reporting and writing news basic handbook

owif:vdkuf]cif:óSihf owif:a\:om:]cif: ta]ccHvufpJG

The Indochina Media Memorial Foundation twGuf Peter Eng óSihf

wdkha\:om:]yKpkonf` Jeff Hodson

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tif'dkcsKdif:em: rD'D<m trSwfw\ \efyHkaiGtzJG. (The Indochina Media Memorial Foundation)

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Reporting and Writing News : A Basic Handbook Written by Peter Eng and Jeff Hodson Translated by U Htin Aung Kyaw

ISBN : 974-91900-9-2

Copyright © 2001 The Indochina Media Memorial Foundation (IMMF), Thailand Copyright of this translation into Burmese, 2004 of the basic journalism handbook is asserted by the IMMF, Thailand Printed by Square Print '93 Co., Ltd.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form without the written permission of the IMMF.

Cover photo by Vinai Dithajohn shows students on an IMMF course on urban environment in Chiang Mai, Thailand, October 2001

The Indochina Media Memorial FoundationManeeya Center Building, 6th Floor518/5 Ploenchit Road, Bangkok 10330, ThailandTel.: 66 (0) 2255-5909, 2255-3626Fax: 66 (0) 2255-5909Email: [email protected] or [email protected]: http://www.immf.or.th

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wufa\muf\ef îudKwif]yifqifonfh tae]zifh avhvm\ef wkdufwGef:vdkygonf̀ xkdoifwef:rsm:u

pD:yGm:a\:óSifhobm&ywf&ef:usif uJhodk.aom txl:bmom\yfrsm:udk owif:\<la\:om:]cif:

tajumif: avhusihfoifjum:ay:aeonf̀ oifhtae]zifh pme<fZif: ynmta]ccHukd avhvmxm:úyD:

]zpfygu xdkoifwef:rsm:u oifjum:csufrsm:udk ydkvkdufódkifayrnf̀

ausmif:q\m? q\mrrsm:tae]zifhvnf: onfvufpJGpmtkyfudk ausmif:rsm:óSif h

wUodkvfrsm:wGif oHk:ódkfifygonf̀ t<f'Dwmrsm:uvnf: vufudkifxm:ódkifygonf̀

odk.\mwGif onfpmtkyfu úyD:]ynfhpHkaom ]y÷mef:pmtkyf r[kwfyg` ta]ccHrûom

]zpfygonf` owif:a\:om:enf: trsKd:rsKd: \Sdygonf` Âcif:csufawG trsm:îuD: \Sdygonf`

onfpmtkyfudk q\m? q\mrrsm:? t<f'Dwmrsm: tultnD]zifh]zpfap? wpfa<mufóSifh wpfa<muf

aqG:aóG:úyD: vufawG. vkyfaqmifjunhf]cif:]zifh]zpfap avhvmju\ef tjuH]yKygonf̀

owif:pmq\mrsm:> tvkyfóSifh owif:pmq\maumif: wpfa<muf> t\nftcsif:

wkd.]zifh uïefawmfwkd.u ed'gef:csDxm:onf̀ xdk.aemuf olwkd.wpfawG owif:twGuf pdwful:

b<fvdk\úyD: owif: tcsuftvufrsm:udk b<fvdk pkaqmif:<lonfudk azmf]yonf̀ xdkrS wpfqifh

owif:a\:om:enf:udk oGm:onf̀ owif:tzGifhudk rnfodk. a\:rnfenf:? wpfyk'fvHk:udk rnfodk.

pkpnf:rnfenf:wkd.]zpfonf` aemufydkif:tcef:rsm:udk onfa'orS pme<fZif:orm:rsm:twGuf

tav:ay: azmf]yxm:ygonf` <if:wkd.rSm wkdfuf|kdufpum:a]ymudk aumufókwf azmf]ycsuf?

owif:xkwf]yefcsufrsm:rS owif:\<lenf:? owif:pm \Sif:vif:yJ Grsm:? rdef.cGef:rsm:óSih f

tpnf:ta&:yJGrsm:rS owif:\<lenf:rsm: ]zpfygonf̀ tcef:wpfckrSm owif:tcsuftvufrsm:udk

tckdifrmqHk: rnfodk. a\:om:wif]y\rnfukd azmf]yxm:onf̀ xkd.aemuf yHkóSdyf rD'D<móSifh a\'D<dk?

|kyfoHrD'D<mrsm:jum: owif:a\:om:wifqufyHkcsif: uJG]ym:]cm:em:yHkudk uïefawmfwkd.u wif]y

xm:ygonf̀

odk.aomf owif:axmufwpfa<muf[lonf owif:\<l a\:om:]cif:xuf ydkygonf̀

xkd.ajumifh usihf&wftajumif: ta\:îuD:onhf tcef:wpfcef:udk xnhfoGif:azmf]yxm:]cif:

xii

immf.pmd 12 7/2/2547, 11:03

]zpfygonf̀ tqHk:wGif tem}wftwGufvnf: today: wif]yxm:ygonf̀ <if:rSm onf a'orS

owif:axmufrsm:twGuf t"dupdefac;rSKîuD:t]zpf w]cm:aomódkifiHrsm:óSifhtwl \ifaygifwef:

vdkufódkifap\ef wu<hfowif:\if: ]rpfîuD:]zpfaom tifwmeufudk oHk:pJGa\:tajumif:yif

]zpfygonf̀

onfvufpJGpmtkyfi<f ]yKpk\mwGif }sufzfa[mh'fqiftm: ulnDay:cJhonfh ódkifiHwum

owif:pmq\mrsm: Adrmef? }ïef tufpfóSifh }sdrf:pf t<fvfódkuf\efyHkaiGtzJG.wkd.tm: vnf:aumif:?

yDwmtJef:tm: ulnDay:cJhonhf onfz\D:'rf:zdk\rf tzJG.tm:vnf:aumif: aus:Zl:wif\Sdygonf̀

tvm:wl pmtkyfyHkóSdyf ukefusp\dwfrsm:twGuf axmufyHhay:cJhonhf }smreDódkifiHrS z\uf'\pf

tufbwf \efyHkaiGtzJG.óSifh xdkif:ód kifiH qkdif\m tar\duef]yefjum:a\:Xmewkd.tm:vnf:

aus:Zl:wif\Sdygonf̀ xdk.twl tdk:yif:qkdqkdifwD tifpwDusKtm:vnf: aus:Zl:wif\Sdygonf̀

uïefawmfwkd.onfvnf: oihfvdkyif pme<fZif:orm:rsm: ]zpfygonf̀ avhvmqnf:yl:

p\mawG \Sdaeygao:onf` onfvufpJGpmtkyfi<fudk twwfódkifqHk: toHk:&ifapcsifygonf`

tu<fI pmtkyf ydkrkdaumif:rGefvmap\eftwGuf xif]rifcsufóSifh tjuH]yKcsufrsm: \Sdygvûif

tkdiftrftrftufzfodk. qufoG<fyg\ef arwWm\yftyfygonf̀

yDwm tJef: wpfoD:ykñv pme<fZif:orm:

}sufzfa[mh'fqif ódkuftzJG.om:

befaumuf? 'DZifbm 2001`

immf.pmd 13 7/2/2547, 11:03

xiii

a&g[m\ \Sif:vif:csuf

|SKaxmifh (Angle) owif:wpfyk'f a\:om:\mwGif tm|kHpl:pkdufxm:aombufu csOf:uyf]cif:? odk.r[kwf |SK]rifcsuf]zpfonf` wcsKd.]zpf\yfrsm:wGif pdwf&ifpm:p\mtajumif:tcsufawG trsm: t]ym: \Sdódkifapumrl owif:pmq\mu tajumif:t\m wpfckudkyJ tm|kHpl:pdkuf wif]y ódkifygonf̀

trnfrazmfvdkaom owif:\if:]rpf (Anonymous source) owif:xJwGif olwkd. trnfemrudk razmf]yrSom owif:axmufudk owif: ay:ol]zpfonf̀

udk:um:azmf]ycsuf (Attribution) owif:twGuf tcsuftvuf tajumif:t\mrsm: a]ym]yoludk pma\:olu a\:om:azmf]y]cif: ]zpfonf̀

aemufcHorkdif: (Background) owif:aqmif:yg:rSm azmf]yxm:aom tajumif:t\móSifh ywfoufI twdwfwkef:u ]zpfysufcJhyHktajumif:udkyg owif:xJrSm a\:om:azmf]y]cif:]zpfonf̀ onfvdk azmf]y]cif:]zihf pmzwfolu ydkúyD: \Sif:vif:pGm em:vnfoabmaygufoGm:onf̀

rûrûww (Balance and fairness) owif:aumif:wpfyk'ftwGuf ta\:îuD:aom tcsuf]zpfygonf̀ udpPwpfckudk owif:axmufu a\:om:wif]y\mrSm wpfzufzufudk bufvdkuf]cif: r]yKbJ rûwpGm azmf]y\onf̀

pmudk<f (Body) tao:pdwftcsufrsm:? wkduf|dkufa]ympum:aumufókwfcsufrsm: ponf]zifh owif:wpfyk'f> trsm:pktydkif: ]zpfonf̀

qufpyfrSKtpOf (Context) owif:wpfyk'fxJrS owif:tcsuftvufrsm:u wif]yaeaom tajumif:\yfóSifh qufpyfaeonhf a<bk<sta]ctaeudk azmf]yonf` <if:wkd.ajumifh pmzwfolwdk.u tajumif:t\may;rSm ykdúyD: \Sif:vif:oGm:\onf̀

t<f'Dwmhtmabmf (Editorial) ]zpf\yfwpfckóSifh ywfoufI pma\: q\mu ol.t]rif? odk.r[kwf ol.owif:pm? pmapmif> t]rif taumif:tqkd: a&zefydkif:]cm:csuf aqmif:yg: ]zpfonf̀ oduQm\Sdaom pmapmifîuD:rsm:wGif t<f'Dwmhtmabmfudk w]cm:owif:rsm:óSifh ra\mbJ oD:]cm:t<f'Dwmhtmabmf pmrsufóSmzGifhxm:um a\:om:azmf]yavh \Sdonf̀

xiv

immf.pmd 14 7/2/2547, 11:03

owif:aqmif:yg: (Feature) ]zpf\yfwpfckudk csufcsif:r[kwfbJ aphikpGmavhvmúyD:rS ]ynhfpHkcrf:em:pGm a\:om:wif]yaom owif:aqmif:yg:]zpfonf̀ t]rJwrf: vlpdwf&ifpm:aom |SKaxmifhuyJ wif]yavh\Sdonf̀ wpfcgwpf\H soft news [kvnf: ac;onf̀

owif:OD: (Hard news) ]zpf\yfwpfck]zpfvûif]zpfcsif: <if:tajumif:csif:\mudk pmzwfoltm: today:wif]y]cif:]zpfonf̀ onfowif:rsKd:ukd üpuf\yf owif:á [kvnf: ac;onf̀

vlpdwf&ifpm:aomowif: (Human interest) pmzwfolrsm: pdwfvSKyf\Sm:cHpm:\apaom t]zpftysuf tajumif:csif:\m]zpfonf̀

yd\rpfa]ymif:]yef (Inverted pyramid) owif:wpfyk'f a\:om:\mwGif ta\:tîuD:qH k: tajumif:t\mudk tp (tzGihfpmydk'f)rSm a\:om:úyD:? <if:udk \Sif:vif:azmf]yúyD: taxmuftul ]yKaom tajumif:t\mrsm:udk qufazmf]y\rnf̀ xdk.aemuf ta\:rîuD:vSaom owif:tcsuf tvufrsm:udk aemufqHk:rSxm:\aom a\:om:rSKyHkpH ]zpfygonf̀

ynm\yfpum: (Jargon) tpdk:\wm&ef\Sdolrsm:? abm}aA'ynm\Sifrsm:? owif:pmq\mrsm:ponfh vkyfief:rsm:wGif vkyfief:wpfckwnf: vkyfaeolcsif: okH:óSKef:aomtxl:a&g[m\rsm: ]zpfonf̀ <if:wkd.udk omref vltrsm:u em:rvnfódkifacs`

tzGifh (Lead) owif:wpfyk'f> tp&gus ]zpfygonf̀ wkduf|dkuf tzGifhu owif: tajumif: t\mudk wJhwdk:azmf]yonf̀ owif:OD: trsm:pkwGif wkduf|dkuftzGifhudkyJ oHk:ygonf̀ zJG.óJG.aom tzGifhu tajumif:t\mudk OyrmOyar<srsm:? od k.r[kwf ]rifuGif:rsm:]zif h pma\:olu azmfusL:wif]y]cif: ]zpfygonf` owif:aqmif:yg: trsm:pkrSm zJG.óJ G.aomtzGifhudkyJ oHk:wwfygonf̀

"rR"d÷mefusus(Objectivity) owif:aumif:wpfyk'f> ta\:îuD:aomtcsufrSm owif:axmuf tae]zifh owif:a\:om:onfhtcg rdrd> wpfudk<fa\ cHpm:csufrsm:udk wwfódkifoavmuf

ab:z<fxm:úyD: pmzwfolrsm:udk ]zpfysufaeonfh tcsuftvufrsm: twkdif: wif]y\rnf ]zpfygonf̀

w\m:&ifa]ym]cif: (On the record) wpfpHkwpfa<mufqDuae ol.cGifh]yK csuf]zifh owif:\<lúyD: olu a]ymqkdajumif:udkvnf: owif:xJrSm udk:um:a\:om: azmf]yódkifygonf̀

immf.pmd 15 7/2/2547, 11:03

xv

tvGwfoabma]ym]cif: (Off the record) owif:ay:olu ol.emrnfudk owif:xJrSm rygapvdk]cif:? odk.r[kwf ol.emrnfudk udk:um:azmf]y]cif: r]yKygqdkrS olay:onfh owif:udk xnfhoHk:cGifh]yK]cif: ]zpfygonf̀

pdppfa&zef]cif: (Verification) wpfa<mufa<mufqDu \vmaom t]zpftysuf tajumif:t\m rSefrrSefudk od\ef owif:axmufu aqmif\Guf\onf̀ onfvkyfief:pOfwGif avhvmpHkprf:]cif:? w]cm: olrsm:udk xyfrHar:]ref: aqG:aóG:]cif:óSifh taxmuftxm: rSwfwrf:rsm:óSifh wkdufqkdif

ppfaq:]cif:rsm: yg&ifygonf̀

xvi

immf.pmd 16 7/2/2547, 11:03

tydkif: (1) ta]ccHowif:pmynm

tydkif: (1) ta]ccHowif:pmynm

tcef: (1) owif:pmq\mrsm:óSifhowif:

owif:pmq\mwpfa<muf> tcef:uÖ

vl.tzJG.tpnf:wkdif:rSmyJ owif:pmq\m awG\J. tcef:uÖu wu<hfudk ta\:îuD:ygw<f̀

ódkifiHtvdkuf taetxm:csif: uGm]cm:wm rsKd:awmh \Sdw<f̀ ódkifiHwcsKd.rSm tpdk:\? 'grSr[kwf ódkifiHa\:ygwDawGu owif:rD'D<mudk ydkifqdkifxm: wwfjuw<f` wcsKd.rSmawmh vlwpfOD:wpfa<muf? 'grSr[kwf ukríEDtzJG.tpnf:rsm:u ydkifqkdifw<f` rsm:aomtm:]zihf awmh tJ'DóSpfrsKd:pvHk: 'GefwJGaewwf wmygyJ̀

b<fvdkyJ]zpfap owif:pm q\maumif: wk d.\J. ta]ccHwm&efuawmh twlwlygyJ` tJ'guawmh vlxktaeeJ. odzdk.vdktyfaewJh t]zpf tysuf tajumif:csif:\mawGudk od\Sdem:vnfúyD: olwkd.b& aexdkif pm:aomufa\:twGuf qHk:]zwf vkyfaqmifód kifatmif owif:tcsuf tvufawG ay:zdk.yJ ]zpfygw<f̀ ]ynfolawG[m olwkd.\J. vl.todkuft&ef:? tpdk:\? vltrsm:u

owif:orm:rsm: tay;pD:yGm:a\:vkyfief:? tm:upm:? usef:rma\:pwJh owif:tcsuf tm:xm:juygw<f`

tvufawG odódkifzdk. owif:pmq\mawG ay;rSmyJ tm:xm:w<f` tJ'Duae\wJh owif:ay;rlwnfúyD: |kyfoHrSm b<ftpDtpOfudk junhf r<f? bmpm:r<f? b<farmfawmfqkdifu<fukd &<fr<f? b<fausmif:rSm uav:udk ausmif:tyfr<f? aemuf a\G:aumufyJGus\if b<fol.udk rJ ay:r<f pwmawGudk qHk:]zwf vkyfukdif juygw<f̀

wpfcgwavrsm:qkd\if 'Dowif:tcsuftvufawGu aoa\: \Sifa\:udpPawmif ]zpfaewwfwmrsKd:yg` avrkefwkdif: usawmhr<f

IMMF2.pmd 1 6/2/2547, 23:41

1


qkdwmudk ódkifiHa]rmufydkif:rSm \SdwJh aus:\GmawGod\Sdatmif tcsdefrD tajumif:rjum:ódkifcJhwJhtwGuf xdkif:ódkifiHa\:orm:wpfa<mufu rkd:av&oXmeudk t]ypfwifcJhzl:w<f̀ tJ'gajumifh a\îuD:rSKrSm vl 30 toufqHk:cJh\wmvdk. olu a]ymygw<f̀ rdk:av&o ynm\SifawGtae eJ. olwkd.\J. îudKwifcef.rSef:csufawG vlxkqD t]refqHk:a\mufatmif qkd\if owif:rD'D<mawGudkyJ tm:udk:\rSmyg`

vltrsm:u owif:pmzwf\ifzwf? r[kwfvnf: a\'D<dkem: axmif? |kyfoHjunhfjuwmqdkawmh owif:pmq\mawGrSm wm&ef\Sdvm ygawmhw<f̀ pme<fZif:orm:aumif: wpfa<mufqkdwm vlxktwGuf yJ ]zpf\ygr<f̀

rjumao:rDu vkyfcJhwJh tvkyf|kHaqG:aóG:yJGwpfckrSm AD<uf erf? uaèm'D:<m:? xkdif:? vmtkdeJ.]refrmódkifiHwdk.u owif:pmq\m rsm:\J. t"dyím<fzGifhqkdcsufudk junhf\if odomygw<f̀ olwkd.wpfawG udk üowif:pmq\mwpfa<muf\J.tcef:uÖubmvJávdk. ar:junhf wJh tcg-

• t]zpfrSefudk wif]yzdk.? • tpkd:\eJ.]ynfoljum: aygif:ul:ay:zdk.? • tajumif:csif:\mopfawGudk vlxkqD today:wif]yzkd.? • vlawGudkynmay:zdk.? azsmfa]zzdk.? \Sif:vif:wif]yzdk.? • vlxk\J.tusKd:pD:yGm:udk umuG<fapmihfa\Smufzdk. ]zpfajumif:

a]zjuygw<f̀ olwkd.\J.tvkyfu wduswJh? opfvGifwJh owif:tcsuf

tvufawGudk ]ynfolawGqD today:zdk. ]zpfw<fqkdwJh tcsufudk vufcHoabmwljuygw<f̀ olwkd.taeeJ. pmzwfy\dowfîuD:twGuf yJ owif:a\:om:wif]yaewm ]zpfajumif:udkvnf: a]ymjuygw<f̀

pmzwfolomvûif ta\:îuD:qHk:

owif:pmq\m trsm:pku pmzwfy\dowfîuD:udk arhxm: wwfw<f` tJ'gtpm: t<f'Dwmrsm:tvdkus? 'grSr[kwf udk<hfudk owif:ay:wJh üowif:\if:]rpfá tvdkus? tpdk:\t\m\SdîuD:awG oabm us ]zpfatmifyJ a\:wwfjuw<f̀ 'guvnf: bm]zpfvkd.vJqkdawmh owif:pmq\mawG[m t<f'Dwmrsm:? olwkd.udk owif:ay: a]ym]yol rsm:eJ.yJ ae.pOfqHkawG. qufqHae\vdk.yg` olwkd.u tJ'DvlawGudk oabm usapcsifw<f̀ 'gayrJh owif:pmq\mawG[m t<f'DwmeJ. owif: \if:]rpfrsm: tvkdus]zpfatmifyJ a\:r<fqkd\if t<f'DwmeJ.

2

IMMF2.pmd 2 6/2/2547, 23:41


owif:\if: ]rpfawG tav:xm:wJh udpPudkyJ OD:pm:ay:aerdr<f̀ 'Dtcg olwdk. owif:awGudk omref]ynfolawGu em:rvnfókdifawmhbl:` 'grSr[kwf olwkd.owif:awGu trsm:]ynfolawG\J. b&udk xif[yf awmhrSm r[kwfbl:`

owif:pmq\maumif:awGusawmh b<fol.twGuf owif: a\:aewmvJqkdwm aumif:aumif: oabmaygufxm:w<f̀ xdkif:ódkifiH u xdkif:\wf (xkdif:ódkifiHawmf) vdk owif:pmîuD:rsKd:awGrSm tpdk:\xdyfwef: t\m\SdîuD:awG? vlcsrf:om vkyfief:\SifîuD:awG? tiSm:<mOfarmif:awG? qif:\Jom:[if:\Gufaç:onfawG po]zifh pmzwfy\dowf tvÏmpHk\Sd w<f̀ xdkif:\wf u pD:yGm:a\:? ódkifiHa\:eJ. vlrSKa\:owif:rsKd:pHk xnhf w<f̀ tJ'Dowif:awGudk pmzwfoltm:vHk: em:vnfókdifatmif owif: pmq\mawGu |dk:|kd:\Sif:\Sif:yJ a\:om:wif]yjuygw<f̀

wpfzufrSm uaèm'D:<m:ódkifiH wlqefem&'D y\mcsya\: (ay;]yLvmrñZif:) vdk acwf<Ofaus:rSKeJ. azsmfa]za\:rñZif:u owif:pmq\mawGusawmhvnf:olwkd.y\dowfu zuf\Sif? }DweJ. |kyf\Sif rif:om:rif:orD:awGudk pdwf&ifpm:wJh vli<fvl\G<fawG ]zpfw<fqkdwm odxm:w<f` 'Dawmh olwkd.u tJ'Dtajumif:t\mawGay; tm|kH pl:pdkufúyD: azsmfa]zwifqufwJh [efrsKd:eJ. a\:om:wif]yay:w<f̀ olwkd. u ódkifiHa\:eJ. tpdk:\tajumif:t\mawGudk tav:ray:bl:`

owif:pmq\maumif:wpfa<mufu ol[m ta\:aumif: olwpfa<muf ]zpf\r<fqkdwm em:vnfw<f̀ udk<fu vltrsm: pdwf &ifpm:atmif ra\:wwfbl:qkd\if pmzwfy\dowfu w]cm:pmapmifudk yJ &<fzwfawmhrSmaygh̀

owif:pmq\maumif:\J. t\nftcsif:rsm:

tvkyf|kHaqG:aóG:yJGudk wufa\mufcJhwJh owif:pmq\mrsm:u owif:pmq\maumif:wpfa<mufqkdwm-

• ar:cGef:awG trsm:îuD:ar:\r<f? • rûw\r<f? • pmzwfy\dowfudk av:pm:wefzdk:xm:\r<f? • owif:tcsuftvufawGudk owif:\if:]rpf tawmfrsm:rsm:

uae \<lúyD: pdppf\r<f? • |dk:om:úyD: w]cm:owif:rD'D<mwpfckckuae ul:<lwmrsKd:

rvkyf\bl:vdk. qkdjuw<f̀

IMMF2.pmd 3 6/2/2547, 23:41

3


'Dtcsuftm:vHk: rSefygw<f̀ owif:pmq\maumif:qkdwm pyfpkwwfjuw<f` bmawG

b<fvdk ]zpfaew<fqfdkwmudk t]rJ odcsifaewwfovdk owif:awGudk vnf: t]rJzwf|SKavhvmaecsifw<f̀ olwkd.wpfawG[m pl:prf:avhvm olawGyg` vrf:ay;rSm w]cm:vlawG owdr]yKrdwJh xl:]cm:wJh ]zpf\yf awGudk olwkd.u ]rifwwfw<f̀ olwdk.[m wpfzufom: a]ym]yorûudk aumif:pGmem:axmifwwfjuayr<hf oHo<pdwfawmh t]rJ\Sdwwfju w<f̀ wm&ef\Sdolwpfa<mufu a]ymvdkufwm qkdwmrûeJ. vufcHwwf wJh vlpm:rsKd: r[kwfbl:` olwkd.u vGwfvyfjuw<f̀ w]cm:ol wpf a<mufa<mufu udk<fusKd:twGuf toHk:cswmrsKd: b<fawmhrS rcHbl:` olwkd.u bufóSpfzufu a]ymorûudk em:axmifrSwfom:úyD: \wJh tJ'Dowif:tcsuftvufawG[m rSefuefrSK \Sd r\Sd pdppf<lw<f̀

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owif:qkdwm bmvJ

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4

IMMF2.pmd 4 6/2/2547, 23:41


uèmavmuîuD:udk t]rif

trsKd:rsKd:eJh ]rifjunhfyg`

tajumif:t\mvm:á? ü'g[m olwkd. odcsifwJhudpPvm:á qkdwm udk<fhudk<f udk t]rJ ar:junhfju\w<f̀

owif:qkdwm vltrsm: pk îuD:twGuf ta\:îuD:wJh? olwkd. pdwf&ifpm:wJh tajumif:csif:\m ]zpfygw<f̀

'g[m edpP"l& ]zpfysufae wmrsKd:eJ. uGmygw<f̀

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wpfcgwavrSmawmh ta\:îuD:ykñdKvf? 'grSr[kwf xif\Sm: ausmfjum:olwpfa<muf\J. vkyfaqmifcsufu owif:]zpfaewmrsKd: |dk:|dk:\Sif:\Sif: udpPrsKd:vnf: \Sdwwfw<f̀ owif:pmq\mawGu &efîuD: csKyf? orRweJ. ódkifiH]cm:a\:&efîuD:wkd.vdk xdyfwef:t\m\SdîuD:awGaemuf vdkufúyD: owif:<lwwfjuw<f̀ 'DykñdKvfawGu joZmtmEmîuD:wJh olawG]zpfawmh olwkd.t]rifu omrefvlwpfa<muft]rifxuf owif:rSm ydkúyD: xda\mufw<f̀ vltrsm:u csrf:omwhJ? emrnfîuD:wJh olawGtajumif: pdwf&ifpm:w<fqkdwm odwJhtwGuf |kyf\Sifrif:om: rif:orD:awGeJ. aw:oH\SifawGtajumif: aZmif:ay:wJh owif:pmq\m awGvnf: \Sdygw<f̀

owif:rSmu tcsdefukduf ]zpfzdk. vdkw<f̀ owif:qkdwmu

IMMF2.pmd 5 6/2/2547, 23:41

5


ukefcJhwJhvu ]zpfcJhwmudk a]ymwm r[kwfbl:` 'Duae. vufiif:]zpf aewmudk a]ymwm` pmzwfy\dowfu aemufqHk:]zpfaewmudk ]refódkif orû t]refqHk:odcsifjuw<f` úrdK.xJrSm tîuD:tus<f rD:avmifrSK ]zpfw<fqkd\if |kyfoHowif:orm:u tJ'Dae.owif:rSm ygódkifatmif t]refqHk:vSKyf\Sm:\r<f` owif:pmorm:u aemufwpfae.reuf owif:pmrSm ygatmifa\:\r<f̀

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owif:awGrSm a'oÊ\ |SKaxmifhqdkwmvnf: \Sdygw<f` vlawGu olwkd.aexdkifwJh ae\ma'ou t]zpftysuf? 'grSr[kwf udk<hfteD:tem:u tajumif:awGudk odcsifjuw<f̀ AD<efusif:úrdK. xkwf owif:pmwpfapmif[m AD<efusif:em:u a\îuD:rSKtajumif:udkyJ pdwf&ifpm:r<f̀ yDuif:rSm a\îuD:wJh udpPukd odyfpdwf&ifpm:rSm r[kwf bl:` udk<hfódkifiHom:awG\J. tajumif:udk w]cm:olawGtajumif:xuf ykdúyD: pdwf&ifpm:wwfjuw<f̀ vmtdkvlrsKd:wpfa<muf[m aemuf vm tdkvlrsKd:wpfa<muftajumif:udk pdwf&ifpm:rSK\Sdw<f` w|kwfódkifiHrSm av<mOfysufuswJh tajumif:udk vmtkdódkifiHxkwf owif:pmwpfapmif rSm odyfúyD: tav:xm:azmf]yaerSm r[kwfygbl:` 'gayrJh tJ'Dav<mOf ay;rSm vmtkdódkifiHom: oHk:OD:ygoGm:w<fqkd\ifawmh 'g wu<fhowif: îuD:wpfyk'f taeeJ. ygvmygvdrfhr<f̀

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6

IMMF2.pmd 6 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (2) owif:\if:]rpfrsm:óSifh owif:twGuf pdwful:\SmazG]cif:


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w]cm:owif:pmawG? a\'D<kdawG? |kyfoHawGudk junhfúyD: pdwful:\wwfwmrsKd:vnf: \Sdw<f̀ w]cm:rD'D<mrsm:u ta]zray:\ ao:wJh tajumif:t\mawGudk udk<fu qufvdkufódkfifygw<f̀ owif: udk w]cm:|SKaxmifhuae |SK]rifúyD: aemufxyfowif:awGudk \SmazGazmf xkwfódkifygao:w<f̀

wcsKd.owif:pmq\mrsm:[m olwdk.owif:vdkufaewJh ynm \yfe<fy<fu xkwfwJh enf:ynmpmapmifawGudk zwfúyD: wdk:wuf]zpf

IMMF2.pmd 7 6/2/2547, 23:41

7


'DwkdufîuD:u pdwf&ifpm:p\m

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8

IMMF2.pmd 8 6/2/2547, 23:41


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wUodkvfygarmuQawGvdk uïrf:usifolawGeJ. a]ymqdkaqG:aóG:yg` t]zpf

IMMF2.pmd 9 6/2/2547, 23:41

9


tysufawGudk vufawG.cHpm:ae\wJh omref]ynfolawGeJ.vnf: awG. qHkyg`

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10

IMMF2.pmd 10 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (3) owif:> ta]ccHzJG.pnf:wnfaqmufyHk


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IMMF2.pmd 11 6/2/2547, 23:41

11


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12

IMMF2.pmd 12 6/2/2547, 23:41


tvkyform:trsm:t]ym:onf tvkyfcsdefem\D avsmhenf:oGm: \ajumif:vnf: &efîuD:u a]ym]yonf̀

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IMMF2.pmd 13 6/2/2547, 23:41

13


óSpfopful:ae.rSm AD<uferfrS zdeyfwkduform:i<f\J. aysmfp\mrJhb&

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reufapmapmrSm olu atyDowif:Xme|k H:a\S.odk. a\mufvmonf` }dwfwHcg:oHwdkifrsm:ud k vufóSpfzuf]zif h qkyfudkif\if: oHwkdifawG jum:rSm oem:pzG<f rsufóSmi<fav:óSifh yHkpHrSm w]cm:uav:i<frsm:óSifh uGm]cm:vGef:vSonf̀ t&wftpm: rsm:u npfóGrf:aeonf (TwpfywfóGrf: txnfrsm:udkrl olu &<f<lcJh]cif:]zpfúyD: ol.rSm onfwpfpHkyJ \Sdygonf̀ ) uav:i<fu |SL:zdeyfrsm: wkdufay:yg\ap[k awmif:yef wkd:vûKd:aeygonf̀

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wltefonf q<fausmfouf qif:\Jom:uav:i<frsm:xJrS wpfa<muf]zpfonf̀ olwkd.u zdeyfwdkufypPnf:rsm:udk opfom:bl: uav:rsm:]zifh xnfho<fum úrdK.v<faumif x\eftefa'gif: vrf:rwpfavûmuf pm:aomufqdkifrsm:? bm:qkdifrsm:? ukríED|kH:

14

IMMF2.pmd 14 6/2/2547, 23:41


rsm:óSifh ódkifiH]cm:oH|kH:rsm:wGif zdeyfwkdufrnfholrsm:udk vkdufvH \SmazGaewwfonf̀

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wltefuJhokd.aom uav:tawmfrsm:rsm:onf qif:\Jusyf wnf:onfh aus:vufv<fcif:rsm:rSaeI [ódGKifodk. wufvm juonf` olwkd.wpfawGonf ae.pOfyif vrf:rrsm:ay;rSmom tcsdefukefaeju\úyD: olwkd.udk qHk:rrnfh? óSpfodrhfazsmif:zsay:rnfh? <kwfpGtqHk: óSpfopful: vufaqmifuav: ay:rnfh vlîuD:olr [lI r\Sdacs`

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wltefonf tcef:óSpfcef:yg tdrfwpfvHk:wGif w]cm: vl 20 óSifhtwl wpf\ufvûif 5 qifhcef.ay:úyD: tdyfonf̀ vltrsm:pku vrf:avûmufaç:onfrsm:yJ ]zpfygonf` tdrfrSm tdrfomr\Sdyg` x\eftefa'gif: vrf:odk.a\mufatmif wltefu wpfem\Djum vrf:avûmufvm\úyD: t]yefudkvnf: naeydkif:rSm wpfem\Djum avûmuf\]yefonf` olu reuf 6 em\Dqkdvûif vrf:ay;udk xGufvmúyD̀

IMMF2.pmd 15 6/2/2547, 23:41

15


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16

IMMF2.pmd 16 6/2/2547, 23:41


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IMMF2.pmd 17 6/2/2547, 23:41

17


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18

IMMF2.pmd 18 6/2/2547, 23:41


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IMMF2.pmd 19 6/2/2547, 23:41

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20

IMMF2.pmd 20 6/2/2547, 23:41


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IMMF2.pmd 21 6/2/2547, 23:41

21


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22

IMMF2.pmd 22 6/2/2547, 23:41

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IMMF2.pmd 23 6/2/2547, 23:41

23


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24

IMMF2.pmd 24 6/2/2547, 23:41


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IMMF2.pmd 25 6/2/2547, 23:41

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'grsKd:u ódkifiHa\:owif:rsKd:rSwif r[kwfygbl:` vlrSKa\:? tm:upm:? rSKcif:wdk.t]yif obm&ab:tÊ\m<f uyfîuD:rsm:ay;

26

IMMF2.pmd 26 6/2/2547, 23:41


rSmawmifrSyJ owif:pmq\m tawmfrsm:rsm:u owif:awGxJrSm ol wkd.\J. ykñvt]rifawGudk xnhfxnhfa\:aejuw<f̀

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IMMF2.pmd 27 6/2/2547, 23:41

27


twdkif: xnhfw<fqkd\if b<folu a]ymw<fqkdwmudk xnhfa\:udk a\:\r<f̀ 'ght]yif udk<fwkdif r]rifrawG.\wJh t]zpftysuftajumif: udk a\:wJhtcgrSmvnf: o|kyfazmfa\:om:csufeJ. \Sif:vif:csufawGudk udk:um:azmf]ycsufxnhfúyD: a\:\ygr<f̀ udk<fu tJ'Dvdk razmf]y\if owif:axmuf? 'grSr[kwf owif:pm[m owif:\if:]rpfyJvdk. pmzwf olu <lqoGm:r<f̀

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28

IMMF2.pmd 28 6/2/2547, 23:41


r<f̀ owif:\if:]rpf tajumif:udk pmzwfolu ydkod\av? olwkd.taeeJ. 'Dtajumif:t\m[m rSef rrSef? 'Dtajumif:t\may;rSm b<fvdk wHk.]yefoifhw<f qkdwm awGudk ydkúyD: vG<fvG<f ulul qHk:]zwfvmódkifav ]zpfr<f̀ wpfa<mufu üpD:yGm:a\:u paumif:vmúyDá vdk. a]ymw<f qkdygpdk.` 'gudk aç:onfwpfa<mufu a]ymwm eJ. A[dk bEf tîuD:tuJu a]ymwm av:euf yHkcsif: rwlódkifbl:`

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IMMF2.pmd 29 6/2/2547, 23:41

29


um:azmf]yaep\m rvdkygbl:`

• ywW<m:úrdK.v<f vrf:rîuD:ay;rSm trSdKufyHkîuD:awG pGef.ypf xm:ju w<f̀ (]rifomw<f? owif:axmufudk<fwkdifvnf: ]rifódkifw<f̀ )

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30

IMMF2.pmd 30 6/2/2547, 23:41


trnfrazmfvdkaom owif:\if:]rpf

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IMMF2.pmd 31 6/2/2547, 23:41

31


\if:]rpf (2) 'Dtajumif:t\mudk b<folu ay:w<fqkdwmudk trsm:u odxm:úyD:]zpfwJh owif:\if:]rpf? (3) owif:twGuf rygr]zpfwJh tajumif:t\meJ. (4) 'Dtajumif:t\mudk w\m:&if b<fvdkrS r\ódkif awmhvdk. qkdwmawGygyJ̀

rûrûww

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32

IMMF2.pmd 32 6/2/2547, 23:41


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IMMF2.pmd 33 6/2/2547, 23:41

33


tJ'Da\:om:csufu pum:vHk:awG azmif:yGaew<f̀ owif: u bmudk qkdvdkwmvJ̀ tJ'gudk tckvdk ]yefa\:ódkifygw<f̀

rav:\Sm:óSifh ]refrmódkifiHwkd.onf 4if:wkd.> ukefypPnf:csif: zvS<faom ukefoG<fa\:udk wkd:]rÛifhrnfh oabmwlnDcsufwpf\yf rjumrDrSm \\Sdawmhrnf]zpfajumif: rav:\Sm:ukefoG<fa\: &efîuD:u jumoyaw:ae.u a]ymjum:onf̀

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üaiGaju:usKH.]cif:qkdonfrSm aiGazmif:yG]cif:> qef.usifbuf ]zpfúyD: ukefpnfóSifh &efaqmifrSKaç:óSKef:rsm: usqif:vm]cif: ]zpfonfá qkdwmrsKd:aygh̀

\Sif:vif:]cif:qkdwm pum:vHk:uspfuspfeJ. &guswkdwkd a\:wm udkvnf: qkdvdkygw<f` t}Fvdyfbmom tygt&if bmompum: tawmfrsm:rsm:rSm (uwWm:-îud<m- uH) yHkpHeJ. &gusukd \Sif:vif:pGm a\:om:juw<f̀

Oyrm- Police arrested three men on Thursday.

Subject: Police

Verb: arrested

Object: three men

Oyrm- The prime minister will visit China.

Subject: The prime minister

Verb: will visit

Object: China

]refrm\J. &gus zJG.pnf:wnfaqmufyHkuawmh uwWm:-uH-îud<m]zpfwmrdk. txufu &gusawGudk a\:r<fqkd\if-

• jumoyaw:ae.wGif \Ju vloHk:a<mufudk zrf:qD:vdkufonf̀ • &efîuD:csKyfonf w|kwfódkifiHodk. tvnftywf oGm:a\muf

rnf vkd. a\:\ygr<f̀

34

IMMF2.pmd 34 6/2/2547, 23:41


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IMMF2.pmd 35 6/2/2547, 23:41

35

tydkif: (2) tcsuftvuf pkaqmif:]cif:

tydkif: (2) tcsuftvuf pkaqmif:]cif:

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36

IMMF2.pmd 36 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (5) pl:prf:avhvm]ciff:

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w<fqkdwmudk udk<fu yDyD ]yif]yif azmf]yódkifwmaygh̀ tcsufawGudkvnf:

owdrlyg`owif:pmq\maumif:awG[m tm|kHig:yg:pvHk:]zpfwJh tawG.?

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IMMF2.pmd 37 6/2/2547, 23:41

37


vlawGeJ. pum:a]ymwJhtcgrSm olwkd.\J. trlt\mawGudk avhvmyg` udk<fu olwkd. a]z\cufwJh ar:cGef:rsKd:ar:vdkufwJhtcgrSm tJ'DvlawG[m ta&:qDudk ai:armawGa&oGm:wwfjuovm:` olwkd. \J. ywf&ef:usifudkvnf: tuJcwf\r<f̀ pm:yJGay;rSm |SKyfaxG:yG\ae ovm:? 'grSr[kwf pepfwuseJ.vm:` eH\Hay;rSm b<fvdk yef:csDum: rsKd: csdwfqJGxm:ovJ po]zihfaygh̀

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38

IMMF2.pmd 38 6/2/2547, 23:41


csif:rd kif? xdkif:` tifomcifac; a\S:yJ GawmftwGuf csif:rd kif> úrdK.a[mif: yifr&ifayguf }dwf&ig:ae\mwGif rjumao:rDu vltrsm:pka&:a\muf \SdcJhjuonf` vdarRmfa\mif ouFef:rsm: ]cHKvÏrf:xm:aom Ak'Ýbmom \[ef: oHCmrsm:u bk\m:pmudk \Gwfzwfo\ZPsm<faejuum yJGawmfvm vlxk uvnf: yef:eH.omóSifh qDrD:uyfvSLum rdk:óSifh oD:óSHaumif:ygapajumif: qkawmif:cJhjuonf̀

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IMMF2.pmd 39 6/2/2547, 23:41

39

tcef: (6) awG.qHk ar:]ref:enf:rsm:

tcef:(6) awG.qHk ar:]ref:enf:rsm:

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tifwmAsL:awmif:]cif:

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40

IMMF2.pmd 40 6/2/2547, 23:41


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IMMF2.pmd 41 6/2/2547, 23:41

41


t"duuswJh ar:cGef:awGudk csef<myGefu t\ifîudKúyD: a\: rSwfxm:wJhtwGuf ar:ae\if:eJ. arhusef\pfwmrsKd: r\Sdbl:` olu ar: cGef:awGudkvnf: tpDtpOfusus pDúyD: ar:wwfw<f̀

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owif:a\:om:wJh ae\mrSm tcsdefrDoGm:ygbmhajumihf

]zpf\w<fqdkwmukdawmh

t]rJwrf: rod fódkifyg` 'g[m <Ofaus:orSK \Sd]cif:eJ. tvkyfudk av:pm:]cif:\J. ]y<k}f yg` udk<fhudk owif:ay: a]ym]ywJholawGqkdwmu rsm:aomtm:]zifh tvkyfrsm:wJh olawG]zpfwwfúyD: udk<fhudk wrifwum tcsdefay:ju\wm ]zpfygw<f̀

42

IMMF2.pmd 42 6/2/2547, 23:41


tifwmAsL:udk pwif]cif:? rdrdudk<fudk rdwfqufyg

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rSwfpka\:rSwf]cif:óSifh wdyf\Daumf'goHk:]cif:

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wpfzufvl a]ymwmudk em:axmif\if:eJ. rSwfpkvdkufrSwf\wm vG<fawmhrvG<fbl:` a]ymwJhvlu odyf]ref]refîuD: a]ymaewmqkd\if <Of<Ofaus:aus:eJ. enf:enf: ]znf:]znf:a]ymzdk. arwWm\yfcHyg` udk<f vdkufrrSwfódkifvdkufwm \Sd\ifvnf: ol.udk aemufwpfîudrf ]yefa]ym]y ay:zdk. awmif:yefyg` olwkd. a]ym]ywmudk wdwdusus a\:rSwfcsifvkd. yg qdkúyD: a]ym]yyg` tJ'gqkd\if olwdk.uvnf: oabmusr<f̀

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rSwfpkrSwfw<fqkd\ifawmh wpfenf:enf:eJ. vufa\:wkd a\: \r<f` vufa\:wkdoifwef:awG wufódkifygw<f` owif:axmuf trsm:pkuawmh udk<fykdifvufa\:wkdenf:awG xGifxm:wwfw<f̀ Oyrm übm]zpfvdk.vJqkdawmhá qkdwmudk ü H. Há? üpD:yGm:a\:á udk üpD:/-á? ütpdk:\á udk ‘Gov’ po]zihfaygh̀

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tJ'DerlemrSm owif:axmuf[m t}Fvdyf article pum: vHk:awG]zpfwJh (the, a) eJ. &dbwfawG]zpfwJh (to, in) pwmawGudk xnfha\:rxm:wm awG.\ygr<f` Âcif:csuftaeeJ. a]ympum:ukd aumufókwfukd:um: azmf]yr<fqkd\ifawmh a]ymwJhvl\J. pum:twkdif: twdtus a\:rSwf\ygr<f` txufu erlemrSm owif:axmufu economy udk ‘econ’? Cambodia udk ‘Camb’? Factories udk ‘facts’

po]zifh twkdaumuf oHk:oGm:ygw<f̀ &efîuD:udk tifwmAsL:aemufydkif: rSm xyfar:csifwJh udpPawGudk owif:axmufu rifeJ.&dkif:úyD: rSwfxm: w<f` owif:axmufu ol.taeeJ. aemufcHorkdif: udef:}Eef: tcsuftvufawG vdktyfaewmudk ol.udk<fol owday:wJhtaeeJ. #

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übmajumifhá? üb<fvdká ar:cGef:rsm:

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ü[kwfw<fá? ür[kwfbl:á avmufyJ a]z\r<hf ar:cGef:rsKd:awG udk a\Smifyg` Oyrm-

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qkdwmrsKd:awGaygh̀

tJ'Dvdk ar:cGef:rsKd:tpm: übmajumifhvJá? üb<fvdkvJá qdkdwJh ar:cGef:rsKd:awG ar:\ygr<f̀ Oyrm-

IMMF2.pmd 45 6/2/2547, 23:41

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• üa\G:aumufyJG&ifzdk. cifAsm: bmajumifh qHk:]zwfwmvJá • ücifAsm: \nf\G<fcsuf yef:wkdifudk a\mufzdk. b<fvdk

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46

IMMF2.pmd 46 6/2/2547, 23:41


tajumif:t\mwpfckudk \vmwwfjuygw<f̀ tifwmAsL:vkyfpOftwGif:rSm owif:\if:]rpfawGu udk<fh

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48

IMMF2.pmd 48 6/2/2547, 23:41


eJ. pmzwfoltwGuf yDyD]yif]yif o|kyfazmf]yódkifzdk. owif:axmuftae eJ.u tao:pdwftcsuftvufawG odzdk. vdktyfygw<f` tJ'Dvdk tao:pdwftcsuftvufawG odatmifqkd\if aemufqufwJG ar:cGef: aumif:awG ar:wwf\w<f̀

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wpfcgwpf\HrSm pGyfpJGa]ymqdk cHxm:\wJh ykñdKvfwpfOD:OD:eJ.

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49


awG.qHkúyD: ol.\J. acsycsufawGudk owif:<l\wm rsKd:vnf: \Sdwwfw<f̀ 'D tcgrSm udk<fu rûrûww ]zpfapcsifwJh tajumif: \Sif:]yyg` ol.taeeJ.owif:rSm:awGudk ]yifqifódkifwJh tcGifhaumif: ]zpfajumif:udk vnf: \Sif: vif:a]ym]y\ygr<f̀

ar:cGef:awGudk vG<fvG<fuae p ar:yg` a]z\tcufqHk: ar:cGef:udk aemufqHk:rS ar:yg` 'gqkd\if a]z\cufwJh ar:cGef:udk awG.qHkol u ra]zbl:qkd\ifawmifrS ola\S.rSm a]ymcJhwmawGudk owif:tcsuf tvufwcsKd.awmh \vdkufókdifygw<f̀

owif:\if:]rpfu udk<feJ. zkef:ra]ymbJ zkef:csypfvdkufw<f? tawG.rcHbJ wHcg:ydwfypfvdkufw<f qkd\ifvnf: pdwfrysufygeJ.` udk<f u owif:axmufyJ̀ ola]ymvmatmif vkyfzkd.u ukd<fhwm&efyJav`

waphwapmif: |kyfyHkvÏm tifwmAsL:rsm:

waphwapmif: |kyfyHkvÏm\J. oabmu vlwpfa<muf\J. "avhp|kdufukd ay;vGifatmif a\:zdk.yJ̀ 'gajumifh owif:\if:]rpf ykñdKvf udk oufaomifhoufomeJ. vGwfvGwfvyfvyf a]ymqkdcGifhay:xm:\r<f̀ 'Dvkd tifwmAsL:rsKd: vkyfr<fqkd\if aocsmpGm îudKwif]yifqifoGm:\ ygr<f` 'grS udk<fhtifwmAsL:u vdkcsifwmudk acsmacsmarmarm \ódkifr<f̀ udk<fu tcsdef<l]yifqifcJhwJhtwGuf udk<fhudk a]ym]yr<hf owif:\if:]rpfuvnf: oabmusvdrfhr<f̀ ola\:om:cJhzl:wJh aqmif:yg: udk udk<fu \nfnÏef:a]ym]yódkifovm:? olwufcJhwJh ausmif:udk a]ym]y ódkifrvm: po]zifhaygh̀

waphwapmif: |kyfyHkvÏmtwGuf tifwmAsL:vkyf\if ol.\J. t]yKtrludk }|kpdkuf avhvm\ygr<f̀ wu<fvdk. tcsdef\r<fqdk\if ol.tdrfrSm b<fvdkaew<f? |kH:rSm b<fvdkaew<f? bmudk &goemyg w<f qkdwmawGutp avhvmoifhygw<f̀ owif:aumif:awGqkdwm vlawG\J. vSKyf\Sm:vkyfaqmifrSKawGudk azmf]yay:ygw<f̀

tifwmAsL:udk tqHk:owf]cif:

owif:\if:]rpfudk tckvdk tcsdefay: a]ym]ywJhtwGuf aus: Zl:wifajumif: a]ymyg` 'gayrJh aemufqHk: ar:cGef:oHk:ck ar:zdk.udkawmh b<fawmhrS rarhygeJ.`

50

IMMF2.pmd 50 6/2/2547, 23:41


• tck uïefawmf? uïefr ar:oGm:wmawGxJrSm ta\:îuD:wJh tcsufwpfckck ar:zdk. usefoGm:wmrsm: \Sdygovm:`

• 'Dtajumif:t\meJ. ywfoufúyD: aemufxyfawG.oifhwJh ykñdKvfrsm: \Sdygao:ovm:? \Sd\if vrf:òÏefay:ódkifrvm:`

• aemufxyf ar:p\mav:awG ay;vmcJh\if xyfar:yg\ap` (]zpfódkif\if tdrfzkef:eJ. rkdbkdif:zkef:eHygwfawG \atmif awmif: <lyg` tcsuftvufawGeJ. ywfoufvdk. r\Sif:wm\Sd\if xyfar:yg\ap qkdwm aocsmatmif a]ymxm:cJhyg`)

IMMF2.pmd 51 6/2/2547, 23:41

51

tcef: (7) taxmuftxm:rsm:udk toHk:cs]cif:

tcef: (7)taxmuftxm:rsm:udk toHk:cs]cif:

owif:axmufawG[m vlawG a]ymwm rSef rrSef od\atmif? 'grSr[kwf ykdúyD:]ynfhpHkatmif taxmuftxm: tcsuftvufawGudk wwfódkifoavmuf \SmazGju\ygw<f̀ taxmuftxm:qkdwm a\:xm: wJh? 'grSr[kwf yHkóSdyfxm:wJh rSwfwrf:rSwf\mudk qdkcsifwmyg` 'g[m rSwfwrf:pm\Gufuav:wpf\Guf? 'grSr[kwfvnf: uGefysLwmxJrSm odkrSD: xm:wJh tcsuftvufawG ]zpfódkifygw<f̀ 'Dtaxmuftxm: qkdwmxJ rSm owif:xkwf]yefcsufawG? w<fvDzkef:vrf:òÏefawG? \oHk:rSef:a]caiG pm\if:awG? tpD\ifcHpmawG? tpdk:\pm\if:tif:awGeJ. w]cm:rSwfwrf: awG yg&ifygw<f̀

udk<fhowif:xJrSm azmf]yxm:wJh tcsufawGudk ydkúyD: ckdifrmap zdk.twGuf 'Dtaxmuftxm:awGudk oHk:\ygw<f̀ wpfa<mufa<muf eJ. tifwmAsL:vkyfwkef: olu pmwpfapmif? 'grSr[kwf tpD\ifcHpmwpf ck tajumif: a]ymvm\if tJ'Dpm\J. rdwWLudk awmif:<lyg` owif:\if: ]rpfawGu owif:tp wpfck ay:w<fqkd\if olwkd.a]ymwm rSefuefwJh tajumif: ckdifrmapr<hf taxmuftxm:udk ar:]ref:\ygr<f̀

tpdk:\? tpdk:\r[kwfwJh tzJG.tpnf:awGeJ. uèmhbEfwkd. vdk ódkifiHwum tzJG.tpnf:awGqDuae tpD\ifcHpmawGudkvnf: \wwf w<f̀ \\if tJ'DtpD\ifcHpmawGrSm xl:xl:]cm:]cm: bmygovJqdkwm \Smyg` wkd:wuf]zpfay;rSKtwGuf tJ'DtpD\ifcHpmxJrSm bmawG axmuf]y

w\m:r&if opfckwfvJSrë owif:twGuf taxmuftxm:rsm: \zdk.rvG<fulyg`

52

IMMF2.pmd 52 6/2/2547, 23:41


tjuH]yKxm:ovJ qkdwmukd tav:xm:junfhyg` úyD:\if tJ'DtjuH]yK csuftay;rSm axmufcHwJh? ydkrdkckdifrmapwJh Oyrmay:rSKawG? aumuf ókwf a]ympum:awG? 'grSr[kwfvnf: udef:}Eef: azmf]ycsufawGudk \SmazGyg`

vkyfief:Xme tawmfrsm:rsm:u tpD\ifcHpmawGudk yHkrSef xkwf a&wwfjuygw<f` ta\:îuD:wJh tpD\ifcHpmrsKd:awGudk qkd\ifawmh w\m:&if rxkwf]yefcifrSm udk<fu \atmif îudK:pm:\ygr<f̀ 'grS aumif: aumif: em:vnf oabmaygufatmif zwfcsdef\r<f̀ tpD\ifcHpmrSm ynm\yfeJ.qkdifwJh pum:vHk:awG trsm:îuD:ygae\if? |SKyfaxG:ae\if oufqkdif\m uïrf:usifolawGqD ar:]ref:\r<f̀

taxmuftxm:awGudk trsm:]ynfolawGtaeeJ. b<f avmuf \\SdódkifvJqkdwmuawmh ódkifiHtvdkuf uGm]cm:rSK \Sdygw<f̀ 'g ayrJh taxmuftxm:awG b<favmuftxd \Sdwwfw<fqdkwm a]ym \\ifawmh wu<f tHhjop\mygyJ̀ pOf:pm:junfhr<fqkd\if-

• tdrf]cHa]r rSwfwrf:awG? • \JrSwfwrf:awG? • Oya']yKa\: tqkd]yKcsufawG? • w\m:|kH:rSwfwrf:awG? • ukríEDrsm:\J. ajunmcsufeJ. óSpfywfvnf tpD\ifcHpmawG? • obm&ywf&ef:usifqkdif\m tpD\ifcHpmawG? • opfckwfrdef.cGifh]yKcsufawG? • tpdk:\pD:yGm:a\: tpD\ifcHpmawG? • aumifpDtpnf:ta&: rSwfwrf:awG po]zifh awG.\ygr<f̀

bmtaxmuftxm:? rSwfwrf:rSwf\mawG \SdovJqkdwmudk t]rJ vG<fvG<feJ. \wwfwmawmhvnf: r[kwfbl:` 'gayrJh udk<fhtae eJ. yxrOD:qHk:rSm 'DXme tzJG.tpnf:awG b<fvdk tvkyfvkyfjuw<f qkdwmudk em:vnfatmif vkyfoifhygw<f̀ olwkd.u yHkrSef b<fvdktpD \ifcHpmrsKd:awGudk xkwf]yefwwfovJ? tJ'DtpD\ifcHpmawGu b<fvdk yHkpHrsKd:eJ. xGufvmwwfwmvJ? b<fXmepdwf? b<fwm&ef\Sd ykñdKvfu xkwf]yefay:wmvJ qkdwJh tcsufrsKd:awGaygh̀

owif:axmufawG taeeJ. tpdk:\qDu taxmuftxm: awGudk w\m:&if awmif:cHjuwJh tcgrsKd:rSm rsm:aomtm:]zifhawmh tjumîuD:aerSyJ \wwfw<f` 'gajumif h ud k<feJ.cifrifaewJh

IMMF2.pmd 53 6/2/2547, 23:41

53


tpdk:\wm&ef\dSolwpfa<mufa<mufudkuyfúyD: ol.qDuae awmif:junhf wmuyJ tvG<fulqHk: ]zpfygr<f̀

'Dtaxmuftxm:awGuae t}wdawG? tmEmtvJGoHk:rSK awGudk owif:axmufawGu \SmazGazmfxkwfódkifwmrsKd:awG \Sdwwf w<f̀ wcsKd.ódkifiHawGrSm ódkifiHa\:orm:awGudk b<fykñdKvfu aiGaju: ay:urf:aew<f qkdwmudk taxmuftxm: vkduf\Smw<f` úyD:\if tpdk:\u tJ'DaiGawGudk b<fvdkoHk:pJGw<fqdkwJh tpD\ifcHpmawGudk vdkuf pHkprf:w<f̀ tJ'DrSm ódkifiHa\:orm:rsm:ukd aiGaju:ay:urf:olawG[m t]rwftpGef: îuD:rm:wJh tpdk:\uefx|dkuf vkyfief:îuD:awGudk \oGm:ju ovm:qkdwJh qufóG<frSKawGudk vdkuf\Smjunhfwwfjuygw<f̀ 'Dowif: rsKd:awGu b<fol[m joZm\Sddw<f? b<folu tpdk:\rSm aiGaju:]ynhfpHk atmif yHhydk:ay:aew<f qkdwmrsKd:awGudk azmfxkwf wif]yay:ygw<f̀ 'Dvdk owif:rsKd:udk owif:pHkprf:a\:om:]cif:vdk. ac;ygw<f̀

t]rJwrf: pdppfyg

taxmuftxm:awGu vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm:wmrsKd:? rSm:<Gif: azmf]yxm:wmrsKd:awGvnf: \SdwwfwJhtwGuf owdawmh xm:\ygr<f̀ udk<f\wJh taxmuftxm: tcsuftvufawGudk pdppfyg` udk<fhowif: pm? pmapmifrSm 'Dtajumif:eJ.ywfoufúyD: t\ifu b<fvdk a\:om: azmf]ycJhzl:ovJ qkdwmudk ]yefzwfjunhfyg` udk<fu tJ'Dvdk ]yefzwf rxm:\if t\ifvl? 'grSr[kwf ukd<fha\S.u rSm:cJhwJhtrSm:rsKd:udk 'Dwpf îudrfrSmvnf: xyfrSm:wwfygw<f̀

úyD:awmh vltrsm:óSihf pum:a]ymjunhfyg

taxmuftxm: wpfckwnf:ay;rSmyJ ta]ccHúyD: a\:w<f qkd\if tJ'Dowif:u ysif:p\mîuD: ]zpfaewwfw<f̀ úyD:awmh rûwrSK vnf: \S drSmr[kwfbl:` uïrf:usifolawGqDu xif]rifcsufawGeJ. taxmuftxm:xJu azmf]ycsufxJrSm tusHK:&ifwJh ykñdKvfawG\J. xif ]rifcsufawGudkyg \<lyg` wu<f ]zpfysufaewmawGeJ. Oyrmay:úyD: owif:udk pdwf&ifpm:p\m aumif:atmif a\:\ygr<f` owif:u uaèm'D:<m:ódkifiHrSm\SddwJh a]r]rÛKyfrkdif:eif:rdol ta\twGuf tajumif: a\:\w<fqkd\if rkdif:eif:rdúyD: a]cwpfzuf qHk:|SHK:\olwpfOD:eJ. wu<f awG.ar:yg`

54

IMMF2.pmd 54 6/2/2547, 23:41



pdefac;csuf

tpudk a\:\wm[m tcufqHk:yJvdk. owif:pmq\m tawmf rsm:rsm:uyJ a]ymjuygw<f̀ udk<hfowif:\J. tp pum:vHk:u wu<f vnf: ta\:îuD:wmudk:` tzGihfpmydk'fu pdwf&ifpm:p\mqkd\if pmzwfol u tJ'Dowif:udk qHk:wJhtxd zwf]zpfoGm:r<f̀ pdwf&ifpm:p\m raumif: \ifawmh aemufpmrsufóSmudk vSefoGm:rSmyJ̀

udk<fu tzGifhpmydk'fudk b<fvdk a\:r<fqdkwm qHk:]zwfúyD:oGm: \if aemufpdefac;vmwmu owif:\J. usefwJh tydkif:udk b<fvdkpkpnf: úyD: a\:rvJqkdwmyg` tqifa]ya]y ]zpfatmif owif:tcsuftvuf awGudk b<fvdkpDpOfúyD: a\:rvJaygh̀ 'Dvdk tcsuftvufawG tpDtpOf wus ]zpfatmif qkdwm[m &g\ihfpma\:q\mawGtwGufawmifrS rjum cEqkdovdk tcufawG.\wwfwmrsKd:` udk<fu tcsuftvufawG trsm:îuD: pkaqmif:<lvmwmav` 'Dawmh b<f[mawGudk oHk:úyD: b<f[mawGudk csefypfcJh\r<fqdkwm qHk:]zwf\ cufaewwfwmaygh̀

owif:aqmif:yg:awGrSmqkd\if ed}kH:uvnf: ta\:îuD:ygw<f̀ pma\:q\mwcsKd.u olwkd.aqmif:yg:awGudk ta\:tîuD:qHk: tajumif: t\meJ. ed}kH:csKyfwwfjuw<f` wcsKd.uawmh aqmif:yg:\J. t"du ausm|dk:udk pmzwfol\ifxJ pJGusef\pfatmif a\:wwfjuygw<f̀ wpfcg wavrSm wu<fxdrdwJh a]ympum:wpfckeJ. ed}kH:csKyfay:wwfw<f̀ xdrdwJh ed}kH:udk pOf:pm:\wmvnf: tawmfcufwJh udpPyg`

owif:a\:om:]cif:

owif:a\:om:]cif:[m owif:axmuftaeeJ. pma\:pm:yJG rSm xkdifvdkufwJhtcgusrS pwm r[kwfygbl:` a\:om:]cif:qkdwm[m pOf:pm:]cif:ygyJ̀ owif:axmuf[m owif:twGuf pdwful:\úyDqkdu wnf:u 'Da\:om:]cif:uvnf: pwm]zpfygw<f̀ tJ'Daemuf t"du tcsufudk \SmazGwm? ar:cGef:awG ar:]ref:wmeJ. tao:pdwftcsufawG pkaqmif:wm pwJh owif:vdkufaewJh wpfcsdefvHk:rSmyJ a\:om:]cif:u 'GefwJGvkdufygvmw<f̀ owif:axmufu olpkaqmif:\\SdvmwJh tcsuf

IMMF2.pmd 55 6/2/2547, 23:41

55

tcef: (8) tzGifh

tvufawGudk pOf:pm:w<f̀ úyD:awmh tJ'DtcsuftvufawGudk cJG]crf: pdwf]zmavhvmw<f` owif:twGuf b<ftcsufawGu toHk:&if w<f̀ b<ftcsufawGuawmh]zifh tydkawG qkdwmudk pdppf\ygr<f̀ aemufqHk:rSm pmzwfolawG tvG<fwul em:vnfoabmaygufatmif 'DtcsuftvufawGudk b<fvdktpDtpOfxm:úyD: a\:rvJ qdkwmudk pOf: pm:\ygw<f̀

owif:aumif: a\:ódkifzdk.twGuf yxrqHk: udk<fuowif: tvkdufaumif:zdk. vdkygw<f̀ owif:wpfyk'f a\:wmrSm tqifracsm bJ tcuftcJawG.ae\w<fqkd\if udk<f[m owif:tcsuftvuf ]ynhf]ynhfpHkpHk\atmif rvkdufrdcJhvdk.ygyJ̀ udk<fu ]ynhf]ynhfpHkpHk owif: vdkufrxm:\if 'Dowif:uvnf: udk<fhpdwfxJrSm \Sif:rSm r[kwfbl:`

tcef: (8) tzGifh

tzGifhóSpfrsKd: \Sdygw<f̀ wkduf|dkuftzGihfeJ. tzJG.tóGJ.tzGihfyg` wkduf|dkuftzGifhu pmzwfoludk owif:\J. yifrtajumif:t\m

udk wef:a]ym]yay:w<f̀ (yxrOD:qHk: &gusrSmyJ púyD: a]ym]ywm ]zpf ygw<f̀ )

tzJG.tóJG.tzGifh uawmh ]zpf\yfwkduav:wpfck? 'grSr[kwf ta]ctae wpf\yfrSm\SdaewJh vlwpfa<mufudk Oyrmay:vdk.]zpfap? 'grSr[kwf ]rifuGif:wpfckudk o|kyfazmf]yvdk.]zpfap t]rJpw<f̀ tJ'D azmfusL:csufawGu owif:aqmif:yg:\J. t"dutajumif:t\mudk azmf]yay:w<f? 'grSr[kwfvnf: 'Dowif:ay;rSm pdwf&ifpm:vmatmif qJGac;vdkufw<f̀ aemufydkif:usrS pma\:olu ola]ymcsifwJh t"du tajumif:t\mudk wkduf|kdufa]ym]ywmrsKd: ]zpfygw<f̀

b<fvdk tzGifhrsKd: a\:rvJqkdwmuawmh udk<fu owif:OD: a\:rSmvm:? owif:aqmif:yg: a\:rSmvm:qdkwJhay;rSm rlwnfw<f̀

wkduf|dkuftzGifh

owif:OD:awGa\:zdk.twGuf qkd\ifawmh wkduf|kduftzGihfu taumif:qHk:ygyJ̀ 'DtzGifhxJrSm übá a]cmufvHk:awGvdkrsKd: ta\:tîuD: qHk:]zpfwJh tcsuftvufawG yg&ifw<f̀ taumif:qHk: tzGihfawGukd

56

IMMF2.pmd 56 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (8) tzGifh

a\S.rSm azmf]ycJhovdkyJ t}Fvdyf &gusqkd\if subject-verb-object yHkpH? ]refrmvdkqkd\ifawmh uwWm:-uH-îud<myHkpHeJ. a\:om:xm:wJh tzGifhawG ygyJ̀ t}Fvdyfvdk a\:r<fqkd\if owif:OD:\J. tzGifh pmydk'f[m pmvHk:a\ 25 vHk:xuf rydkoifhbl:` tJ'DtzGifh[m \Sif:\r<f? wdus\r<f̀

vmtdkódkifiH AD<efusif:wkdif:rfu 'DtzGihfudkjunhfyg`

bdef:pdkufysKd:]cif: avsmhenf:a\:aqmif\GufrSK wpfpdwfwpfa'ot]zpf }syeftpdk:\u [Gmzef:]ynfe<fwGif aus:vufvrf:rsm:azmufvkyfa\:vkyfief:twGuf aiGxnhf&if\ef oabmwlcJhonf̀

'DtzGifhxJrSm b<folvJ (}syeftpdk:\)? bmvJ (aus:vuf vrf:rsm: azmufvkyfzdk. oabmwlw<f)? b<frSmvJ ([Gmzef:]ynfe<f rSm)? bmajumifhvJ (bdef:tpdkufavsmhapzdk.twGuf) qkdwmawGyg\Sd w<f̀

befaumufydk.pfu tzGifh...

&g:vfpwm: |kyfoHukríEDtae]zifh |kyf]rifoHjum: csefe<f36 ckwGif 'pf}spfw<fpepfoHk:pJGúyD: xkwfvÏifhcGifhudk pmwkdufóSifhaju:eef:Xmeu <refae.u ]iif:qkdvdkufonf̀

'DtzGihfrSm b<folvJ (pmwkdufóSifh aju:eef:XmeeJ. &g:vf pwm:|kyfoHukríED)? bm]zpfvJ (xkwfvÏihfcGifhudk ]iif:qkdw<f)? b<f wkef:uvJ (<refae.u) qkdwJh tcsufawG yg&ifygw<f̀

tzJG.tóJG.tzGihf

owif:aqmif:yg:twGuf qdk\ifawmh tzJG.tóGJ.tzGihfu ydk oifhawmfw<f̀ owif:\J. t"du tajumif:t\mudk a]ym]yzk d.twGuf pma\:q\mu pdwf&ifpm:p\maumif:wJh Oyrm wpfck? 'grSr[kwf wpf a<mu fa<muf tajumif: t]zpftysuf Zmwfvrf:wkduav: wpfyk'f? 'grS r[kwfvnf: ]zpf\yfuav:wpfckeJ. t]rJ ed'gef: ysKd: avh \Sdygw<f` 'Dvdka\:]cif:]zihf pmzwfolyg 'Dvkyfom:rsm:xJrS wpfa<muf tajumif:eJh tzGihfudk

'DxJrSm udk<fwkdif&if cHpm:rdvmw<f̀ pódkifygw<f`

IMMF2.pmd 57 6/2/2547, 23:41

57

tcef: (8) tzGifh

'gayrJh tzJG.tóGJ.tzGihfudk oHk:wJhtcgrSm tJ'Dowif:\J. t"du tajumif:t\mudkawmh pmydk'f oHk:av:ykd'ftwGif: ay;atmifazmf]yzdk. ta\:îuD:ygw<f̀ tJ'Dvdkr[kwf\ifawmh pmzwfolu 'Daqmif:yg:u bmîuD:vJqkdúyD: qufzwfawmhrSm r[kwfbl:`

owif:aqmif:yg:udk OyrmawG? t]zpftysuf Zmwfvrf:wkd uav:awG? ]zpf\yf]rifuGif:awGeJ. rzGihfbJ t"dutajumif:t\meJ. zGifhvdk.vnf: \wmygyJ̀ 'gayrJh tJ'Dvdk zGifhvdkuf\if tajumif:t\m twdtusudk pmzwfoltaeeJ. zrf:rdzdk.rvG<fwmajumifh rxda\muf bl:`

aysmufoGm:wJh ol.orD:uav:udk ]yefawG.cJhwJh trsKd:orD: wpfa<muftajumif: owif:a\:wmrSm xdkif:ódkifiHxkwf onfae:\Sif: owif:pmîuD:u tzJG.tóJG.tzGihfeJ. a\:cJhygw<f̀

ukefcJhonhf oDwif:ywfu zl:cufvrf:ay;rSm ydkufqHawmif: \rf:aeonhf t|dk:ay; ta\wifnpfóGrf:aeaom rdef:uav:i<fudk [Gyf qlqif (31 óSpf) u rrSwfrdcJh` odk.aomf wpfpHkwpf\m aphaqmf rSKajumifh olu\yfúyD: 10 bwf ay:vSLcJhrdonf̀

uav:u yd kufqHudkrjunfhbJ ol.rsufóSmudkom pl:pkdufjunfh aeonf̀

üarará uav:ru wkd:nÛif:pGmac;\if: ol> npfywfayusHaeaom

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58

IMMF2.pmd 58 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (8) tzGifh

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IMMF2.pmd 59 6/2/2547, 23:41

59

tcef: (8) tzGifh

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60

IMMF2.pmd 60 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (8) tzGifh

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IMMF2.pmd 61 6/2/2547, 23:41

61

tcef: (8) tzGifh

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62

IMMF2.pmd 62 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (8) tzGifh

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IMMF2.pmd 63 6/2/2547, 23:41

63

tcef: (8) tzGifh

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64

IMMF2.pmd 64 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (8) tzGifh

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IMMF2.pmd 65 6/2/2547, 23:41

65

tcef: (8) tzGifh

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66

IMMF2.pmd 66 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (8) tzGifh

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wu<fvdk. um:wkdufrSKu a\îuD:vdk. ]zpf\wmqkd\if tzGifh u bmajumifh]zpf\w<fqdkwJhtay; tav:ay:\r<f̀

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IMMF2.pmd 67 6/2/2547, 23:41

67

tcef: (8) tzGifh

wu<fvkd. um:xJrSm xdyfwef:t\m\SdîuD:wpfOD: ygoGm:w<f qkd\if tzGifhu b<folqdkwJhtay; tav:ay:\r<f̀

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]zpf\yf\J. b<ftcsufu ta\:tîuD:qHk:vJ qdkwmudk pOf: pm:úyD: a\:\ygr<f̀

ü|SKaxmifhá udk a\G:cs<f]cif:

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68

IMMF2.pmd 68 6/2/2547, 23:41

tcef: (8) tzGifh

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IMMF2.pmd 69 6/2/2547, 23:41

69

tcef: (9) owif:udk pkpnf:]cif:


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rSwfpkudkjunhfúyD: pOf:pm:yg

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tao:pdwftcsufawG tukefvHk:ygatmif xnfha\:zdk. rvdk ygbl:` pma\:q\maumif:rsm:[m taumif:qHk:tcsufawGudk a\G:oHk:ódkif pGrf: \Sdygw<f̀ b<ftcsufawGudk csefcJh\rvJqkdwm[m b<ftcsuf awGudk xnfhoHk:\rvJ qkdwmvdkyJ ta\:îuD:wmygyJ̀

70

IMMF2.pmd 70 6/2/2547, 23:41

ta\:tîuD:qHk:? pdwf&ifpm:p\m taumif:qHk:tcsuf?

(t"duausm|kd:)

ta\:tîuD:qHk: übá a]cmufvHk:


owif:OD:rsm:

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IMMF2.pmd 71 6/2/2547, 23:41

71


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'Dowif:u tcef: (3) rSm awG.cJh\úyD:om:yg` rvdktyfwJh

72

IMMF2.pmd 72 6/2/2547, 23:41


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IMMF2.pmd 73 6/2/2547, 23:41

73


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74

IMMF2.pmd 74 6/2/2547, 23:41


tae]zifh ukríED> pD:yGm:a\:vkyfief:tay; taóSmifht<Suf ray:oifh ajumif: a]ymygonf̀

ukríEDu tiSm:<mOfarmif:rsm:udk iJhnÛmonfhtae]zihf y\uf vd(yf)rS ]ynfe<frsm:odk. wpfae.vûif 12 îudrfa]y:qJGae\mrS ckepfîudrf odk. avûmhcsay:rnf ]zpfajumif:vnf: oluqkdonf̀

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t"du ausm|kd:wpfckxuf ydkaevûif...

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Oyrm-

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a]ympum: aumufókwfcsufeJ. wuG azmf]yw<f̀ 'Da]ympum: aumufókwfcsuf oHk:cku owif:udkydkúyD: ouf&if âuwufvmapwJht]yif pmzwfolawGudkvnf: yõdyuQxJrSm &ifúyD: cHpm:rdoGm:apw<f`

IMMF2.pmd 75 6/2/2547, 23:41

75


'gayrJh pmudk<frSmawmh oyfoyfpD cJGa\:\r<f̀ yxr tcGefeJ. ywfoufwJh tao:pdwftcsufawGudk a\:yg` úyD:rS uav:tvkyform: Oya' tajumif: tao:pdwfudk a\:yg` 'DvkdrS r[kwfbJ tajumif: t\m óSpfcku [dkckef'Dul: ]zpfaer<fqkd\if pmzwfwJhol pdwf|SKyfoGm:vdrhf r<f̀

owif:aqmif:yg:

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tp

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tajumif:t\m`tqHk:

76

IMMF2.pmd 76 6/2/2547, 23:41


owif:aqmif:yg:awGrSm a<bk<stm:]zifhawmh tzJG.tóGJ. tzGihfukdyJ oHk:wwfjuw<f̀ rjumcEqkdovdkyJ pma\:q\mu vl trsm:juHKawG.cHpm:ae\wJh ]yùemrsKd:udk \ifqkdifcHpm:ae\ol wpf a<muftajumif:eJ. pzGifhwwfw<f̀ 'Dvdk bmvdk. a\:juwmvJ qkdawmh ]zpf\yfwpfcktajumif:udk ]cHKiHk azmf]ywmrsKd:xuf wpfpHkwpfa<muf awmh]zihf 'Dvdk'Dvkd cHpm:ae\ygw<f qkdúyD: tao:pdwfusus a]ymwmrsKd:u pmzwfolrsm:taeeJ. ydkúyD: em:vnfvG<fvdk.ygyJ̀ tJ'Dvl udk erlemtaeeJ.? 'grSr[kwf ta]ctae wpf\yfvHk:udk udk<fpm:]yK azmf ]ywJhtaeeJ. xm:úyD: a\:]ywmyg` owif:aqmif:yg: tzGifhrSm aemuf xyf ta\:rsm:wmu ae\m wpfae\mtajumif:udk ta\mif taoG:pHk o|kyfazmf]c<frSKef:]ywm ]zpfygw<f̀

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IMMF2.pmd 77 6/2/2547, 23:42

77


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qef.usifbufta]ctaeudk azmf]yxm:yHkudkowdxm:junhfyg̀

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tckatmufrSm azmf]yvdkufwJh owif:aqmif:yg:u ta\mif taoG:xdrdwJh aumufókwfpum:? t"dyím<f]ynhf&wJh tao:pdwftcsuf tvufeJ. \Sif:vif:csufawGt]yif bm]zpfaew<fqkdwmudkvnf: odom xif\Sm:atmif a\:]yxm:wm awG.\ygw<f̀ pma\:olu oludk<fwkdif avhvmawG.\SdcsufawG? taxmuftxm: okawoeeJ. awG.qHkar:]ref: vdk. od\wmawGudk pepfwus aygif:pnf:úyD: csdwfqufrdrd a\:xm:wm yg` 'Dowif:aqmif:yg:\J. tzGihfpmydk'fudkawmh a\S.tcef:awGrSm awG.cJh úyD:om: ]zpfygvdrfhr<f̀

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odk.aomf &ifayguf }dwf&rsm:teD:wGif <mOfusyfawmufae aomajumifh [Gef:oHóSihfpufoHrsm:u bk\m:pm\GwfzwfoHudk vÏrf:]cHK ypfvdkufovdk um:óSifh armfawmfqkdifu<fpufckd:rsm:ajumifhvnf: eH.om arÏ:\eH.rsm: ]y<fcJh\avonf̀

vefemxkdif:bk\ifhódkifiH> úrdK.awmf]zpfcJhaom csif:rdkif> 702 óSpfa]rmuf arG:ae.yJGudk <ckóSpftwGif: qif<ifusif:yrnf ]zpfonf̀ 4if:xuf óSpfaygif: ig:\mpk toufi<faom befaumuf úyD:vûif onf úrdK.u xkdfif:ódkifiHwGif uèmvSnhf{nhfonfrsm:udk 'kwd<tqJGaqmifqHk: úrdK.]zpfygonf̀ csif:rdkifwGif <ae.wkdifatmifyif bk\m:ausmif:rsm:? vufrSKypPnf:rsm:? teD:tem:\Sd awmifay; vlenf:pk aus:\Gmrsm:? awm úrdKifîuD:rsm:óSifh a\wHcGefpdrfhprf:rsm: uJhodk.aom qJGaqmifrSKawG trsm: îuD: \Sdaeygao:onf̀ rkcfOD:rsm:óSifh tckdiftcHh aqmufvkyfxm:aom &ifayguf}dwf&rsm:udk <ae.wkdif xdef:odrf:xm:qJ ]zpfonf̀ awmvÏrf:

78

IMMF2.pmd 78 6/2/2547, 23:42


awmifwef:rsm:óSifh yif:]rpfwkd.u axG:ayG.xm:aom csif:rdkifudk a]rmuf ydkif:óSif:qD[kyif ac;cJhjuavonf̀

odk.aomf a\S:tarG xdef:odrf:a\: &g'Drsm:uawmh onfúrdK.udk üaemufxyfbefaumufvdk ]zpfOD:r<hfúrdK.á [lI ac;aejuonf` tajumif:uawmh vsif]refpGm zHG.úzdK:rSKajumifh <mOfrsm: usyfawmufvm ]cif:? npfnrf:vm]cif:? txyf]rifh uGef'kdrDeD<HîuD:rsm:óSifh aç:\dyfom vrf:îuD:rsm:ay;vmum ódkifiHa]rmufydkif:> tpOftvm <Ofaus:rSKrsm: tay; tÊ\m<f]yK úcdrf:a]cmufvmaomajumihfyif̀ topfzGifhvSpfvdkuf aom acwfúydKifyef:csD]ywkduf\Sd ücsif:rkdif 1997á yef:csDum:wGif um:puf ckd:rsm:óSifh rkd:]rifhwkdufwm taqmufttHkrsm:ajumifh rsuf\nfa&aeaom qifîuD:wpfaumifyHkudk a\:qJGxm:onf̀

csif:rdkif> pD:yGm:a\: zGH.úzdK:rSKrSm úrdK.awmifydkif:\Sd }syefpdkufysKd: pD:yGm:vkyfief:rsm:óSifh w]cm:aom puf|kHrsm:ajumifh ydkúyD: tm:aumif:cJh\ onf̀ odk.aomf qef.usifbuf tusKd:quftae]zifh befaumufúrdK. awmf> pdfwfqif:\Jp\m ta]ctaerS a\Smifa]y:vmaom vlcsrf:omrsm: &ifvmrpJ woJoJ ]zpfcJhawmh>` befaumufrSmuJhokd.yif csif:rdkif qif a]czHk: v<fuGif:rsm:onfvnf: tdrf\mpDrHudef:îuD:rsm:twGuf ae\m z<fay:vdkuf\onf̀ odk.aomf xdktdrf\mrsm:rSm aexdkifzdk. tqifra]y o]zifh rnfolrû raexdkifbJ vloluif:rJhvsufom \Sdaeonf̀

avmavmq<f xkdif:ódkifiH> pD:yGm:a\:u usqif:ae\m tîuD:pm: aqmufvkyfa\: pDrHudef:rsm:\yfem:xm:\I touf|SLacsmif oGm:cJhaomfvnf: aiGaju:]yef\vmonfóSifh wpfúydKifeuf csif:rdkifonf rnfonhfvrf:ajumif:ay; ]yefa\mufoGm:rnf qkdonfrSm odomaeyg onf̀

csif:rkdif> yxrqHk: üqlygpwkd:qkdifîuD:á udk vGefcJhaom oHk:óSpf u zGifhvSpfcJh>` csufcsif:qkdovdkyi f ukefcJhaom 'DZifbmu aemufxyf oHk:qkdif zGifhvSpfvmcJhonf̀ abmvHk:uGif:wpfuGif:pm <mOf\yfem:pcef: îuD:rsm:xJu }dka'gifyHk xdktaqmufttkHîuD:rsm:wGif 'l:\if:oD:rStp? bmbD|kyfrsm:tv<f? t&wfavûmfpufrsm: tqHk: t\mtm:vHk:udk a\mif:csay:onf̀ wpfae\mwnf:rSm ukefypPnf:tukefudk \\SdódkifúyD: aç:vnf: csKdaomajumifh vltrsm: <cifu tpOftquf &<f<lae cJhaom wpfydkifwpfódkif rdom:pkukefpHkqdkifrsm:óSifh aç:rsm:rSm qufvuf \yfwnfzdk. cufcJvmonf̀

'Dpmydk'fawGu qufpyfrSKtpOfeJ. aemufcHorkdif:udk a]ym]y ay:w<f̀ 'DtcsufawGu csif:rdkif 'Dta]ctaeudk b<fvdk a\mufvm\wmvJ qkdwm \Sif:]yw<f̀ úyD: a\S. b<fvdk pcef: oGm:OD:rSmvJ qdkwmudkvnf: \Sif:]yw<f̀

pma\:q\mu yxrpmydk'f óSpfydk'frSm twkdif:yJ úrdK.\J. ]yùem rsm:tajumif:udk OyrmawG xyf]znhfúyD: a]ym]yxm:ygw<f̀ (um:\yfem: pcef:ae\mudk abmvHk:uGif:t\G<ftpm:eJ.) óSdKif: <SOfcsuf? ('l:\if:oD:? bmbD|kyf?t&wfavûmfpufpwJh) tao:pdwf tcsufawG a\:]ywmudk }|kpkdufyg` ]zpf\yfudk pmzwfolu ydkúyD:\Sif:\Sif:vif:vif: ]rifvm\wmaygh̀

IMMF2.pmd 79 6/2/2547, 23:42

79


pma\:q\mu csif:rkdifrSm pm:oHk:ol &g'opfwpf\yf

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atmfcsefu teD:\Sd ta&:a]y:vrf:rîuD:atmufrS vrf:wpfck udk azmufvkyfvkdufo]zihf aç:&<frsm:onf bufaygif:pHkrS um:armif: &ifvmódkifygonf̀ onf qlygpwkd:qkdifîuD:rsm:ajumifh úrdK.wGif <mOf usyfawmufrSKrsm: ydkrdkqkd:\Gm:vmúyD: <mOftÊ\m<fvnf: ydkvmonf̀ 4if:wkd.u trSmpm]zifh &<f<laom acwfopfwpfckudkvnf: xlaxmif vkdufonf̀ olwkd.> ajumf]im]zwfykdif:uav:rsm:u pm:yJGawGay;rSm pkyHkaeovdk pmwkdufyHk:xJrSmvnf: t]ynfh? tcef:wHcg: atmufuae avûmoGif:vdkoGif:? ]cHwHcg:rsm:rSm vmxm:vdkxm:]zifh úrdK.vHk:tóSH. ]yef. aeawmhonf̀ (<if: ta\mifawmufawmuf ]zwfykdif:uav:rsm:u csif:rkdif> topfay;xGef:vmaom pD:yGm:a\: úydKifqkdifrSKóSifh pm:oHk:ol &g'> edrdwfyHkyif ]zpfavonf̀ )

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odk.\mwGif ]yùem\yfrsm:udk yHkîuD:csJ.úyD:awmhrl ra]ymoifh yg` bk\m:ausmif:rsm:teD: &ef:usifrSm wkduf]rifhîuD:rsm: aqmufvkyf]cif: udk tmEmydkifrsm:u ydwfyifcJhonf̀ úrdK.a[mif:udk um\Hxm:aom rkcf OD:wHwkdif:ae\mrS trSdKufrsm:udk z<f\Sm:ypfúyD: oef.\Sif:a\:pepfwpf\yf csrSwfay:onf̀ vlOD:a\t\ csif:rkdifonf befaumuf> av:q<fyHk wpfyHk t\G<fom \Sdaeao:onf̀

80

IMMF2.pmd 80 6/2/2547, 23:42


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IMMF2.pmd 81 6/2/2547, 23:42

81


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82

IMMF2.pmd 82 6/2/2547, 23:42


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IMMF2.pmd 83 6/2/2547, 23:42

83


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84

IMMF2.pmd 84 6/2/2547, 23:42



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IMMF2.pmd 85 6/2/2547, 23:42

85

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86

IMMF2.pmd 86 6/2/2547, 23:42


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IMMF2.pmd 87 6/2/2547, 23:42

87


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88

IMMF2.pmd 88 6/2/2547, 23:42


atmufrSm azmf]yxm:wmu t}FvdyfbmomeJ. xkwfa&wJh vmtkdowif:pmwpfapmif\J. tzGihfpmydk'fyg`

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IMMF2.pmd 89 6/2/2547, 23:42

89


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90

IMMF2.pmd 90 6/2/2547, 23:42


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ola]ymwJhtwkdif: twdtus

azmf]yay:yg`

IMMF2.pmd 91 6/2/2547, 23:42

91


a]ympum:rsm: tvGeftrif:oHk:]cif:udk owdxm:yg

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92

IMMF2.pmd 92 6/2/2547, 23:42

tcef: (11) owif:aumif:wpfyk'fa\:ódkif\ef vkdtyfcsufrsm:

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IMMF2.pmd 93 6/2/2547, 23:42

93


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94

IMMF2.pmd 94 6/2/2547, 23:42


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IMMF2.pmd 95 6/2/2547, 23:42

95


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96

IMMF2.pmd 96 6/2/2547, 23:42


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udef:}Eef:awGudk azmf]y|kH oufoufeJ.awmhvnf: owif:u owif:axmufawGeJð

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a[mif<mzef:]ynfe<fwGif pkpkaygif: pdkuf{\d<m> 80 \mckdifóSKef:óSifhnDrûaom [ufwm 9000 wGifvnf:aumif:? qm<mbdk\D]ynfe<fwGif pkpkaygif: pdkuf{\d<m> 53.9 \mckdifóSKef: óSifh nDrûaom [ufwm 11700 wGifvnf:aumif:? zkefqav]ynf e<fwGif pkpkaygif:pdkuf{\d<m> 40 \mckdifóSKef:óSifhnDrûaom [ufwm 2300 wGifvnf:aumif:? Zifacgif ]ynfe<fwGif pkpkaygif: pdkuf{\d<m> 85 \mckdifóSKef:óSifh nDrûaom 12155 [ufwm wGif vnf:aumif:? crfrltef]ynfe<fwGif pkpkaygif: pdkuf{\d<m> 50 \mckdifóSKef:óSifhnDrûaom [ufwm 35800 wGifvnf: aumif:? qmAefemcuf]ynfe<fwGif pkpkaygif:pdkuf{\d<m> 79 \mckdif

IMMF2.pmd 97 6/2/2547, 23:42

97


óSKef:óSif h nDrûaom [ufwm 85000 wGifvnf:aumif:? qm\mAef]ynfe<fwGif pkpkaygif:pkduf{\d<m> 64 \mckdifóSKef: óSifh nDrûaom [ufwm 30000 wGif vnf:aumif:? csrfygquf]ynf e<fwGif pkpkaygif:pdkuf{\d<m> 56 \mckdifóSKef:óSifh nDrûaom [ufwm 46000 wGifvnf:aumif:? tmwufzsL: ]ynfe<fwGif pkpkaygif:pdkuf{\d<m> 60.6 \mckdifóSKef:óSifh nDrûaom [ufwm 8000 wGifvnf:aumif: pyg:rsm:udk ysKd:cif:rS a\Ï.a]ymif: pdkufysKd: cJhonf̀

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98

IMMF2.pmd 98 6/2/2547, 23:42


tJ'DvdkóSdKif:<SOf]y]cif:u 'Dtm:[m b<favmufîuD:rm:w<f qkdwm pmzwfy\dowfîuD:taeeJ. ydkúyD: em:vnfoabmaygufapyg w<f̀

um\efeabóSifh &gus twkd? t\Snf

ta\:tom:aumif:awGrSm um\efeabvnf: ygw<f̀

First there was the Green Revolution.

Now comes the Gene Revolution.

'gu zóGrf:yifydk.pf owif:pmu owif:axmuf bdkqm\Gef a\:om:wJh xkdif:ódkifiHu v<f<mpdkufysKd:a\: ta]ymif:tvJtajumif: owif:\J.tzGihfyg`

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pma\:wJhtcgrSm &gustwkdt\Snf upm:ay:zdk.vnf: ta\: îuD:ygw<f̀

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avoH

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avoH cyfayghaygheJ. \Ïif]rL:p\m ]zpfatmif a\:\r<faygh̀ owif:axmufawGu ulnDay:ygw<f̀

IMMF2.pmd 99 6/2/2547, 23:42

99


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100

IMMF2.pmd 100 6/2/2547, 23:42

tydkif: (5) awG.juHKaeus]zpfaomfvnf: owdxm:\rnfhowif:rsm:

tydkif: (5) awG.juHKaeus]zpfaomfvnf: owdxm:\rnfhowif:rsm:

tcef: (12) owif:xkwf]yefcsuf

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IMMF2.pmd 101 6/2/2547, 23:42

101


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• 'Dxkwf]yefcsufxJrSm tajumif:t\mtopf? pdwf&ifpm:p\m tcsuf bmygovJqkdwm udk<fhbmom ar:cGef:xkwfjunhfyg`

• xkwf]yefcsufxJrSm ygwJh tcsufawGudk xyfqifh ppfaq:yg` tJ'D tcsufawG[m rSefuefwdus\J.vm:aygh̀

• übá a]cmufvHk:eJ. wkdufqkdifjunhfyg` b<ftcsufawG vdkaeovJ̀ owif: xkwf]yefcsufrSm azmf]yxm:wJh qufoG<f\ef ykñdKvfqD qufoG<f úyD: owif:tcsuftvufawG xyf\atmif awmif:yg`

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102

IMMF2.pmd 102 6/2/2547, 23:42


udk<fu owif:udk \Sif:\Sif:vif:vif: a\:om:ódkifzdk.twGuf yxrOD:qHk: vkyf\rSmu tm:vHk:\Sif:oGm:\atmif uèmhpm:eyf\duQm tpDtpOfudk pnf:|kH:qufoG<fzdk.ygyJ̀ Oyrm- vl 40000 pvHk: qef\ úyD:úyDvm:` wu<fvdk. r\ao:bl:qdk\if b<fawmh\rSmvJ̀ 'DvlawGu b<fe<fuvJ̀ olwkd.trsm:pku awmifolv<form:awGyJvm: pwm awG odatmif ar:\ygr<f̀ owif:xkwf]yefcsufxJrSm vl 300000 ausmf[m tkd:tdrfawGypf xGufa]y:cJh\úyD: pm:a\\duQm ]ywfvyfaew<f vdk. azmf]yxm:w<f̀ 'Dawmh 'Dvl 40000 u b<fvdkajumifh üta]c taetqdk:qHk:á ]zpfae\wmvJ̀ aemufqHk:pmydk'frSmygwJh üa\ab:ysufpD: rSKudk ]yefvnf]yifqifa\:twGuf rdom:pktqifhá qkdwm\<f? üaus: vuf ta]ccHtaqmufttHk ]yefvnfxlaxmifa\:twGuf a\\Snf aqmif\Guf\efá qkdwm\<fawGu bmudka]ymcsifwmvJ` 'gawGudk udk<fuodrS pmzwfoludk \Sif:]yókdifr<f̀

owif:xkwf]yefcsuf pufwifbm 7? 2001

'AvsLtufzfyD u uaèm'D:<m:ódkifiHrS a\ab:'kuQonf 40000 okd. tpm:tpmrsm:ay:ydk.]cif:`

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yxrtqihf t]refqHk:tae]zifh 'AvsLtufzfyDonf tpdk:\ ab:'kuQ pDrHcef.cJGa\: wm&ef\Sdolrsm:u a\îuD:rSK'Ef tqkd:\Gm:qHk: cH pm:\onf[k owfrSwfay:aom uaèm'D:<m:vlrsKd:rsm:tm: (wpfvpm) pkpkaygif: qefrufx\pfwefcsdef 500 ay:ydk. xm:ygonf̀ wpfcsdefwnf:rSmyif at}sifpDonf ydkrdkîuD:rm:aom vkyfief:aqmifwmrsm: vkyfudkifaqmif\Guf\ef? vdktyfvmygvûif taumiftxnfazmfaqmifódkif\eftwGuf a\vÏrf: a'orsm:wGif tpm:tpm\\Sda\: vrf:ajumif:rsm:udkyg wm&ef<l vkyfaqmifaeygonf̀

ü'DóSpf\J. tcktcsdefyd kif:rSm aemufxyf a\îuD:rSKawGtwGuf uïefrwdk. toihf]yifxm:\r<fá [k uaèm'D:<m:ódkifiHqkdif\m 'AvsLtufzfyD nÏefjum:a\:rSL: \Dbufum [efqifu a]ymjum:onf̀ <if:rSm 'AvsLtufzfyDtae]zifh qefwefcsdef 500 udk ab:'kuQuyftwGuf vlom:csif: pmemaxmufxm:rSK tultnDt]zpf 24 em\DtwGif: axmufyHhay:urf:ódkifcJh]cif:udk \nfòÏef:]cif: ]zpfygonf̀ tqdkyg qef rsm:udk ta\:ay; u<fq<fa\: \efyHkaiG tpDtpOf]zifh \\SdcJh]cif: ]zpfygonf̀

IMMF2.pmd 103 6/2/2547, 23:42

103


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104

IMMF2.pmd 104 6/2/2547, 23:42


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IMMF2.pmd 105 6/2/2547, 23:42

105


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106

IMMF2.pmd 106 6/2/2547, 23:42


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IMMF2.pmd 107 6/2/2547, 23:42

107


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108

IMMF2.pmd 108 6/2/2547, 23:42


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IMMF2.pmd 109 6/2/2547, 23:42

109

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110

IMMF2.pmd 110 6/2/2547, 23:42


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IMMF2.pmd 111 6/2/2547, 23:42

111


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112

IMMF2.pmd 112 6/2/2547, 23:42


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113


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114

IMMF2.pmd 114 6/2/2547, 23:42


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IMMF2.pmd 115 6/2/2547, 23:42

115


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119


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121


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zwfxm:\rSm ]zpfygw<f` 'Denf:tm:]zifh rdef.cGef:a]ymqkdwJhtcgrSm 'Dowif: tajumif:t\mudk udk<fu odaeúyD:om: ]zpfaer<f̀

rdef.cGef:wpfck tajumif: a\:xm:wJh owif:aumif:wpfyk'f udk junhfju\atmifyg`

befaumuf? xkdif: (atyD)` &efîuD:csKyf oufqif \Sifem&yfx\m onf wevFmae.u ol.tpdk:\opf> rl&g' rsm:udk xkwf]yefajunmum uwdta]rmuft]rm: ay:vdkuf aomfvnf: ol.tae]zifh vufawG.vkyf aqmif\ef cufcJ rnf ]zpfajumif: a&zefolrsm:u a]ymqkdonf̀

vÏwfawmfopf> yxrtîudrf tpnf:ta&:wGif oufqif u 4if:> rl&g'udk a]ymjum:\mY tvkyftudkifrsm: zefwD:ay:\ef? &if aiGwkd:ap\efóSifh ódkifiHhbEfrsm:> aâu:úrD 28.5 bDvD<Ha';vmudk avûmfypf\ef \nf\G<fonf[k qkdygonf̀

ütpdk:\taeeJ. b&opftwGuf tcGifhtvrf: awG udk \Sdorû tiftm:eJ. zefwD:wnfaqmuf<lrSm ]zpfygw<f? xdkif:ódkifiH[m buf aygif:pHkrSm a]ymif:vJzdk. vdktyfaeygw<fá [k w<fvDuGef vkyfief:\Sif olaX:îuD:t]zpfrS ódkifiHa\:orm: ]zpfvmol oufqifu a]ymygonf̀

oufqif> xdkif:\wfxkdif:ygwDonf v<form: rsm:tm: aâu:úrD oHk:óSpfqkdif:iHhxm:ay:rnf? xdkif:aus:\Gm 77000 tm: wpf\Gmvûif zHG.úzdK:a\:tulaiG a';vm 23800 pDay:rnf? qif:\Jom:rsm:twGuf aç:óSKef:csK domaom aq:&g:ukorSKóSifh bEfaâu:úrDudpPtwGuf ódkifiHh \\efykdifcGifh pDrHcef.cJGrSK ukríEDîuD:wpfck zJG.pnf:ay:rnfqkdaom uwd oHk:ck]zifh Zefe&g\D 6 \uf taxGaxGa\G:aumufyJGwGif tódkif\ \Sdum nGef.aygif:tpdk:\udk OD:aqmif zJG.pnf: cJh]cif: ]zpfonf̀

odk.aomf a&zefolrsm:url vlúydef:îudKuf rl&g'rsm: rSm p\dwfpu îuD:rm:vGef:rnf]zpfajumif: owday: xm:onf̀

ütawG:tac;opfawG? vkyfaqmifcsuf topf

'Dowif:u oufqifa]ymorûudk ]yefa\:xm:wm r[kwfqkdwm pmzwfolu csufcsif:odvkdufúyD̀ pma\:q\mu tzGifhrSm uwnf: u qef.usifbuf t]rifudkyg xnfha\:xm:wmudk:`

tzGifhrSm a<bk<soabmyJ azmf]ycJhwJh t"dutajumif: t\m]zpfwJh rl&g'tajumif:udk pma\:q\mu csufcsif:tusOf:csKyfúyD: azmf]yay:w<f̀ 'gudk oufqif\J. a]ympum:eJ. tusOf:csKyfazmf]yúyD: tzGifhudk tm:]znhfay:w<f̀ 'Dae\mrSm rl&g'u tajumif:t\m topf tqef: r[kwfwmajumifh tzGifhrSm ra\:wmudk owd]yKyg` tJ'DuwdawGu a\G:aumufyJG rJqG<fyJGawGrSm ay:cJhwmrdk. owif:awGxJrSm zefw\mawatmif ygúyD:aeúyD̀

pmzwfol[m owif:udk em:vnfódkifzdk.twGuf aemufcHorkdif:udk ra\:r]zpf a\:\r<f̀

IMMF2.pmd 123 6/2/2547, 23:42

123


pma\:q\mu tzGifh\J. 'kwd<ydkif:]zpfwJh oufqif\J. rl&g'

tay; a&zefwJhtajumif:qD a]ymif:a\:vmw<f̀ olu

aoaocsmcsm a\G:cs<f<lxm:wJh xdxdrdrd a]ympum: oHk:ckudk azmf]yxm:ygw<f̀

rjumao:cifu ]zpfysufcJhwJh xkdif:ódkifiH\J. pD:yGm:a\:]zpfpOf

aemufcHorkdif:udkazmf]yay:vkduf]cif: tm:]zifh pmzwfoltae eJ. cïrfvdykdif\J. rSwfcsufeJ. qufpyfrdoGm:wJht]yif tJ'D

qufpyfrSKtpOfu oufqiftaeeJ. rl&g'opfawG bmhajumifh csrSwf\wmvJ

qdkwmudkyg ay;vGifapygw<f̀ wu<fawmh owif:u'DrSmyJ

]ynfhpHkoGm:ygúyD̀ owif:pmrSm ae\musef ao:w<fqkd\ifawmh ta\:rîuD:vSwJh oufqif\J. rl&g' a\:\m ajunmcsuf

awGeJ.aemufódkifiHa\:orm:wpfOD:\J.a&zef a]ymqdkrSKawGudk qufvuf

azmf]yódkifygw<f̀

awG[m rSefuefwJhtawG:tac;? rSefuefwJh vkyfaqmifcsuf vdk. a]ymvdk.r\bl:á[k twkduftcH acgif:aqmifcïrfvdydkifu oufqif> rdef.cGef:óSif h ywfoufI vÏwfawmfwGif: tacstwif aqG:aóG:yJGwGif a]ymqkdonf̀

üodxm:\rSmu 'DódkifiH[m cifAsm:vdk rcsrf:ombl: qkdwmudkygá [k olu a]ymygonf̀

\\efydkifcGifh pDrHcef.cJGrSK ukríED wnfaxmifúyD: ykñvdubEfrsm:> aâu:úrDudk wm&ef<la\:onf vlcsrf:om vkyfief:\SifîuD:rsm: twGufom tusKd:\SdrSm]zpfúyD: tpdk:\tay; &efxkyf&efydk:îuD:om ydkvmrnf]zpfajumif:vnf: cïrfu owday:a]ymjum:onf̀

ütcGefxrf:awG\J. aiGeJ. vlcsrf:omîuD:awGudk ulnDaxmufyHh ay:zdk. cifAsm:rSm bmvkyfykdifcGifhrS r\Sdbl:á [k cïrfu a]ymygonf̀

wpfcsdefu pnfyifzG H.úzdK:cJ haom xkdif:ód kifiH> pD:yGm:a\:onf ukefxkwfvkyfrSKóSif h yk d.ukefrsm:twGuf toufaoG:ajum]zpfaom ód kifiH]cm:\if:óS D:]rÛKyfóS HrSKrsm: ]yefvnfxkwf<loGm:aomtcg 1997-98 tm\S pD:yGm:a\: usqif:rSKxJ óGHepfcJh\avonf̀ TpD:yGm:a\: tusyftwnf: rsm:u bÖma\:pepftwGif: vufoifh\m pm:awmfac; ]cif: óSifht}wd vdkufpm:rSKrsm: us<fus<f]yef.]yef. ]zpfay;ae ]cif:udk azmf]yae]cif:]zpfúyD: ódkifiHhpD:yGm:a\:u <ckwkdif ]yefvnf emvefxlvm\ef |kef:uefîudK:pm:ae\qJ ]zpfygonf̀

ütpdk:\taeeJ. tvsift]refeJ. ta\:wîuD: vkyf aqmif\rSmuawmh pD:yGm:a\:taqmufttHk? tkyfcsKyfa\: taqmufttHk? vlrSKa\: eJ. ódkifiHa\: taqmufttHk awGudk ]yK]yifa]ymif:vJ]cif:tm:]zifh pD:yGm:a\: ]yùemawGudk t]refqHk:a]z\Sif:ay:a\:ygyJ? 'gawGtm:vHk:udk wpfúydKif eufwnf: vkyfju\r<fá [k oufqifu a]ymygonf̀

ol uwd]yKaom w]cm:tajumif:t\mrsm:rSm vkyfief:i<f orm:rsm:tm: acs:aiGxkwfay:ódkif\ef aus:\Gm bEfrsm: wnfaxmifa\:? ódkifiHzHG.úzdK:wdk:wuffa\: vkyfief:rsm: udk ódkifiHa\:t\ &ifa\mufpGufzuf ]cif: r\SdbJ uïrf:usifol

124

IMMF2.pmd 124 6/2/2547, 23:42


ynm\Sifrsm:uyJ OD:pD:aqmif\Gufa\:? rl:<pf aq:&g: arSmifckdrSKrsm:tm: óSdrfeif:a\:óSifh tpdk:\> t}wdvdkufpm:rSK wkdufzsufa\:wGif ]ynfolrsm: yg&if\ef tm:ay:a\:wkd. ]zpfygonf̀

acwfrDenf:ynmrsm: oHk:pJG]cif:]zifh tpdk:\ toHk: p\dwfudk avûmh cs\efóSifh tcGefaumufpepfudk wkd:wuf aumif:rGefap\ef vkyfaqmifúyD: bÖma\:qkdif\m pnf:rsOf: pnf:urf:udk ]rÛifhwnfrnf]zpfajumif:vnf: olu uwd]yK cJhonf̀

oufqif nGef.aygif:tpk d:\tzJ G.> 'kwd< acgif:aqmifurl vlúydef:îudKufrl&g'rsm:udk trsm:óSifhtwl qef.usifygajumif: we}FaóG ae.u xkwfazmfa]ymqkdonf̀

e<l:tufpfya\:\Sif:ygwD 'kwd<acgif:aqmif csmvrf <lbrf\efu oufqif> uwdpum:rsm:onf rJrsm:rsm: \a\:twGufom ]zpfúyD: ]ynfol.aâu:úrD &efxkyf &efydk: îuD:om ydkvmaprnf[k qkdygonf̀ aus:vuf aâu:úrD uif:\Sif:a\:rl&g'rsm:rSm <ckrS topfr[kwfbJ <cif uwnf:u rSm:<Gif: vkyfaqmif cJh ]cif:rsm: ]zpfajumif: olu a]ymygonf̀

'Dowif:udk enf:enf:yg:yg: wnf:]zwfvdkuf\if ydkúyD: tm:\Sd? ydkúyD: \Sif:vif:vmygr<f̀ Oyrm- tzGifhudk tckvdk a\:oihfygw<f̀

&efîuD:csKyf oufqif\Sifem&yfx\monf wevFmae.u ol.tpdk:\> pD:yGm:a\:óSifh vlrSKa\:rl&g' rsm:udk ajunmúyD: uwd u&wfrsm: ]yKcJh\m a&zefolrsm: url tqkdyguwdrsm:udk ]znhfqnf: zdk. cufcJvdfrfhrnf ]zpfajumif: a]ymqkdygonf̀

b<fvdkyJ]zpf]zpfygav? tJ'Dowif: uav:uawmh rdef.cGef: wpfck tajumif:a\:wJh erlemowif:aumif: wpfyk'f ygyJ̀

IMMF2.pmd 125 6/2/2547, 23:42

125


tcrf:tem:rsm:rSmvnf:...

owif:axmufawG[m tcrf:tem:yJG awGtajumif: owif:a\:om:wJh tcgrSmvnf: rdef.cGef:awGeJ. owif:pm\Sif:vif:yJ GawG tajumif:a\:wJhtcg rSm:wwfwJhtwdkif: rSm:wwf juygw<f` olwkd.u t\m\SdîuD: wpfa<muf tcrf:tem:udk wufa\mufwJh tajumif:udkyJ tzGif hrSm tom:ay: wifa\:avh \S dwwf juygw<f` 'gayrJh tJ'g[m wu<hf owif: [kwf\J.vm:` tcrf:tem:eJ. zGifhvSpfay:vkduf

w<fqkdwJh ausmif:tajumif:usawmh b<fa\mufaeovJ̀ 'Dausmif: zGihfvdkufwmajumifh \GmxJu uav:awG yxrOD:qHk:tîudrf t]zpf ausmif:wuf cGifh \oGm:úyDvm:`

t]rJwrf:rSm bmu ta\:ygwmvJ? vlxktay; bm oufa\mufrSK \SdovJ qkdwmudk pOf:pm:yg`

]refrmódkifiHu pme<fZif: oifwef:om:wpfpkudk armfvúrdKifúrdK. îuD:rSm |kyf\Sif|kHopfwpf|kH zGifhvSpfvkdufwJhtajumif: owif:wpfyk'f a\:ckdif:cJhw<f̀ trsm:pku zGifhyJGtcrf:tem:udk ppfbuft\m\SdîuD:awG wufa\mufwJhtajumif:udkyJ tzGifhpmydk'f t]zpf wifa\:cJhjuw<f̀ tzGifh wpfckrSm qdk\if ü|kyf\Sif|kHa\S.wGif zJîudK:udk ]zwfay:úyD:aemuf tcrf: tem:wufa\mufvmolrsm:tm: vufaqmifypPnf:rsm: a&iSay:cJhonfá qdkúyD: a\:xm:w<f̀

wu<fu 'D|kyf\Sif|kHudk zGifhvSpfvkdufwJhtwGuf trsm:]ynfol awGtaeeJ. b<fvdk tusKd:\SdrSmvJqdkwmuom t"du ta\:îuD:wm yg`

armfvúrdKifúrdK.wGif 1971 ckóSpfupúyD: <cktcsdeftwGif: yxrqHk:tîudrf t]zpf zGifhvSpfvdkufaom qlygpwm:|kyf\Sif|kHokd. |kyf\Sifcspfol 400 ausmfu <ae.wpfcJeuf vma\muftm:ay: cJhjuonf̀

qdkúyD:yJ a\:oihfygw<f̀

omref

owif:\if:]rpfawGudkvnf:

arhrxm:ygeJð`

126

IMMF2.pmd 126 6/2/2547, 23:42

tydkif: (6)

tydkif: (6)

tcef: (14)a\'D<dk? |kyfoHtwGuf owif:a\:om:]cif:

a\'D<dkeJ. |kyfoHowif:axmufawG taeeJ.vnf: a\S.u tcef:awGrSm azmf]yoGm:cJhwJh ta]ccHpnf:rsOf:rsm:twkdif:yJ vkdufem usifh oHk:ódkifygw<f̀ 'gayrJh owif:pmrSm owif:a\:om:]cif:eJ. a\'D<dkeJ. |kyfoHawGtwGuf owif:a\:om:]cif:wkd.tjum:rSm ta\:îuD:wJh uGm]cm:csufawGawmh \Sdygw<f̀

pme<fZif:orm:awG owif:a\:w<fqdkwmu tajumif: t\mwpf\yfudk pmzwfolpdwfxJ ]rifa<mifvmatmif o|kyfazmf a\:]y \wmrsKd:yg` a\'D<dkeJ. |kyfoH owif:axmufawGusawmh y\dowfudk a]ym]y\wmrsKd:`

a\'D<dkeJ. |kyfoH owif:axmufawGu owif:]zpf\yfwpfck tajumif: toHoGif:xm:wm ]zpf]zpf? "mwfyHkawGudk]zpf]zpf? AD'D<dkwdyf acG]zpf]zpf wifqufay:wmajumifh y\dowf[m t]zpftysufawGudk udk<fwkdifjum:\? ]rif\w<f̀ a\'D<dkeJ. |kyfoHowif:axmufaumif: wpfa<muf[m toHoGif:xm:wmawG? "mwfyHkawGeJ. AD'D<dkwdyfacGawG udk wifquf]yo|kHrûeJ. wm&efrausao:ygbl:` 'Dt]zpftysuf tajumif:csif:\mudk y\dowfîuD: em:vnfoabmaygufatmifvnf: \Sif:vif: wif]yay:\ygw<f̀

wpfîudrfyJrdk. aocsmygap

owif:pmzwf y\dowftaeeJ. owif:wpfyk'fudk r\Sif:bl: qkd\if ol.rSm tcsdef\oavmuf ]yefzwfjunhfvdk. \ygw<f̀ owif:udk tîudrfîudrf \Sif:wJhtxd zwfaevdk. \w<f` a\'D<dkeJ. |kyfoH y\dowfîuD:uawmh tJ'Dvdk rvkyfódkifbl:` olwkd.taeeJ. owif: wpfyk'fudk wpfîudrfyJ jum:odcGifh\Sddw<f̀ 'ght]yif a\'D<kdeJ. |kyfoH owif:xkwfvÏifhrSKawGu rsm:aomtm:]zifh tcsdefwdkwdkuav:` a\'D <dkeJ. |kyfoHowif:axmufawG taeeJ. owif:awGudk ajunma]ymqdk zdk.twGuf cEuav:yJ tcsdef\wwfw<f̀

IMMF2.pmd 127 6/2/2547, 23:42

127

tcef: (14) a\'D<dk? |kyfoHtwGuf owif:a\:om:]cif:

'gajumifh a\'D<dkeJ. |kyfoHowif:axmufawG[m owif:awG udk a\:om:wJhae\mrSm pme<fZif: q\mawGxuf ydkúyD: \Sif:vif:? uspf vspf\r<hft]yif vufa\G:pifowif:rsKd:vnf: ]zpf\ygr<f` omref ae.pOfoHk: pum:vHk:awGeJ. tmvmyovìmy a]ymwJh yHkpHrsKd: ajunm a]ymqkd\r<f̀ tajumif:t\m ]zpf\yfwpfckudk w]cm:vlwpfa<mufudk a]ym]yaewJh yHkpHrsKd:twkdif:yJ &guswpfckeJ.wpfck[m tquftpyf \Sd\SdeJ. acsmarG.aeap\ygr<f` em:axmifwJh y\dowf[m udk<hfowif:udk jum:vkduf\wmeJ. em:vnf oabmaygufódkif\r<f̀

t]zpftysufwpfck\J.? 'grSr[kwf owif:pm\Sif:vif:yJG wpfck \J. tajumif:udk]zpfap? |SKyfaxG:ayGvDwJh ]zpf\yfwpfckudk ]zpfap wif]y wJhtcg ta\:tîuD:qHk: tcsuftvufawGudkyJ a\G:cs<fwif]y\ygr<f̀ udk<fhowif:\J. tp yxr&gus óSpfck? oHk:ckrSm tJ'D t"dutcsuf tvuf? 'grSr[kwf tajumif:t\mudk wif]y\r<f̀ 'Dvdkenf:eJ. y\d owfu 'Dowif:[m ta\:îuD:wJh owif:ygvm:? pdwf&ifpm:p\mygvm: qkdúyD: qufem:axmif]zpfoGm:r<f̀

owif:pmawGrSmvdk aemufcHorkdif:eJ. tao:pdwftcsuf tvufawG (Oyrm-vlrsm:\J. touf? ae\yfvdyfpm? pm\if:tif:awG) u dk azmf]yay:zdk. rvdkygbl:` tJ'gawGudkom azmf]yae\\if a\'D<dkeJ. |kyfoHowif:awG[m \Snfvsm:axG]ym:úyD: tm:vHk:|SKyfukefr<f̀

vuf\Sd]zpfaeonfukd tm|kHpdkufyg

vlawGu owif:pm udk aumuf ukdifvkdufwmeJ. 'g rae.u owif:awGqdk wm odxm:úyD:om:yg` 'gayrJh vlawGu a\'D<dkeJ. |kyfoH pufawGudk zGif h em: axmifw<f? zGifhjunfhw<f qkdwmuawmh aemufqHk: owif:awGudk odcsifvdk.yJ ]zpfygw<f` 'Duae.rSm bmawG ]zpfysuf aeovJ?

a&:vHacgifoDwJh ae\mu <kwfpGtqHk: tck avmavm vwfvwfrSmudk bmawG ]zpfaeovJaygh̀ vlawG[m owif:ukd 'gajumif h a\'D<k deJ. |kyfoH owif:axmufawG[m aemuf

tvkdtyfqHk:ygyJ̀

128

IMMF2.pmd 128 6/2/2547, 23:42


qHk:t]zpftysufawGeJ. tck avmavmvwfvwfrSm bmawG]zpfae ovJ qkdwmawGay;rSmyJ wwfódkifoavmuf tm|kHpdkuf\ygr<f̀

pnf:urf:csuf tcsKd.

a\'D<dkeJ. |kyfoHowif:aumif:wpfyk'f a\:om:vdkw<fqdk\if atmufygtcsufawGudk vkdufemoifhygw<f̀

• &gusawGudk wkdwkdyJ oHk:úyD: uwWm:-uH-îud<m yHkpHeJ. |kd:|dk:\Sif:\Sif:yJ a\:yg` • &guswpfajumif:rSm tajumif:t\mwpfckudkyJ wif]yyg` • cGeftm:\SdwJh îud<mrsm:udkoHk:yg? vdktyfwJhtcgrsm:rSm emr&daooeeJ. îud<m&daooeawGudkvnf: oHk:ay:yg` • udk<hfowif: xda\mufrSK\dSatmifeJ. aemufqHk:t]zpftysufudk wif]y aew<fqdkwm ay;vGifatmif t}FvdyfbmomeJ. ajunmaewmqkd\if present tense 'grSr[kwf present perfect tense rsm:eJ. ajunma]ymqkd \ygr<f̀ • omrefvlawG em:rvnfódkifwJh? |SKyfaxG:cufcJwJh pum:vHk:rsm:udk a\Smifyg` tpdk:\ wm&ef\SdykñdKvfrsm:eJ. ynm\yfqkdif\m üuïrf:usifolrsm:á om oHk:óSKef:wJh toHk:tóSKef:rsKd:awGudkvnf: a\Smifyg` udk<hfrddwfaqG taygif:toif:awGeJ. edpP"l& a]ymqkdovdk a]ym|dk:a]ympOf toHk:tóSKef: awGudkyJ oHk:\ygr<f` ü taumiftxnfazmf aqmif\Gufaeygw<fá tpm: üvkyfaqmifaeygw<fá vdk.yJ a]ymyg` • a<bk<stm:]zifh owif:udk p ajunmwJhtcg 'Dowif:udk b<fu od\w<fqkdwJh owif:\J. \if:]rpfeJ. &gusudk p\ygr<f̀ tJ'grS y\d owftaeeJ. qufem:axmif]zpfoGm:zdk. ydktqifa]yw<f̀ 'Dtcsufu pme<fZif:awGrSm a\:om:[efeJ. uGmw<f̀ pme<fZif:awGrSmusawmh owif:\if:]rpfudk &gus\J. tqHk:rSmrS azmf]ywwfjuygw<f̀ • ta\:tîuD:qHk: pum:vHk:udk &gus\J. a\S.qHk:ydkif:rSm xnhfa]ymyg` üa]rqDvÏmtwGif: ta]ymif:tvJawGajumifh \Gmom:awG toD:tóSH yifrsm: pdkuf\cufae\ygw<fá vdk. ra]ymygeJ.` ü\Gmom:rsm:toD:tóSH pdkufysKd:a\:[m a]rvÏmtwGif: ta]ymif:tvJawGajumifh tckawmh t cufawG.ae\úyDá vdk. a]ymyg` • \Snfvsm:ayrsm:vGef:wJh \mxl:trnfawGeJ. XmetrnfawGudk twdkcsHK.ypfyg` ütaumufcGefXme xkwfukefXmecJG nÏefjum:a\:rSL:á

IMMF2.pmd 129 6/2/2547, 23:42

129


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130

IMMF2.pmd 130 6/2/2547, 23:42


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131


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132

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133


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134

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IMMF2.pmd 135 6/2/2547, 23:42

135


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136

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tcef: (15) usifh&wf

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tcef: (15) usifh&wf

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152

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Getting the story uvJG\if usefwJh pmtkyfawGtm:vHk:[m t}Fvdyfvdk a\:om: ]yKpkxm:wmawG ]zpfwJhtwGuf t}Fvdyfbmompum: ruïrf:usifolrsm:twGuf tcuftcJ awG.ódkifygw<f̀ úyD:awmh trsm:pk u tar\duefódkifiHtwGufyJ OD:pm:ay: ]yKpkxm:juwmawGyg` 'gayrJh 'DvufpJGpmtkyfi<fxJrSm rygwJh tqifh]rihfowif:vdkuf]cif:eJ. a\:om: ]cif:tajumif:awGudk qufúyD: avhvmzkd.twGufawmh taumif:qHk: taxmuftul ]zpfrSmyg`

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The AP Broadcast News Handbook, by Brad Kalbfeld. Published in 2000 by McGraw-

Hill Professional Publishing.

The Associated Press Guide to News Writing (2nd edition), by Rene J. Cappon. Pub

lished in 2000 by ARCO.

Getting the Story. This is a textbook and a videotape produced in 1990 by the Interna

tional Center for Journalists, 1616 H Street, NW, 3rd Floor, Washington DC 20006-4999,

U.S.A.

A Handbook for Cambodian Journalists, by Huw Watkin. Published in Phnom Penh in

1998 by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Germany.

News Reporting and Writing (8th edition), by Melvin Mencher. Published in 1999 by

McGraw-Hill College Division.

The Newspapers Handbook (3rd edition) by Richard Keeble. Published in 2001 by

Routledge, London and New York.

Writing and Reporting News (3rd edition), by Carole Rich. Published in 1999 by

Wadsworth Publishing Co., 10 Davis Drive, Belmont, CA 94002, U.S.A.

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The International Center for Journalists u atmufygpmtkyf awGudkvnf: ]yKpk xkwfa&xm:ygw<f̀

Ten Practical Tips for Environmental Reporting, by Peter Nelson

Ten Practical Tips for Business and Economic Reporting in Developing Countries, by

Paul Hemp

Ten Steps to Investigative Reporting

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153


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154

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lowship Program wdkhrSay:ydkhaom pmtkyfóSifh oif|kd:vrf:òÏefrsm:vnf: tygt&if ]zpfygonf̀

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Peter Eng onf vGwfvyfaom owif:pmq\mwpfOD: ]zpfum tkdiftrftrftufzf trSKaqmif bkwftzJG.wGif apwemh &efxrf: t zJG.&if]zpfonf̀ 1984 rS 1996 ckóSpftxd befaumuf\Sd Associated Press owif:XmewGif owif:t<f'Dwmt]zpf aqmif\GufcJhúyD: uaèm'D:<m:? vmtdk? ]refrm? xdkif:óSifh AD<uferfódkifiHrsm:> ae.pOf owif:rsm:twGuf wm&ef<lcJh\onf` 1996 ckóSpfrSpum vGwfvyfaom owif:q\m]zpfoGm:úyD:onhfaemuf tar\du]ynfaxmifpkóSifh tm\Swkd.wGif xkwfa&aom owif:pm? rñZif:óSifh pmtkyfrsm:Y ta\S. awmif tm\S > ódkifiHa\:óSifh vlrSKa\: ta]ymif:tvJrsm: tajumif:udk a\:om:cJhonf̀ tar\duef ódkifiHta]cpdkuf tusKd:t]rwf r<lonhf Internews tkyfpktwGuf a[mifaumif wUodkvfwGif owif:pmynmudk oifjum: ydk.csay:cJhonf̀ olonf csDum}dk wUodkvfrS ódkifiHa\:odyíHr[mbJG.udk \\Sdxm:úyD: [m:AwfwUodkvf Nieman Fellow wpfOD:vnf: ]zpfygonf̀

Jeff Hodson onf The Cambodia Daily owif:pmvufaxmuf t<f'Dwm wm&ef<lcJhzl:úyD: tm\SóSifhtar\du]ynfaxmifpk owif:pmrsm:Yvnf: q<fóSpfausmfjum vkyfief:tawG.tjuHK \SdcJhonf̀ 2000 ]ynhfóSpfwGif olonf Knight International Press Fellow

]zpfvmum tkdiftrftrftufzfwGif oifwef:rSL:t]zpf wm&efay:tyfcH\onf` olonf tvkyf|kHaqG:aóG:yJGrsm:óSifh owif:pmynmoifwef:rsm: udk xdkif:óSifh vmtkdódkifiHrsm:Y ydk.csay:cJhúyD: uaèm'D:<m:ódkifiH zóGrf:yif \Sd bk\ifhwUodkvfYvnf: oifjum:ay:cJhonf̀ olonf tar\du ]ynfaxmifpk aemhof&ufqwif: wUodkvfrS owif:pmynm r[mbJG. \\Sdxm:úyD: tar\duefódkifiH &g\Sifwef]ynfe<f\Sd &Spfrif:aumvdyfrS orkdif: t"du]zifh bJG.\\SdcJhygonf̀

156

IMMF2.pmd 156 6/2/2547, 23:42

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IMMF2.pmd 157 6/2/2547, 23:42

157

158

IMMF2.pmd 158 6/2/2547, 23:42

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Üowif:pmynmvufpJGpmtkyf tawmfrsm:rsm:ukd uïefawmfzwfzl:ygw<f? 'gayrJh 'Dpmtkyfavmufpdwf&ifpm:p\maumif:wJh pmtkyfawmh rawG.zl:ao:bl:? 'DpmtkyfxGufvmwm[m

wu<hfowif:aumif:ygyJ? crmbmompum:eJh ]yefqdkxm:wJh 'Dpmtkyf[m uaèm'D:<m:ódkifiH\J.owif:pmynmudk tm:opfavmif:ay:ygvdrhfr<f”

Um Sarin, President, Cambodian Association for the Protection of Journalists, Cambodia

Ü'Dpmtkyfuawmh wu<hfudk atmif]rifrëîuD:wpfckygyJJ”Graham Watts, Foreign Editor, Financial Times, United Kingdom

Üpmtkyfwpftkyfwnf:rSm tcsuftvufawG pHkpHkvifvif ygwmawG.\awmh uïefawmfauseyfrdw<f?'Dpmtkyfudk vmtkdbmomeJh ]yefqkd]zpfr<fqkd\if uïefawmfwkdhtwGuf odyftoHk:wnfhrSmyJ’

Anoulack Khammalavong, Assistant Editor, The Vientiane Times, Laos

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Whayne Dillehay, Vice President, International Center for Journalists, United States

Ü'Dowif:a\:om:enf:pmtkyfu odyfaumif:w<f? pmtkyfawG xyf\ódkifOD:rvm:”Maureen Aung-Thwin, Open Society Institute, United States

Cover.pmd 2 6/2/2547, 23:56

reporting and writing news basic handbook

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