Name Designation Affiliation Date Signature

Submittedby:

RPMillenaar ChiefSiteEngineer

SPDO 16/11/11

Acceptedby:

RTSchilizzi Director SPDO 16/11/11

Approvedby:

RTSchilizzi Director SPDO 16/11/11

RFIIMPACTATCANDIDATESKAREMOTESTATIONSITESANONYMOUSEDITION

Documentnumber ................................................................. WP3‐050.020.010‐TR‐003Revision ..........................................................................................................................BAuthor........................................................................................................ R.P.MillenaarDate ............................................................................................................... 16‐11‐2011Status....................................................................................................FinalConfidential

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DOCUMENTHISTORY

Revision DateOfIssue EngineeringChange

Number

Comments

‐ 14‐11‐2011 ‐ Firstdraft

A 16‐11‐2011 ‐ FinalFullEdition

B 16‐11‐2011 ‐ FinalAnonyousEdition

DOCUMENTSOFTWARE Package Version Filename

Wordprocessor MsWord Word2007 RFIImpactatcandidateremotestationsites‐Anonymous1.0.docx

Blockdiagrams

Other

ORGANISATIONDETAILSName SKAProgramDevelopmentOffice

Physical/PostalAddress

JodrellBankCentreforAstrophysics

AlanTuringBuilding

TheUniversityofManchester

OxfordRoad

Manchester,UK

M139PLFax. +44(0)1612754049

Website www.skatelescope.org

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TABLEOFCONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 6

2 SCOPE ........................................................................................................ 6

3 METHOD .................................................................................................... 6

4 REMOTESTATIONCONFIGURATION ................................................................... 74.1 Site‐specificconfigurationY ......................................................................................................74.2 Site‐specificconfigurationX......................................................................................................9

5 INFORMATIONSUPPLIED ............................................................................... 115.1 Y ..............................................................................................................................................115.2 X ..............................................................................................................................................11

6 RESULTS ................................................................................................... 126.1 Y ..............................................................................................................................................136.2 X ..............................................................................................................................................38

7 REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 63

FIGURESFigure1:Locationsof25remotestations(red)inthe(…)(Y)configuration.Theinner180kmspiralsin

blue.Thewhitegridis5degreesonaside,correspondingtoafixedN‐Slengthof560kmandanE‐Wdimension(whichvarieswithlatitude)of510kmalongtheTropicofCapricorn(Yellowline). .............................................................................................................................................8

Figure3:Locationsof25 remotestations (red) in (…) (X)configuration.The inner180kmspirals inblue.Thewhitegridis5degreesonaside,correspondingtoafixedN‐Slengthof560kmandanE‐Wdimension(whichvarieswithlatitude)of510kmalongtheTropicofCapricorn(Yellowline). ...........................................................................................................................................10

Figure5:Y,Site1 ..................................................................................................................................13Figure6:Y,Site2 ..................................................................................................................................14Figure7:Y,Site3 ..................................................................................................................................15Figure8:Y,Site4 ..................................................................................................................................16Figure9:Y,Site5 ..................................................................................................................................17Figure10:Y,Site6 ................................................................................................................................18Figure11:Y,Site7 ................................................................................................................................19Figure12:Y,Site8 ................................................................................................................................20Figure13:Y,Site9 ................................................................................................................................21Figure14:Y,Site10 ..............................................................................................................................22Figure15:Y,Site11 ..............................................................................................................................23Figure16:Y,Site12 ..............................................................................................................................24Figure17:Y,Site13 ..............................................................................................................................25Figure18:Y,Site14 ..............................................................................................................................26Figure19:Y,Site15 ..............................................................................................................................27Figure20:Y,Site16 ..............................................................................................................................28

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Figure21:Y,Site17 ..............................................................................................................................29Figure22:Y,Site18 ..............................................................................................................................30Figure23:Y,Site19 ..............................................................................................................................31Figure24:Y,Site20 ..............................................................................................................................32Figure25:Y,Site21 ..............................................................................................................................33Figure26:Y,Site22 ..............................................................................................................................34Figure27:Y,Site23 ..............................................................................................................................35Figure28:Y,Site24 ..............................................................................................................................36Figure29:Y,Site25 ..............................................................................................................................37Figure30:X,Site01 ..............................................................................................................................38Figure31:X,Site02 ..............................................................................................................................39Figure32:X,Site03 ..............................................................................................................................40Figure33:X,Site04 ..............................................................................................................................41Figure34:X,Site05 ..............................................................................................................................42Figure35:X,Site06 ..............................................................................................................................43Figure36:X,Site07 ..............................................................................................................................44Figure37:X,Site08 ..............................................................................................................................45Figure38:X,Site09 ..............................................................................................................................46Figure39:X,Site10 ..............................................................................................................................47Figure40:X,Site11 ..............................................................................................................................48Figure41:X,Site12 ..............................................................................................................................49Figure42:X,Site13 ..............................................................................................................................50Figure43:X,Site14 ..............................................................................................................................51Figure44:X,Site15.Notethatthedistancescaleislargerthan150km.Transmittersbeyond150km

shouldnotbeincludedincomparisons. ....................................................................................52Figure45:X,Site16 ..............................................................................................................................53Figure46:X,Site17 ..............................................................................................................................54Figure47:X,Site18 ..............................................................................................................................55Figure48:X,Site19 ..............................................................................................................................56Figure49:X,Site20 ..............................................................................................................................57Figure50:X,Site21 ..............................................................................................................................58Figure51:X,Site22 ..............................................................................................................................59Figure52:X,Site23 ..............................................................................................................................60Figure53:X,Site24 ..............................................................................................................................61Figure54:X,Site25.Notethatthedistancescaleislargerthan150km.Transmittersbeyond150km

shouldnotbeincludedincomparisons .....................................................................................62

TABLESTable1:Thelocationsofthe(…)(Y)remotestations.............................................................................7Table2:(…)(X)remotestations .............................................................................................................9

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Glossary

EMI ElectroMagneticInterferenceITU InternationalTelecommunicationsUnionFoM FigureofMeritPFD PowerFluxDensity(indBWm‐2Hz‐1)PSD PowerSpectralDensity(indBWHz‐1)RAS RadioAstronomyServiceRFI RadioFrequencyInterferenceRQZ RadioQuietZoneSKA SquareKilometreArraySPDO SKAProgramDevelopmentOffice

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1 Introduction

Atanearlystageinthedevelopmentofsite‐specificconfigurationsfortheSKA,theresultofwhichhasbeendescribed in [1], itwasagreedamongst the twositeproponentsandSPDOtodevelopaFigureofMerit(FoM)forspectrumcrowdingatremotestationlocations.Ofthesethereare25andallofthemaresituatedoutsidetheRadioQuietZone(RQZ)thatwillbeimplementedatthecentrallocation, and thereforedonotbenefit fromoptimal radio interference conditions. The locationofeach remote station is a compromise in radio quietness (away from human presence), andaccessibility in termsof roads, fibrehook‐upandpowerdelivery (close tohumanpresence),whilealsooptimisingforscienceimagingquality.Inaprocessstartingfromgenericspecificationstofinallocations the SPDO has worked with the site proponents to design the course locations of theremote stations. Final adjustments of these locations were done by the proponents on theirconfiguration to find thebest compromise.Partof thisprocesswasadesktopanalysis,evaluatingtheimpactoflicensedradiotransmittersaroundeachofthetargetstationsbycalculatingthepowerspectraldensity(PSD)ofreceivedsignalsatthatlocationoriginatingfromtransmittersinthatarea.The informationgained in thesecalculations ispresented in this report.Thepurpose is toprovideevaluatorsanddesignengineersanoverviewofexpectedRFIimpactattheremotestations.Thiswork is tobecomplementedbyasurveyof the radio interferenceenvironmentatall remotestationsoncesiteselectionhasbeendone.Already,aspartoftheinvestigationsinthesiteselectionprocess, four of these remote site locations for each candidate host have been visited by a localteamtoperformmeasurements,usingtheequipmentdevelopedbytheSPDOandsiteproponentsfortheRFImeasurementcampaignin2010/11.Theresultsfortheseremotesitesarereportedin[2]and[3],inananonymousfashion.Thisreportconnectsthesemeasurementswiththeresultsofthedesktopanalysisforthesefourcaseseach.

2 Scope

ThisdocumentreportsonthespectrumcrowdingFoMresultsintheformofplotsofreceivedsignallevelsateachofthe25proposedremotestationlocations.Thisreporthastwoeditions:

• Fullreport• Anonymous version,where all references to country/countries and specific locationshave

been removed. ItusesXandY todistinguishbetweenproponentsandsequencenumbersforremotestations.(thisreportedition)

3 Method

ThefollowingmethodwasdiscussedandagreedamongstSPDOandsiteproponents:Foreachofthe25remotestationlocations,

• collect information on transmitters in databases selected to provide a complete andaccurate overview of transmitter frequencies, EIRP, bandwidth, antenna height andradiationpattern,distance,

• collectinformationoninterveningterrainfromtransmittertoremotestation,• calculatepropagationattenuation,usingtheterrain informationandantennadistanceand

heightintheITU‐RP.526‐11model,• findreceivedPSD levelsat theremotestation,byapplyingthepropagationattenuationto

theemittedlevelinthedirectionofthestation.Theagreedrangeoftransmitterstobeconsideredwasupto150kmfromthelocationoftheremotestation.

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4 RemoteStationConfiguration

4.1 Site‐specificconfigurationY

Theremotestationlocationsinthe(…)(Y)arrayaregiveninTable1.

SiteRFImeas.sitenr. Elevation Country Longitude Latitude

01 n/a Y 02 n/a Y 03 n/a Y 04 n/a Y 05 n/a Y 06 n/a Y 07 n/a Y 08 n/a Y 09 n/a Y 10 n/a Y 11 Y1 n/a Y 12 n/a Y 13 n/a Y 14 n/a Y 15 n/a Y 16 Y2 n/a Y 17 n/a Y 18 n/a Y 19 n/a Y 20 n/a Y 21 Y3 n/a Y 22 n/a Y 23 Y4 n/a Y 24 n/a Y 25 n/a Y

Table1:Thelocationsofthe(…)(Y)remotestationsTheremotestationlocationsareplottedonthemapinFigure1,togetherwiththelocationoftheelementsntheinnerareaof180kmradius.

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Figure1:Locationsof25remotestations(red)inthe(…)(Y)configuration.Theinner180kmspiralsinblue.Thewhitegridis5degreesonaside,correspondingtoafixedN‐Slengthof560kmandanE‐Wdimension(whichvarieswithlatitude)of510kmalongtheTropicofCapricorn(Yellowline).

IMAGEREMOVED

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4.2 Site‐specificconfigurationX

Theremotestationlocationsinthe(…)(X)arrayaregiveninTable2.

Sitenumber

RFImeas.sitenr. SiteName

Elevation(m) Country Longitude Latitude

01 X1 02 03 04 05 06 07 X2 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 X3 22 X4 23 24 25

Table2:(…)(X)remotestationsTheremotestationlocationsareplottedonthemapinFigure2,togetherwiththelocationoftheelementsintheinnerareaof180kmradius.

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Figure2:Locationsof25remotestations(red)in(…)(X)configuration.Theinner180kmspiralsinblue.Thewhitegridis5degreesonaside,correspondingtoafixedN‐Slengthof560kmandanE‐Wdimension(whichvarieswithlatitude)of510kmalongtheTropicofCapricorn(Yellowline).

IMAGEREMOVED

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5 Informationsupplied

The site proponents have carried out the collection of transmitter details and have done thecalculations for received PSD levels. The information was supplied to the SPDO in either of twoforms,describedinthefollowingsections.

5.1 Y

A document [5] was supplied, which describes the work done, the information used and theresultingplotsofreceivedPSDlevels.Thefollowingdetailshavebeenprovidedin[5]:“TransmitterdatabaseThesourceforthetransmitter informationisthe(INFORMATIONREMOVED)ThisanalysisusestheFebruary2011data.Itmustbenotedthat:a)Thepowerlevelinthedatabaseisthemaximumallowedbytheservice,notnecessarilytheactualpowertransmitted.b) Some of the licensed services may not be in operation any longer; others may only transmitintermittently.c) Fordirectional transmitters, anantennagain, 3dBbeamwidth, front‐to‐back ratio andazimuthdirectionareprovided,sothesidelobelevelinthedirectionoftheproposedsiteisestimatedfromthesevalues.Forthesereasons,thelevelsintheplotsarebasedonaworst‐casetransmittedpowerlevelandmayoverestimatethespectralcrowdingatthesite.”

5.2 X

RawdatafilesweresuppliedwithinformationrequiredtogeneratetheplotsofreceivedPSDlevels.ThelatterwasdonebytheSPDO.Thefollowingdetailshavebeenprovidedbycorrespondence:“1. All transmitters within 150km of a site were used, with a minimum predicted level of ‐100dBuV/m(…)2.Thedatabasesusedarethefollowing:i.GSMdatabaseprovidedby(INFORMATIONREMOVED)Thedatabasewasinitiallyobtainedin2005,andrecentlyupdatedinthelast12month.ii.(INFORMATIONREMOVED)BroadcastingFrequencyPlan,updated2009‐effectivelytelevisionandradiotransmitters.(INFORMATIONREMOVED).iii. (INFORMATION REMOVED) Land‐Mobile database (transmitters for mobile coverage ie. VHFmobile)iv.(INFORMATIONREMOVED)FixedLinkdatabase(ie.microwavelinksetc.)v. (INFORMATION REMOVED) Self help database (self help database includes all low poweredtransmittersestablishedbysmalltownstoprovidelocalcommunitycoverageoftelevisionsignals)vi.(INFORMATIONREMOVED)alsothedatabasesofindividualoperatorstoconfirm,andsupplementthe (INFORMATION REMOVED). This was to cover the gap for national operators, who obtainnationallicensesandwillgenerallyonlysendupdatesto(INFORMATIONREMOVED)inbatches.Thisdatabasewasalsousedtocoveranygaps.(INFORMATIONREMOVED) The network plan always uses themaximumpossible EIRP ‐ so,worstcasescenario.(INFORMATIONREMOVED).“

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6 Results

Theresultsarepresentedintwoseriesof25plots,eachwiththreesubpanels,fromthetop:1.ReceivedPSDlevelsindBW/Hzforthefrequencyrangeof300to25000MHz.Thelowerboundaryissetto300MHzbecausethisisthelowestforeseeablefrequencyinuseattheremotestations(dishonly).ThiswastheagreedlowerfrequencyforthisFoManalysis.ItmustbenotedinfactthatintheplotsprovidedbyYthelowerboundaryappearstobeat400MHz.TheinformationprovidedbyXincluded much lower frequencies (<100MHz) but the plots that were produced by SPDO andpresentedhere,duplicatethefrequencyscale.Evaluatorsshouldthereforedisregardsignalsbelow400MHzwhenmakingcomparisons.Thesubpanelalsodisplays,inred,thethresholdPSDlevel(ΔPindBW/Hz)specifiedbyITU‐RRA.769‐2forVLBI,see[4],alsoreferredtoas‘Recommendation769’.In this reference the threshold interference levels for VLBI observations are given as spectral pfdlevels (SH indBWm‐2Hz‐1) inTable3.Toconvertthese levelstothesamePSDunitsasusedforthereceivedlevelsthefollowingexpressionisused(asperexpression5in[4]):

ΔP769VLBI = SH − 20 log( f ) −10 log( c2

4π) = SH − 20 log( f ) −158.5(dBWHz−1) ,

wherefistheobservingfrequencyinRec.769Table3.Thisequationfollowsfromtherelationshipofantennagainandeffectivearea,wherethegainissetto0dBi,asspecifiedinRec.769.Itisusefultoplotthisthresholdleveltoassessthereceivedinterferencefromlicensedtransmitters,but it should be noted that Rec. 769 sets protection levels for the bands reserved for the ‘RadioAstronomy Service’ (RAS) only. Here a plot with linearly interpolated levels between specifiedobservingfrequenciesisused.ReceivedlevelshigherthantheRec.769levelsaretobeexpectedforfrequenciesoutsidetheprotectedbands,asisdemonstratedintheseplots.2.ReceivedPSDlevelsin

1)(forYplots)dBabovetheRA.769‐2thresholdlevelforVLBIunder1,versusdistanceinkm;or2) (for X plots) dBW/Hz (as in 1)with automatic scaling to allow accurate display of levels,versusdistanceinkm.

Itmustbenotedthatthedistanceoftransmittersinsomecasesismorethantheagreed150km.Itisnot clear how complete the survey is for the larger distances and therefore evaluators shoulddisregardsignalsbeyond150kmwhenmakingcomparisons.3.ReceivedPSDlevelsindBabovetheRA.769‐2thresholdlevelforVLBIasdescribedunder1,versusbearingindegrees,where0°isNorth.

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6.1 Y

Plotsreproducedfrom[5].

Figure3:Y,Site1

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Figure4:Y,Site2

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Figure5:Y,Site3

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Figure6:Y,Site4

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Figure7:Y,Site5

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Figure8:Y,Site6

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Figure9:Y,Site7

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Figure10:Y,Site8

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Figure11:Y,Site9

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Figure12:Y,Site10

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Figure13:Y,Site11

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Figure14:Y,Site12

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Figure15:Y,Site13

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Figure16:Y,Site14

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Figure17:Y,Site15

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Figure18:Y,Site16

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Figure19:Y,Site17

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Figure20:Y,Site18

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Figure21:Y,Site19

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Figure22:Y,Site20

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Figure23:Y,Site21

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Figure24:Y,Site22

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Figure25:Y,Site23

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Figure26:Y,Site24

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Figure27:Y,Site25

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6.2 X

Plotsgeneratedfromrawdatasupplied.

Figure28:X,Site01

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Figure29:X,Site02

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Figure30:X,Site03

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Figure31:X,Site04

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Figure32:X,Site05

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Figure33:X,Site06

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Figure34:X,Site07

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Figure35:X,Site08

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Figure36:X,Site09

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Figure37:X,Site10

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Figure38:X,Site11

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Figure39:X,Site12

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Figure40:X,Site13

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Figure41:X,Site14

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Figure42:X,Site15.Notethatthedistancescaleislargerthan150km.Transmittersbeyond150kmshouldnotbeincludedincomparisons.

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Figure43:X,Site16

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Figure44:X,Site17

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Figure45:X,Site18

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Figure46:X,Site19

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Figure47:X,Site20

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Figure48:X,Site21

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Figure49:X,Site22

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Figure50:X,Site23

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Figure51:X,Site24

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Figure52:X,Site25.Notethatthedistancescaleislargerthan150km.Transmittersbeyond150kmshouldnotbeincludedincomparisons

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7 References

[1] ArrayConfigurationsforCandidateSKASites:DesignandAnalysis,R.P.Millenaar,R.C.Bolton,J.

Lazio,Rev.C,SPDO,4‐11‐2011[2] SKA Site SpectrumMonitoring Sites: X1‐X4 and Y1‐Y4,MeasurementMode:MaxHoldMode

(MH),Rev.1.0,A.J.Boonstra,R.P.Millenaar,30‐9‐2011[3] SKASiteSpectrumMonitoringSites:X1‐X4andY1‐Y4,MeasurementMode:RuralMode(RM),

Rev.1.0,A.J.Boonstra,R.P.Millenaar,28‐9‐2011[4] Protectioncriteriausedforradioastronomicalmeasurements,RecommendationITU‐RRA.769‐

2,2003[5] (INFORMATIONREMOVED)