ranch&planning&and&strategy:&&anexample.& … ·...

Ranch Planning and Strategy: An example. Glen K. Fukumoto, County Extension Agent Cooperative Extension Service, CTAHR, University of Hawaii at Manoa 1. Ranch Goals and Planning An example: Holistic Resource Management Three-‐Part Goal Quality of Life Production Future Landscape Description 2. Pasture System Ranch layout Record sheet: paddock name or number, acres, stocking rate, brief description Forages: species and yield

Weed control program: species, herbicides, grazing management, multi-‐species grazing Calculate number of days grazing (AUM)

3. Beef Herd Inventory: cows, bulls, replacement, market animals Record sheet: weights, body condition score, age, breeds

Herd health plan: disease, parasites, other illnesses and injuries Performance measures: calf crop, pregnancy, beef produced Genetic improvement plan Record keeping: Ranch Record Book.

4. Grass-‐fed beef Performance measures: adg, live weight

Carcass information: carcass weight, price received, sex, age, fat score (backfat or marbling, rib eye size, tenderness.

Sales and Marketing: list of customers, pre-‐orders, announcement of availability, pricing 5. Economic Planning Expenses and Revenues Calculating the cost of production for a cow-‐calf operation.

http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/LM-‐11.pdf Calf-‐XL program (Excel spreadsheet)

RANCH GOALS AND PLANNING Planning and Managing the Whole. (from Holistic Resource Management course) Defining the Whole. People Family members Employees and family Professional people Friends and neighbors Recreation/Sportsmen Consumers Others Financial List sources of money that could be used to support your goals. (Savings, loans, grants, cost share programs, trading for labor/supplies, other) List other sources of assets, including livestock, crops, equipment. Land and Resource Base List all the land resources you are responsible for managing. Identify land resources as to use and ownership. Is there a non-‐land based resource, such as a customer need, that fits your situation better? Reasons for Change Identify the concerns or problems that you or others are aware of in the management of

this three part whole? Is everything OK as is, or Can you see some areas that need work? List these items of concern and note the connections between the three parts?

Developing the 3-‐Part Goal This is a good practice, since most people have very little experience at setting goals for yourself. Most people don't know how to develop a goal, because were never taught how to do it. Don’t confuse a goal with an action. To develop goals we must identify the values and relationships that are important in our lives. These values are then incorporated into the 3-‐part goal and used as a guide in our management. Guidelines when forming your goals. If possible, sit with those who you have identified in the whole to be managed. Build trust and acceptance of the people involved. Goals must be written down, short statements or phases. Statement should contain what you want (not statements about how you plan to get there) Review your goals often and make changes as you develop greater understanding about people and land. Part 1. Quality of Life/Human Values The quality of life portion of the goal should define the values and relationships that are being sought by all the people involved in the management of the resources. Answering these questions can help you to get started: 1. What are those things that I appreciate most about my life today? Identify those things that I don’t want to see changed. 2. What are some things that I would like to change in my life? 3. What things do your society and community provide that enable you to live the life that you choose? 4. Identify those items that you contribute back to the well being of your community and society? Part 2. Forms of Production List those items that we must produce to sustain our quality of life. (No doubt, money is required, thus to meet these financial requirements we define the need for profitability from various sources). In addition to profit, people also identify the quality of the product that they are trying to produce or the surroundings they want to create. Identify anything else that you need to produce to support your values. Describe those items in short statements. Part 3. Future Resource Base Describe how the landscape must function to indefinitely sustain the production, which will in turn, sustain the quality of life. Describe the Water cycle, Mineral cycle, Succession and Energy Flow of your pastureland, forestland, and/or cropland.

Example of 3-‐Part Goal Statements: Quality of Life

• To maintain our traditional way of life and provide the opportunity for our children to take over the management of this land if they desire.

• To develop a healthy life-‐style with a balance of work, play and learning. • To live in a beautiful, peaceful setting with clean water and air. • To be a major stabilizing influence in the community and to contribute greatly to community well-‐being and

regeneration. • Commit to and support a loving relationship with my family, and harmony with friends and neighbors. • To have financial security and good health (mental, physical and spiritual)

Production

• To support the quality of life defined, we must be involved in enterprises that are profitable. This profit may come from livestock, crops, recreation, services or any other enterprise that does not ham the quality of life we seek.

• Products that we produce will be wholesome, natural and marketable. • Will produce an aesthetically pleasing environment that provides open space, solitude, clean air and water.

Future Landscape Pastureland:

• Soil surfaces will be covered with litter and growing plants. • Soils will be covered with a diverse mixture of grass, forbs and shrubs. • Small areas of heavy brush will be planned to support a diversity of wildlife. • Energy flow will be high in relation to time, area of leaf and the volume of leaves available to capture light.

Future Landscape Cropland:

• We will manage for highly productive living soils of great complexity. • These soils will be covered with living or dead plant material. • Soils will be well aerated and very high in humus. • Fields will be small with a wide variety of crops and great diversity of plants and animals will be planned. • Optimum levels of sunshine will be harvested within the constraints of the environment.

Another Example of 3-‐Part Goal Statements: Quality of Life

To have a healthy lifestyle that revolves around our family values. We want to live in a small sustainable community where we feed a sense of belonging and responsibility. We want the freedom to make our living from the land and act according to our beliefs. We desire adequate services and resources to educate our children and the opportunity for them to continue to live and/or work on our family’s land. We want to feel our work and lives are meaningful.

Forms of Production

Profit from livestock, wildlife, crops and native plants. Clean water and air. A quiet, organized surrounding with beautiful views and trees. Profit from recreation, tourism and other public activities that do not conflict with our values.

Landscape Description

The general view of the landscape will be of successional complexity. Many varieties of grasses, forbs, brush and trees will be present where possible. Minerals with cycle effectively and rapidly from various depths in the soil and at the soil surface. Bare soil surfaces will be minimal. Wildlife habitat containing cover, feed and water will be an integral part of our final landscape successional picture. Restoration of native flora will be a part of our landscape. Precipitation will be effective and erosion is minimal. Streamside areas are stable and dominated by trees of many age classes. Energy flow will be high towards the production of livestock, wildlife, crops and a beautiful surrounding.

Another example of a 3-‐Part Goal; adjusting your goals. (from HRM course handout, Halladay Ranch) Quality of Life 1986: We want to live good, with money available for recreation, earn our living without backbreaking work, provide education, or whatever for our kids. 1992: We want to be debt-‐free, we want to be excited ad enthusiastic about what we are doing and have to do on a daily basis, we want to leave this world (when we are very, very old) with our family happy, knowing that we led productive happy lives, left the land in a better condition that we found it, and were recognized for this achievement, we want our children to be happy and productive and we want to be able to help them obtain their goals so they can reach their full potential. Forms of Production: 1986: Use either cows or yearlings to maximize production, but don't rule out things like sheep; get enough cows so Randee (wife) doesn’t have to work off the ranch, keep costs as low as possible. 1992: Profit from livestock and crops (the main crop being grass), and anything that doesn’t interfere with our values and that complements what we do and what we are. Future Landscape: 1986: Complex, stable environment with permanent pastures, including microorganisms, birds, small animals, wildlife, etc. absolutely no erosion and no bare soil, lots of flowers, trees, shrubs and tall grass. 1992: Succession (community dynamics) very complex grassland not allowed to advance to forest except in the areas mapped. Different species and varieties of plans in the form of shelter belts that could have harvestable products within; a great variety of animal life with considerable emphasis on birds; great complexity in soil organism, including fungi and molds.

5/25/10 4:02 PMCTAHR Beef Research Programs at the Mealani Research Station

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Welcome Pastoral System Beef Herd Grass-Fed Beef Meat Quality Outreach

“Provide a venue for innovative and creative research and outreach programs enabling it tobe the leader in the development of healthy foods and urban-friendly production systems thatwill result in health communities, sustainable ecosystems and economic vitality for the Stateof Hawaii and the Pacific.”

Vision Statement

Aloha! Welcome to theCTAHR beef cattleresearch website. Wehope that the site willprovide an insight intoour beef herd practices,applied researchactivities and how theoutcomes will benefitthe beef cattle industryin Hawaii and thetropical regions in thePacific rim.

Logic Model Background Environment Google Map Contact Us

Started October 15, 2009

Started October 15,2009

Public Value Statements Impact and Benefits Livestock Sales

CTAHR Beef Research Programsat the Mealani Research Station

5/25/10 4:02 PMLogic Model

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Return to Welcome Page

Logic Model

PASTURE SYSTEM Ranch layout Record sheet: paddock name or number, acres, stocking rate, brief description of paddock. Forages: species and yield Calculate number of days grazing (AUM) Weed control program: species, herbicides, grazing management, multi-‐species grazing

5/25/10 4:03 PMPastoral System

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Pasture and grazing management practices employed atMealani will include a “leader/follower” high intensity-short duration grazing system.

In this system three groups of animals will besuccessively rotated through the each pasture. Thesegroups include grass-finish steers (15-30 head),replacement heifers (15-25 head), and the breeding herd(70 -90 head). Herd numbers will vary for each groupand will be determined based on forage availability. Foreach pasture, the grass-finish steers will begin thegrazing cycle, followed by the heifers and then thebreeding herd.

Average grazing time for each group in any givenpasture is approximately 1 day though this will varydepending on the quantity of forage available. Thus,

Mealani Research StationQuick Facts:

Grazing area: 180 acresStocking rate: 1.2 ac/AUForages: Primary grass =Kikuyu grass, PennisetumclandestinumLegumes = White clover

Kauai Research StationQuick Facts:

Research:

Pastoral System Links:

Mealani Grazing Paddock Layout

Tropical Forage Demo Garden

Perennial Peanut Demo Garden

Leucaena Forage

Drought Management

Pasture Seed Drill Memorandum of Understanding for use of seed drill

Link to CTAHR Forageswebsite:www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forages

Pasture and Grazing Management

Pastoral System

http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forages

5/25/10 4:03 PMMealani Grazing Paddock Layout

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Aerial view showing the layout of the individual paddocks of the Mealani grazing system.

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Mealani Grazing Paddock Layout

5/25/10 4:04 PMDrought Management

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Drought is a period of extremely dry conditions that develops periodically and often leads tounexpected shortages in forage availability. It is difficult to predict when drought will occur,and how long or how severe it will be when it arrives. For these reasons herd and pasturemanagement decisions during drought must include an array of options that allow for flexibilityand decisiveness. Mealani Station personnel will monitor weather conditions and make timelydecisions on supplementation and herd reductions at the first signs of drought. Duringdrought every effort will be made to assure that herd nutrition is adequate to maintain animalbody condition.

Other Considerations:1. Biodiversity is drought insurance. Increase diversity, increases energy flow, which leads to

improved sustainability.2. Off-site grazing options3. Destocking plan (open cows, open heifers, steers, heifers, bulls, cows)4. Early weaning of calves5. Reduce breeding6. Water supply plan

Drought Management

BEEF HERD Inventory: cows, bulls, replacement, market animals Record sheet: weights, body condition score, age, breeds Herd health plan: disease, parasites, other illnesses and injuries Performance measures: calf crop, pregnancy, beef produced Genetic improvement plan Record keeping: Ranch Record Book.

5/25/10 4:04 PMBeef Herd

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The focus of this goal is to provide a transparent view ofthe activities, operations and programs the Mealani beefcattle herd, where the on-line information can serve asan educational model for the industry, students and thecommunity.

Objectives and Strategic ActionsIn 2003 a Mealani Livestock Committee was formed toset up objectives in the activities in service to ourstakeholders. The role of the committee is to plan thedetails of the cow herd on an annual and intermediateterm basis, monitor its progress, make adjustments andreplan. Foremost was to the need to improve the publicrelations with the beef cattle and other pastoral-baseindustries and to open dialog with the community.

Objectives:

Quick Statistics:Inventory: Cows - 85 Bulls - 18 Replacement heifers - 25 Replacements bulls Grass-fed steers - 22 (as of March 31, 2010)

Research: Ultra Sound Technology

Beef Herd Links:

Herd Inventory Cow Performance Herd Health AI Protocol Cattle Allocation Plan

Links to CTAHR Publications:

Application of UltrasoundTechnology in Beef Cattle CarcassResearch and Management.

Bull Power: Examination of BeefCattle Bulls for Breeding Soundness.

Pelvic Measurement of Heifers: ACase Study in Hawaii.

The Basics of Heat (Estrus)Detection in Cattle.

Proper Semen Handling Duringan Artificial Insemination Program.

Three Simplified EstrusSynchronization Programs forHawai‘i’s Beef Breeding Season.

Beef Herd Technology and Model

Beef Herd

http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/LM-13.pdf


http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/RES-160.pdf




5/25/10 4:04 PMBeef Herd

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1. Provide an annual progress report to ourstakeholders.

2. Improve the current record keeping system andcommunications between researchers, extensionpersonnel and the research station manager andlivestock technicians. Develop or adopt acomputerized record keeping system that can be usedto benchmark and to track the progress of the beefherd, forage-based production and carcassperformance measures.

3. Shift current composite genetic base of the cow herdto an Angus based genetics. In addition, streamlinebreeding seasons into a single breeding season.

4. Investigate and focus on forage-finish beef productionin Hawaii, with a long-term objective of retaining allcattle for markets in Hawaii rather than shipment tomainland markets. However, in the interim period,develop programs with partners to continue to gatherdata on the herd or individual in feedlot performanceand in carcass meat quality.

Hawai‘i’s Beef Breeding Season.

Parasite Control Options forCattle in Hawaii.



5/25/10 4:05 PMHerd Inventory

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Inventory (as of December 2009 )Cows - 85 average weight BCS Age - cull at 10-years old, Breeds - Angus, Hereford, CompositeReplacement heifers - 25Bulls - 18Replacement bullsGrass-fed steers - 22 average daily gainGrass-fed heifers

Back to Beef Herd

Click to continue to other pages:Performance Goals Herd Health AI Protocol

General Herd Activity CalendarBreeding: August - September

Calving: April - May

Weaning: October (6-7 months)

Grass-fed, start in November Slaughter, in November-December of following year (19-20 month-old)

Livestock Sale: Fall (November) and Spring (May)

Herd Inventory

5/25/10 4:06 PMCattle Allocation Plan

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Calves: With a 95% calf crop goal and depending on the breeding herd size, we expectto produce 95 to 104 calves per year. A figure of 100 calves per year is used in thescenario/calculations.

Heifers: 50 heifer calves per year.1. Replacement heifers: retain 40% of the heifers, 20 head per year.2. Balance of heifers, 30 head per year will be:

a. marketed at Mealani Livestock Sale; orb. enter in cooperative project; orc. enter into forage-finish production trial at Mealani or other cooperator sites.

Bulls: 50 bull calves per year.

Cattle Allocation Plan

5/25/10 4:06 PMCattle Allocation Plan

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1. Replacement bulls: retain 20% of the bulls, 10 head per year.Breeds: 80% Angus, 20% HerefordHerdsman and Genetics Program Leader to make determination on bull calves leftintact and castrated. Currently approximately 50% are left intact and 50%steered. Vasectomized bulls will be selected from older bull battery or young bullreplacement battery.

2. Balance of bull calves, 15 head per year will be:a. marketed as young bulls at Mealani Livestock Sale; orb. castrated, then;

1. marketed as steer calves at Mealani Livestock Sale; or2. enter in cooperative project; or 3. enter into forage-finish production trial at Mealani or other cooperator sites.

Steer calves: 25 head per year1. 15 head per year will be selected for forage-finish production trial at Mealani.2. Balance of steer calves, 10 head per year will be:

a. marketed at Mealani Livestock Sale; orb. enter in cooperative project; orc. enter into forage-finish production trial at Mealani or other cooperator sites.

5/25/10 4:05 PMComprehensive Beef Herd Health Program

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(as of 2006)I.Calves

a.Branding (2-4 months)i.Blackleg vaccine ‒ 7 way clostridium (Siteguard MLG, 5 ml SQ)ii.4-way IBR/PI3, BVD, BRSV, Leptospirosis, (modified live (Pyramid 3, 2 ml IM))iii.Vitamin A/D supplement (2 ml SQ)iv.Dewormv.Castrate, dehorn, ear tag, brand ID#

b.Weaning (6-7 months)i.Blackleg ‒ 7 way clostridium (Siteguard MLG, 5 ml SQ)ii.4-way IBR/PI3, BVD, BRSV, Vibrio/Leptospirosis, modified live (Pyramid9 2ml IM)iii.Vitamin A/D supplement (2 ml SQ)iv.Deworm ‒ pour on (Cydectin)

c.Grass Finish Calvesi.Deworm ( interval)ii.Observe for injury, sickness.

II.Replacement heifers (30-45 days before turnout)i.4-way IBR/PI3, BVD, BRSV, VL, modified live (Pyramid 9, 2 ml IM)ii.Pelvic measure (criteria: min of cm2)iii.Deworm ‒ pour on (Cydectin)iv.Fecal egg count to monitor deworming frequency (every 30-60 days)

III.Replacement bulls (13-15 months)i.Scrotal measure at 12-14 months (criteria: min of 30 cm)ii.BSE prior to first turnout (> 14 months)iii.Semen testingiv.Vibrin (2 ml SQ)v.Deworm ‒ pour on (Cydectin)

IV.Bulls (30 -45 days prior to turnout)i.BSEii.Vibrin (4 ml SQ)iii.Deworm ‒ pour on (Cydectin)

V.Cows a.Pre-breeding (30-days)

i.Blackleg - 7 way clostridiumii.4-way IBR/PI3, BVD, BRSV, Vibrio/Leptospirosis, modified live (Pyramid 9, 2 ml IM)iii.Deworm ‒ pour on (Cydectin)

b.Pregnancy diagnosis (75-90 days)c.Pre calving

i.Deworm ‒ pour on (Cydectin)VI. Other a. Pneumonia - antibiotic (LA-200) b. Scours ‒ Corid, sulfa bolus and antibiotic c. Sanitation ‒ disinfection of facilities

Back to Beef Herd

Click to continue to other pages:Herd Inventory Performance Goals AI Protocol

Comprehensive Beef Herd Health Program

5/25/10 4:05 PMPerformance Goals

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Specific Herd Goals1. Bull Selection. The specific goals of are to 1) increase carcass weight, 2) increase rib eye

area and 3) increase marbling score to increase marketability of this revenue generatingunit of the herd (bulls and market calves). Dimensional measurements (bull scrotal, heiferpelvic, hip height, body condition score).

2. Cows. The herd size will be corrected and adjusted to 100 – 110 cows. Records ofmaternal performance and moderate frame score will be used as the primary selection tooland criteria. Other tools in the future may incorporate the use of ultrasound, BovineEngineering philosophies, and other technologies. A culling rate of 10% was establishedfor the herd, but may be adjusted dependent on the weather conditions and other factors. Culling criteria will be based on a priority of 1) reproductive performance, i.e. no calf, nosecond chance, 2) maximum age of 10 year-old and 3) other chronic problems anddisposition.

3. Calf Performance.

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Click to continue to other pages:Herd Inventory Calf Performance Herd Health AI Protocol

Performance Goals

5/25/10 4:06 PMA.I. Program

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Artificial insemination synchronization program (CIDR program) and bull selection.The artificial insemination synchronization program has been changed from the old two shot program tothe new EAZI BREED CIDR program. The EAZI BREED CIDR system with prostaglandin (Lutalyse) willbe implemented on all purebred Angus, Hereford cows and incoming virgin cross bred heifers enteringartificially insemination (AI) breeding program. Natural service using designated Angus and/or Herefordsires will be used for clean up and herd mating. Total breeding season is 45-days.

Protocol. The EAZI BREED CIDR Cattle insert can be administered during any stage of the estrous cycleof beef cattle. The inserts are implanted intra-vaginally using the supplied plastic applicator at a rate ofone per animal. The insert releases progesterone during the seven day treatment period to initiateestrous. To complete synchronization, an injection of prostaglandin (5cc) must be given to all animalsimplanted one day before implant removal on Day 6. On the seventh day of treatment, vaginal implantsare removed, discarded and vasectomy altered bulls with chin ball paint markers are to be released intotreated herd to help determine estrus for the next four days. The whole herd is artificially inseminatedusing Angus semen to purebred Angus cattle and all heifers detected in heat and Polled Hereford semento purebred Hereford cattle. After breeding AI, segregate bred animals to a different paddock fromtreated animals. Chin ball markers on gomer bulls are to be checked and refilled on second or third dayof heat detecting program depending on paint usage. Natural service chin ball marker Angus or Herefordsires are to be used to cover whole herd after artificial insemination program is completed. These siresare to enter herd on day 14 of program and remain with herd for a minimum of 35 days (day 49).Records will be kept on all animals naturally serviced to determine sire information. Veterinary checks forpregnancy will commence 60 days after bull removal. Figure below displays the breeding managementtimeline from implantation to pregnancy diagnosis.

Back to Beef Herd

Click to continue to other pages:Herd Inventory Performance Goals Herd Health

A.I. Program

GRASS-‐FED BEEF Performance measures: Average Daily Gain (adg) Record live weight Carcass information: Carcass weight Age of animal Sex Quality measurements: Tenderness by shear force measurement fat score (backfat or marbling) Rib eye size Price received Sales and Marketing: List of customers (for pre-‐orders, announcement of available dates) Pricing sheet

5/25/10 4:07 PMGrass-Fed Beef Program

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Since 2005, CTAHR has initiated a demonstrationproject to evaluate the production of high qualitygrassfed beef in hawaii The goal of the study is todetermine optimum production factors required toproduce a quality grassfed market animal in 24 monthsor less.

Spring born steers calves are selected after weaning andassigned as the lead group in a stratified grazing system(leader-follower), where the strata is comprised of threeherds, the steer, replacement heifer and cow herd. Average grazing rotation is 45-days. The steers areraised to target market weights of 1150-1200 pounds. Under the stratified grazing system, the steers receivethe best available forage nutrition. Average harvest ageis approximately 20 months, average daily gain frombirth is 1.90, USDA carcass grade equivalent is 30-35%

Quick Statistics:

Forage beef

Research:

Grass-fed Beef Links:

2006 Factsheet

2007 Factsheet

Links to CTAHR Publications:

The Market for Hawaii-GrownNatural and Organic Beef.

Grass-fed Beef Production

Grass-Fed Beef Program


5/25/10 4:07 PM2007 Factsheet

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Return to Grass-Fed Beef Page

5/25/10 4:08 PMMeat Quality

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CTAHR researchers and extension educators have beeninvolved in the evaluation of Hawaii beef products formany years and have made significant impact on the100% Hawaii-Grown beef market. Accomplishmentsinclude introduction of low-voltage electrical stimulatortechnology for carcass tenderization evaluation ofmechanical tenderization of grass finished beef,determined the healthy fatty acid profiles in Hawaiiangrass finished beef, development the “Island Fresh” beeflabel has led to numerous local beef label and identity,and research has established a benchmark of beefquality and tenderness of Hawaiian grass finished beeffor future product enhancement.

CTAHR will continue to work with Hawai’i producers inimprovement and refinement of beef quality throughbest management practices focusing on producingtender island beef and will assist in the exploration of

Quick Facts:

Research:

Hawaiian Red Veal

Cull Cow Evaluation

Meat Quality Links:

Prime on Forage

Links to CTAHR publications:

Carcass Characteristics ofForage-Finished CattleProduced in Hawai‘i.

Evaluation of Meat Tendernessof Forage-Finished CattleProduced in Hawai‘i, andFactors Affecting theTenderness.

Improving Tenderness ofForage-Finished Beef Using aMechanical Tenderizer.

Improving Tenderness ofForage-Finished Beef Using aLow-Voltage ElectricalStimulator

Meat Science and Technology

Meat Quality

http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/FST-25.pdf




ECONOMIC PLAN Expenses and Revenues Tools to help in calculating your expenses Calculating the cost of production for a cow-‐calf operation.

http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/LM-‐11.pdf Calf-‐XL program (Excel spreadsheet)

ranch&planning&and&strategy:&&anexample.& … ·...

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