nusa~ da `wulo bozo~.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom dResdReobiT saqarTvelos teritoriaze

mdebare lazuri soflebis mkvidrebi cdiloben, SeZlebisdagvarad

aRadginon mravalxmiani mReris tradicia maT mexsierebaSi SemorCenili

lazuri melodiebis mraval xmaSi Sesrulebis gziT. samxmiani simRerebi

romlebsac dRes lazebi asruleben, ukanaskneli aTwleulebis produqtia.

saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT mcxovrebi qarTvelebis saqorwilo

musika da tradiciebi yvelaze ukeT `TurqeTis saqarTveloSi~, kerZod,

sofel hairiesa da maWaxlis xeobaSia Semonaxuli. amas mowmobs aq

gavrcelebuli orxmiani `mayrulebi~. aqve gvxvdeba qalTa saqorwilo

repertuaric. patarZlis Semosvivsas Sesasrulebeli erTxmiani `vin

mogitana~ da misi gasacilebeli `gelino~.

Tavi VII

qarTul-afxazuri da qarTul-osuri paralelebi saqorwilo musikis

magaliTze

eTnografiuli cnobebis mixedviT, afxazur qorwils rTuli da

mravalferovani wesebi axlda. saxalxo dResaswaulad qceul sanaxaobas

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda ara mxolod saqorwino wyvilis,

aramed mTeli soflis cxovrebaSi. Teatralizebul sanaxaobad qceuli

qorwili, rogorc wesi, ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda. mas Tan

axlda simRera, cekva, jiriTi da Tofis srola (Джанашия, 1960:91).

specialuri literaturis Seswavla adasturebs, rom afxazuri

qorwili zogadkavkasiuri struqturisaa. ceremoniis ZiriTadi momentebia:

sasiZos mayrebis misvla sapatarZlos ojaxSi, sapatarZlos gamoTxoveba

mamiseuli saxlis kerasTan, msvleloba sasiZos ojaxisaken, sapatarZlos

axal ojaxSi Seyvana, kerasTan ziareba da bolos _ saqorwilo nadimi.

19

qarTuli `mayrulebis~ msgavsad, afxazeTSi patarZlis wayvanisas

(gzaSi) da axal ojaxSi miyvanisas sruldeboda simRerebi saxelwodebebiT

_ «Aчара лаагара ашьа» da «Aтацаагарашьа». am simRerebs zogjer `uaridadas~ an

`radedas~ uwodeben, maTSi gamoyenebuli sawyisi da ZiriTadi

glosolaliebis gamo. sayuradReboa, rom msgavsi glosolaliebi _ `orira~,

`ori oxo~, `ori rama~ da sxv. _ `mayrulTa~ saxelwodebebad

saqarTveloSic gvxvdeba.

musikaluri masalis analizi cxadyofs, rom patarZlis wayvanisas

(gzaSi) da axal ojaxSi Seyvanisas Sesasrulebeli zogierTi afxazuri

simRera, Tavisi yvela parametriT, dasavleT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva

kuTxis `mayrulebs~ hgavs. sayuradReboa, rom es simRerebi samxmiania,

qarTveli eTnomusikologebi (v. axobaZe, gr. CxikvaZe, o. CijavaZe, e.

WoxoneliZe) samxmianobas afxazurSi qarTulis (gansakuTrebiT, megrulisa

da, nawilobriv, svanuris) gavlenis Sedegad miiCneven. amave mosazrebas

iziareben afxazi mkvlevrebic (S. inal-ifa, m. xaSba).

patarZlis wayvanisas da axal ojaxSi misvlisas Sesasrulebeli

simRerebis garda, afxazur masalebSi ipoveba saqorwilo nadimis Tanmxlebi

sacekvaoebic _ «Aчара ашьа» da «Aчара ркуашага ашьа». eTnografiuli

literaturis mixedviT, sufrasTan ferxulebic ibmeboda; ferxuli

«Aибарикарашьа» ki qorwilis dasasruls, mzis amosvlis Semdeg unda

SeesrulebinaT. samwuxarod, am ferxulis musikaluri teqsti da

qoreografiuli naxazi CvenTvis ucnobia. niSandoblivia, rom qorwilis

dasrulebas saqarTvelos zogierT kuTxeSic simReriT, dasakraviT da

ritualuri cekviT aRniSnavdnen.

amgvarad, afxazur musikalur folklorSi gamoiyofa saqorwilo

simRerebis ori ZiriTadi jgufi _ `mgzavrulis~ tipisa da sacekvao. maT

Soris, Cven xelT arsebuli masalebis safuZvelze, bevrad ufro

gavrcelebuli da popularuli Cans qorwilSi Sesasrulebeli sacekvaoebi.

amaze metyvelebs rogorc fono, ise sanoto variantebis SedarebiT

soliduri raodenoba. saxezea rogorc uTanxlebo, ise sakraviT

Tanxlebuli simRerebi.

20

saqarTvelos msgavsad, mayrebsa da maT meTaurs oseTSic qorwilamde

irCeven. osur enaze mayars Чиндзхасджыста hqvia. dedoflis wamosayvanad

gamgzavrebamde mayrebi Semweobas sTxoven gzis mfarvel vasTirjis, igive

wminda giorgis (Ванеев, 1955:76).

patarZlis wayvanamde sruldeba misi gamosyidvis wesi. axalgazrdebi

dedofals acileben simReriT, romelSic mimarTaven sapatarZlos dedas da

swuxan misi mdgomareobis gamo. saxlidan patarZlis gayvanis Semdeg isev

amboben responsorul locvas xucaus misamarTiT. mayrioni kvlav musikiTa

da simReriT tovebs saxls. sasiZos ojaxs miaxloebuli axalgazrdebi isev

mRerian (Хамицаева, 1985:121-136).

rogorc cnobilia, osuri simRerebi, ZiriTadad, orxmiania; samxreT

oseTSi arsebuli samxmiani nimuSebi, Tavad osi mkvlevrebis azriT,

qarTulis gavlenis Sedegi unda iyos (v. abaevi, b. galaevi, q. cxurbaeva). es

suraTi CvenTvis cnobil osur saqorwilo simRerebSic asaxulia. nimuSebi

or- an samxmiania. mravalxmianobis wamyvani forma burdonulia; simReris

manZilze kilouri sayrdeni araerTxel icvleba. saxasiaToa melodiis

mwverval-wyarodan daSveba da misi sekvenciuri ganviTareba. rTuli,

Sereuli zomebi da sinkopirebuli ritmi. aqve sagrZnobia intonaciuri

siaxlove afxazur simRerebTan.

daskvna

qarTuli saqorwilo ritualis Tanmxlebi tradiciuli musikis

Seswavlis Sedegad SeiZleba davaskvnaT:

mayrulis Janri mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs qarTuli musikaluri

folkloris Janrul sistemaSi. igi, erTi mxriv, aris centraluri Janri

masze gacilebiT didi da mravlismomcveli saqorwilo musikisa, xolo

meore mxriv, TviTon aerTianebs gansxvavebul qveJanrebs: mgzavrulis tipis,

saferxulo wyobisa da sufrulis tipis `mayrulebs~.

qarTul sasimRero SemoqmedebaSi yvelaze farTod warmodgenilia

oTxwiladi, mgzavrulis tipis `mayrulebi~; SedarebiT naklebad aris

gavrcelebuli samwiladi saferxulo wyobis `mayrulebi~ da kidev ufro

21

iSviaTad (mxolod qarTl-kaxuri musikaluri dialeqtis qarTlur

kilokavSi) gvxvdeba Tavisufalmetriani, sufrulis tipis `mayrulebi~.

Tavisi musikaluri kanonzomierebebiT oTxwiladi, mgzavrulis tipis

`mayrulebi~ ramdenime gansxvavebul qvejgufs qmnis.

pirvel qvejgufSi Sedis saerTo stiluri niSnebis mqone qarTl-

kaxuri `mayrulebi~, meore qvejgufi aerTianebs svanur, raWul, leCxumur,

qvemoimerul da megrul `mayrulebs~, mesame qvejgufSi Sedis zemoimeruli

`mayrulebi~, calke, qvejgufs (rigiT meoTxes) qmnis megruli `kuCxa

bedinera~, mexuTe qvejgufSi Sedis megruli `kunta bedinerebi~, meeqvse

qvejgufSi erTiandeba `mayrulis~ guruli nimuSebi, meSvide qvejgufi

moicavs am Janris aWarul simRerebs.

oTxwiladis garda, qarTul musikalur folklorSi gvxvdeba

samwiladi `mayrulebic~.

pirvel qvejgufSi erTiandeba TuSuri `mayrulebi~, meore qvejgufs

qmnis erwo-Tianuri, qarTl-kaxuri da aRmosavlurqarTulis tipis raWuli

`mayrulebi~, mesame qvejgufSi erTiandeba dasavlurqarTulis tipis raWuli

`mayrulebi~.

qarTul musikalur folklorSi _ kerZod qarTlSi gvxvdeba, aseve,

sam- da oTxwiladi `mayrulebisagan~ sruliad gansxvavebuli,

Tavisufalmetriani `mayrulebi~.

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gavrcelebuli gansxvavebuli tipis

`mayrulebi~, rogorc wesi, uTanxlebod, usakravod sruldeba. aSkaraa, rom

qarTuli musikaluri folkloris zogadi suraTi _ xmierTan SedarebiT,

sakravieri musikis mokrZalebuli adgili _ saqorwilo musikazec

vrceldeba (sakravi gacilebiT xSirad gamoiyeneba saqarTvelos sazRvrebs

gareT mcxovreb qarTvelTa saqorwilo musikaSi, risi mizezic ucxo

kulturis gavlenis Sedegad mravalxmiani mReris tradiciis Sesusteba,

zogan ki _ moSla unda iyos).

22

qarTuli `mayrulebis~ musikaluri enis Taviseburebebis kvlevisas

gamovlinda simRerebi, romlebic Tavisi kanonzomierebebiT `mayrulebs~

enaTesaveba, Tumca saqorwilo rituals ar ukavSirdeba.

`mayrulis~ monaTesave simRerebi, `mayrulebisagan~ gansxvavebiT, maTze

gvian warmoSobili miusadagebeli simRerebia, romelTa Sesrulebac yofaSi

garkveuli droiT da adgiliT ar aris SezRuduli. zogi qarTl-kaxuri

guruli da imeruli simReris didi msgavseba `mayrulebTan~ gvafiqrebinebs

am simRerebis momdinareobas gacilebiT Zveli `mayrulis~ Janridan:

`mayrulebis~ smeniTi STabeWdilebebis Sedegad Seqmnili es simRerebi

Semdeg sasceno praqtikis wyalobiT unda gavrcelebuliyo da

gapopularulebuliyo.

yofidan gamqrali `mayrulebisa~ da maTi monaTesave simRerebis

SedarebiTi Seswavla `mayrulis~ Janris saxecvlis saintereso gzas

gviCvenebs.

qarTuli qorwilis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan monakveTs kerasTan

Sesasrulebeli rituali warmoadgens.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi (fSavSi, mTiuleTSi,

gudamayarSi, erwo-TianeTSi qarTlsa da kaxeTSi) Cawerili, keris

garSemovlisas saTqmeli saqorwilo simReris Seswavla aaSkaravebs erTi

Janris sxvadasxvadialeqturi nimuSebis erTi Ziridan warmomavlobas. amave

nimuSebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel, maT ganmasxvavebel niSan-Tvisebebs TiToeul

SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadad ama Tu im musikaluri dialeqtis Taviseburebebi

ganapirobebs.

Tavisi funqciiT keris garSemovlisas saTqmel `jvari winasebs~ hgavs

moxeuri `joruli~/`jvaruli~, Tumca, funqciuri msgavsebis miuxedavad,

moxeuri simReris musikaluri ena sagrZnoblad gansxvavebulia.

`mayrulebis~ da keris garSemovlisas saTqmeli `jvari winasebis~

garda, dRemde SemorCenili zogierTi simReriT da eTnografiuli cnobebiT

qarTul qorwilSi sxva simRerebis Sesrulebac dasturdeba. amgvar

nimuSebs Sorisaa aWarul-SavSuri `vin mogitana~ da `gelino~, qarTl-kaxuri

da mesxuri `mefis dalocvebi~, svanuri `sadami~, xevsuruli `qorwilis

23

samRerali~ da `saqorwilo simRera~. Cvenebur qorwils axlda ferxulebic

(zogjer Teatralur sanaxaobad qceuli), maT Soris: aWarul-SavSuri `ohoi-

nano~, qarTluri `bastis Cabma~, kaxuri `vai sabra~, mesxuri `Svidi wyvili

ferxuli~; da aseve _ sxvadasxva saxis TamaSobebi. specialuri musikaluri

repertuari sruldeboda qorwilis momdevno dReebSi saflavebis

kurTxevisa da mefis ganadirebis wesebSi. qorwilSi JRerda sakravieri

musikac. yvela wyaro miuTiTebs imaze, rom qarTuli tradiciuli qorwilis

ritualuri da musikaluri mxareebi gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT

gamoirCeoda. samwuxarod, am ukanasknelis amsaxveli masalis didi nawili

Cvenamde ver SemorCa.

saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT mcxovrebi qarTvelebis saqorwilo

musikis kvleva adasturebs rom maT warsulSi mdidari musikaluri

tradicia unda hqonodaT.

fereidnelTa Sesaxeb arsebul eTnografiul literaturaSi

saxeldeba aq arsebuli mravalferovani sakravebi da qorwilis sxvadasxva

moments misadagebuli simRerebi. samwuxarod musikaluri nimuSi CvenTvis

ucnobia.

sakravebiTa da simRerebiT mdidari yofila ingiloTa saqorwilo

rituali. dRes ingilouri saqorwilo simRerebis hangebi, isic

fragmentuladaa SemorCenili.

saqorwilo musikiT (rogorc sakravieriT, ise xmieriT) mdidari

yofila lazTa saqorwilo rituali. saingilos msgavsad am SemTxvevaSic

saxezea mxolod melodiebi. Y

rogorc irkveva yvelaze ukeT musikaluri tradicia TurqeTis

saqarTveloSia SemorCenili. aq dResac axsovT tradiciuli orxmiani

mayrulebi.

kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT, monodiuri musikaluri kulturebis

arealSi moxvedrili qarTvelebi sakuTar musikalur tradiciebs (maT

Soris, saqorwilos) SeZlebisdagvarad inarCunebdnen. dRemde Semonaxuli

sasimRero teqstebidan aSkaraa, rom simReras maT yofaSi mniSvnelovani

adgili eWira. es simRera, qarTuli musikaluri azrovnebis mravalxmiani

bunebis gamo, mravalxmiani unda yofiliyo, rasac `TurqeTis saqarTveloSi~

24

SemorCenili nimuSebic adasturebs. samwuxarod, mravalxmiani mReris

tradicia droTa ganmavlobaSi daikarga, Tumca qarTvelTa erovnuli

TviTSegneba da istoriuli samSoblos siyvaruli Tavisas mainc akeTebs _

mSobliuri musikaluri tradiciebisadmi interesi mraval xmaSi mReris

survilSic gamoixateba.

garkveuli paralelebi qarTulTan SeiniSneba afxazebisa da osebis

saqorwilo musikasa da tradiciebSic. Cven xelT arsebuli masalis

safuZvelze ufro TvalsaCinoa kavSiri afxazur da qarTul simRerebs

Soris, vidre osursa da qarTuls Soris. migvaCnia, rom arsebuli msgavseba

(gansakuTrebiT, afxazur da osur musikalur folklorSi samxmianobis

arseboba) maTze qarTulis gavlenis Sedegia. rac Seexeba orxmian simRerebs,

qarTul musikalur sistemasTan maT naklebi kavSiri aqvs.

aSkaraa, rom Tavisi mxatvruli RirebulebiT gamorCeul afxazur

musikalur folklorze, maRalganviTarebul qarTul kulturasac didi

gavlena unda moexdina. qarTuli xalxuri musikis gavlena SedarebiT

naklebad, magram mainc TvalsaCinoa osur samxmian simRerebzec.

saqorwilo wes-Cveulebebs xSir SemTxvevaSi xangrZlivi istoria aqvT.

bunebrivia drois cvlilebasTan erTad, icvleba sazogadoebis socialuri

urTierTobis formebi, warmodgenebi ama Tu im sakiTxze, mTlianad

cxovrebis stili. yovelive es tradiciebisadmi damokidebulebasac cvlis.

qorwili dResac iseTive mniSvnelovani movlenaa, rogorc warsulSi

iyo, Tumca bunebrivia yvela is xalxuri wes-Cveuleba, romlis Sesruleba

adre aucileblobas warmoadgenda, dRes zog SemTxvevaSi saerTod kargavs

aqtualobas, zogjer ki saxecvlilia, da mxolod simbolur mniSvnlobas

atarebs.

droTa ganmavlobaSi cvlilebebi ganicada saqorwilo musikamac.

rogorc Cans saqarTveloSi pirveli Zvrebi XIX saukunidan qorwilSi

tradiciuli musikis gverdiT aRmosavluri instrumentebis da maTze

Sesrulebuli repertuaris CanacvlebiT daiwyo. XX saukunidan Cndeba

qorwilSi daqiravebuli musikosebis tradicia, dol-garmoni,

eleqtrosakravebi, saestrado ansamblebi. amgvari e. w. `Tanamedrove~,

25

`moduri~ musikis gverdiT, `mayrulebis~ da sxva saqorwilo simRerebis

Sersuleba TandaTan gaiSviaTda da gansakuTrebul SemTxvevad iqca, Tumca

bolo aTwleulebSi SesamCnevia qarTuli tradiciuli musikisadmi

interesis zrda. amis gamoZaxilia gansakuTrebiT dedaqalaqSi

momravlebuli qarTuli simRerisa da galobis SemsrulebelTa jgufebi. es

interesi gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda TaobaSi SeimCneva. swored aman

ganapiroba Tanamedrove qorwilebSi zogierTi Zveli tradiciis dabruneba,

maT Soris saqorwilo simRerebisa da sagaloblebis Sesruleba.

qarTuli tradiciuli musika qarTveli xalxis individualobis erT-

erTi maxasiaTebeli da msoflios kulturuli memkvidreobis mniSvnelovani

nawilia. misi SenarCuneba sayovelTao globalizaciis pirobebSi, erovnuli

identobis SenarCunebis erT-erTi pirobaa. tradiciuli simRera upirveles

yovlisa cocxalia maSin, rodesac arsebobs misdami interesi, Sesrulebisa

da mosmenis survili. dResdReobiT misi Sesrulebis ZiriTadi adgili

scenaa. bunebrivia, Tanamedrove yofaSi misi dabruneba im saxiT, ra saxiTac

warsulSi iyo SeuZlebelia. Tumca zemoxsenebuli tendencia (Tanamedrove

qorwilebSi Zveli saqorwilo simRerebis Sesruleba) dadebiTad aRiqmeba

da qarTuli xalxuri musikaluri tradiciis sicocxlisunarionobaze

metyvelebs.