Global Warming

          Global Warming is the rise in the average temperature of the earth atmosphere. It Began since 1980 after revolution Industry has applied, Industry started to produce many polution. Based on IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change) Data shown that the earth atmospheric temperature has increased 0.76OC IN 2005.

          There are many causes of Global Warming, but the most inflence is green house gasses. Human activities such as burning fossil fuel, produce waste gas which is carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide gas convert the earth atmosphere which make the sunlight that entered to the earth are trapped and cannot be reflected to the space. As the result, the temperature of the earth are raising and earth is getting hotter.

           An Increase in global warming will cause some problem such as increasing huricanes due to increasing speed of wind,, massive crop failure as effet of climate change. Species extinction and increasing the sea level as the result of melting process in polar.

           Latest news from green peace about global warming is so shocking. They estimatedthat in 21 century there will be increasing in the sea level for about 19-95 cm, increasing of sea level about 1 metre can cause one island can be lose. As the example is losing island in Egypt around 1 presence, and some smaal island in Indonesia.

Flood is an overflow of water that soaks or covers land. Floods are the most frequent type of natural disaster worldwide. It can be caused by several things, naturally and form the effect of human behavior. The most common cause is because of the over capacity of the body of water, e.g. river or lake. As a result some of the water flows outside of the body of water. It can also occur in rivers, when the strength of the river is so high that it flows right out of the river channel. A flood from sea may be caused by a heavy storm, a high tide, a tsunami, or a combination the three.

Soil and vegetation absorbs most of the surface water, floods happen when there are lack of trees and the soil alone cannot absorb all the water. The water then runs off the land in quantities that cannot be carried in stream channels or kept in natural ponds or man-made reservoirs. A flood can also be caused by blocked sewage pipes and waterways, such as the Jakarta flood.

There are several types of flood. Periodic floods occur naturally on many rivers, forming an area known as the flood plain. These river floods usually result from heavy rain, sometimes combined with melting snow, which causes the rivers to overflow their banks. A flood that rises and falls rapidly with little or no advance warning is called a flash flood.

A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity, especially in oceanic climate countries. While definitions vary,[1] a heat wave is measured relative to the usual weather in the area and relative to normal temperatures for the season. Temperatures that people from a hotter climate consider normal can be termed a heat wave in a cooler area if they are outside the normal climate pattern for that area.[2]

The term is applied both to routine weather variations and to extraordinary spells of heat which may occur only once a century. Severe heat waves have caused catastrophic crop failures, thousands of deaths

from hyperthermia, and widespread power outages due to increased use of air conditioning. A heat wave is considered extreme weather, and a danger because heat and sunlight may overheat the human body.

How they occur[edit]

High pressure up traps heat near the ground, forming a heat wave

Heat waves form when high pressure aloft (from 10,000–25,000 feet (3,000–7,600 metres)) strengthens and remains over a region for several days up to several weeks. This is common in summer (in both Northern

and Southern Hemispheres) as the jet stream 'follows the sun'. On the equator side of the jet stream, in the middle layers of the atmosphere, is the high pressure area.

Summertime weather patterns are generally slower to change than in winter. As a result, this mid-level high pressure also moves slowly. Under high pressure, the air subsides (sinks) toward the surface. This sinking air acts as a dome capping the atmosphere.

This cap helps to trap heat instead of allowing it to lift. Without the lift there is little or no convection and therefore little or no convective clouds (cumulus clouds) with minimal chances for rain. The end result is a continual build-up of heat at the surface that people experience as a heat wave.[11]

In the Eastern United States a heat wave can occur when a high pressure system originating in the Gulf of Mexico becomes stationary just off the Atlantic Seaboard (typically known as a Bermuda High). Hot humid air masses form over the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea while hot dry air masses form over the desert Southwest and northern Mexico. The SW winds on the back side of the High continue to pump hot, humid Gulf air northeastward resulting in a spell of hot and humid weather for much of the Eastern States.[12]

In the Western Cape Province of South Africa, a heat wave can occur when a low pressure offshore and high pressure inland combine to form a Bergwind. The air warms as it descends from the Karoo interior, and the temperature will rise about 10 °C from the interior to the coast. Humidities are usually very low, and the temperatures can be over 40 °C in summer. The highest official temperatures recorded in South Africa (51.5 °C) was recorded one summer during a bergwind occurring along the Eastern Cape coastline.[13][14]

Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.[15][16][17]

Physical damage[edit]

Heat waves can and do cause roads and highways to buckle and melt,[38] water lines to burst, and power transformers to detonate, causing fires. See the 2006 North American heat wave article about heat waves causing physical damage.

Heat waves can also damage rail roads, such as buckling and kinking rail's, which can lead to slower traffic, delays, and even cancellations of service when rails are too dangerous to traverse by trains. Sun kinking is caused when certain types of rail design like short section rails welded together or fish plate rails expand and push on other sections of rail causing them to warp and kink. Sun kinking can be a serious problem in hotter climates like Southern USA, parts of Canada, the Middle East, etc.

In the 2013 heatwave in England, gritters (normally only seen in snow) were sent out to grit melting tarmac roads.

1. A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessive heat, often combined with excessive humidity.

2. Excessive heat is determined by Heat Index Values. The heat index, also known as the apparent temperature, is what the temperature feels like to the human body when relative humidity is combined with the air temperature.

3. Summers in North America are hot, meaning most parts of the US experience heat waves during the summer. The region east of the Rockies tend feel heat waves with high temperature and humidity.

4. If your pet stays outdoors during extreme heat, make sure they have cold water and an area out of the sun where they can cool off. For pets, spending time in a hot car can be super dangerous. Hang signs to remind pet owners not to leave their furry friends in hot cars. Sign up for Hot Dogs.

5. Extreme heat can cause cramps, swelling, and fainting.

6. Heat waves kill more Americans than other natural disasters such as floods, lightning, tornadoes, and hurricanes.

7. Young children and adults over the age of 65 are most likely to experience heat exhaustion or other heat-related illness.

8. In July 1995, Chicago, Illinois experienced a heat wave that caused over 700 deaths. Scientists predict that the Midwest could endure similar heat waves up to 3 times a year by 2100 if greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase.

9. Urban areas often experience higher temperatures during the summer, referred to as “Urban Heat Island.” This is due to buildings, roads, and other infrastructures absorbing solar energy, resulting in higher temperatures.

10. Heat waves can cause blackouts and power outages, especially in areas that experience the urban heat island effect.

11. To stay hydrated during a heat wave, drink plenty of water and eat a salty snack to help replace the salt the body loses when it sweats.