quan ly tong hop tai nguyen nuoc 6002

8/6/2019 Quan Ly Tong Hop Tai Nguyen Nuoc 6002

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MC LC

Tm tt ..................................................................................................................................1................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................trang................................................................................................................................................1

Chng I - Gii thiu nhim v nghin cu.......................................................................3

1. Hon cnh nghin cu................................................................................................3

2. Phm vi nghin cu.....................................................................................................3

3. Mc ch nghin cu...................................................................................................4

4. Phng php nghin cu............................................................................................4

5. Tiu ch nh gi.........................................................................................................4

Chng II - Tng quan v qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc..........................................5

1. Qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc..............................................................................5

2. Cc nghin cu v qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc..............................................11

3. Vit Nam tim cn vi qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc.........................................12

4. Tng quan v ti nguyn nc Vit Nam...............................................................14

Chng III - nh gi cc ch trng, chnh sch v php lut....................................23

1. Cc ch trng, chnh sch v nh hng chung....................................................23

2. Cc vn bn php lut ..............................................................................................30

Chng IV - nh gi th ch v t chc hot ng.......................................................43....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................431. C cu t chc..........................................................................................................43

2. Th ch ti chnh.......................................................................................................50

3. C ch phi hp lin ngnh......................................................................................51

4. Th ch thanh tra......................................................................................................51

5. Xy dng thng tin, d liu v ti nguyn nc........................................................52

Chng V - xut kin ngh v gii php......................................................................53

1. i vi h thng chnh sch......................................................................................53

2. Th ch v t chc hot ng...................................................................................53


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3. xut l trnh thc hin..........................................................................................57

Kt lun................................................................................................................................59

Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................................60

Danh sch cc chuyn gia cung cp thng tin.................................................................62Danh sch cc chuyn gia gi bn cu hi v nhn c tr li........................65

Ph lc.................................................................................................................................69

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TM TT

nh gi lin ngnh cc chnh sch qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc l mt trong

cc ni dung c bn ca d n quc gia bo tn v s dng hu ch cc vng t ngpnc (NN). Cho n nay, h thng lut, ngh nh hng dn ca Chnh ph, cc quyt

nh ca Chnh ph, quyt nh ca cc B chuyn ngnh, thng t lin B lin quan n ti

nguyn nc l tng i nhiu, tuy nhin cha c s lin kt mt cch tng hp.

Nhim v v phm vi nghin cu l ly kin ca cc chuyn gia thuc lnh vc qun

l, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc trong cc ngnh kinh t - x hi v ch gii hn

ngun ti nguyn nc lc a (bao gm c nc mt, nc di t) v nc bin ven b.

Tiu ch ca nh gi lin ngnh cc chnh sch, th ch, c cu t chc l tnh h thng,

tnh thc tin (hay tnh kh thi) v tnh hiu qu.

Chng 2 trnh by cc khi nim c bn v qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc (8 khi

nim), gii thiu mt s nghin cu v qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc trn th gii v s

tim cn ca Vit Nam, tm lc hin trng ti nguyn nc ngt v nc bin ven b trn

ton quc. Mt c im ni bt ca ngun ti nguyn nc Vit Nam l kh phong ph

nhng phn b khng u theo khng gian (gia cc vng) v thi gian (gia cc ma), hai

phn ba tng lu lng nc cc sng c bt ngun t ngoi lnh th.

Chng 3 nh gi cc ch trng, chnh sch v php lut thng qua cc chin

lc, ng li ca ng v Nh nc ta v s pht trin kinh t x hi bn vng. Cc ch

trng chnh sch c tm lc trong 6 vn chnh v c c th ha bng cc vnbn php lut m trong Lut Ti nguyn nc l c s php l cho cc vn bn khc.

Tc ng tch cc ca cc vn bn ny l: c tnh h thng cao, h thng vn bn kh hon

chnh mang tnh k tha v nng cao, cc vn bn c u nhm to ra mt hnh lang

php l cho mi hot ng lin quan n ti nguyn nc; tnh thc tin: to ra mt s phi

hp lin ngnh, thng nht v i vo hot ng thc t; hiu qu ca cc vn bn ny

c th hin trong xy dng c cu t chc, v cc kt qu pht trin kinh t. Cc tn ti

ca h thng chnh sch thng qua cc vn bn php lut c tm tt trong 5 vn : s

chng cho, s song hnh, cha y , s lin quan gia qun l ti nguyn nc v

NN, s thiu cp nht.

Chng 4 trnh by nh gi th ch, t chc hot ng qun l tng hp ti nguyn

nc hin nay Vit Nam. Ngoi c quan qun l nh nc v Ti nguyn nc l Cc Ti

nguyn nc (cp trung ng), Phng Ti nguyn nc (cp tnh), c cu t chc qun l

nc theo lu vc c thnh lp th im cho ba lu vc chnh i vo hot ng t

ba nm nay. Cc u vit ca c cu t chc ny em li nhiu gi tr tch cc nh: qun l

cp nc, cht lng nc, kim sot l lt, kim sot bi lng, giao thng thy, pht trin

thy in thy liLu vc sng ng Nai Si Gn, Nhu - y c a ra phn tch.

Tn ti chnh trong c cu t chc l s thiu nht qun trong chuyn giao trch nhim gia

B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn (NN&PTNT) v B Ti nguyn Mi trng (TN&MT)

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trong qun l nc v lu vc sng; th ch ti chnh cho ngnh nc cha c xem xt

nghim tc.

Bo co cng xut mt s kin ngh v gii php tho g cc tn ti ny theo

mt l trnh nht nh.

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CHNG I

GII THIU NHIM V NGHIN CU

1. Hon cnh nghin cu

Ti nguyn nc ng mt vai tr c bit quan trng, l thnh phn thit yu ca s

sng v mi trng, quyt nh s tn ti v pht trin bn vng. Trn tri t ca chng ta

c ba phn t l nc, song lng nc sch phc v nhu cu thit yu ca con ngi l

rt hn ch. Vy m, tnh trng s dng nc trn th gii l rt lng ph v nhiu hnh

ng gy tn hi cho ngun nc. Mt nguyn nhn l vic qun l ngun ti nguyn ti to

yu ny cn phn tn, cha c qun l trong mt quan h tng th v cha c coi l

mt loi hng ha c bit. Tuy rng c nh gi l quc gia tng i giu ti nguyn

nc, Vit Nam l mt trong nhiu quc gia trn th gii ang phi i mt trong cucchin v s pht trin kinh t v x hi ngy cng c nhiu lin quan n ngun nc.

l: s phn phi khng u trong nm (lng nc trong ma kh ch chim 20%); khng

u theo v tr a l (vng Tuyn Quang, Mng Ci ti 80 l/s trong khi vng Hm Tn ch 10

l/s); cht lng nc cc vng l rt khc nhau (ng bng sng Cu Long nc chua,

phn, mn). Thiu nc, suy thoi cht lng nc v s tc ng n lng thc l

nhng vn cn c s quan tm v hnh ng c th.

Mc tiu ca vic Qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc (QLTHTNN) l mt qu trnh h

tr cc quc gia ang n lc gii quyt cc vn v nc vi phng php c hiu qu

ng vn v vng bn. c bit, Vit Nam l mt quc gia c nhng vng NN ng k baogm vng NN thuc h thng sng M Kng, sng Hng, m ly, h, vng NN ven bin,

bi triu. Cc vng NN ny cung cp mt gi tr hng ha to ln v thc phm cho cuc

sng. Mt khc, Vit Nam tham gia vo hi ngh Ramsar nm 1989 v ph bin mt s ti

liu hp php v duy tr v bo v cc vng NN. Lut Ti nguyn nc c thng qua

nm 1998 v sau l cc ngh nh hng dn vic thc hin lut ny a ra mt bc

ch yu hng ti qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc. Tuy nhin, cc chnh sch v NN v

vic qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc cn kh yu, chng chp, thiu s sp xp v chc

nng r rng.

Do chng ta cn phi c s xem xt a ngnh v cc chnh sch qun l tng hp

ti nguyn nc Vit Nam lm c s cho vic s dng v qun l mt cch c hiu qu

cc vng NN. Cc nghin cu ny cng s gp phn hon thin cc chnh sch, php lut

v th ch qun l NN v qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc Vit Nam.

2. Phm vi nghin cu

Vn v chnh sch, th ch QLTHTNN rt rng v khng gian, xuyn sut v thi

gian v l mt vn phc tp lin quan n hu ht cc ngnh kinh t - x hi. Cc kt qu

nh gi trong bo co ny nhm mc ch xy dng v hon thin th ch, chnh sch v

qun l v s dng ti nguyn NN, v vy ni dung nh gi c trnh by trong bo cony ch gii hn xem xt cc vn lin quan n nc lc a (nc mt, nc ngm) v

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cc vng nc bin ven b, tc l cc vng ti nguyn nc c t nhiu lin quan n cc

vng NN.

3. Mc ch nghin cu

- Phn tch, nh gi cc mt mnh v yu ca h thng chnh sch, lut VitNam v NN v QLTHTNN.

- Bo co s xem xt cc u im v nhc im ca h thng th ch Vit Namv s tc ng ca h thng chnh sch, lut l hin hnh.

- nh gi hiu qu ca vic thc hin cc chnh sch, quy tc, lut l hin hnh vQLTHTNN.

T s tng hp ny, bo co s xut cc gii php nhm hon thin h thng

chnh sch, lut php v th ch v qun l NN v QLTHTNN. Cc kt qu ny s h tr

cho vic s dng v to ngun thng tin cho cc ngnh, lin ngnh, cc a phng mt

cch hiu qu.4. Phng php nghin cu

- Thnh lp nhm chuyn gia nghin cu: bao gm cc nh nghin cu chuyn

ngnh nc, cc nh qun l ang lm vic trong cc B/ngnh.

- Nghin cu, sng lc, tng hp, nh gi cc d liu: cc b lut, ngh nh, quyt

nh, thng t ca Chnh ph, B, ngnh lin quan n qun l ti nguyn nc.

- Hi tho, ly kin cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc chuyn mn

5. Tiu ch nh gi

c th nh gi c thc trng ca h thng qun l ti nguyn nc, cn phi

ra cc tiu ch nh gi thy c nhng mt hoc cha lm c, kh thi hay

km kh thi, hiu lc ca h thng lut php, quy nh, th ch chnh sch c ban

hnh trong nhng nm qua nc ta. Mt tiu ch chung nht cho s nh gi lin ngnh l

s pht trin kinh t - x hi n nh v bn vng, tc l khai thc hiu qu ti nguyn nc

m khng hoc t lm tn hi n cht lng, tim nng ti nguyn nc cng nh cc

ngun ti nguyn khc c lin quan. Cc tiu ch c th c ngh nh sau:

- Tnh h thng ca cc chnh sch: y l im quan trng trong h thng qun l

ca mt quc gia- Tnh thc tin ca h thng chnh sch: biu th cho kh nng p dng vo thc t

cuc sng ca tng thnh vin trong x hi, ca tng a phng.

- Tnh hiu qu ca cc chnh sch qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc: kt qu ca

h thng chnh sch, lut l ban hnh. Trong tiu ch ny, s thnh cng hay

nhng ni dung cn bt cp trong cc lut l ban hnh s c bn lun.

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Chng II

TNG QUAN V QUN L TNG HP TI NGUYN NC

1. QUN L TNG HP TI NGUYN NC (QLTHTNN)

4 nguyn tc ca Dublin l:

- Nc ngt l ngun ti nguyn c hn v d b tn thng v cn thit cho s

sng, pht trin v mi trng.

- Pht trin v qun l nc phi da trn c s tip cn vi s tham gia ca cc

bn c lin quan, t ngi s dng n ngi lp k hoch, ngi lp chnh sch,

mi cp .

- Ph n ng vai tr trung tm trong vic cung cp, qun l v m bo an ton v

nc.

- Nc c gi tri kinh t nhu cu cnh tranh s dng v phi c xem nh hng

ha c gi tr kinh t.

nh ngha v QLTHTNN

Thc tin QLTHTNN ty thuc vo tng tnh hung. mc vn hnh th thch

thc l chuyn nguyn tc c tha thun thnh hnh ng c th. p ng yu cu

ny thng phi da vo QLTHTNN vi Qun l bao hm c pht trin v qun l. Tuynhin khi nim ca nh ngha QLTHTNN c ngha rng hn, r rng hn. Khi cc t

chc vng hay quc gia phi trin khai thc tin QLTHTNN v s dng khun kh hp tc

ton cu v vng.

Qun l s dng hiu qu ngun nc l hot ng nm trong chin lc QLTHTNN.

Khi nim ny c hiu theo nhiu cch khc nhau, nhng thng nht chung, khi nim

ny da theo nh ngha ca t chc Cng tc v nc ton cu (GWP) nh sau:

QLTHTNN l mt qu trnh y mnh phi hp pht trin v qun l ti nguyn nc, t

ai v cc ti nguyn khc c lin quan, sao cho ti a ha cc li ch kinh t v phc li x

hi mt cch cng bng m khng phng hi n tnh bn vng ca cc h sinh thi thityu.

Tng hp l cn thit nhng cha . Theo t in ca Webster, s cn thit phi

tng hp ni ln khi c lin quan ti tnh hnh quan h tng h thng xuyn ca cc

nhm ph thuc ln nhau ca cc hng mc hnh thnh nn mt tng th thng nht.

Tng hp khi l ngh thut v khoa hc ca s hi ha t l cc thnh phn

trong mt th thng nht. Tuy nhin nhng vn ny trong qun l ti nguyn nc c

bit l tng hp, t n khng th m bo pht trin chin lc ti u, k hoch v s

qun l ti u.

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1.1. Quan h tng h gia h thng t nhin v nhn to

Khi nim QLTHTNN tng phn vi truyn thng, qun l ti nguyn nc theo

ngnh (fragmented) mc nn tng nht c lin quan ti qun l yu cu vi cp nc

(qun l cung-cu v nc). Nh vy tng hp c th c xem di 2 h c bn:

- H thng t nhin vi tm quan trng cc k ca n l c ti nguyn nc v cht

lng ca n,

- H thng nhn to (Human System) v c xc nh mt cch c bn l s dng

ti nguyn, to ra cht thi v gy nhim ti nguyn v h thng cng phi

to dng nhng u tin pht trin.

Tng hp phi din ra c hai h v gia hai h v c tnh ti s bin ng v thi

gian v khng gian. V mt lch s, nhng ngi qun l nc hng ti t xem xt

mnh trong vai tr trung lp qun l h thng t nhin m bo cung cp tha mn nhng

nhu cu xc nh ca chnh h. R rng rng, ngi tiu th ch c th yu cu sn phmc cung cp, nhng nc c th c cung cp vi cc tnh cht rt khc nhau, chng

hn v cht lng v lu lng li nh nhng giai on yu cu cao im. Gi v xc

nh n gi s nh hng n tiu th nc cng nh s u t h tng chuyn ti

tim nng thnh tiu th hiu qu.

1.2. Tng hp gia qun l ngun nc ngt vi qun l vng bin ven b

Qun l ngun nc ngt vi qun l vng bin ven b s phi c nht th ha,

phn nh tnh lin lc gia nc ngt v nc bin ven b. H nc ngt l vt th rt quan

trng xc nh nhng iu kin ca vng bin ven b v do ngi qun l h nc ngts phi xem xt nhng yu cu ca vng bin ven b khi qun l ti nguyn nc. y l

trng hp c bit ca vn quan h gia thng lu v h lu, m vn ny cng

ngy cng c ch i vi tt c cc nc. iu ny c xut x t cc tuyn b ca Lin

Hp Quc trn c s cc ngun nhim t lc a, i hi phi xy dng cc chng trnh

hnh ng ton cu (GPA) v nh gi nc quc t ton cu (GIWA).

1.3. Tng hp gia qun l t v qun l nc

Cch tip cn tng hp gia qun l t v nc l mt s khi u ca chu trnh

thy vn, tun hon vn chuyn nc gia cc quyn hay thnh phn: khng kh, t, cy

trng v ngun nc mt, nc di t. Kt qu pht trin s dng t v lp ph trng

trt (bao gm c la chn cy trng) s nh hng ti s phn b vt l cng nh cht

lng nc v iu ny phi c xem xt cn thn trong quy hoch tng th v qun l

cc ngun ti nguyn nc. Mt vn khc, nc l yu t mu cht xc nh c im v

sc khe ca tt c cc h sinh thi (trn cn cng nh di nc) v do nhng yu cu

v s lng, cht lng nc ca cc h sinh thi cn c xem xt ton b trn cc

kha cnh v tim nng ti nguyn nc. Vic tng cng qun l lu vc ni chung v lu

vc sng cn c quan tm v phi l cc vn quy hoch khung logic QLTHTNN

theo cc h thng t nhin. Lu vc v qun l cp lu vc khng ch quan trng ngha

tng hp cc vn s dng t v nc, m cn rt bc thit trong qun l cc mi quanh gia lng v cht, gia cc quyn li thng lu v h lu.

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1.4. Tng hp v qun l nc mt v nc di t

Chu trnh thy vn cng ku gi tng hp gia qun l nc mt vi nc di t.

S suy gim nc c gi li trn b mt mt lu vc c th xut hin nghch o (xoay

chiu) gia nc mt v nc di t theo cch t h lu n ton lu vc. Phn t l ln

ca dn s th gii ph thuc vo nc di t c cung cp nc. Vic s dngrng ri ha cht trong nng nghip v s nhim t cc ngun khng im (theo din)

to ra mt s e da ln i vi cht lng nc di t v ngi qun l phi xem xt

cc mi quan h gia nc mt v nc di t. nhim nc di t rt khng ng

u trn ton lu vc v phi tnh ti cc chi ph gim thiu nhim nc di t.

1.5. Tng hp gia qun l s lng v cht lng ti nguyn nc

Qun l ti nguyn nc bao hm s pht trin s lng nc ph hp vi cht

lng an ton. Nh vy qun l cht lng nc l hp phn cn thit ca QLTHTNN. S

xung cp, suy thoi cht lng nc lm gam tnh s dng ti nguyn i vi cc bn linquan vng h lu. R rng rng, cc t chc, th ch c kh nng tng hp, nht th ha

cc kha cnh v s lng v cht lng phi c y mnh. H thng nhn to vn hnh

s sn sinh ra nhim, gy nhiu tc ng i vi mi trng-ti nguyn nc. Do phi

phn u gim thiu cc sn phm ph thi.

1.6. Tng hp gia cc quyn li lin quan n thng lu v h lu

Vic tip cn tng hp qun l ti nguyn nc hm nhn dng cc xung t v

quyn li gia cc bn c lin quan vng thng lu v h lu. Nhng tn tht v tiu

th (nhu cu) thng lu s lm gim lu lng nc sng. Cc thi lng nhim x

ra thng lu s lm suy thoi cht lng nc sng.Vic s dng t lm thay i

vng thng lu cng s lm thay i vic b cp nc di t v lu lng theo ma

ca nc sng. Cc gii php kim sot l vng thng lu c th e da v l i vi

cc bn lin quan vng h lu. Nhng xung t v quyn li cn c xem xt trong

QLTHTNN vi ton b s hiu bit v hng lot mi quan h vt l-t nhin v x hi,

nhng quan h tn ti trong mt h thng t hp. S am hiu v tnh tn thng gy ra

bi nhng hot ng vng thng lu i vi nhng bn c lin quan vng h lu l rt

cn thit. Nhn mnh li mt ln na, qun l s tham gia vo c hai h thng t nhin v

nhn to.

1.7. Tng hp trong h thng nhn to

1 .7.1. Xc nh dng chnh ca ti nguyn nc

Khi phi phn tch cc hot ng ca con ngi hay h thng dch v, r rng l tt c

cc vn -kha cnh ca tng hp s phi c tham gia cng vi s hiu bit v h sinh

thi t nhin, nng lc, tnh d b tn thng v nhng gii hn ca n. S tng hp d l

nhim v tng hp, s tng hp hon ton l cha r rng v cha hin thc. iu bao

gm:

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-m bo chc chn rng cc chnh sch ca chnh quyn, tnh u tin ti chnh v

quy hoch (vt cht, kinh t, x hi) s phi tnh ti nhng trong cc ni dung ca

pht trin ti nguyn nc, nc c lin quan ti ri ro v s dng nc.

- nh hng ca cc ngnh, cc lnh vc: Khi quyt nh la chn cng ngh sn

xut v tiu th sn phm phi da trn c s cc gi tr thc ca nc v nhucu gi cho ti nguyn thin nhin tn ti mi mi theo thi gian.

- Cung cp, to dng nn- phng, c ch, m bo rng, tt c cc bn c lin

quan u c th tham gia vo cc quyt nh v lnh vc ti nguyn nc, gii

quyt cc xung t v la chn gii php cui cng.

Cc gii php tng hp l cn thit mi cp t h gia nh n quc gia, ri n th

trng quc t.

1 .7.2.Tng hp lin ngnh trong pht trin chnh sch quc gia

Tip cn QLTHTNN m ch rng, nhng pht trin lin quan n nc, vi tt c cc

ngnh kinh t, x hi, s phi c tnh n trong qun l tng th ti nguyn nc. Nh

vy chnh sch ti nguyn nc s phi tng hp/ nht th ha vi chnh sch kinh t quc

gia cng nh cc chnh sch ca cc B, ngnh. Ngc li, cc chnh sch kinh t x hi

(ca cc B/ ngnh) cn phi tnh ti cc nhim v ca ti nguyn nc, chng hn, cc

chnh sch nng lng quc gia, chnh sch thc phm quc gia cng c th tc ng su

sc ti ti nguyn nc v ngc li. Khi cc pht trin phi c nh gi i vi cc

tc ng c th c i vi ti nguyn nc v cc nh gi phi c xem xt khi thit

k v xc nh cc d n pht trin u tin. S pht trin v qun l ti nguyn nc c tc

ng i vi kinh t-x hi thng qua nhiu con ng khc nhau, nh di dn, gia tng nh

c hay nhng thay i trong thnh phn c cu cng nghip. Hu qu l, h thng qun l

ti nguyn nc phi bao gm s trao i thng tin lin ngnh v quy trnh hp tc cng

nh k thut nh gi cc d n ring bit vi mong i l bao hm ni dung i vi ti

nguyn nc trong nhng trng hp c bit ni ring v trong x hi ni chung.

1.7.3. Cc tc ng kinh t v m ca s pht trin nc

nhng tnh hung khi m mt lng ln vn c dn cho vic u t ngnh nc

th cc tc ng kinh t v m thng rt ln v rt tai hi i vi ton b s pht trin kinh

t. Yu cu ngy cng gia tng i vi hng ha v dch v cc ngnh khng cn nc ldo dng vn u vo lm tng gi hng ha v dch v s dn n s lm pht. Nh vy

thng ko theo nhng tc ng kinh t v m di hn v l nhng iu khng mong mun.

1.7.4. Nhng nguyn tc c bn xy dng chnh sch tng hp

Vic xy dng chnh sch lin ngnh v tng hp l rt nng n v kh khn c th

t c trong thc t. Tuy nhin c nhng nguyn tc chung l:

- Nhng nh lp k hoch kinh t phi rt thn trng nh gi lm pht, s cn bng

chi tr v tc ng kinh t v m trc khi bt u mt chng trnh u t vn

trn quy m ln trong ngnh nc.

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- Ngi lp chnh sch s dng t phi c cung cp cc thng tin v nhng hu

qu v nc vng h lu v chi ph ngoi bin nhng li ch i vi h thng

nc t nhin (ngha l vic ph rng hay th ha c th lm thay i ch

v dng chy nc v gy nguy c l lt). iu ny khng c ngha l nhng chi

ph ngoi bin b thit hi, m nhng iu s gip ngi lp chnh sch phicn nhc gia nhng chi ph vi nhng li ch thu c t nhng chnh sch v

k hoch do h lp ra.

- Nhng chnh sch gy tc ng lm tng nhu cu tiu th nc bao gm c vic loi

b cc sn phm lng ph s c pht trin vi s hiu bit v chi ph gia tng

tng th.

- Nhng chnh sch phn phi nc hiu qu gia cc nhu cu s dng khc nhau

phi tnh ti cc gi tr tng i trong s dng v c o lng bng cc iu

khon kinh t x hi.

- Nhng ngi hoch nh chnh sch cn bit cn bng gia nhng li ch ngn hn/

trc mt v chi ph lu di ti cc tnh hung p dng nhng nguyn tc phng

nga c th gim chi ph trong sut thi gian di.

- Nhng ngi hoch nh chnh sch phi bit rng bao cp trong qun l ti nguyn

nc l tt yu, sao cho nhng nhim v khc nhau c thc hin mc ph

hp v thp nht.

1.7.5. nh hng cc quyt nh ca cc ngnh kinh t

Nhng quyt nh ca nhng nh pht trin kinh t (t quy m xuyn quc gia haycc cng ty s hu nh nc n nhng trang tri hay h ring bit) trong a s cc nc

s c tc ng ln i vi nhu cu v nc, nhng nguy c lin quan n nc v kh

nng c ngun nc vi cht lng nc m bo. Nhng quyt nh ny s khng gy tn

thng i vi ti nguyn nc nu c thng tin r rng, minh bch v tng chi ph ca cc

hnh ng, khuyn khch ln i vi cc chi ph bn ngoi ca cc quyt nh cn bit.

1.7.6. Tng hp tt c cc bn c lin quan trong qu trnh lp k hoch v ra quyt

nh

Vic tham gia ca cc bn c lin quan trong vic qun l v lp k hoch v ti

nguyn nc c bit l a nng, tng hp nh mt yu t ct li t ti s s dng

nc mt cch cn bng v bn vng. Tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp cc bn c lin

quan thng c quyn li xung t v mc tiu ca h lin quan n qun l ti nguyn

nc c th tc th tch ring. gii quyt vn ny, QLTHTNN phi pht trin cc cng

c vn hnh qun l xung t v gii quyt, dung ha nhng xung t v dnh lu gia

nhng mc tiu, k hoch v hnh ng. Vn quan trng y l cn nhn dng v thit

k cc chc nng qun l ti nguyn nc theo mc thc hin ph hp cp thp nht;

tng cp thc hin, nhng bn c lin quan cn c nhn dng v ng vin.

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1.7.7. Tng hp gia qun l nc v nc thi

Nc l ti nguyn ti to v c th ti s dng. nhng ni m khng c nhu cu

v nc c quay vng sau khi s dng, cn phi c c ch m bo rng dng nc

thi c x vo ngun nc phc v cp nc th s rt c li. Nu khng qun l iu

phi, th dng thi s lm gim hiu qu cung cp nc do s suy gim cht lng nc vtng chi ph v cp nc sau . Nhng khuyn khch ti s dng c th c to dng

i vi nhng ngi s dng ring bit, nhng c c hi s dng hiu qu, phi thit k

lng ghp cc h thng chnh tr, kinh t, x hi v hnh chnh.

Tng hp lin ngnh gia cc tiu ngnh s dng nc v vai tr ca QLTHTNN

trong lin kt gia cc tiu ngnh c th hin nh sau:

Nhng tiu ch quan trng nht tip tc QLTHTNN, cn phi bit mt s tiu ch quan trng nht cn phi tnh ti

trong cc iu kin x hi, kinh t v t nhin:

Hiu sut kinh t trong s dng nc: V s khan him nc ngy cng trm

trng v thiu ngun ti chnh, bn cht xc nh v d b tn thng ca nc,

nh mt ti nguyn v nhu cu v nc ngy cng tng. V vy nc cn c

s dng c hiu qu cao nht.

Bnh ng: Quyn li c bn i vi mi ngi l c nc d v s lng v an

ton v cht lng duy tr s sng ca loi ngi. iu cn c ghi nh. Tnh bn vng v mi trng v sinh thi: Vic s dng ti nguyn hin ti phi

c qun l theo cch khng lm suy yu h thng h tr duy tr s sng, bng

cch dung ha s dng chnh ngun ti nguyn cho hm nay v cho c th h

mai sau.

Cc yu t quan trng

Khung QLTHTNN v tip cn hiu bit rng cc yu t b sung cho h thng qun l

hiu qu ti nguyn nc cn c trin khai v tng cng cnh tranh:

-To dng mi trng: Khung tng qut ca cc chnh sch quc gia, lut l, quynh, cc thng tin i vi cc bn c lin quan v qun l ti nguyn nc;

Tng hp lin ngnh

To mitrng

Vai tr thch

Cng c qunl

Nc chosinh hotdn c

Nc chothc phm

Nc chothin nhin

Nc chocng nghipv nhngnhu cukhc

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-Vai tr th ch v cc chc nng ca cc cp hnh chnh khc nhau v nhng bn

c lin quan khc nhau;

-Nhng cng c qun l, bao gm cng c vn hnh i vi cc quy nh c hiu qu,

quan trc v tng cng, to kh nng cho nhng ngi ra quyt nh c

thng tin la chn phng n hp l gia nhng phng n hnh ng Nhngla chn ny cn phi da trn c s cc chnh sch ng thun, cc ngun ti

nguyn c th c, cc tc ng mi trng v nhng hu qu kinh t, x hi.

Hnh 1. Tnh bn vng sinh thi

2. CC NGHIN CU V QUN L TNG HP TI NGUYN NC

T chc cng tc v nc ton cu (GWP) c thnh lp t nm 1996, l mt mng

li m cho mi t chc c lin quan n qun l ti nguyn nc nh: cc c quan ca

chnh ph cc nc pht trin v ang pht trin, cc c quan thuc Lin hp quc, cc

ngn hng pht trin song phng v a phng, cc hi ngh nghip, vin nghin cu, t

chc phi chnh ph v t chc c nhn. T chc ny nhm thc y qun l tng hp ti

nguyn nc vi mc tiu m bo lin kt pht trin v qun l nc, t v nhng ti

nguyn lin quan bng cch tng ti a li ch kinh t v phc li x hi m khng lm nh

hng xu n tnh bn vng ca nhng h thng thit yu.

y ban t vn k thut ca GWP a ra nhng tin cho QLTHTNN nh sau:- Ti nguyn nc ngt th gii ang chu mt sc p ngy cng tng, tng

trng dn s, tng cc hot ng kinh t, mc sng ci thin d ti s cnh

tranh v mu thun v ngun nc ngt. Vic thiu nhng bin php chng

nhim cng lm cho ti nguyn nc suy thoi trm trng hn.

- Dn s di sc p v nc: trong th k 20, dn s th gii tng khong ba

ln trong khi lng nc khai thc s dng tng khong by ln. Theo tnh

ton hin nay c khong mt phn ba dn s th gii ang chu sc p mc trung

bnh v mc cao v nc. Theo c tnh t l ny cn c th tng n hai phn

ba vo nm 2025.

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- Tc ng ca nhim nc c lin quan cht ch n cc hot ng ca con

ngi. Ngoi cc chc nng phc v nhng nhu cu c bn ca i sng v cc

quy trnh cng nghip, nc cn c vai tr nh mt tc nhn truyn ti cht thi

sinh hat, nng nghip v cng nghip gy nhim. Ngun nc suy thoi do

nhim nh hng n kh nng s dng ngun nc h lu e da sc khecon ngi v chc nng ca h sinh thi nc.

- S khng hong trong qun l Nh nc v ti nguyn nc: cch tip cn

qun l ti nguyn nc theo ngnh v ang c vi tr ln t. iu ny dn n

vic phn mng v thiu phi hp trong pht trin v qun l ngun ti nguyn

nc. Thm vo , vic thc hin cng tc qun l thng c thc hin theo

hng t cc c quan cp trn xung, m tnh hiu qu ca phng php ny

vn cn l vn cn phi xem xt.

- m bo nc cho nhu cu sinh hot v sn xut lng thc: nhng tc

ng ny trc ht nh hng n nhng thnh phn ngho i nht ca dn s

cc nc ang pht trin v nhu cu nc sch v v sinh. Theo s liu pht trin

dn s. Trong khong thi gian 25 nm, cn c lng thc cp thm cho 2-3 t

ngi. Nc c xem l mt tr ngi chnh i vi sn xut lng thc (nng

nghip s dng 70% lng nc khai thc)

Trn c s nhng vn c nu trn, khi nim QLTHTNN khc vi khi nim

Qun l ti nguyn nc trc kia im phi xem xt Ti nguyn nc trong mi quan h

tng quan gia con ngi v ngun ti nguyn tc l phi xem xt hai cp : h t nhin

c coi l tm quan trng sng cn i vi kh nng v cht lng ti nguyn; h con

ngi/ nhn to/ l c bn xc nh vic s dng ti nguyn, pht thi v lm nhim ti

nguyn, ng thi l ngun ng lc cho nhng u tin pht trin. Trc kia, cc nh qun

l nc c xu hng coi mnh c vai tr trung lp p ng cc nhu cu t pha bn ngoi

tc l thiu s tng quan qua li. S pht trin mi ca khi nim i hi phi c nhng

nghin cu nghim tc v vn QLTHTNN nhm mt c ch pht trin kinh t - x hi bn

vng khng ch nc ta m cn l nhim v ca cc t chc c lin quan n lnh vc ny

trn ton cu.

3. VIT NAM TIM CN VI QUN L TNG HP TI NGUYN NC

Vit Nam tham gia l thnh vin ca Mng li Cng tc v Nc ton cu v

mng li cng tc v nc khu vc ng Nam (SEATAC nay l SEARWP) t nhng

nm 1997-1998.

Mng li nc Cng tc v Nc ca Vit Nam (VNWP) c thnh lp t nm

2000 v t n nay c nhiu hi tho quc gia v quc t c t chc (Hi tho

Qun l iu hnh hiu qu ngnh nc-6/2002, hi tho QLTHTNN vi dch v nc-

12/2003, hi ngh thnh vin ln th II mng li cng tc v nc ca Vit Nam-4/2004)

Cc tham lun ti hi tho to c s khoa hc v thc tin cho vic xy dng cc chnhsch ca tng ngnh hoc lin ngnh cho vic QLTHTNN. S tng trng bn vng ca

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cc ngnh kinh t c s ng gp quan trng ca vic cn bng gia nhu cu khai thc, s

dng v kh nng chu ti, s phn b hp l ca ngun ti nguyn nc di do nhng

khng phi l v tn. Cc nghin cu nhm hon thin h thng chnh sch quc gia v

QLTHTNN khng ch cn cho mt quc gia n l m cn mang ngha ton cu, ph hp

vi nhng thng l quc t.Ngy 20 thng 5 nm 1998 Quc Hi nc CHXHCN Vit Nam thng qua lut Ti

Nguyn Nc quy nh vic qun l, bo v, khai thc s dng TNN, phng chng v

khc phc hu qu tai hi do nc gy ra.

Khon 2 iu 63 quy nh" Hi ng Quc gia v ti nguyn nc gm Ch tch Hi

ng l mt Ph Th tng, u vin thng trc l B trng B NN&PTNT"

Ngy 15 thng 6 nm 2000 Th tng Chng Ph quyt nh thnh lp Hi ng

Quc gia ti nguyn nc v ngy 28 thng 6 nm 2001 Th tng Chnh Ph ban hnh

quy ch hot ng ca Hi ng Quc gia v TNN v c vn phng ti B NNv PTNT. Hing Quc Gia v TNN hp c 3 ln bn cc vn ln v TNN theo chc nng ca

hi ng. Nm 2003 Hi ng cng hp bn v vic xy dng k hoch pht trin v

qun l TNN.

Khc vi t ai, khong sn, nhng ti nguyn c nh v trong mt a bn nht

nh, ti nguyn nc c c tnh l vn ng theo lu vc mang tnh h thng. Vic qun l

ti nguyn nc v cng trnh thy li l mt khi thng nht, rt kh c th chia s trong

vic qun l. Tnh h thng v s vn ng ca nc theo lu vc th hin cc im sau:

- Mi quan h mt thit qua li gia thng ngun v h ngun tc l mi bin ng

thng ngun nh ly nc, thi nc, ngn gi nc, ci to dng chy, bin

ng cht lng nc u lin quan n s thay i tch cc hoc tiu cc h

lu.

- Mi quan h gia b mt lu vc v ngun nc: mi tc ng b mt lu vc

nh vic cht ph rng, vic m rng canh tc trn sn dc, vic th ha, vic

s dng ha cht trong nng nghip u lm thay i ch dng chy v cht

lng nc trong phm vi lu vc.

- Mi quan h gia nc mt v nc di t: nc mt v nc di t trong

phm vi lu vc quan h mt thit vi nhau, b sung cho nhau. Ma l nc mtcung cp thm tr lng cho nc di t, cn ma kh nc di t b sung

li cho ngun nc ma nc kit. V vy, cc bin php trng rng, lm h cha

l bin php tch cc iu ha lng nc cho c hai cu thnh.

Tnh h thng ca nc i hi phi c nhng chnh sch, qui nh, th ch mang tnh

lin ngnh trong QLTHTNN.

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4. TNG QUAN V TI NGUYN NC VIT NAM

4.1. Ti nguyn nc mt

Trn lnh th Vit Nam c 2360 sng di trn 10 km c dng chy thng xuyn. 9 h

thng sng c din tch lu vc trn 1000 km2 l: M Kng, Hng, c , M, ng Nai, Ba,

Bng Giang, K Cng v V Gia-Thu Bn. Sng ngi Vit Nam c th chia lm 3 nhm.

Bng 1. Tr lng nc mt cc sng

Nhm sng Din tch lu vc (km2) Tng lng nc (km3/nm)

Ton b Trong

nc

Ngoi

nc

Ton b Trong

nc

Ngoi

nc

Nhm 1. Thng ngun nm

trong lnh th

45.705 43.725 1.980 38,75 37,17 1,68

Nhm 2. Trung v h lu

nm trong lnh th

1.060.400 199.230 861.170 761,90 189,62 524,28

Nhm 3. Cc sng nm trong

lnh th

55.602 55.602 66,50 66,50

Tng cng 298.557 822,15 293,29 535,96

C nc 330.000 853,80 317,90 535,96

S lc cc ngun ti nguyn nc cc vng8 vng kinh t nc ta phn ln u nm trong cc lu vc sng chnh. Tuy nhin,

tr lng v cht lng ti nguyn nc, tnh a dng sinh hc v kh nng c nc v

tnh d b tn thng ca mi vng c khc nhau. Cc vng ng bng sng Hng, ng

bng sng Cu Long, ng Nam B c h thng sng ngi dy c v ngun ti nguyn

nc mt di do. cc vng ny, gia tng dn s, th ho v cng nghip ho mt cch

nhanh chng, thm canh nng nghip v vn ti ng thu lm cho cht lng nc xu

i v gim mc nc di t. Trong khi cc vng ven bin vi mt dn s ngy cng

tng, cng d b tn thng trc do s bin i kh hu ton cu v nn ph rng din ra

cc vng thng lu, th cc vng ni cao (Ty Bc v Ty Nguyn) hn hn v l qutli xy ra ngy cng nghim trng. Tnh a dng sinh hc trn t lin v thu sn nc

ngt gim hu ht cc vng. Cc ngun ti nguyn bin v ven bin tng mang li cc li

ch cho cc vng ven bin v nn kinh t nc nh, nhng khai thc qu mc l mt nguy

c r nht.

4.2. Ti nguyn nc di t

Tng hp tr lng nc di t c nh gi v xt duyt trn ton lnh th

n cui nm 1998 v cc nm 2002, 2004 c th hin trong bng 2.

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Bng 2. Tr lng nc trn ton lnh th Vit Nam (m3/ngy)

TT Ngun nc 1998 2002 2004

1 Nc mt 2,27 t 2,27 t2 Nc di t 14.457.446 130.017.000 130.017.000

Ngun: Bo co Hin trng mi trng B NN&PTNT

Ngun nc ngm c phn b theo lnh th nh sau:

* H ni Hi phng Qung Ninh: 5.058.915 m3/ngy

* Hu - Nng: 944.834 m3/ngy

* TP H Ch Minh ng Nai Vng tu 1.591.182 m3/ngy

* Cc vng khc 6.979.515 m3/ngy

4.3. Ti nguyn nc ven b

Vit Nam c b bin di khong 3260 km v hn 3500 o ln v nh. Vng b bin

v vng nc ven b bin Vit Nam c th chia thnh 9 vng vi cc c trng a mo

sau:

- Vng b t Mng Ci n Sn: y l vng b ng lc sng v thy triu

chim u th. Hnh thi ng b khc khuu v phn cch mnh c nhiu vng,vnh v o ven b cng vi rng ngp mn.

- Vng b t Nam Sn n Nga Sn (Thanh ha): y l vng b bin pht

trin trn nn lc a k tha vng trng sng Hng bao gm cc ca sng chnh

ca h thng sng Hng. c trng hnh thi ng b l li ra bin, trc cc

ca sng u c cc cn ct.

- Vng b t Nga Sn (Thanh Ha) n o Ngang (Qung Bnh): vng ny c cu

to t theo nn ca i to ni Vit Lo.

- Vng b t o Ngang (Qung Bnh) n o Hi Vn ( Nng): thuc vng Bc

Trng Sn bao gm phc np lm sng C v li Trng sn. c im b bin

l ng bng hp tch t mi mn ven bin c nhiu cn, n ct nm dc pha

ngoi, pha trong l m ph.

- Vng b t bn o Sn Tr ( Nng) n Sa Hunh (Qung Ngi): vng pht

trin trn nn un np Vit Lo, di ng bng ven bin v vng b bin hin i

u tng i rng. Trong vng ny c C Lao Chm.

- Vng ven b t C N n Vng Tu: vng ny thuc i cu trc Lt. a

hnh b bin tng i bng phng, vng y st b c nhiu bn ct v

ngm.

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- Vng b t Vng Tu n Rch Gi: thuc chu th sng Cu Long c nhiu ca

sng ln, b bin thoai thoi, h thng knh rch dy c. Cc ca sng thng

rt rng vi cc bi triu ngm v cn ct.

Vit Nam c 28/64 tnh thnh ph c bin. Nhn chung, dn s thnh th ca cc tnh

ven bin u tng trong 3 nm gn y (2,5% nm 2002 v 3,2% nm 2003). Nm 2003,cc tnh ven bin c 308 qun, huyn vi dn s khong 41,7 triu ngi trong c 126

qun, huyn vi trn 17,7 triu ngi sinh sng.

Hn hai thp nin qua, mt s lng ln tu, thuyn mi ng tham gia khai thc.

S tu thuyn ny ch yu hot ng vng bin c u su trn di 50 m, gy p lc ln

cho vic khai thc hi sn vng nc ven b. So snh vi kt qu nghin cu nhng nm

90, tr lng c bin n nay (2004) gim st kh r rt (3,1/4,1 triu tn).

4.4. c im kh hu thy vn

H thng dng chy vi mt mng li tiu nc ra bin kh dy. Tng s cc consng ln nh Vit Nam ln ti 2.500, trong c 2360 con sng di t 10km tr ln. Vit

Nam c chn h thng sng ln nht l Cu Long, Hng, Thi Bnh, K Cng - Bng, M,

C, Thu Bn, Ba v ng Nai. Theo s liu tnh ton cho thy h thng sng Cu Long c

ngun nc chy vo Vit Nam l ln nht, chim 61,4% tng lng dng chy sng ngi

ca c nc. Cc dng sng chy ra bin to thnh h thng ca sng l mt trong

nhng loi hnh NN quan trng ca Vit Nam. Hin nay, c nc c trn 3.500 h cha

nc nh v 650 h cha nc va v ln, cc h cha nc ln nh h Thc B c din

tch mt nc 23.400 ha, h Ha Bnh 218 km2, h Du Ting 35.000 ha, h Tr An 27.000

ha (Nguyn Vit Ph, V Vn Tun, Trn Thanh Xun, 2003).

Kh hu nc ta thuc vng kh hu nhit i gi ma, nhit trung bnh hng nm

kh cao (hn 200C/nm), m tng i ln (hn 80%/nm), lng ma di do

(1500mm/nm). S khc nhau v ch kh hu gia cc vng, c bit l ch nhit -

m c nh hng n ch thy vn ca tng vng nh thi gian ngp nc, su

ngp nc, ch nhit ca nc, dn n s khc nhau gia cc loi hnh NN.

4.5. Tnh hnh khai thc v s dng nc Vit Nam

Dn s tng nhanh v lng nc s dng nhiu ln s lm cho lng nc bnh

qun u ngi ngy cng gim. Theo s liu thng k hng nm Vit Nam, tng lng

nc c to ra trung bnh hng nm l khong 835 t m3, lng nc sn sinh trn lnhth khong 325 t m3. Lng nc bnh qun u ngi hng nm t 4.000 m3/nm cho

vng thiu nc n 10.720 m3/nm cho cc vng c tr lng ln.

S dng nc c tiu hao

- S dng nc cho nng nghip: kt qu tnh n nm 1998 c 75 h thng

thy li va v ln vi nhiu h thng thy li nh gm 3.500 h cha va v ln

(dung tch trn 1 triu m3 chiu cao p trn 10 m); 1017 p dng v hng ngn

h cha nh, hn 5.000 cng ti/tiu ln; trn 10.000 trm bm in ln v va

vi tng cng sut 24,8 triu m3/h v hng vn cng trnh thy li va v nh. Cc

h thng thy li c tng nng lc ti trc tip 3,45 triu ha, to ngun cp nc

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cho 1,13 triu ha, tiu 1,4 triu ha, ngn mn 0,87 triu ha v ci to chua phn

1,6 triu ha t canh tc nng nghip. Khong trn 8000 km b bao ngn l v h

thu ng bng sng Cu Long vi hng vn km knh mng v cng trnh trn

knh. Tng ti sn c nh phn nh nc u t khong trn 60.000 t ng (gi

nm 1998) cha k ti sn c nh cho iu, cng trnh thy in Lngnc cung cp hng nm cho nng nghip rt ln v tng ln hng nm: 1985 s

dng 40,65 t m3 chim 89,8% tng lng nc tiu th, 1990 l 51 t m3 chim

91% tng lng nc tiu th, nm 2000 l 76,6 t m3, chim 84% tng nhu cu

v nc. T nm 1998, din tch c ti tng trung bnh mi nm khong

3,4%, nhng cc h thng ti ch c th p ng cho 7,4 triu ha (hay 80% tng

din tch t trng trt). Chnh ph mong mun n nm 2010 th nhu cu ti s

tng n 88,8 t m3 (ng vi din tch c ti l 12 triu ha).

- S dng nc cho cng nghip: 1980 l 1,50 t m3 (chim 4,0%); 1985 l 1,86 t

m3 (chim 6,3%); nm 1990 l 5,33 (chim 9,8%); nm 2002 l 14 t (chim18,5%).

- S dng cho sinh hot: tng lng nc cp cho cc th 2,6 triu m3/ngy

(nm 1998); 2,7 triu m3/ngy (nm 2002), khong 3 triu m3/ngy (vo thng 12-

2005) v d kin 3,3 triu m3/ngy nm 2010.

Hin nay ch khong 70% dn s Vit Nam c cung cp nc sch dng cho

sinh hot. Theo chin lc ca Chnh ph, n nm 2010 s tng t l ny 95%

dn c th. Ng nghip, nui trng thu sn, cng nghip v cc ngnh dch v

cng lm tng nhu cu s dng cc ngun ti nguyn nc ca t nc.

- Ngoi mc ch ti tiu cho nng nghip, h thng thu li cn phc v cp nccho sinh hot v tiu nc cho cc vng dn c. Mt s h thng cn c kt

hp khai thc s dng nc cho giao thng, du lch, thy sn

- S dng nc cho thy in: Cc h cha thy in l ngun d tr nc quan

trng iu ha, phn phi, cp nc cho cc mc ch khc. Tng dung tch tr

nc ca 11 h cha nc thy in ln v ang xy dng (dung tch mi h

trn 1 t m3) v hn 35 h cha dung tch trn 100 triu m3/h l trn 25 t m3.

Theo k hoch n 2010 s a vo hot ng 21 h cha thy in va v ln.

n ht nm 2020 s xy dng thm nhiu h cha vi tng cng sut in l

11.137 MW.

nh gi chung

a. V cht lng:

Cht lng nc thng lu cc con sng cn kh tt, nhng vng h lu nc

phn ln cc con sng b nhim, c ni mc nghim trng. Nguyn nhn do nc

thi ca cc c s sn xut kinh doanh, nc thi sinh hot khng c x l hoc x l

cha t tiu chun mi trng cho php thi trc tip vo cc dng sng. Cht lng

nc suy gim mnh, nhiu ch tiu nh BOD, COD, NH4, tng N, tng P v vi sinh c hm

lng cao hn tiu chun cho php nhiu ln, gy nh hng ti sc kho v i sng

nhn dn, nht l nhng ni ngi dn s dng nc sng lm ngun nc phc v sinh

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hot. Nc vng ven bin cng c du hiu b nhim. Hm lng cc cht hu c,

kim loi nng, ho cht bo v thc vt mt s ni vt qu tiu chun cho php. Hm

lng du trong nc bin c xu hng tng nhanh do xy ra nhiu s c trn du. Hng

nm c tnh nc ta c khong trn 1 t m3 nc thi m hu ht cha c x l hoc

x l cha t yu cu ra mi trng v ang gy nhim nghim trng mt sngun nc. T l s ngi c s dng nc hp v sinh cn thp (khong 85% thnh

ph v khong 45% vng nng thn).

b. Kh nng bo m v nc:

S gp kh khn, c bit l trong ma kh. Theo bo co ca Vin Quy hoch thu

li, tr lng nc ngm nc ta c khong 50 - 60 t m 3, trong tr lng khai thc

khong 10 - 12 t m3/nm. Hng nm chng ta khai thc khong 20% tr lng nc ngm

phc v cho cc hot ng pht trin kinh t - x hi. Nc ngm mt s vng, c bit l

cc khu cng nghip, th c nguy c cn kit vo ma kh v c du hiu nhim mt

s ni. Nguyn nhn do khai thc ba bi v khng ng quy trnh k thut.

c. Quan trc mi trng nc:

Nhm phc v cng tc nh gi din bin cht lng mi trng, nh k xy dng

Bo co hin trng mi trng, h thng quan trc v phn tch mi trng quc gia

c xy dng, tng bc b sung v hon thin. Tnh n nay, trn phm vi c nc c

20 trm quan trc v phn tch mi trng thc hin quan trc thng xuyn cc thnh

phn mi trng nc, khng kh, t, ma axt, phng x v mi trng lao ng vi hn

250 im quan trc, phn b trn a bn ca 45 tnh, thnh ph vi tn sut quan trc l 4

ln trong nm. Bn cnh , h thng quan trc v phn tch mi trng quc gia cng phihp cht ch vi h thng quan trc mi trng khng kh ca Trung tm Kh tng thu

vn quc gia v h thng quan trc nc lc a ca Cc qun l ti nguyn nc.

d. p ng cc vn v ti nguyn nc ca Vit Nam:

Chnh ph Vit Nam cng t c nhng kt qu rt n tng trong vic gii

quyt nhng vn v qun l ti nguyn nc ca t nc. Nhng kt qu ny l do

tng u t ca Nh nc cho ngnh nc t 5.682 t ng trong nm 1996 ln n 8.621

t ng trong nm 2001, mi c th t c.

Cng vi vic tng u t v tng cng nng lc, Chnh ph Vit Nam cng xydng v thc thi nhiu chnh sch, chng trnh c bit ch trng vo gii quyt cc vn

lin quan n qun l ti nguyn nc, bao gm tng t l c s dng nc sch v

v sinh, hn ch nhim, bo tn tnh a dng sinh hc v bo v cc h sinh thi, nng

cao tnh bn vng ca ngnh thu sn, gii quyt tnh d b tn thng trc cc thin tai c

lin quan n nc v tng cng qun l cc lu vc sng.

e. Cc vn v mi trng nc:

Vn nhim ngun nc:

nhim ngun nc l mt trong cc thch thc thc t phi i mt trong giai onpht trin kinh t - x hi hin nay. i lc s tng trng kinh t phin din dn n

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nhng hu qu mi trng khng kim sot c. Cc nghin cu v cc lu vc sng

cho nhng kt qu ng bo ng. S nhim do nc thi t cc khu th v cc khu

cng nghip trn hu ht cc lu vc t bc n nam u c biu hin r rt.

a dng sinh hc:

a dng sinh hc bin v nc ngt ca Vit Nam tng i cao, nhng ang b e

do bi tnh trng nhim nc cng nghip v sinh hot, cc hot ng xy dng ng

s v p, no vt, nh bt qu mc v cc k thut nh bt c tnh hu dit cng nh

nui trng thu sn i tr.

Cc vng nc ngt ca Vit Nam giu tnh a dng sinh hc v thc vt v ng vt,

bao gm 544 loi c, 52 loi tm, cua, 782 loi ng vt khng xng sng (c, vm, ng

vt lng c, cn trng) v cc loi thc vt (20 loi rong v 1402 loi to). Cc vng bin

Vit Nam l ni c tr ca hn 2000 loi c, trong c 130 loi c gi tr kinh t cao. Ngoi

ra, cn c hn 1.600 loi gip xc v 2.500 loi thn mm. Trong s ny, c 101 loi ncngt v 131 loi bin c xem l qu him v ang b e do v c a vo sch

nm 2002. Cc h sinh thi ca Vit Nam cng rt phong ph nh cc vng NN, rng

ngp mn, rn san h v cc bi c bin.

Cht lng nc :

Tnh trng nhim nc mt, ngm v cc vng nc ven b Vit Nam ngy cng

tr nn r rt hn. Mc d cht lng nc cc vng thng lu cn kh tt, nhng cc

on sng h lu ca cc con sng chnh th cht lng nc li km v hu ht cc h,

ao, knh mng trong cc khu th ang nhanh chng tr thnh cc b cha nc thi.

Nc di t cng c hin tng nhim v nhim mn mt s ni. th ho v

cng nghip ho din ra nhanh chng cc vng ven bin, cc hot ng xy dng cng v

pht trin hng hi, pht trin du lch ven bin v s gia tng cc s c trn du gp

phn lm suy gim cht lng nc ven bin.

Tnh d b tn thng :

Vit Nam rt d b tn thng trc thin tai do cc iu kin v a l v a hnh ca

t nc. Cc vng b nhim nng nh H ni thuc ng bng sng Hng, thnh ph H

Ch Minh thuc ng bng sng Cu Long, cc vng ven bin min Trung l nhng vng rt

d b thin tai. Hng nm, thin tai nh bo nhit i, ma dng, l lt hay hn hn gynh hng rt ln n ngi dn, sinh k, t nng nghip, chn nui v c s h tng ca

h.

Tn km v kinh t :

Trong cc nm qua, Vit Nam c khong 6 triu trng hp b nhim 6 loi bnh

ly lan theo ng nc v phi chi t nht l 400 t ng trc tip cha chy cc

bnh t, thng hn, l v st rt. Ngoi chi ph v y t, cc khon chi c lin quan n x l

cc ngun ti nguyn nc v cc hot ng lm sch sau cc s c du trn cng rt ln.

Tng thit hi v mt ti chnh do mt v du trn ln gy ra trong nm 2001 c tnh

khong 250 t ng (17 triu la M) trong khi th chi ph cho vic lm sch nc v

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23/72

V d v s nhim trn lu vc sng Nhu - y

Hin nay, v ma kh sau khi tip nhn nc sng T Lch, lu lng nc sng

Nhu tng ln, nng cc cht nhim nc sng tng vt, sau gim dn do kh nng

t lm sch ca sng nhng khng ng k. Nng cc cht nhim khong cch 20km v pha h lu vn cao hn gi tr ban u trong sng Nhu (trc im nhp lu p

Thanh Lit) n 1,2-1,5 ln theo BOD5, 2-2,5 ln theo NH3, NO3 v NO2. Fecal Coliform cao

hn ban u 1,2-1,5 ln.

nhim c, DO, COD v BOD5 ti cc im o h lu cao hn thng lu.

c thng ngun sng y nhn chung t tiu chun cho php i vi nc

mt loi A, ch c mt vi im o c gi tr vt qu tiu chun A t 1,2-1,5 ln. on t

Ph L n h lu sng y c c kh cao. Ti im o Mi, c t 178,91

mg/l, vt qu tiu chun A ti 9 ln, vt qu tiu chun B ti 2,5 ln.Hm lng DO on u t Lin Mc n Cu Din l trn 6,5 mg/l, t Cu Din v

h lu hm lng DO gim dn, v n T th lng DO li cng gim mnh, ch khong

4,5 mg/l. c bit ti khu vc gn ca x sng T Lch DO c gi tr nh hn 1 mg/l.

on u ca sng Nhu, hm lng BOD5 v COD u nm trong tiu chun cho

php loi A (ln hn v bng 4 mg/l). Nhng on t Cu Din tr v h lu, cc ch tiu

ny u vt qu tiu chun ngun nc loi A. c bit l ti Cu T sau im x nc

thi t sng T Lch, nng d BOD5 v COD vt qu t 5 n 7 ln so vi tiu chun

ngun nc loi A v cao hn tiu chun ngun nc loi B.

nhim nc mt ti on sng Cu qua thnh ph Thi Nguyn

on sng Cu qua Tp Thi Nguyn c COD trung bnh t 20 200mg/l vt TCCP t

2 10 ln i vi ngun loi A (


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Hm lng cn l lng kh cao, c s bin ng mnh gia cc vng v cc tng.

Ti cc im ly mu trn sng Nhu, hm lng cn l lng u t t 40-60 mg/l,

vt qu tiu chun A t 2-3 ln mc d ti thi im kho st, cng Lin Mc lin tc m

nn nng cc yu t trn sng Nhu c pha long.

Ti cc v tr o trn sng y, hm lng cn trung bnh t t 30-40 mg/l, vt qu

tiu chun A t 1,5-2 ln. Hm lng cn l lng ln nht ti cc im o cu, bn ,

ca sng t t 44-70 mg/l, vt qu tiu chun A t 2-3,5 ln, c ni nh Mi - Trc

Ninh cao gp 9 ln tiu chun cho php.

cc sng ni thnh H Ni, cn l lng rt cao, trung bnh t 50-100 mg/l, vt

qu tiu chun A nhiu ln v vt qu tiu chun B t 2,5 - 5 ln.

nhim amoni (NH4+) din ra trn din kh rng trong lu vc.

Ti cc v tr ly mu trn sng Nhu, hm lng NH 4+

trung bnh t t 1,2-1,7 mg/l,vt tiu chun A t 25-33 ln v vt qu tiu chun B t 1,2-1,7 ln.

Trn sng y, hm lng NH4+ ti cc v tr o t t 0,06-1,5 mg/l, vt qu tiu

chun A t 1,2-30 ln, mt s ni vt qu tiu chun B 1,5 ln.

Mc nhim NO2 n mc ng bo ng

Hu ht cc im o trong lu vc c gi tr vt tiu chun A gp 4-5 ln thm ch c

ni n hng chc, hng trm ln.

Ti cc v tr trn sng Nhu, hm lng NO2- t t 0,05-1,5 mg/l, cao hn tiu chun

cho php nhiu ln. Ti cc v tr trn sng y, hm lng NO2- tuy c thp hn so visng Nhu song vn khng t tiu chun A v rt nhiu ni khng t tiu chun B.

4.6. Nhng tn ti v thch thc

- Vn nh gi ti nguyn nc

- S xem xt mi quan h t nc h sinh thi

- Chnh sch v chin lc nc

- Php ch v tiu chun nc

- Khung th ch

- S tham gia vo k hoch qun l

- Phn phi nc v gii quyt tranh chp

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Chng III

NH GI CC CH TRNG, CHNH SCH V PHP LUT

1. CC CH TRNG, CHNH SCH V NH HNG CHUNG

1.1. Chnh sch pht trin kinh t - x hi bn vng

Ch th s 36-CT/TW ngy 25/06/1998 ca B Chnh tr v tng cng cng tc vo v

mi trng trong thi k cng nghip ha v hin i ha t nc t vic Bo v mi

trng l s nghip ca ton ng ton dn v ton qun ln v tr hng u, Ngh quyt s

41-NQ/TW (ngy 15/11/2004) v bo v mi trng trong thi k y mnh cng nghip

ho, hin i ho t nc. Ngh quyt nh gi tnh hnh mi trng, nu ln cc nguyn

nhn ca thnh cng v yu km, ra 5 quan im ch o, 3 mc tiu, 5 nhim v chung,2 nhim v c th v 7 gii php bo v mi trng. Mt trong cc nhim v c cp

n trong ngh quyt ny l iu tra nm chc cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v c k

hoch bo v, khai thc hp l, bo v a dng sinh hc. Cc quan im v phng hng

chin lc nu trong ngh quyt ny nhm mc ch iu chnh cc hot ng ca x hi

trong giai on qu tin ti mt nn sn xut cng nghip v xa hn na l kinh t tri

thc. y l giai on tim n nhiu nguy c mt cn bng gia pht trin kinh t v duy tr

bo v ngun ti nguyn ni chung, ti nguyn nc ni ring. Cho nn, xt mt cch ton

din th y l mt dng vn bn nh hng, chin lc, khng phi l mt vn bn hng

dn nn khng a ra cc hot ng c th cn thc hin t c cc mc tiu ra.Mc II/phn 4 ca Chng trnh ngh s 21 ca Vit Nam ra 4 hot ng u tin

i vi ti nguyn nc Vit Nam: hon thin chnh sch v php lut; hot ng v kinh

t; hot ng k thut; nng cao nhn thc.

Theo tiu ch thc tin, bt c mt chnh sch no cng phi da trn s i hi

khch quan trong qu trnh pht trin ca x hi, nh hng pht trin bn vng khng nm

ngoi quy lut . S pht trin v qun l ti nguyn nc c gn lin vi mi mc tiu

v chin lc quc gia trong tng thi k. Thnh cng ca ch trng pht trin bn vng

s ng gp quan trng vo vic nng cao i sng nhn dn v mi ngnh kinh t - x hi.

iu ny c khng nh bng cc kt qu c ghi nhn qua vic cung cp nc, tch

cc trong hot ng thy li, phng chng l, lt to thun li :

- t c nhng thnh qu chin lc trong tng trng lng thc mt cch n

nh. Khng nh cc sn phm lng thc khng ch bo m d tr quc gia

m cn tng nhanh gi tr xut khu (5,2 triu tn go/nm 2005). Sn lng go

qua cc nm c trnh by trn bng 3.

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Bng 3. Sn lng la c nm

Nm

Sn lng (nghn tn)

Tng sChia ra

Lang xun Lah thu La ma

1990 19225.1 7865.6 4090.5 7269.0

1991 19621.9 6788.3 4715.8 8117.8

1992 21590.4 9156.3 4907.2 7526.9

1993 22836.5 9035.6 5633.1 8167.8

1994 23528.2 10508.5 5679.4 7340.3

1995 24963.7 10736.6 6500.8 7726.3

1996 26396.7 12209.5 6878.5 7308.7

1997 27523.9 13310.3 6637.8 7575.8

1998 29145.5 13559.5 7522.6 8063.4

1999 31393.8 14103.0 8758.3 8532.5

2000 32529.5 15571.2 8625.0 8333.3

2001 32108.4 15474.4 8328.4 8305.6

2002 34447.2 16719.6 9188.7 8538.9

2003 34568.8 16822.7 9400.8 8345.3

2004 35867.8 17078.0 10299.9 8489.9

Ngun: Bo co thng k nm 2004 B NN v PTNT

- Tng v, pht trin gieo trng khng chnh v, cy n qu, cy cng nghip v

tng nng sut cy trng trn mi hecta

- p ng yu cu ca qu trnh chuyn giao loi hnh canh tc t cc vng. c

bit p ng ngy cng nhiu v nhu cu nc cho s pht trin th v cc

vng cng nghip, dch v du lch v thy sn, ci thin giao thng ni a.

- Khai thc hiu qu thy in: mt s cc cng trnh thy in va v nh trn cc

sng nhnh cng nh cc cng trnh thy in ln trn cc sng chnh nh sng

, sng Chy, sng S san, sng Ba c xy dng v cung cp hn 12 t

kWh in mi nm.

1.2. Chin lc ngn nga v gim thiu thm ha t nhin

Mc tiu pht trin kt hp vi bo v mi trng (trong c ti nguyn nc) theo

phng chm ly phng nga v hn ch tc ng xu n mi trng l chnh c th

hin r trong ch trng ca ng c ra trong ngh quyt 41-NQ/TW. Nhim v ny

va phc tp, cp bch v mang tnh a ngnh, lin vng rt cao.

Vit Nam nm vng nhit i gi ma c lng ma ln v c nhiu bin c bt

thng ca thi tit. Vic xy ra l, lt, trt l t l khng th trnh khi. gim thiu ti

a tc hi ca cc thm ha ny, cn phi nm vng nhng quy lut, din bin, cc tcng ca thi tit, iu kin t nhin ca tng vng. Nhng hiu bit v thm ha thin

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nhin cn c nng cao, c bit i vi cc nh hoch nh chnh sch cp trung ng

v a phng. Cc phng n phng nga, khc phc hiu qu bo, lt, l qut c

cp n trong cc b lut hin hnh nh lut bo v mi trng, lut ti nguyn nc

Hin nay, k hoch phng chng l, lt ti ng bng sng Hng, ng bng sng M Kng,

trung b v cao nguyn Ty nguyn tng bc c son tho v hon chnh. Mngli chng lt ln c xy dng v tng cng hng nm nh: h thng sng Hng

Thi Bnh, sng M, sng C; h thng bin, cng ngn mn pha Bc v bc

Trung b; h thng bao, knh tiu lt ng bng sng M Kng; cc h cha ln nh

h Ha Bnh, thc B, Tr An, Du Ting, Ph Ninh, Thc M, Vnh Sn, h Bnh in T

Trch (ang xy dng) ct lt bo v i sng nhn dn, h tng c s, v sn xut

ti nhng ng bng quan trng ca quc gia sut trong ma ma, lt. Hiu qu ca chin

lc phng chng v gim thiu tc hi do nc gy ra c th hin bng: khng ch,

iu ha c lng nc trong lu vc sng Hng Thi Bnh trong ma ma, trnh

c lt cho vng ng bng bc b; bo m cuc sng, duy tr mc tng trng nng

nghip vng ng bng sng Cu Long theo phng chm chung sng vi l, bng bin

php ch ng kim sot l hn ch ti a thit hi do l gy ra, ng thi khai thc cc

mt li ca l, vng ngp l ng gp 75% GDP nng lm thy sn v 80% sn lng

go xut khu ca quc gia; cnh bo cc vng c nguy c b st l, l qut c k hoch di

dn khi cc vng nguy him bo m tnh mng cho nhn dn.

1.3. Chnh sch x hi ha trong qun l ti nguyn nc

X hi ha cng tc qun l ti nguyn nc theo phng chm: nh nc v nhn

dn cng lm ch trng pht huy ni lc v sc mnh ca ton x hi ng thi khuyn

khch cc nh u t trong v ngoi nc cng tham gia vo qu trnh u t xy dng vkhai thc c hiu qu ti nguyn nc. Tin ti dn ch ho v thc hin cng bng x hi

trong hng li t cng trnh thu li. Trong bi cnh vic tng cng cng tc tuyn

truyn gio dc cho tt c cc tng lp nhn dn trn mi phng din h nhn thc

c vic xy dng cc cng trnh khai thc ti nguyn nc phc v cho cc mc ch

pht trin phi i i vi vic qun l sao cho tng xng vi ngun vn u t to ln ca

nh nc, ca nhn dn v gi tr ca ngun ti nguyn qu gi ny l vic lm cn thit,

ng thi phi khng nh r: vic qun l ti nguyn nc l trch nhim, ngha v v

quyn li ca mi ngi dn.

Nguyn tc Dublin th 3 l ph n ng vai tr trung tm trong vic cung cp, qun lv bo m an ton v nc phn no ni ln tnh cht x hi ha ca vic s dng v

qun l ngun nc, nht l nc phc v cho sinh hot v nng nghip. Cc c quan chc

nng khng th kim sot c hon ton lng nc s dng v cht lng nc ca

tng vng do sn xut tiu th cng nghip nc ta tp trung theo kiu lng ngh, nui

trng thy sn theo kiu t pht, nng nghip l kinh t h gia nh. Theo nh gi ca

ngnh thy sn, ngh khai thc c bin v nui trng thy sn Vit Nam c gi l ngh

c nhn dn. S pht trin ca ngh c mang tnh cht t pht v trong sut mt thi gian

di chng ta khng kim sot c s pht trin ny. Theo s liu ca B Thy sn, nm

1981 c nc mi ch c 29.584 tu gn my th n cui nm 2004 chng ta c 85.430chic tu gn my (Hnh 2).

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nng khong 1.500 m3/giy. Tuy nhin, s phn b ti nguyn nc ny khng ng u.

Ch trng s dng hiu qu, tit kim nc theo c cu kt hp a ngnh, lin tnh l cn

thit.

Lu vc sng Si Gn - ng Nail mt th d cho s s dng a chc nng:

- Ngun tip nhn v pha long nc thi: Tnh n cui nm 2004, trn ton lu

vc c 116 khu th vi cc quy m khc nhau. Trung bnh mi ngy cc th

trn lu vc thi vo ngun nc sng Si Gn - ng Nai v vng ph cn ven

bin khong 992.356 m3 nc thi sinh hot, trong sng Si Gn tip nhn

756.240 m3 nc thi sinh hot.

- Vn ti: Hin ti trn h thng sng Si Gn - ng Nai khai thc v a vo

s dng nhiu cm cng nc su, ng thi cn quy hoch pht trin mt s

cm cng trng im phc v cho vic vn chuyn hng ha ngy cng tng trong

khu vc, c bit l vng KTT pha Nam.- Cng trnh thy in: Vic xy dng cc cng trnh thy in - thy li nh cng

trnh h thy li Du Ting, h thy in Tr An, Thc M, a Mi v hng chc h

cha nc nh c nhiu mt tch cc i vi pht trin kinh t - x hi song cng

pht sinh nhiu vn mi trng v sinh thi cn c bit quan tm.

- Nng nghip: cung cp nc ti cho sn xut nng nghip bng lng nc

mt v khai thc nc ngm. S iu tit lu lng nc trong cc ma to iu

kin pht trin nng nghip n nh (75% lng nc mt s dng cho nng

nghip). S lin kt gia cc ngnh nh in lc nng nghip giao thng thy

du lch hn ch tn tht do l lt trong ma nc, tit kim nc trong ma

kh.

Lu vc sng Nhu - y

Lu vc sng Nh - sng y thuc cc tnh v thnh ph: Ho Bnh, H Ni, H

Ty, H Nam, Nam nh, Ninh Bnh, c din tch khong 8.000 km 2, dn s trn 9 triu

ngi, trong c khong 3,5 triu sng ven sng. y l vng lnh th c iu kin t

nhin, mi trng phong ph a dng, c v tr a l c bit quan trng trong chin lc

pht trin kinh t x hi ca vng ng bng sng Hng trong c Th H Ni.

- Ngun nhn lc: Ngun nhn lc lao ng ca ton lu vc tng nhanh, c bit

l thnh th. Giai on 1998 - 2002 tc tng ca lc lng lao ng t

2,5%/nm, thnh th tc tng ca lc lng lao ng l 5,2%, trong khi

vng nng thn ch t 1,75%. H Ni l ni c tc tng ca lc lng lao

ng cao nht (tng 7,1%, khu vc thnh th l 8,4 %, nng thn l 5,4%).

- Cng nghip: Nm 2002 ton b khu vc c 128.581 c s cng nghip (trong

H Ni c 16.395 c s, H Ty c 54.509 c s, H Nam c 12.813 c s, Nam

nh c 27.212 c s, Ninh Bnh c 16.837 c s v 3 huyn ca tnh Ho Bnh

c 797 c s). Gi tr sn xut cng nghip l 20.893.900 triu ng

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- Tiu th cng nghip: 286 lng ngh bao gm cc ngnh c kh, dt may, ch

bin nng sn, th cng m ngh...

- Chc nng tiu thot nc thi: lu vc Nhu - y l ni tip nhn nc thi

ca cc tnh H Ty, H Ni, H Nam c pha long bng nc sng Hng qua

cng Lin Mc

- Chc nng thy li: cung cp nc ti cho h thng thy nng an Hoi cung

cp nc cho canh tc nng nghip thuc H Ni, H Ty, H Nam, Nam nh

- Cung cp nc sch: ngun cung cp nc sch sinh hot dn c cho tnh H

Nam.

- Chc nng giao thng vn ti: mng li sng trong lu vc Nhu - y phc v

cho giao thng vn ti chuyn ch vt liu xy dng, nguyn liu cho cng

nghip, nhin liu.

1.5. u t v ti chnh

Ti chnh l c s cho mi hot ng ca nn kinh t quc dn. Chnh sch u t

cho QLTHTNN c khng nh trong chin lc pht trin bn vng (Chng trnh ngh

s 21) ra s dng cng c ti chnh cho phc v cho pht trin bn vng, huy ng

tt c cc ngun ti chnh c th bo v v pht trin mi trng theo hng cn bng

vi s pht trin kinh t - x hi ca t nc.

u t v ti chnh l mt khu trng yu trong ton b s pht trin ca quc gia.

Vic u t cho qun l v s dng hp l Ti nguyn nc c ng v Nh nc ta

quan tm n t nhng thp k 60 ca th k trc bng vic u t xy dng cc cngtrnh thy nng (i thy nng Bc Hng Hi) bng ngun vn trong nc. S u t

cc cng trnh h tng tr thy nh iu, knh mng, cc h a chc nng vn c

xem xt v m rng bng mi ngun vn di nhiu hnh thc. Theo bo co ca B Ti

chnh t trng u t cho ngnh nc c tng ln trong nhng nm gn y (hnh 3,

bng 4).

Ngun: B Ti chnh

Hnh 3. Tng chi tiu cho ngnh nc

Bng 4. Chi tiu cho ngnh nc so vi tng chi ngn sch (t ng)

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1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

A. u t t ngn sch nhnc

16.989 19.482 20.514 29.697 29.624 40.236

A1. u t t nh nc cho

ngnh nc

5.637 6.433 6.829 6.939 7.305 8.559

A2. % so vi tng u t t ngnsch

33.2 33.0 33.3 23.4 24.7 21.3

B. Chi thng xuyn t ngnsch

42.414 49.270 50.885 52.077 61.823 71.562

B1. Chi thng xuyn cho ngnhnc

44.9 46.2 45.1 50.5 58.0 62.2

B2. % so vi tng chi ph thngxuyn

0.10 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09

C. Tng chi t ngn sch 70.539 78.057 81.995 84.817 104.715 126.741

C1. Tng chi cho ngnh nc(A1+B1)

5681,9 6479,2 6874,1 6989,5 7363,0 8621,2

C2. % so vi tng chi t ngnsch

8,0 8,3 8,4 8,2 7,0 6,8

Ngun: B TC, Tng cc thng k 2002; v B KH&T

u t thc t ca nh nc chim mt t trng ng k trong ngn sch nh nc.

Nhng t nm 1999 t trng ny gim xung do u t cho ngnh nc ch yu tp trungvo thy li v cp thot nc. Trong giai on 1996 2001, c tnh khong 64% tng u

t cho ngnh nc l t ngun vn ODA, cn 36% l u t trc tip trong nc. Tng s

vn u t cho ngnh thy li trong 10 nm t 1991-2000 c tnh khong 2,5 t US$ trong

ng gp ca nhn dn chim khong 1/3, ngn sch Nh nc (c trung ng v a

phng) khong 1,7 t US$ trong thi k 1996-2000 tng gp 2,4 ln thi k 1991-1995.

Ngoi ra, cc ban qun l cc lu vc sng cn c h tr bng cc ngun vn ca Ngn

hang Chu (ADB), AusAID trong vic lp quy hoch v xc nh cc vn u tin cho

tng lu vc.

1.6. Ch trng quy hoch ti nguyn nc theo lu vc

Vit Nam nm trong khu vc chu nhit i gi ma, nn thng xuyn xy ra l lt

v hn hn, vic qun l ti nguyn nc theo lu vc l mt bin php cn thit gii

quyt vn mt cn bng v nc theo khng gian v thi gian. t lu, nc ta

hnh thnh cc nguyn tc v quy lut v s dng nc ti, iu ny cng tr thnh vn

ha vng trong nhiu trng hp nh Ty Nguyn, vng ni pha Bc

T khi Lut Ti nguyn nc ban hnh, nhiu chng trnh phc v cho cng tc

qun l ti nguyn nc c thc hin cho cc lu vc vi cch tip cn quy hoch s

dng ti nguyn nc. Nhiu t chc qun l ti nguyn nc c thnh lp: Hi ng

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ti nguyn nc quc gia v t chc qun l quy hoch 3 sng ln sng Hng Thi Bnh,

sng ng Nai v sng Cu Long.

Theo kt qu nh gi ca Cc Thy li B NN&PTNT, Ch trng qun l tng

hp ti nguyn nc theo lu vc c thc tin chng minh l ng n vi cc kt

qu sau:

- Cc d n quy hoch thy li trc kia c thc hin theo lu vc v ni

dung theo hng s dng tng hp ti nguyn nc v bo v sinh thi cc

dng sng. Cc cng trnh xut trong cc d n mang tnh phc v tng hp

a ngnh, a mc tiu.

- Ba t chc lu vc sng: t chc sng Hng Thi Bnh, sng ng Nai v sng

Cu Long c thnh lp theo quyt nh s 37, 38, 39 ca B trng B

NN&PTNT n nay c hn 3 nm nhng ba t chc ny mi i vo hot

ng. Cc ban qun l xc nh c cc vn u tin cho tng lu vc.- Ngoi ra i din cc tnh thuc lu vc sng Cu, sng Nhu- y cng

c nhm hp mt s ln trong nhng nm 2003- 2004 tin ti thnh lp t

chc qun l theo lu vc sng nhng cha t kt qu cui cng.

2. CC VN BN PHP LUT

Cc vn bn php lut c trng lin quan n QLTHTNN, trong c nhng chi tit

cp n vic qun l cc vng NN, c trnh by trong bng 5.

Bng 5. Cc vn bn

TT Tn vn bn NN c cp

C Khng

1 Lut Ti nguyn nc (TNN) (s 08/1998/QH10)

2 Ngh nh ca Chnh ph (s 179/1998/N-CP) quy nh chi tit thi

hnh lut Ti nguyn nc

3 Ngh nh ca Chnh ph (s 149/2004/N-CP) hng dn thi hnh

lut TNN v vic cp php khai thc, s dng nc v x nc thi

vo ngun

4 Ngh nh ca Chnh ph (s 34/2005/N-CP) quy nh v vic x

pht hnh chnh trong lnh vc ti nguyn nc

5 Quyt nh ca Th tng Chnh ph (s 67/TTg) thnh lp Hi ng

Quc gia v ti nguyn nc

6 Ngh nh ca Chnh ph (s 91/2002/N-CP) quy nh chc nng,

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TT Tn vn bn NN c cp

C Khng

nhim v, quyn hn v c cu t chc ca B TN v MT

7 Quyt nh ca Th tng Chnh ph (s 63/2002/Q-TTg) v cng

tc phng chng lt bo v gim nh thin tai

8 Ngh nh ca Chnh ph (s 27/2005/N-CP) quy nh chi tit hng

dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Thy sn

9 Quyt nh ca B trng B NNv PTNT (s 55/2004/Q-BNN) v

vic ban hnh quy nh vic cp php cho cc hot ng trong phm

vi bo v cng trnh thy li

10 Quyt nh s 19/2002/Q-BTS quy nh quy ch qun l mi trngch bin thy sn

11 Thng t lin tch B Ti chnh B TN-MT (s 125/2003/TTLT-BTC-

BTNMT) hng dn thc hin ngh nh s 67/2003/N-CP v ph

bo v mi trng i vi nc thi

12 D tho ngh nh /2005/N-CP ca Chnh ph v qun l lu vc

sng

2.1. Cc lut v vn bn di lut c lin quan trc tip n qun l tng hp ti

nguyn nc

2.1.1. Lut Ti nguyn nc

Lut gm 9 chng 71 iu bao gm cc ni dung:

- Nhng qui nh chung: quy nh hnh thc s hu, i tng s dng, c quan qun

l v cc mi quan h v ti nguyn nc ng thi quy nh cc hnh vi b

nghim cm

- Bo v ti nguyn nc: quy nh trch nhim bo v ti nguyn nc ca cc cquan nh nc, cc t chc, chnh quyn. Tt c cc vn lin quan n bo v

cht lng nc trong khai thc s dng, sn xut, sinh hot bao gm c vn

x nc thi vo ngun c cp n trong chng ny.

- Khai thc s dng ti nguyn nc: quy nh quyn ca chnh ph trong vic iu

ha, phn phi ti nguyn nc; quyn li v ngha v ca cc t chc, c nhn

khai thc v s dng ti nguyn nc cho cc mc ch khc nhau.

- Phng chng, khc phc hu qu l lt v tc hi khc do nc gy ra (chng IV):

bao gm 11 iu (iu 36 46) lin quan n cc vng NN do l lt, lu vc

sng, ao, h. Chng ny quy nh trch nhim qun l nh nc ca cc c

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35/72

Vic x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc ti nguyn nc, h thng t chc,

chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn c th ca c quan qun l nh nc v ti nguyn nc

Chnh ph c quy nh ring.

Cc vn c t ra v quy nh trong ngh nh ny c tm tt nh sau:

- Bo v ti nguyn nc, qun l cp php x nc thi: B NN&PTNT l c quan

ch tr phi hp vi cc B ngnh khc c lin quan, y ban nhn dn cc tnh,

thnh ph trc thuc trung ng thc hin cng vic ny.

- Khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc: chng ny gm 6 iu (t iu 7 n iu 12)

quy nh vic iu ha, phn phi ti nguyn nc; quyn li v ngha v ca cc

t chc, c nhn khi c php s dng ti nguyn nc; trch nhim ca cc c

quan cp v thu hi giy php s dng ti nguyn nc.

- Chng IV bao gm 7 iu quy nh c th trch nhim qun l ti nguyn nc cho

B NN&PTNT, y ban nhn dn tnh, Thnh ph trc thuc trung ng v hthng thanh tra chuyn ngnh v ti nguyn nc. Trong iu 16 v iu 17

hng dn nhim v ca Hi ng quc gia v ti nguyn nc l t vn cho

Chnh ph v xt duyt quy hoch lu vc sng ln; Cc d n v bo v, khai

thc, s dng ti nguyn nc do Chnh ph quyt nh; phng, chng v khc

phc hu qu l, lt v cc tc hi khc do nc gy ra.

Khng c iu khon ring no quy nh cho vic bo v ti nguyn nc lin quan

n cc vng NN. Tuy nhin ni dung ny c cp gin tip trong iu 17.

2.1.3. Ngh nh ca chnh ph s 149/2004/N-CPNi dung ca ngh nh quy nh vic cp php thm d, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn

nc v x nc thi vo ngun nc bao gm 4 chng 25 iu. Ngh nh ny quy nh

vic cp, gia hn, thay i, nh ch, thu hi giy php thm d, khai thc, s dng ti

nguyn nc, x nc thi vo ngun nc. i tng thc hin l mi t chc, c nhn

trong nc v t chc, c nhn nc ngoi c cc hot ng lin quan n vic thm d,

khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc, x nc thi vo ngun nc. Ngh nh cng xc nh

r trong trng hp pht sinh mu thun trong cc iu khon quc t c Vit Nam k

kt vi ni dung ca Ngh nh s c thc hin theo quy nh ca iu c quc t .

- Chng II quy nh vic cp, gia hn, thay i giy php khi s dng ti nguyn

nc v x nc thi vo ngun nc. iu 6 ca ngh nh xc nh cc trng

hp khng phi thc hin cc th tc xin php ny nh i vi cc vng NN

(nui trng thy sn, sn xut mui) ca cc quy m sn xut nh phc v sinh

hot trong phm vi gia nh; khai thc s dng nc ma, nc mt trong phm

vi t c giao.

- Trnh t xin cp php, gia hn giy php s dng ti nguyn nc v x nc thi

vo ngun nc c quy nh trong chng III v chng IV. Ni dung ny lin

quan n cc th tc hnh chnh trong qun l nh nc v ngun nc m

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bo tnh php l v sc chu ng ca ngun nc ti ni khai thc hoc tip

nhn nc thi.

- Ngh nh cng bi b mt s iu cha tha ng trong ngh nh 179/1999/N-CP

nh iu 5, 9, 10 v 12.

2.1.3. Ngh inh ca Chnh ph s 34/2005/N-CP

Ngh nh quy nh v x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc ti nguyn nc.

Ngh nh gm 5 chng 28 iu quy nh c th v cc trng hp v cc mc b x pht.

y l mt cng c php ch nhm x l cc hnh vi xm hi n cht lng v d tr ti

nguyn nc. Chng II ca Ngh nh quy nh cc hnh thc x pht c th cho tng

trng hp gy tn hi cho ti nguyn nc nh pht tin vi cc mc khc nhau, khi

phc li trng thi ban u, tc giy php hnh ngh khai thc nc mt, nc di t

Lin quan n cc vng NN, iu 16 quy nh x pht i vi cc hnh vi thu hp vng

NN nh ao, h, m ly bi cc ph thi, t, .2.1.4. Ngh nh ca Chnh ph s 91/2002/N-CP

Ngh nh quy nh chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn v c cu t chc ca B

TN&MT:

-iu 1 quy nh v tr v chc nng ca B TN&MT: B l c quan ca Chnh ph

thc hin chc nng qun l nh nc v ti nguyn t, ti nguyn nc, ti

nguyn khong sn, mi trng, kh tng thu vn, o c v bn trong phm

vi c nc; qun l nh nc cc dch v cng v thc hin i din ch s hu

phn vn ca nh nc ti doanh nghip c vn nh nc trong lnh vc tinguyn t, ti nguyn nc, ti nguyn khong sn, mi trng, kh tng thu

vn, o c v bn theo quy nh ca php lut.

-iu 2 xc nh nhim v quyn hn ca B TN&MT trong cc nhim v lin quan

n QLTHTNN nh:

o Trnh Chnh ph cc d n Lut, php lnh v cc vn bn quy phm php

lut khc v ti nguyn t, ti nguyn nc, mi trng

o Trnh Chnh ph chin lc, quy hoch pht trin, k hoch di hn, nm

nm v hng nm v cc lnh vc ti nguyn t, ti nguyn nc, ti nguynkhong sn, mi trng

o Ban hnh cc vn bn cc quy phm php lut v cc tiu chun quy trnh,

quy phm, cc nh mc kinh t - k thut trong lnh vc ti nguyn t, ti

nguyn nc, ti nguyn khong sn, mi trng

o T chc, ch o thc hin cc vn bn quy phm php lut v chin lc,

quy hoch, k hoch sau khi c ph duyt v cc tiu chun, quy trnh, quy

phm, cc nh mc kinh t - k thut ca ngnh; tuyn truyn, ph bin, gio

dc php lut v thng tin v ti nguyn t, ti nguyn nc, ti nguyn

khong sn, mi trng

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o Trnh Chnh ph quy nh vic phn cng, phn cp iu tra c bn v thm

quyn cp, thu hi giy php v ti nguyn nc; ch o v kim tra vic

thc hin sau khi c ph duyt;

o Tng hp s liu, qun l kt qu iu tra c bn, kim k, nh gi ti

nguyn nc v xy dng c s d liu v ti nguyn nc;

o Quy nh v ch o kim tra vic thc hin cc bin php bo v ti nguyn

nc;

o Thng trc Hi ng quc gia v ti nguyn nc.

o Thc hin hp tc quc t trong lnh vc ti nguyn t, ti nguyn nc, ti

nguyn khong sn, mi trng, kh tng thu vn, o c v bn theo

quy nh ca php lut

o

Quyt nh cc ch trng, bin php c th v ch o vic thc hin c chhot ng ca cc t chc dch v cng trong lnh vc ti nguyn t, ti

nguyn nc, ti nguyn khong sn, mi trng

o Thc hin nhim v, quyn hn c th thuc quyn i din ch s hu phn

vn ca nh nc ti doanh nghip c vn nh nc trong lnh vc ti

nguyn t, ti nguyn nc, ti nguyn khong sn, mi trng

o Qun l nh nc i vi cc hot ng ca hi v t chc phi Chnh ph

trong lnh vc ti nguyn t, ti nguyn nc, ti nguyn khong sn, mi

trng

o Thanh tra, kim tra, gii quyt khiu ni, t co, chng tham nhng, tiu cc

v x l cc vi phm php lut v ti nguyn t, ti nguyn nc, ti nguyn

khong sn, mi trng

o Qun l v t chc b my, bin ch; ch o thc hin ch tin lng v

cc ch , chnh sch i ng, khen thng, k lut i vi cn b, cng

chc, vin chc nh nc thuc phm vi qun l ca B; o to, bi dng

v chuyn mn, nghip v i vi cn b, cng chc, vin chc trong lnh

vc ti nguyn ti nguyn t, ti nguyn nc, ti nguyn khong sn, mi

trng

2.1.5. Quyt nh ca Th tng chnh ph s 67/TTg ngy 15/6/2000 v vic thnh

lp Hi ng Quc gia v ti nguyn nc.

Theo iu 2 ca Quyt nh, Hi ng quc gia c nhim v t vn cho Chnh ph

trong cc lnh vc nh: chin lc, chnh sch ti nguyn nc Quc gia; quy hoch lu

vc cc sng ln (bao gm c cc vng NN ven sng); cc d n v bo v, khai thc v

s dng cc ngun nc; phng chng v khc phc hu qu l lt v cc tc hi khc do

nc gy ra; Qun l, bo v, khai thc, s dng cc ngun nc quc t v gii quyt cc

tranh chp pht sinh; Gii quyt tranh chp v ti nguyn nc gia cc B, ngnh vi nhau

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v gia cc B, ngnh vi y ban nhn dn tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng v gia

cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng.

2.1.6. Quyt nh s 63/2002/Q-TTg ngy 20/5/2001 v cng tc phng, chng lt,

bo, v gim nh thin tai.

Quyt nh a ra cc gii php, trch nhim ca cc B, c quan ngang B, cc tnh,

thnh ph trc thuc trung ng nhm ch ng phng, chng lt, bo, gim nh thin tai

hng nm n mc thp nht thit hi do thin tai gy ra.

iu 2 ca Quyt nh xc nh trch nhim ca y ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph

trc thuc trung ng phi bo m tnh mng con ngi, cng trnh thy li (nh h cha

nc, iu) bo m an ton cho dn c h lu sng.

iu 3 xc nh trch nhim ca cc B ngnh nh Ban ch huy phng, chng lt, bo

Trung ng, y ban quc gia tm kim cu nn, Tng cc Kh tng thy vn, B Quc

phng, B Cng An, Tng cc Bu in (ny l B Bu chnh v Vin thng), B Nngnghip v Pht trin Nng thn, B Thy sn, B Cng nghip, B Giao thng vn ti, B

Thng mi, B Vn ha v Thng tin c xc nh c th trong cng tc phng, chng

lt, bo v khc phc hu qu do lt, bo thin tai. B Ti chnh, B Lao ng-Thng binh

v X hi theo di cht ch cng tc phng, chng lt, bo v gim nh thin tai ca cc a

phng, cc B, ngnh; xut vi Th tng Chnh ph cc bin php h tr kp thi v

ti chnh v vt cht cho cc a phng v cc ngnh khc phc hu qu l, bo, thin

tai.

2.1.7. Quyt nh s 55/2004/Q-BNN ca B trng B NN v PTNT v vic ban

hnh quy nh vic cp php cho cc hot ng trong phm vi bo v cng trnh thy li.

iu 1 ca quy nh ny xc nh phm vi i tng phi c giy php hot ng nh:

khoan, iu tra, thi cng cc cng trnh khai thc nc di t; xy dng cc cng trnh

ngm (ng ng cp thot nc); nui trng thy sn

iu 5 quy nh cc trng hp nh ch hiu lc s dng ca giy php: cc hot

ng gy h hi cho cng trnh thy li

2.2. Cc lut v ngh nh khc c lin quan

2.2.1. Lut Thy sn

Lut thy sn c quc hi nc Cng Ha X Hi Ch Ngha Vit Nam thng qua

ngy 26/11/2003 v c hiu lc thi hnh t ngy 01/7/2004. B lut gm 10 chng 62 iu

quy nh khung php l cho cc hot ng thy sn trong lnh th v lnh hi nc ta. Cc

hot ng thy sn khng tch ri vi mi trng nc, cht lng cng nh din tch mt

nc ca ngun ti nguyn nc. Do , hu ht cc ni dung trong cc chng (t

chng II n chng VIII) u c cc iu khon lin quan n vic bo v, pht trin mi

trng nc ngt v nc bin, x l v thanh tra cc hnh ng gy nguy hi cho mi sinh

i vi cc loi thy sinh.

2.2.2. Ngh nh s 27/2005/N-CP

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Ngh nh quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca lut thy sn. Ngh

nh gm 17 iu c ni dung lin quan n vic vic khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc

cho sn xut, nui trng thy hi sn.

- Ngh nh ny quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca lut Thy sn

v bo tn bin, s dng v cho thu mt nc bin nui trng thy sn.

-iu 5 ca Ngh nh quy nh khu bo tn vng nc ni a: Khu bo tn vng

nc ni a l ni c khoanh vng thuc cc vng NN bo v nghim

ngt cc h sinh thi c th, c tm quan trng quc gia, quc t, c gi tr a

dng sinh hc cao nhm cn bng sinh thi, bo v cc ging, loi ang sinh

sng, c tr; Khu bo tn vng nc ni a c qun l theo quy nh ca Ngh

nh s 109/2003/N-CP ngy 23 thng 9 nm 2003 ca Chnh ph v bo tn v

khai thc bn vng cc vng NN.

- iu 10, 11, 12 hng dn chi tit vic cho thu, giao, thi hn cho thu, giao sdng v trch nhim ca ngi, t chc c thu, giao s dng mt nc bin

nui trng thy sn, kinh doanh khai thc ngun li thy sn.

2.2.3. Ngh nh 128/2005/N-CP ban hnh ngy 11/10/2005

Ngh nh quy nh v vic x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc thy sn. Trong

iu 1 khon 3 xc nh vic vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc thy sn bao gm c vic vi

phm cc quy nh v bo v ngun li thy sn v nui trng thy sn. Hnh thc pht tin

s c thc hin i vi cc hnh vi lm nh hng n mi trng sng ca cc loi thy

sn nh: cc hnh vi x nc thi, du m vo mi trng sinh sn, sinh trng t nhin

ca cc loi thy sn; ph d hoc xy dng cc cng trnh ni, ngm cc vng nc lm

thay i ni c tr, sinh trng, sinh sn ca cc loi thy sn; thi thc n chn nui,

nc ra, xc cc loi thy sn nhim bnh vo cc vng nc t nhin, vng nc

nui thy sn khc.

2.2.4. Lut bo v mi trng Quc hi nc Cng Ha XHCN Vit Nam thng qua

ngy 25/11/2005

Lut gm 15 chng 135 iu. Lut dnh chng VII cp n bo v ngun nc

bao gm mi trng nc bin, nc sng v cc ngun nc khc. bo v mi trng

nc bin (quy nh t iu 55 n iu 58), lut a ra cc nguyn tc bo v, cc hnh vinhm bo tn v s dng hp l ti nguyn nc bin, kim sot v x l nhim mi

trng bin, cc hot ng t chc v ng ph vi s c mi trng bin. i vi mi

trng nc sng, ngoi cc quy nh tng t nh i vi mi trng Bin, lut cn quy

nh trch nhim ca y ban nhn dn cp tnh i vi bo v ngun nc trong cc lu

vc sng (iu 61). i vi cc ngun nc khc nh phc v cho thy in, sinh hot

th, nc di t, nc trong cc knh, rch, h, ao c quy nh trong mc 3 chng

VII. Vi mc ch ngn nga s nhim ngun nc t cc ngun cht thi rn, cht thi

lng, vic qun l cht thi c quy nh trong chng VIII ca Lut ny.

2.2.5. Lut Du lch do Quc hi nc Cng Ha XHCN Vit Nam thng qua ngy14/6/2005.

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Lut quy nh v ti nguyn du lch v hot ng du lch trn lnh th Vit Nam.

Chng II ca Lut xc nh ti nguyn du lch bao gm ti nguyn du lch t nhin nh cc

yu t a cht, a mo, a hnh tc l hm cha nhng yu t lin quan n ti nguyn

nc mt, nc ngm v cc vng nc ven bin. Cc c quan qun l nh nc a

phng, cc t chc hot ng du lch c trch nhim iu tra ti nguyn du lch, tn to vpht trin ti nguyn du lch.

2.2.6. Lut Bo v v pht trin rng c Quc hi nc cng ha XHCN Vit Nam

thng qua ngy 03/12/2004

Lut xc nh quyn li, ngha v v trch nhim ca cc t chc, c nhn c giao

quyn s dng t rng v quy nh phn loi rng theo chc nng s dng bao gm rng

phng h u ngun; rng c dng; rng sn xut. Trong cc quy nh v rng phng

h u ngun c xc nh l mt nhn t quan trng bo v ngun nc, bo v t v

chng xi mn, chng sa mc ha, iu ha kh hu, hn ch thin tai, bo v mi trng.

Lut c cc quy nh v bo v v pht trin rng (chng II) nhm bo v mi trng sinh

thi t nhin v hn ch cc tc ng xu n mi trng ti nguyn nc.

2.3. Phn tch, nh gi h thng lut php v qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc

Vit Nam

2.3.1. Tc ng tch cc

a) Xy dng h thng vn bn kh hon chnh

Thi gian qua, h thng lut php v qun l ti nguyn nc dn c b sung,

hon thin theo hng lng ghp hu c vi qun l nh nc v ti nguyn thin nhin vhi ho vi tin trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi, gp phn khng nh vo cng tc qun l v

bo v ngun ti nguyn v mi trng nc. Lut Ti nguyn nc l cng c php l c

bn th hin r chnh sch, ch trng ca Nh nc trong qun l ti nguyn nc. Cc

i tng, phm vi quan h n ti nguyn nc c nu trong Lut nh mt nh ch

php l c bn. th hin r tin trnh, bin php tip cn, v phng php thc hin, cc

ngh nh ca Chnh ph hng dn c th tng vn cn c lm r:

- Chng suy thoi v cn kit ngun nc trong phi t chc iu tra, nh gi

nng lc cung cp ti nguyn nc, lp k hoch khi phc, nng cp cc cng

trnh thy li.

- Bo v cht lng nc mt, nc ngm, nc ven bin bng cc bin php kim

tra, gim st x nc thi vo ngun nc, phng chng nhim nc.

- iu ha vic s dng nc thng qua c quan qun l nh nc.

- Quy nh trch nhim ca cc B, ngnh, y ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph trc

thuc trung ng.

- Hng dn vic cp, gia hn, thay i, nh ch, thu hi giy php thm d, khai thc,

s dng ti nguyn nc v x nc thi vo ngun nc (c th ha iu 5,

iu 9, iu 12 16 trong Lut Ti nguyn nc).

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Cc hng dn trong ngh nh ca Chnh ph c p dng vo cc iu kin c th

ca tng a phng bng cc quyt nh ca y ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph trc

thuc trung ng nh quyt nh s 190/2004/Q-UB ca y ban nhn dn thnh ph H

Ch Minh v vic thc hin thu ph nc thi, quyt nh s 48/2004/Q-UB ca y ban

nhn dn thnh ph H Ni v vic thu ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi sinh hot.b) S k tha

T nhng nm 60 ca th k trc, ng v Nh nc c cc chnh sch bo

m nc cho an ninh lng thc quc gia trong giai on va sn xut va chin u nh

cc chnh sch v pht trin thy li (xy dng cc cng trnh thy nng nh Bc - Hng -

Hi, cng c iu thuc vng ng bng Bc B)

Chin lc Pht trin Kinh t - X hi giai on 2001-2010 trnh by khi qut nht

vic xy dng chin lc v chnh sch quc gia. C rt nhiu mc tiu, chin lc lin

quan n nc c nu trong chin lc ny. Cc k hoch hnh ng v chin lc chocc phn ngnh lin quan nh:

- K hoch pht trin ti nguyn nc n nm 2000 v D kin k hoch pht trin

ti nguyn nc n nm 2010 (B NN&PTNT, 6/1998).

- Phng hng v nhim v pht trin ti nguyn nc n nm 2010 (B

NN&PTNT, 9/1999).

- Ch th 36/CT-TW nm 1998 ca Trung ng ng v Tng cng cng tc bo v

mi trng trong thi k cng nghip ho v hin i ho t nc.

- Chin lc pht trin nng nghip nng thn trong thi k cng nghip ho, hin iho n nm 2010 (B NN&PTNT, 7/2000).

- K hoch pht trin nng nghip v nng thn giai on 2001-2005 (B NN&PTNT,

8/2000).

- Chin lc quc gia v nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn.

Chin lc quc gia v K hoch hnh ng v qun l v gim nh thin tai Vit

Nam giai on 2001-2020 (B NN&PTNT v U ban phng chng lt bo Trung ng,

12/2001).

c) S thng nht gia cc cp

Thc thi nhng chnh sch c th ch ha trong cc vn bn ngh nh ca

Chnh ph, cc c quan qun l nc ca cc B, ngnh, y ban nhn dn cp tnh, thnh

ph trc thuc trung ng ban hnh cc quyt nh, thng t lin B hng dn, ra

bin php thc hin. V d nh quyt nh s 14/2004/Q-BNN ban hnh quy ch t chc

v hot ng ca cc ban qun l quy hoch cc lu vc sng. Ni dung ca quyt nh

c th ha nhng im c cp ti trong iu 64 ca lut Ti nguyn nc v iu 17

ca Ngh nh 179/2005/N-CP. Cc quyt nh 190/2004/Q-UB ca UBND Thnh ph H

Ch Minh v 48/2004/Q-UB ca UBND Thnh ph H Ni xy dng mt cng c php

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l, hnh chnh trong vic qun l cht lng nc. Cc quyt nh ny nhm th ch ha

iu 15 ca Ngh nh 179/1999/N-CP v iu 17 ca Lut Ti nguyn nc.

d) S phi hp lin ngnh

Quan h gia B NN&PTNT vi cc B, Ngnh c lin quan l quan h phi hp,c quy nh ti iu 13 Ngh nh 179/1999/N-CP nh sau:

- Cc Kh tng-Thy vn phi hp vi B, Ngnh lin quan xy dng k hoch hng

nm v di hn, t chc vic iu tra c bn ti nguyn nc mt.

- B TN&MT phi hp vi cc B, Ngnh c lin quan xy dng tiu chun cht lng

nc, kim sot v hn ch ma axt.

- B Cng nghip phi hp vi cc B, Ngnh c lin quan lp k hoch hng nm v

di hn, t chc thc hin vic iu tra c bn ti nguyn nc di t, xy

dng quy trnh vn hnh h cha thy in, xy dng phng n bo m anton cng trnh thy cng ca cng trnh thy in, khai thc tng hp ngun

nc v an ton cng trnh trnh Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt.

- B Giao thng vn ti phi hp vi B NN&PTNT xy dng, t chc thc hin quy

hoch mng li giao thng thy v vic xy dng cc cng trnh giao thng thy.

- B Xy dng phi hp vi B NN&PTNT xy dng, t chc thc hin quy hoch

cp, thot nc th, khu cng nghip, khu dn c tp trung.

- B Thy sn phi hp vi B NN&PTNT xy dng, t chc thc hin quy hoch bo

v, khai thc s dng ngun nc cho vic pht trin ngh c ni a- B K hoch v u t phi hp vi cc B, Ngnh lin quan tng hp k hoch

u t kinh ph cho cc d n v qun l, bo v, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn

nc, phng, chng v khc phc hu qu tc hi do nc gy ra trnh Chnh ph

ph duyt.

- B Ti chnh phi hp vi B NN&PTNT xy dng cc chnh sch v thu ti nguyn

nc, ph, l ph qun l ti nguyn nc.

e) Thnh lp hi ng quc gia ngnh nc v cc ban qun l lu vc sng

cp trung ng, hi ng quc gia v ti nguyn nc t vn gip chnh phthc hin qun l v bo v ti nguyn nc thng nht trn phm vi c nc c

thnh lp theo quyt nh s 67/TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph. Thc cht hi ng Quc

gia l mt c quan t vn cho Chnh ph trong lnh vc iu tit, cn i trong khai thc v

s dng ti nguyn nc, bo v v pht trin Ti nguyn nc bao gm c cc quan h

quc t.

cp lu vc hin nay cc t chc qun l quy hoch lu vc sng c thnh

lp ti 3 lu vc sng ln: sng Hng - Thi Bnh, sng ng Nai, sng M Kng thuc lnh

th vit nam qun l thng nht quy hoch s dng v bo v ngun nc ca lu vc.

Chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn ca cc ban qun l quy hoch lu vc sng c quynh ti quyt nh s 14/2004/Q-BNN. Quy hoch thu li va l c s k thut phn

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phi cn bng nc p ng cc nhu cu dng nc khc nhau, ng thi quy hoch lu

vc sng cn l c s php l qun l lu vc. Trong gn 50 nm qua, cc quy hoch

lu vc sng Hng, H thng sng min Trung, lu vc ca h thng sng ng Nai Si

Gn cng nh quy hoch chi tit nhiu sng nhnh v vng ng bng chu th sng Hng,

sng M Kng. Mt s quy hoch c cp nht nng cao khi nh nc lp cc d nu t cng trnh u mi nh cc cng trnh a chc nng: thy in, iu ha ngun

nc, du lch, thy sn (Ha Bnh, Sn la). Nhn chung, phng hng quy hoch c

thc t chng minh l hp l.

2.3.2. Cc tn ti trong h thng chnh sch

a) S chng cho trong h thng vn bn php lut:

iu 6 ca ngh nh 179/1999/N-CP quy nh vic np l ph cp php, ph x nc

thi vo ngun nc do B NN&PTNT ch tr trnh Th tng, iu 8 ca ngh nh

34/2005/N-CP quy nh mc pht khi x nc thi vo ngun nc, ngh nh s

67/2003/N-CP cng a ra ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi quy nh cc loi nc

thi phi np l ph bo v mi trng. Cc vn bn ny rt kh phn bit gia cc loi

nc thi (nguyn nhn gy nn nhim, suy thoi cht lng nc) l i tng ca

quyt nh no.

b) S song hnh ca cc vn bn thuc cc B:

Lut Ti nguyn nc quy nh B NN&PTNT thay mt chnh ph qun l ti

nguyn nc trn phm vi ton quc tr nc khong v nc nng thin nhin. Song,

Ngh nh 91 ca Chnh ph giao cho B TN&MT thc hin chc nng ny. Cho n nm

2004, cc vn bn hng dn c ch chuyn giao chc nng qun l Ti nguyn nc giaB NN&PTNT v B TN&MT vn cha c ban hnh. Do , B NN&PTNT vn ban hnh

cc quyt nh v qun l quy hoch lu vc sng (quyt nh 14/2004/Q-BNN). Cc vn

bn v qun l lu vc sng ng ra phi thuc v chc trch ca cc Qun l ti nguyn

nc thuc B TN&MT.

c) S cha y cc vn bn:

Mt s cc vn bn cn thit a Lut vo cuc sng cn phi tip tc hon thin,

b xung: ngh nh hng dn v c ch, t chc, quyn hn ca thanh tra chuyn ngnh

nc cn thiu cho nn thc t, hot ng ca b my thanh tra chuyn ngnh nc ang

cn b hn ch; hin nay, mi ch c mt s tnh, thnh ph (nh H Ni, TP. H Ch Minh,

Lng Sn) ban hnh cc quyt nh v mc thu ph nc thi v cp php x nc thi

vo ngun nc. Cn kh nhiu tnh cha c cc quyt nh v vic ny.

d) S lin quan ca cc vn bn trong QLTHTNN lin quan n NN

Cc vng NN c lin quan cht ch vi ngun nc c duy tr trn cc vng din

tch c th nh cc lu vc sng, cc h, ao, m ly, bi triu Lut Ti nguyn nc v

cc vn bn php quy trong lnh vc ti nguyn nc ch yu nhm vo i tng iu

chnh l ngun nc. Do , khng th quy nh c th cho cng tc qun l NN. Tuy

nhin, cng nh Lut ti nguyn nc, cc vn bn ny cng c nhng quy nh gp phncho cng tc qun l NN.

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e) S thiu cp nht ca cc vn bn php quy

- Quyt nh s 67/TTg ca Th tng chnh ph v vic thnh lp hi ng

quc gia v ti nguyn nc l cn thit nhm iu chnh cc quan h v ti

nguyn nc cp quc gia. Danh sch cc thnh vin ca hi ng c

ban hnh km theo quyt nh c ch nh r. iu ny c l khng cph hp bi v phn ln cc thnh vin u l kim nhim v cc chc v

m nhn theo nhim k. Khi kt thc nhim k, cc chc trch cng chc s

c chuyn giao cho ngi khc. Do , ngh nh s khng cn hiu lc.

- iu 3 ca Ngh nh 179/1999/N-CP ch nh B NN&PTNT ch tr phi hp

vi cc B ngnh lin quan, UBND cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung

quan ly tong hop tai nguyen nuoc 6002

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