20þmw hmÀjn-I kp-h-\oÀ

kzem-lp-±o³

A-¿q-_n2015

\‑nd§Ä t‑NÀ¶‑p \‑n¡W‑ws‑]‑m·f A_‑vZ‑p J‑mZ‑nÀ a‑pk‑ve‑nb‑mÀ

]‑q t‑]‑ms‑e Ck‑ve‑m‑w

hnZy‑mhn‑f‑¡‑Wbpw ap-¼v AÂ-]w hn-Nm-c§Ä

Xr¯m‑e tZi‑s¯ ]‑Þn‑X‑·mÀ, kmw‑kv‑Imcn‑I \m‑bIÀ

"hmbn-¡pI' AXy-Ûp-X-§Ä Iï-¼-c¶p \n¡msX

s]mcpfp tXSn-bpÅ \n³ {]bmWamcw`n¡pI.AXn-\mbv hmbn¡ \o,

\nsâ \mYsâ \ma-¯nÂ.

kzem-lp-±o³ A-¿q-_n20þmw hmÀjn-I kp-h-\oÀ

a-mK-k-n³ k-a-n-X-n

AssUzk-dn t_mÀ-UvH ssl-ZÀ ap-kvv-en-bmÀ

A-Ðp I-_oÀ A-lvk\nA-Ðp-d-km-Jv kAZn BeqÀsI ]n sam-bv-Xo³-Ip-«n lmPnA-jvd-^v A-lvk-\n B\¡css^k kJm^n IqSÃqÀ

sI ]n Dss_Zv lmPn

s-N-b-À-a-m³ k-n l-w-k a-m-k-vä-À

I¬-h-o-\-À Kk d-n-b-m-k-v k-n ]-n

F-U-n-ä-À A-Ð-p-Â P-e-o-Â k-n-±-oJ-n

]-pg-¡-m-«-nc-nF ]-n A-i-vd-^-v a-m-k-vä-Ài-c-o-^-v \-p-k-v-c-n I-p-¼-nS-n

D-s-s-\-k-v I-q-S-Ã-q-À]-n Fkv i-m-^-n

08\‑nd‑§Ä t‑NÀ¶‑p \‑n¡W‑ws-]-m·f A_-vZ-p J-mZ-nÀ a-pk-ve-nb-mÀ

14

i‑cn I‑s@‑¯n‑b A‑t\z‑j‑W‑h‑gn‑IÄ

s-s-^-k A-l-v-k-\-n D-f-n-b-nÂ

22 k-pÂX-z-m³ k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ A¿-q-_-n Nc-n-{-X-s-a-g-p-X-nb P-oh-nX-wAe-h-n-¡-p«-n s-s-^k-n FS-¡c

31 k-ze-m-l-p-²-o³ A¿-q_-n (d-) H-md-n-bâ-e-nÌ-v h-mb-\-b-nÂbmkÀ Ad-^m¯v \qdm-\n

35\-· \-n-d-ª t-]-m-c-m-f-nt-U-m. \-k-oÀ A-l-v-a-Z-v

41 I-p«-nIf-p-w ]T\t-ij-nb-p-wk-ps-s-l _-m_-p

52 ]T-n-¡-m-\-p-w ]T-n-¡-W-ws-s-k-\-p-±-o³ CÀ-^-m-\-n a-m-W-qÀ

57h-nPb¯-nt-e¡-pÅ hg-n k-nd-m-P-p-±-o³ ]d-¼¯-v

59I-u-a-m-c-w AÂ-]-w I-c-p-X-t-e-m-s-Sh-n k-n a-p-l-½-Z-v P-a-oÂ

64 h-nZ-y-mh-nf-¡-Wb-p-w a-p¼-vkÂam³ tXm«p-s]m-bnÂ

68 shfn¨w sImfp-¯n-b-hÀD-s-s-\-k-v I-q-S-Ã-qÀ

77 t-]c-m-ä-n³ X-ocs-¯ h-nf¡-pac-§ÄkX-oj-v B\-¡c

88 kpIrX§-fpsSCcp-]XphÀj-§Äs-I ]-n s-a-mb-vX-o³I-p«-n l-mP-n

{]mÀ°-\m-]qÀÆw,kzem-lp-±o³ A¿q_nbpsS c@p ]Xn-äm@pIÄ; Adnhpw kwkvIm-chpw ]IÀ¶ [\y-hÀj-§Ä.

]ndhn sXm«n-t¶mfw {]hÀ¯n-¨-hÀ,A£-c-a-dn-ª-hÀ, Adnhv \ÂIn-b-hÀ,

kl-bm-{Xn-IÀ, kÀÆÀ¡pw \mY³ \·tbI-s«.

dCu-kp Dea C. kpsse-am³ apkvenbmÀ I kpÂXzm-\p Dea Im´-]pcw F ]n A_q-_-¡À apkvenbmÀ I I³kp Dea sI ]n lwk apkvenbmÀ Nn¯mcn I s]m·f A_vZp JmZnÀ apkvenbmÀ I k¿nZv C_vdmlnw

Jeoep _pJmcn I t]tcmSv A_vZp-dlvam³ kJm^n I F³.-Aen apkvenbmÀ Ipa-cw-]p-¯qÀ I sI hn A_q-_-¡À apkvenbmÀ sNcn-¸qÀ I sIm¼w sI ]n apl-½Zv apkvenbmÀ I

amcm-b-aw-Kew A_vZp-dlvam³ ss^kn

Ae‑n^‑v kz e-m-l-p-±-o³ A-¿-q-_-n F-P-y-p-t-¡-j-

\Â t-I-m-w-¹-I-vk-v; ]-m-e-¡-m-S-n-s-â s-s-h-Ú-m\-n-I a-Þ-e-§-f-n-Â

A-\-n-t-j-[-y k-m-¶-n-[-y-a-m-b-n D-b-À-¶ Ø-m-]\-w. a-X ]T-\h-p-w {-]-N-m-c-Wh-p-w h-n-i-z-m-k-n-b-p-s-S {-]-Y-a _-m-[-y-X-b-m-s-W-¶-v a-\-Ê-n-e-m-¡-n-b H-c-p I-q-«-w k-w-L-S-\-m-{-]-h-À-¯-IÀ s-I-m-f-p-¯-n-s-h-¨ h-n-Z-y-b-p-s-S h-n-f-¡-v. C-c-p-]-X-p-h-À-j-§-Ä ]-n-¶-n-S-p-t-¼-m-Ä k-z-]-v-\-]-²-X-n-I-Ä k-m-£-m-X-v-I-c-n-¡-m³ G-s-d-¡-p-s-d k-m-[-n-¨-n-«-p-s-ï-¶ k-t-´-m-j-w ]-¦-p-s-h-¡-p-¶-p. A-¿--q_-n-b-p-s-S C-c-p-]-X-m-w- h-m-Àj-n-I k-t-½-f-t-\-m-]-l-m-c-a-m-W-v \-n-§-f-p-s-S s-s-I-b-n-Â. C-kvvema-n-I N-c-n-{-X-¯-n- X-n-f-¡-a-m-À-¶ A-[-y-m-b-§-Ä c-N-n-¨ k-p-Â-X-z-m³ k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ A-¿-q-_-n(d-)h-ns-â P-o-h-N-c-n-{-X-¯-n- \-n-¶-v AÂ-]-w k-p-h-\-o-d-n-e-pï-v. h-n-Z-y-m-`-y-m-k-w h-n-Â-]-\-¡-p s-h-¨-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-nS-¯-v a-q-e-yh-p-w [-À-a-h-p-a-p-Å Ú-m-\-m-t-\-z-j-W-§-Ä a-m-{-X-a-m-W-v P-m-{-K-X-b-p-Å h-n-Z-y-m-À-°-nI-s-f c-q-]-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶X-v. h-n-Z-y-m-`-y-m-k-w F´-v-, F-§-s-\-, F-t-¸-m-Ä X-p-S§-n-b {-]-i-v-\-§Ä-¡-v D¯-c-w \-Â-I-p-¶ ]T-\-§-Ä \-n-§-f-p-s-S h-m-b-\-m-a-\-Ê-n-s-\ X-r-]-v-X-a-m-¡-n-t-b-¡-p-w. X-r-¯-m-e- t-Z-i-¯-n-s-â B-ß-o-b-m-´-c-o-£-w h-c-¨-S-b-m-f-s-¸-S-p¯-n-b ]-Þ-n-X t-{-i-j-vT-c-p-s-S P-o-h-n-X-s-a-g-p-X-m³ {-i-a-n-¨-n-«-p-ï-v R§-Ä. ]-n-g-h-p-I-Ä ]-n-W-ª-n-c-n-¡-p-s-a-¶-d-n-b-m-w. Ú-m-\-h-g-n-b-n- P-o-h-n-X-a-À-¸-n-¨ a-l-¯-p-¡-s-f h-m-b-n-s-¨-S-p-¡-m³ C-\-nb-p-w A-t-\-z-j-W-§-Ä A-\-n-h-m-c-y--w.h-m-b-\ H-c-p {-]-b-m-W-a-m-W-v. Z-o-À-La-m-s-b-m-c-p b-m-{-X-b-p-s-S B-Z-y-N-ph-S-p s-h-¡-m³ I-g-n-s-ª-¦-n- R-§-Ä I-r-X-m-À-Y-c-m-b-n.

A_-vZ-p Pe-o k-n±-oJ-n ]-pg-¡-m-«-nc-nFU-n-äÀ

Editori

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Ck-ve-ma-ns-â _l-p-k-zc kl-n-j-vW-p-Xs-b I-pd-n¨-v Ø-m]\-¯-ns-â {-]k-n-Uâ-v s-]-m·f A_-vZ-p J-mZ-nÀ a-pk-ve-nb-mÀ Fg-p-X-p-¶-p.

\‑nd‑§Ä t‑NÀ¶‑p \‑n¡W‑w

h-n-i-z-m-k-¯-ne-p-w B-ZÀ-i-¯-ne-p-w h-n-«-ph-o-g-v-N-b-nÃ-m-s-X X-s-¶ A-\-y-s-c DÄ-s-I-m-Å-m\-p-w A-h-t-c-m-S-v k-l-n-

j-vW-p-X ]-p-eÀ-¯-m\-p-w a-\-p-j-y-\-v I-g-n-b-p-w. h-n-i-za-m-\-h-n-I-X-¡-p-w k-m-t-l-m-Z-c-y-¯-n-\-p-w

A-S-n-¯-d ]-mI-n-b a-Xa-mW-v C-k-ve-m-w. P-mX-n-, hÀ-W-, t-K-m-{-XN-n-´-IÄ-¡-X-o-X-a-m-b-n a-\-p-j-y-s-c H-¶-m-b-n-¡-m-W-m-\-p-Å a-m-\k-n-I]-I-z-X-b-n-t-e-¡-v t-e-mI-s-¯ D-bÀ-¯-n s-I-m-ï-ph¶-X-v C-k-ve-m-a-mW-v. C-k-ve-ma-n-I k-m-t-l-m-Zc-y-w a-m-\-h-n-IX-s-b DÄ-s-I-m-Å-p-¶-n-s-ö-p-w t-I-h-e k-¦-pN-nXh-r-¯-¯-n H-X-p-§-n \-nÂ-I-p¶-X-p a-m{-Xa-ms-W¶-p-w N-n-eÀ {-]-Nc-n-¸-n-¡-m-d-pï-v. a-p-k-ve-n-w-IÄ-¡-n-S-b-n a-m-{-X-a-m-b-n k-m-t-l-mZ-c-y _-Ô-w H-X-p-§-n \-nÂ-I-p-¶-X-m-b-n C-hÀ B-t-c-m-]-n-¡-p¶-p. B-i-b Z-m-c-n{-Z-y-a-\-p`-h-n-¡-p-¶-h-c-p-s-S h-n-e-m-]-w a-m-{-X-a-m-W-nX-v. C-k-ve-m-a-n-s-\ ]T-n-¨-h-c-mc-p-w C-u B-t-c-m]-W-w D-¶-b-n-¡-m³ a-p-X-n-À-¶-n-«-nÃ.

a-\-p-j-yI-pe-s-¯ a-p-g-p-h³ k-v-t-\-l-n-¡-W-s-a-¶-m-W-v C-k-ve-m-a-n-s-â A-[-y-m-]\-w. a-\-p-j-y-X-z-¯-n-s-â t-]-c-n e`-y-a-m-t-I-ï k-v-t-\-l-w BÀ¡-p-w \-n-t-j-[-n-¡-s-¸-«-pI-q-s-S-¶-v \-n-j-v-IÀ-j-n-¡-p¶-p. C-k-ve-ma-n-I N-c-n-{-Xh-p-w ZÀ-i-\h-p-w k-w-_-Ô-n-¨-v ]T-\-w \-S-¯-p-¶-hÀ¡-v C-u kX-y-w t-_-m-[-y-s-¸-«-n-«-p-ï-v.

]-X-n-ä-m-ï-p-I-f-p-s-S ]-g-¡-a-p-Å P-oÀ-® k-w-k-v-I-m-c-¯-n-s-\-X-n-s-c-b-mW-v a-¡-b-n \_-n(k-) i-Ða-pbÀ-¯-n-bX-v. C-X-n-s-\-X-n-s-c A-k-l-n-j-v-W-p-X-m-]-ca-m-b {-]-X-n-I-c-W-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p A-t-d-_-y³ P-\-X-b-n \-n¶-p-w D-ï-m-bX-v. ]-m-c-¼-c-y-a-m-b-n e`-n-¨ B-ZÀ-i-w k-w-c-£-n-¡-m-\-p-Å X-{-X-¸-m-S-n A-hÀ k-z-´-t-¯-b-p-w _-Ô-t-¯-b-p-s-aÃ-m-w h-n-k-v-a-c-n-¡-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p. aÀ-±-\-§-f-p-s-S {-I-q-ca-m-b A-[-y-m-b-§Ä X-s-¶ A-¶-v h-n-c-N-n-X-a-mb-n.

a-¡-m-h-n-P-b-t-¯-m-s-S C-k-ve-ma-n-I{-]-Ø-m-\-¯-n-

s-â i-{-X-p-¡Ä C-S-n-s-h-t-«-äX-p-t-]-m-s-e ]I-¨-p \-n-¶-p. Z-c-n-{-Z³-, {-`-m´³-, Ih-n-, a-m-c-W¡-m-c³ X-p-S§-n-b ]-c-nl-m-k k-w-Ú-IÄ s-I-m-ï-v a-m{-X-w X-§Ä A-`-n-k-w-t-_-m[-\ s-N-b-v-X-n-c-p-¶ a-p-l½-Z-v C-X-m `-c-W-m-[-n-I-m-c-n-b-mb-n-, t-P-X-m-h-m-b-n a-p-¶-nÂ-! {-]-X-n-I-m-c-t-¯-m-s-S a-p-l½-Z-v {-]-hÀ-¯-n-¡-p-I-b-m-s-W-¦-n J-p-s-s-d-j-n-I-f-m-s-I h-[-n-¡-s-¸-S-p-w. B-b-p-Ê-n-s-e t-i-j-n-¸-p-Å \-n-a-n-j-§Ä F-®-n kÀ-Æc-p-w DÂ-I-W-vT-m-I-p-e-c-m-b-n \-nÂ-I-p-I-b-mW-v. "t-]-mI-p-I-, \-n§-s-f h-n-«-b-¨-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-p. C-¶-v b-m-s-X-m-c-p {-]-[-n-I-m-c-h-p-a-nÃ' F-¶ {-]-J-y-m]-\-w Ahs-c A-Û-p-X-k-v-X-Ð-c-m-¡-n. C-{-Xb-p-w Z-b-m-]-ca-m-b H-c-p k-a-o]-\-w G-s-X-¦-n-e-p-s-a-m-c-p t-I-{-µ-¯-n-e-p-ï-mI-pt-a-ms-b¶-v A-hÀ B-Ý-c-y-s-¸-«-p.

a-s-ä-m-c-n-¡Â {-]-h-m-N-I\-p-w k-z-l-m-_-n-If-p-w H-c-n-S-¯-n-c-n-¡-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p. H-c-p P-qX-s-â i-h-w h-l-n-¨-v s-I-m-ï-v G-X-m-\-p-w B-f-p-IÄ B h-g-n I-S-¶-p-h¶-p. \_-n(k-) B-Zc-]-qÀ-Æ-w F-g-p-t-¶-ä-p \-n¶-p. "{-]-h-m-N-I-t-c-, A-s-X-m-c-p P-qX-s-â i-h-a-m-Wt-Ã-m?' A-\-p-b-m-b-n-I-f-p-s-S k-w-ib-w. \_-n (k-) ]d-ª-p "A-s-X-m-c-p a-\-p-j-y\Ãt-b-m?' h-n-i-za-m-\-h-n-IX-¡-v A-S-n-¯-d ]-m-I-p-I-b-m-W-v C-k-ve-m-w C-h-n-s-S s-N-b-v-X-n-c-n-¡-p-¶X-v. k-m-t-l-m-Z-c-yh-p-w k-l-hÀ-¯-n-X-zh-p-a-m-W-v s-a-m-¯-w a-\-pj-y-t-c-m-S-p-w C-k-ve-m-w A-\-p-hÀ-¯-n-¡-p-¶ \-n-e-]-mS-v. "\-n-§Ä-¡-v \-n-§-f-p-s-S aX-w; F-¶-n-¡-v F-s-â aX-w-' F-¶ J-pÀ-B\-n-I h-n-f-¼-c-t-¯-m-

k‑m‑t‑l‑m‑Z‑c‑y‑¯‑n‑s‑â AÀ‑°‑X‑e§Ä

a-\-p-j-yI-pe-s-¯ a-p-g-p-h³ k-v-t-\-l-n-

¡-W-s-a-¶-m-W-v C-k-ve-m-a-n-s-â A-[-y-m-]\-w. a-\-p-j-y-X-z-¯-n-s-â t-]-c-n e`-y-a-m-t-I-ï k-v-t-\-l-w

BÀ¡-p-w \-n-t-j-[-n-¡-s-¸-«-pI-q-s-S-¶-v

\-n-j-v-IÀ-j-n-¡-p¶-p. C-k-ve-ma-n-I N-c-n-

{-Xh-p-w ZÀ-i-\h-p-w k-w-_-Ô-n-¨-v ]T-\-w \-S-¯-p-¶-hÀ¡-v

C-u kX-y-w t-_-m-[-y-s-¸-«-n-«-p-ï-v.

kze

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f-w k-l-n-j-vW-p-X h-n-f-n-t-¨-mX-p-¶ aX-§t-f-m {-]-Ø-m\-§-t-f-m D-t-ï-m?

"A-Å-m-l-p-h-n-\-v t-h-ï-n k-v-t-\-l-n-¡-p-I-, Ah-\-v t-h-ï-n s-hd-p-¡-pI'(_-p-J-mc-n-). C-k-ve-ma-n-I k-m-t-l-m-Z-c-y-¯-n-s-â A-f-h-p-t-I-m-e-m-W-nX-v. ]-c-k-v]-ca-p-Å k-vt-\-lk-m-t-l-mZ-c-y _-Ô-§-f-n C-u a-m-\-Z-Þ-a-m-b-n-c-n¡-W-w k-z-o-I-c-n-¡-s-¸-t-S-ïX-v. I-p-S-p-w-_ k-m-t-l-mZ-c-y _-Ô-§-f-p-s-S Ø-m-b-nb-m-b \-n-e-\-nÂ-]-n-\-v {-]-mt-b-mK-n-I \-nÀ-t-±-i-§Ä C-k-ve-ma-n-I {-]-a-m-W-§-f-n F-¼-m-S-p-a-pï-v. a-\-p-j-yÀ X-½-n-e-p-Å s-s-h-bà-nI _-Ô-§Ä B-t-c-m-K-y-I-c-a-m-I-p-t-¼-m-g-m-W-v \à k-a-q-lh-p-w c-m-{-ãh-p-w c-q-]-s-¸-S-p-I. C-X-\-p-k-c-n-¨-v h-y-à-n k-w-k-v-I-c-Wh-p-w I-p-S-p-w-_ `-{-Z-Xb-p-w ]-c-nc-£-n-¡-m-\-m-h-i-ya-m-b k-a-{-Ka-m-b h-y-h-Ø-n-X-n X-s-¶b-p-w C-k-ve-m-w B-h-n-j-v-I-c-n¨-p. \à h-y-à-n _-Ô-§Ä-¡-p-X-I-p-¶ FÃ-m \-nÀ-t-±-i-§f-p-w a-p-t-¶-m-«-v s-h-¡-p-¶ C-k-ve-m-w A-h t-IÄ-¡-m-h-p-¶ ]-p-g-p-¡-p-¯-p-IÄ \-nÀ-½-mÀÖ-\-w s-N-¿-m-\-p-Å ]-²-X-n-IÄ I-q-S-n \-nÀ-t-²-i-n-¡-p-¶-p.

s-I-«-p-d-¸-p-Å k-m-a-q-l-y k-r-ã-n C-k-ve-m-a-n-s-â e-£-y-a-mW-v. ]-e X-«-p-I-f-n-e-m-b-n h-n`-P-n-¡-s-¸-«-p I-g-n-ª-n-c-p-¶ {-K-q-¸-p-I-s-fb-p-w t-K-m-{-X-§-s-fb-p-w CW-¡-n I-q-«-nbX-v C-u e-£-y-¯-n-\-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. H-uk-v-, J-k-v-d-P-n-s-â s-I-m-eh-n-f-n-b-p-w t-]-mÀ-h-n-f-n-b-p-s-aÃ-m-w C-u t-a-J-e-b-n A-k-a-m-[-m-\-¯-n-s-â h-n¯-p-IÄ ]-mI-n. H-c-p X-p-S-À-¡-Y-s-b-t-¶-m-W-w \-o-ï-p-\-n-¶ k-w-L-«-\-§Ä¡-v h-n-c-m-a-w I-p-d--n¨-X-v C-k-ve-m-a-n-s-â s-F-I-y-m-l-z-m-\-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p.

Z-pÀ-h-y-b-w s-N-¿-s-¸-« b-p-h-k¼-¯-v [-mÀa-n-I]-m-X-b-n h-n\-n-t-b-m-K-n-¡-m³ C-k-ve-m-a-n-\-v I-g-nª-p. \-mS-p-w h-oS-p-w A-h-K-W-n-¨-v h-n-i-z-m-k k-w-c-£-W-¯-n\-v l-nP-v-d \-S¯-n-b B-Z-À-i[-oc-s-c A-\-´-c-h-I-m-i-a-S-¡-a-p-Å B-\-p-I-q-e-y-§Ä \Â-I-n k-z-o-I-c-n-¡-m³ a-m-{-X-a-p-Å h-ni-m-e t-_-m-[¯-n-t-e¡-v H-u-k-n-t-\b-p-w J-k-v-d-P-n-t-\-b-p-w C-k-ve-m-w B-\-b-n-¨-p.

A-³-k-z--mc-n-IÄ(k-l-m-b-nIÄ-) F-¶-d-n-b-s-¸-S-p-¶ aZ-o-\ a-p-k-ve-n-w-IÄ C-k-ve-ma-n-I k-m-t-l-m-Z-c-y-¯-n-s-â P-o-hÂ{-]-X-o-I-§-f-m-b-n-c-p¶-p. h-n-«-ph-o-g-v-N-b-nÃ-m¯ BZÀ-i s-F-I-y-a-mW-v C-u _-Ô-¯-n {-]-I-S-a-m-I-p-¶X-v. C-X-c N-n-´-m [-m-c-I-f-n \-n-¶-v C-k-ve-m-a-n-s-\ h-y-X-n-c-n-à-a-m-I-p-¶X-p-w C-u

B-ZÀs-s-iI-ya-mW-v.P-·-w s-I-m-ï-v Bc-p-w I-p-ä-h-m-f-n-I-f-m-I-p-¶-n-

s-Ã-¶-v C-k-ve-m-w k-n-²-m-´-n-¡-p¶-p. FÃ-m-hc-p-w i-p-² {-]-I-r-X-n-b-n-e-m-W-v P-\-n-¡-p-¶X-v. I-m-e-´-c-¯-n I-p-S-p-w-_ k-m-l-N-c-y-§-t-f-m at-ä-m Ah-s-\ \-n-t-j[¯-n-t-e-¡-v \-b-n-¡-p¶-p. A-a-p-k-ve-n-w I-p-S-p-w-_-¯-n ]-n-d-¶ I-p-ª-p§-s-f ]-m-]-a-p-à-s-c-¶-v h-n-t-i-j-n-¸-n-¡-m³ C-k-ve-m-w a-S-n-¨-p \-n-¶-nÃ. {-]-X-nI-q-e k-m-l-N-c-y-§Ä B I-p-«-n-¡-v A-\-p-`-h-s-¸-S-m-s-X h-¶-m A-h³ X-u-l-o-Z-n-s-â h-m-l-I-\-m-b-n h-fc-p-I X-s-¶ s-N-¿-p-w.

C-k-ve-ma-n-I B-ZÀ-i-§-f-n \-n-e-b-p-d-¸-n-¡-p-t-¼-m-s-gÃ-m-w C-u k-m-t-l-mZ-c-y _-Ô-w a-p-k-ve-n-w-IÄ-¡-n-S-b-n \-n-e\-nÂ-t-¡-ïX-p-w B-ZÀ-i-t-¯-m-S-v ]-p-d-w X-n-c-n-ª-v \-nÂ-¡-p¶h-s-c hÀ-P-n-¡-m³ C-u k-m-t-l-mZ-c-y _-Ô-w X-S-Ê-a-m-b-n I-q-S-m-¯-X-p-a-m-W-v.

J-pÀ-B³ ]-db-p¶-p: "k-X-y-s-¯ b-Y-m-h-n-[-n h-n-i-z-k-n-¡-p-¶-hÀ kt-l-m-Z-c-§-f-mW-v. A-X-n-\-m \-n-§-f-p-s-S k-t-l-m-Z-c-§Ä-¡-n-S-b-n K-p-W-w s-N-¿-pI' (l-p-P-p-d-m-¯-v-). BZÀ-i k-m-t-l-m-Zc-y-w X-s-¶-b-m-W-v J-pÀ-B³ k-q-N-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶X-v. H-t-c B-ZÀ-i-¯-n h-n-i-z-k-n-¡-p-¶ a-p-k-ve-n-w-IÄ X-½-n-e-p-Å _-Ô-§Ä \-· \-n-d-ª-X-m-b-n-c-n-¡-W-s-a-¶-X-mW-v C-u k-q-à-w B-l-z-m-\-w s-N-¿-p-¶X-v.

B-ZÀ-i-m-[-nã-n-X s-F-I-y-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p H-uk-v-, J-k-vd-P-v t-K-m{-X-§s-f ]ck-v]c-w CW-¡-n-b-X-v. A-s-X-m-c-p c-m-{-ã-o-b k-Ô-n-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-nÃ. a-l-¯-m-b C-k-ve-ma-n-I ZÀ-i-\-¯-n C-hÀ X-½-n-

C-k-ve-ma-n-I B-ZÀ-i-§-f-n \-n-e-b-p-

d-¸-n-¡-p-t-¼-m-s-gÃ-m-w C-u k-m-t-l-mZ-c-y _-Ô-w a-p-k-ve-n-w-IÄ-¡-n-S-b-n \-n-e\-nÂ-t-¡-ïX-p-w B-ZÀ-i-t-¯-m-S-v ]-p-d-w X-n-c-n-ª-v \-nÂ-¡-p¶h-s-c hÀ-P-n-¡-m³ C-u

k-m-t-l-mZ-c-y _-Ô-w X-S-Ê-a-m-b-n I-q-S-m-

¯-X-p-a-m-W-v.

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e-pÅ s-s-h-c-y-w a-ª-p-I-W-§-f-m-b-n a-m-d-n. J-pÀ-B³ ]-d-b-p-¶-p: -"`-q-a-n-b-n-e-p-Å-s-XÃ-m-w h-y-b-w s-N-b-v-X-m t-]-me-p-w A-h-c-p-s-S l-r-Z-b-§Ä C-W-§-p-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-nÃ. F-¦-ne-p-w A-Å-m-l-p A-hÀ-¡-n-S-b-n C-W-¡-n-b-n-c-n-¡-p¶-p. A-h³ t-b-m-K-y\-p-w X-{-´-Ú-m-\-n-b-pa-s-{-X.-'(A³-^-mÂ-)

s-F-I-yh-p-w k-m-t-l-m-Z-c-y-h-p-w I-m-¯-p k-q-£-n-¡-m-\-p-Å h-yàa-m-b B-l-z-m-\-w J-pÀ-B³ ]-e X-h-W B-hÀ-¯-n¨-X-p I-m-W-m-w. C-c-p-ï I-m-e-L-«-¯-n \-n-e-\-n-¶-n-c-p-¶ FÃ-m X-c-w ̀ -n-¶-X-If-p-w ad-¶-v a-p-k-ve-n-wI-s-f H-¶-m-¡-nb-X-v BZÀ-i_-Ô-a-mW-v. C-u _-Ô-w H-c-n-¡e-p-w h-n-t-O-Z-n-¡-s-¸-S-c-p-s-X-¶-v J-pÀ-B³ A-S-n¡S-n H-mÀ-½-s-¸-S-p-¯-p¶-p. "A-Å-m-l-p-h-n-s-â ]-m-i-w \-n-§Ä a-p-d-p-s-I ]-n-S-n-¡-p-I-, \-n-§Ä ̀ -n-¶-n-¡-c-pX-v-, \-n-§Ä i-{-X-p-¡-f-m-b-n-c-p-¶-t-¸-mÄ \-n-§-f-p-s-S l-r-Z-b-§Ä-¡-n-S-b-n C-W¡-n-b A-Å-m-l-p-h-n-s-â A-\-p-{-Kl-s-¯ k-v-a-c-n-¡-p-I. A§-s-\ A-Å-m-l-p-h-n-s-â A-\-p-{-K-l-¯-m \-n-§Ä k-t-l-m-Z-c-§f-mb-n.-'(B-e-p-C-w-d-m³-)

l-_-ve-v (]-mi-w-) F-¶ J-pÀ-B\-n-I k-w-Ú AÃ-m-l-p a-\-p-j-yt-e-m-I-¯-n-\-v k-aÀ-¸-n-¨ ZÀ-i-\-t-¯-b-m-W-v k-q-N-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶X-v. B-ZÀi-s-¯ b-Y-m-h-n-[-n DÄ-s-I-m-Å-p-I-, A-X-n-s-â hà-m-¡-f-p-a-mb-n s-F-I-y-s-¸-S-p-I-, A-X-n-s-â i-{-X-p¡-s-f hÀ-P-n-¡-p-I-, A-hÀ A-It-¯-m ]-p-dt-¯-m B-Is-«.

k-v-t-\-l-¯-n-t-âb-p-w t-{-I-m-[-¯-n-t-â-b-p-s-aÃ-m-w A-S-n-Ø-m-\-w A-Ã-m-l-ph-p-w {-]-h-m-N-I-\-p-a-m-b-n-c-n-¡-W-s-a-¶-v C-k-ve-m-a-n-\-v \-nÀ-_-Ô-a-pï-v. a-p-k-ve-n-w-IÄ-¡-n-S-b-n-e-p-Å k-m-t-l-m-Z-c-y-w- s-I-mï-pÅ h-n-h-£b-p-w C-X-p X-s-¶-b-mW-v. C-k-ve-ma-n-s-â

t-e-_-e-ns-e¶ h-y-mt-P\ P-o-h-n-¡-p-¶-h-t-c-m-s-SÃ-m-w k-u-l-r-Z-¯-n hÀ-¯-n-¡-W-s-a-¶-v a-X-w I-e-v-]-n-¡-p-¶-nÃ. _-l-n-j-v-I-c-n-t-¡-ï-n h-¶-m A-X-m-I-m-s-a-¶-v X-s-¶-b-m-W-v aX]-mT-w.

G-s-X-m-c-p {-]-Ø-m-\-¯-n\-p-w H-c-p e-£-yh-p-w A-X-n-¶-m-b-n k-z-o-I-c-n-¡-s-¸-S-p-¶ ]-c-n-]-m-S-n-I-f-p-a-p-ï-m-I-p-w. C-X-n-s-\-X-n-s-c _-Z t-c-J H-c-p-¡-p-¶-hÀ- k-z-m-`-m-h-n-I-a-mb-p-w _-l-n-j-v-I-r-X-c-m-h-p-w. \_-n(k-) ]-d-ª-p: "F-\-n-¡-v t-h-ï-n ]-c-k-v]-c-w k-µÀi-\-w \-S-¯-p-¶-hÀ F-s-â X-r-]-v-X-n-¡À-l-c-mW-v. F-\-n-¡-v t-h-ï-n Z-m-\-w \Â-I-p-¶-hc-p-w F-s-â X-r-]-v-X-n-¡À-l-c-mW-v. F-\-n-¡-v t-h-ï-n ]-c-k-v]-c-w k-l-m-b-n-¡-p-¶-h-c-p-a-m-b-n Fs-â k-v-t-\-l-w _-Ô-s-¸-«-n-c-n-¡-p¶-p.-'(l-Z-o-k-v-)

c-ï-v s-s-I-I-t-f-m-S-m-W-v \_-n(k-) a-p-k-ve-n-wI-s-f D-]-a-n-¨X-v. A-X-n H-¶-v a-s-ä-m-¶-n-s-\ I-g-pI-n-s-I-m-S-p-¡-p¶-p. a-p-A-v-a-n-\-p-IÄ ]-c-k-v]-c-w H-c-p s-I-«-n-S-w- t-]-m-s-e-b-m-s-W-¶-v a-s-ä-m-c-n-¡Â ]-d-b-p-I-b-p-ï-mb-n. B s-I-«-n-S-¯-n-s-â ̀ -n-¯-n a-s-ä-m-¶-n-\-v X-m-§-m-b-n hÀ-¯-n-¡-p¶-p. \_-n(k-) A-h-n-S-p-s-¯ h-n-c-e-p-IÄ ]-c-k-v]-c-w t-I-mÀ-¯-p I-m-W-n-¨-p s-I-m-ï-m-W-v C-{-]-I-m-c-w A-c-pÄ s-N-b-v-X-X-v.

C-k-ve-ma-n-I k-m-t-l-mZ-c-y h-y-h-Ø-n-X-n t-Ih-e-w \-n-b-a-§Ä a-m-{-XaÃ. A-s-X-m-s-¡b-p-w {-]-t-b-mK-hÂ-¡-c-n-¨ H-c-p-¯-a k-a-q-l-¯-n-s-â N-c-n{-X-w A-\-n-t-j[-ya-m-w h-n-[-w t-c-J-s-¸-«-p I-n-S-¡-p-t-¼-mÄ Ah-s-b t-I-h-e \-nÀ-t-±-i-§Ä a-m-{-X-a-m-b-n A-h-K-W-n-¡-p-h-m³ k-m-[-yaÃ.

C-_-v-\-p D-aÀ(d-) ]-d-b-p¶-p: "Hc-n-¡Â H-c-m-«-n³X-e \_-n(k-)b-ps-S A-\-pb-m-b-n-I-f-n H-c-mÄ-¡-v ]-m-c-n-t-X-m-j-n-I-a-m-b-n \Â-I-s-¸«-p. X-Z-hk-c-w A-t-±-l-w ]d-ª-p F-s-â a-s-ä-m-c-p k-t-l-m-Zc-¶-v F-t-¶-¡-mÄ C-X-m-h-i-y-a-mW-v. A§-s-\ l-Z-nb B k-t-l-m-Zc-\-v A-b-¡-s-¸«-p. A-b-mÄ l-Z-nb-¡-v X-t-¶-¡-mÄ A-Àl-\-m-b-n a-s-ä-m-c-m-s-f \-nÀ-t-±-i-n¨-p. A-b-mÄ a-s-ä-m-c-ms-f. A-t-±-l-w a-s-ä-m-c-m-s-f. C-{-]-I-m-c-w G-g-v t-]-s-c k-a-o-]-n-¨-v B-«-n³ X-e B-Z-y-s-¯ h-y-à-n-b-n-t-e-¡-v X-s-¶ X-n-c-n-¨-p h-¶-p.'

C-k-ve-ma-n-I k-m-t-l-m-Z-c-y-¯-n-\-v {-]-I-S-a-m-b D-Z-m-l-c-W-a-m-W-o k-w-`h-w. "k-z-´-¯-n-\-n-ã-s-¸«-X-v X-s-â k-t-l-m-Zc-\-v C-ã-s-¸S-p-I-'F-¶ {-]-h-m-N-I]-mT-w A-£-c-mÀ-°-¯-n \-S-¸-m-h-p-I-b-m-W-n-h-n-s-S.

C-k-ve-ma-n-I k-m-t-l-mZ-c-y h-y-h-Ø-n-X-n t-Ih-e-w \-n-b-a-§Ä a-m-{-XaÃ. A-s-X-m-s-¡b-p-w

{-]-t-b-mK-hÂ-¡-c-n-¨ H-c-p-¯-a k-a-q-l-¯-n-s-â N-c-n{-X-w A-\-n-t-j[-ya-m-w

h-n-[-w t-c-J-s-¸-«-p I-n-S-¡-p-t-¼-mÄ Ah-s-b t-I-h-e \-nÀ-t-±-i-§Ä a-m-{-X-a-m-b-n A-h-K-W-n-¡-p-h-m³

k-m-[-yaÃ.

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a-m-\-h k-a-q-l-w H-c-p I-q-«-m-b-v-a-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p. ]-n-¶-o-S-v AhÀ `-n-¶-n¨-p. (b-q-\-pk-v-). "`-q-t-e-m-I-w H-c-p X-d-h-mS-v-' C-k-ve-m-a-n-s-â I-m-g-v-N-¸-m-S-v A-X-mW-v. C-k-ve-m-a-n-s-â B-l-z-m-\-§Ä H-c-p {-]-t-X-y-I h-n-`-m-K-t-¯-m-S-m-b-n-c-p-¶-nÃ. A-X-v a-m-\-h-n-I-k-a-q-l-t-¯-m-S-m-b-n-c-p¶-p. hÀ-¤ h-À® {-[-p-h-o-I-c-W-¯-n k-m-a-ql-n-I X-fÀ-¨ t-\-c-n-«-t-¸-m-s-gÃ-m-w C-k-ve-m-a-n-s-â a-m-\-pj-n-I I-m-g-v-N-¸-m-S-p-IÄ t-e-m-I-¯-v s-h-f-n-¨--w h-n-X-d-n-b-n-«-pï-v.

G-X-v h-n`-m-K-¯-n s-]-«-h\-p-w a-\-p-j-yX-z-w h-I-s-h-¨-v s-I-m-S-p-¡-m³ X-¿-m-d-m-b-X-m-W-v ]-e-t-¸-m-g-p-w C-k-ve-m-a-n-s-â h-fÀ-¨-¡-v \-n-a-n-¯-a-m-bX-v. C-k-v e-m-a-n-s-â k-vt-\-lk-¼-¶a-m-b h-n-f-n t-IÄ-¡-m³ t-e-m-I-¯-p-Å aÀ±-n-X N-qj-n-X P-\ h-n-`-m-K-w \-nÀ-_-Ô-nX-c-m-h-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p. {-]-X-o-£-t-b-m-s-S I-S-¶-p-h-¶-hÀ-¡-v t-hï-{-X h-n-`-h-§Ä \Â-I-m-\-p-w C-k-ve-m-a-n-\-v I-g-nª-p. {-]-I-r-X-n-]-ca-m-b \-y-q-\-X-I-f-p-s-S t-]-c-n a-\-p-j-y³ A-h-a-X-n-¡-s-¸-S-p¶-X-v {-I-q-c-X-b-mW-v. s-N-¿-m-¯ s-X-ä-n-s-â t-]-c-n Bc-p-w i-n-£-n-¡-s-¸-S-c-pX-v. C-u XX-z-w {-]-m-hÀ¯-n-I c-wK-¯-v a-m-X-r-I-IÄ k-r-ã-n-¨-p s-I-m-ï-v X-s-¶ \_-n(k-) ]T-n-¸-n-¨-p.

]-c-k-v]-c-w t-]-m-c-S-n-¨ k-a-q-l§-s-f C-k-ve-m-w s-F-I-y-¯-n-s-â a-m-e-b-n t-I-mÀ-¯-n-W¡-n. a-Z-o-\-¡-mÀ¡-p-w a-¡-¡-mÀ-¡-p-a-n-S-b-n C-k-ve-m-w Ø-m-]-n-¨ k-m-t-l-mZ-c-y_-Ô-w \-n-k-v-X-p-ea-m-b H-c-p N-c-n-{-X-m-[-y-m-b-a-mW-v. A-_-q-_-¡À k-n-²-oJ-v(d-) C-k-ve-ma-n-I c-m-{-ã-¯-n-s-e H¶-m-w J-e-o-^. DaÀ (d-) C-k-ve-ma-n-I N-c-n-{-X-¯-n-s-e A-Z-z-n-X-ob³. c-ï-p t-]-c-p-a-S-§-p-¶ t-h-Z-n-b-n-t-e-¡-v \-o-t-{-K-m A-S-n-a-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶ _-n-e-mÂ(d-) IS-¶-p h-c-p¶-p. \_-n (k-) ]-dª-p. F-g-p-t-¶Â-¡-p-I-, \-n-§-f-p-s-S t-\-X-m-h-n-s-\ B-Z-c-n-¡-p-I-, _-n-e-m (d-) s-\ _-l-p-a-m-\-n-¡-m³ k-z-n-²-oJ-p-w D-a-d-p-w (d-) a-p-t-¶-m-«-p h-c-p¶-p. A-X-n-s-\ {-]-h-m-N-IÀ \-_-n (k-) B-l-z-m-\-w s-N-¿-p¶-p. I-d-p-¯h-s-\ k-v-]À-j-n-¨-m I-p-f-n-¡-p-¶ B-[-p\-n-I a-\-p-j-y-\-v F-´-v a-m-\-pj-n-I a-q-e-y-§-f-m-W-v B-h-I-m-i-s-¸-S-m-\-p-ÅX-v. F-´-v k-m-t-l-mZ-c-y t-_-m-[-a-m-W-p-Å-X-v?

P-m-X-n-b-p-w-, hÀ-®h-p-w h-n-e-b-n-c-p-¯-n a-\-p-j-y-s-\ A-f-¡-p¶ s-s-Z-h-§Ä k-a-q-l-¯-n-s-e B-V-y³-a-m-c-p-s-S k-r-ã-n-b-s-{-X. aX-s-¯ N-q-ï-n A-[-I-r-X hÀK-s-¯ N-qj-W-w s-N-b-v-X-hÀ-¡-v s-s-Z-h-§-s-f A-h-X-c-n-¸-n-¡Â H-c-m-h-

i-y-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. a-p-¶-q-ä-n-a-p¸X-v a-n-Ã-y¬ s-s-Z-h§-s-f B-c-m-[-n-¡-p-¶ C-´-y³ k-a-q-l-¯-n-\-v B s-s-Z-h-§Ä A-X-m-X-p I-me-s-¯ N-q-j-t-W-m-]-m-[-n-I-f-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p-s-h-¶-X-m-W-v b-m-Y-mÀ-X-y-w. a-X-¯-n-s-â t-]-c-n-e-p-Å N-q-jW-s-¯ I-p-d-n-¨-v J-pÀ-B³ ]-e-b-n-S-¯-m-b-n {-]-X-n-]-m-Z-n-¨-n-«-pï-v. C-e-m-l-o h-N-\-§Ä b-t-Y-ã-w a-m-d-p-Ib-p-w P-\-¯-n-s-â I-®-n \-n-¶-v a-d¨-p ]-n-S-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w s-Nb-v-X ]-p-t-c-ml-n-X hÀK-s-¯ J-pÀ-B³ IÀi-\-a-m-b X-m-¡-oX-v s-N-¿-p-¶-pï-v. A-Ã-m-l-p-h-n-s-â h-N-\-§Ä-¡-v X-p-¨a-m-b h-n-e-b-o-S-m-¡-n Ah-s-b h-n-I-r-X-a-m-¡-m³ {-i-a-n-¨ ]-u-t-c-m-l-n-X-y-¯-n-s-\-X-n-s-c J-pÀ-B³ ià-a-m-b a-p-¶-d-n-b-n-¸-v \Â-I-n-b-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-p.

\_-n(k-) H-c-n-¡Â ]d-ª-p: -’R-m³ k-zÀ-K-¯-n-e-q-s-S \-S-¡-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p. F-s-â a-p-¼-n H-c-p I-me-S-n i-Ð-w t-I-«-p. A-X-v _-n-e-m-e-m-b-n-c-p¶-p. _-n-e-mÂ-, X-m-¦Ä F-´-v \-·-b-m-W-v {-]-t-X-y-I-a-m-b-n s-N-¿-p¶X-v? _-n-e-m {-]-X-n-hN-n-¨-p. R-m³ A-w-K-i-p²-n (h-p-f-qA-v-) h-c-p¯-n-b DS-s-\ ]-X-n-h-m-b-n c-ï-p d-I-vA-X-v \-n-k-v-I-c-n-¡-m-d-pï-v-’. A-Ã-m-l-p-h-n-s-\ A-d-n-b-p-I-, B-c-m-[-n¡-p-I C-X-m-W-v Ø-m-\-a-m-\-§-f-p-s-S a-m-\-Z-Þ-a-m-b-n C-k-ve-m-w I-m-W-p-¶X-v. A-d-_-n-¡-v A-\-d-_-n-t-b-¡-mÄ Ø-m-\-a-nÃ. s-h-f-p-¯-h\-p-w I-d-p-¯-h\-p-w X-p-e-y-w. A-Ã-m-l-p c-q-]k-u-µ-c-y-§-f-n-t-e-¡-v t-\-m-¡-p-¶-nÃ. \-n-§-f-p-s-S l-r-Z-b-§-f-n-t-e-¡-m-W-v Ah-s-â {-i-². A-h-n-s-S {-]-I-m-i-w D-s-ï-¦-n i-c-o-c-¯-n-s-â hÀ-® k-u-µc-y-w A-X-n-\-v ]-c-n-l-m-c-h-p-aÃ. AÀ-°-i-¦-¡-n-S-b-nÃ-m-¯ h-n-[-w C-X-v ]-d-b--p-t-¼-mÄ a-\-p-j-y-s-\ A-w-K-o-I-c-n-¡-p-I-b-m-W-v C-k-ve-m-w.

_-n-e-m I-d-p-¯-h-\-m-b-n-c-p¶-p. A-S-n-a-b-m-b-n-

t-e-mI-s-¯ H-c-p I-p-S-p-w-_-a-m-b-n A-h-X-c-n-¸-n-¡-m³ a-m{-X-w k-m-t-l-mZ-c-yt-_-m-[-w DÄ-s-I-m-ï

a-X-as-{-X C-k-ve-m-w. ]-c-k-v]-c-w I-S-n-¨-p I-o-d-p¶ t-e-m-I a-m-\-h-n-IX-s-b h-n-f-n-¨-v J-pÀ-B³ A-k-v-]-r-i-y-X-s-¡-X-n-s-c

B-l-z-m-\-w a-p-g¡-n. ‑’H‑m‑, a‑m‑\‑h‑k‑a‑q‑

lt‑a‑, X‑oÀ‑¨‑b‑mb‑p‑w \-n§-s-f k-r-ã-n-

¨-n-c-n-¡-p¶-X-v Hc-p B-W-n \-n¶-p-w s-]-®-n \-n-¶-p-w BW-v. \-n§-s-f

t-K-m-{-X-§f-p-w h-n-`-m-K-§-f-p-a-m-b-n t-hÀ-X-n-c-n¨-X-v ]-c-k-v]-c-w X-n-c-n-¨-d-n-h-n-\-v t-h-ï-n

a‑m‑{‑X‑w.‑’

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c-p¶-p. Gt-X-m k-¼¶-s-â A-t-\-I-w I¨-h-S N-c-¡-p-I-f-n H-¶-p-a-m-{-X-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. ]s-£-, i-àa-m-b BZÀ-ik-w-l-n-X-b-p-s-S X-W-e-n _-n-e-m hf-¶-v \-_-n(k-) a-p-³]-n-e-q-s-S k-zÀK t-e-mI-¯-v \-S-¡-m³ A-t-±-l-¯-n-\-v A-hk-c-w e-`-n¨-p.

C-k-ve-ma-n-I N-c-n-{-X-¯-n-s-e h-g-n¯-n-c-n-h-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p a-¡-m-h-n-Pb-w. I-p-^-v-d-v A-S-n-bd-h-v ]-d-ª k-µÀ`-w. b-p-K-§-f-m-b-n I-p-^-v-d-n-s-â I-d ]-pc-ï-v \-n-¶ I-A-v-_-m-e-b-¯-n-s-â s-\-d-p-I-b-n \-n-¶-v A-Ã-m-l-p-h-n-s-â a-lX-z-w {-]-J-y-m-]-n-¡-m³ X-n-c-s-ª-S-p-¡-s-¸«-X-v _-n-e-mÂ(d-) B-b-n-c-p¶-p. A-k-v-]-ri-y-X F-h-ns-S? B-V-y-X-z-`-m-h-s-a-h-ns-S? C-k-ve-m-a-ne-p-w P-m-X-n B-t-c-m-]-n-¡-m³ {-ia-n-¡-p-¶-h-c-pï-v. C-hÀ C-k-ve-m-w ]T-n-¡s-«. ]T-n¨-h-s-c-m-s-¡b-p-w C-k-ve-m-w ]-p-ÂI-p-¶ I-m-e-a-m-W-nX-v. a-p-g-p-h³ h-n-aÀ-i-Ic-p-w C-k-ve-m-a-n-s-â X-p-d-¶ ]-p-k-vX-I-w h-m-b-n-¡-p-I. ]-n-s-¶ h-n-aÀ-i-I-c-p-ï-m-I-nÃ.

t-e-mI-s-¯ H-c-p I-p-S-p-w-_-a-m-b-n A-h-X-c-n-¸-n-¡-m³ a-m{-X-w k-m-t-l-mZ-c-yt-_-m-[-w DÄ-s-I-m-ï a-X-as-{-X C-k-ve-m-w. ]-c-k-v]-c-w I-S-n-¨-p I-o-d-p¶ t-e-m-I a-m-\-h-n-IX-s-b h-n-f-n-¨-v J-pÀ-B³ B-k-v-]-r-i-y-X-s-¡-X-n-s-c B-l-z-m-\-w a-p-g¡-n. -’H-m-, a-m-\-h-k-a-q-lt-a-, X-oÀ-¨-b-mb-p-w \-n§-s-f k-r-ã-n-¨-n-c-n-¡-p¶-X-v Hc-p B-W-n \-n¶-p-w s-]-®-n \-n-¶-p-w BW-v. \-n§-s-f t-K-m-{-X-§f-p-w h-n-`-m-K-§-f-p-a-m-b-n t-hÀ-X-n-c-n¨-X-v ]-c-k-v]-c-w X-n-c-n-¨-d-n-h-n-\-v t-h-ï-n a-m-{-X-w.-’ H-t-c Z-¼-X-n-I-f-p-s-S k-´-m-\-§-f-m-W-v a-\-p-j-yÀ F-¶ DÂ-t-_-m[-\-¯-n-e-q-s-S kÀÆ-{-X I-p-S-n-e-X-I-t-fb-p-w s-]-m-f-n-¨-v \-o-¡-n-b-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-p C-k-ve-m-w.

t-e-m-I-w H-c-p I-p-S-p-w-_-a-mW-v. H-t-c a-m-X-m]-n-X-m-

¡-f-p-s-S k-´X-n-IÄ. C-u B-l-z-m-\-¯-n-s-â ]-p-eÀ¨-¡-v a-m-{-X-s-a B-[-p\-nI t-e-mI-s-¯ c-£-s-¸-S-p-¯-m³ k-m-[-n-¡-p-I-b-p-Å-q. -’t-e-m-It-a-, X-d-h-mS-v-’ F-¶ k-m-w-k-v-I-mc-n-I N-n-´-b-n-t-e-¡-v t-e-m-I-w F-¯-n-t-¨-cW-w. a-\-p-j-yI-s-¯ a-p-g-p-h³ _-p-²-n-]-c-a-m-b-n DÄ-s-I-m-Å-m\-p-w t-\-X-rX-z-w \Â-I-m-\-p-w X-m-X-z-n-I-a-m-b-n C-k-ve-m-a-n-\-v a-m-{-X-t-a I-g-n-b-p-I-b-pÅ-q. kX-y-w C-\-nb-p-w F-´-n-\-p ad-¨-p ]-n-S-n-¡-W-w?

FÃ-m a-\-p-j-y-c-p-t-Sb-p-w e£-y-w H-¶-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p-I. a-mÀ-K-¯-ne-p-w s-F-I-y-s-¸-S-p-I. FÃ-m-hÀ¡-p-w \-n-b-a-\-nÀ-a-m-W-w \-S-¯-p¶-X-v {-kã-m-h-m-b-n-c-n-¡s-«. P-m-X-n-b-p-t-Sb-p-w P-· \-y-q-\-X-I-f-p-t-Sb-p-w t-]-c-n Bc-p-w A-h-a-X-n-¡-s-¸-S-c-pX-v. G-I-X-b-p-t-Sb-p-w k-m-t-l-m-Z-c-y-¯-n-t-âb-p-w F-äh-p-w a-n-I-¨ N-n-{-X-a-m-W-v C-k-ve-m-w C-h-n-s-S A-h-X-c-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶X-v. G-I a-mÀ-K-t-¯b-p-w G-I {-kã-m-h-n-t-\b-p-w A-w-K-o-I-c-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w h-W-§-p-Ib-p-w s-N-¿-p¶ t-e-m-I-a-m-\-h-n-I-X A-hÀ-®-\-o-b-a-m-b A-\-p`-h-a-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p-w. C-h-n-s-S-b-m-W-v t-e-mI-w s-F-I-y-s-¸-S-p-I. G-I I-p-S-p-w-_-w F-¶ k-z-]-v-\-w ]-p-e-c-p-I.

h-nh-n-[ k-w-k-v-I-m-c-§Ä-¡-n-S-b-n \-n-e-\-nÂ-I-p-¶ G-I-I-a-m-W-v a-\-p-j-y-X-z-w. FÃ-m-h-c-me-p-w A-w-K-o-I-c-n-¡-s-¸-S-p-t-¼-mÄ \-m-\-m-X-z-¯-n G-IX-z-w ]-p-eÀ-¯-m-s-\-¦-ne-p-w t-e-m-I-¯-n-\-v k-m-[-n-¡-p-w. ]-s-£ ]-pX-nb t-e-m-I-{-I-a-w C-u k-n-²-m´-s-¯ ad-¨-p ]-n-S-n-¨-p s-I-m-ï-m-W-v c-q-]-s-¸-S-p-¯-n-b-n-c-n-¡-p-¶X-v. `-q-h-n-X-m-\-¯-n-s-â h-nh-n-[ X-e-§-f-n \-n-¶-v D-b-c-p-¶ Z-o-\-t-c-mZ-\-w a-c-h-n-¨ a-m-\-pj-nI t-_-m-[-s-¯-b-m-W-v {-]-I-S-a-m-¡-p-¶X-v. C-h-n-s-S a-\-p-j-yX-z-w I-n-«-m-¡-\-n-b-m-I-p¶-p. B-t-K-m-f P-\X-¡-v K-p-c-p-X-ca-m-b ]-m-f-n-¨-IÄ k-w`-h-n-¨--nc-n-¡-p-¶-p. k-a-m-[-m-\-¯-n-s-â h-o-«-n-t-e-¡-p-Å A-Ã-m-l-p-h-n-s-â £-W-w DÄ-s-I-m-Å-p-t-h-mf-w C-u Z-p-c-h-Ø \-n-c-´c-w B-hÀ-¯-n-¡-s-¸«-p-s-I-mï-n-c-n-¡-p-w. H-c-Z-r-i-y i-à-n-b-n-e-p-Å h-n-i-z-m-kh-p-w `-b-h-p-a-m-W-v a-\-p-j-y-s-\ k-w-k-v-I-c-n-¡-pI. C-u h-n-i-z-m-k-¯-n-\-v ]-p-g-p-¡--p-t-¯Â-I-p-t-¼-mÄ GI-X-m t-_-m-[-w X-I-c-p-I-b-p-w A-k-v-]-ri-y-X D-S-s-e-S-p-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-N-¿-p¶-p. A-X-n-\-m k-m-t-l-m-Z-c-y-¯-n-s-â ]-qÀ-®a-m-b ]-p-eÀ-¨ k-m-[-y-a-m-¡-m³ C-k-ve-m-a-n-s-â h-n-f-n-t-IÄ-¡-p-I. CÃ-m-¯-hÀ a-\-p-j-y-X-z-s-¯ A-h-a-X-n-¡-m-X-n-c-n-¡-pI.

FÃ-m a-\-p-j-y-c-p-t-Sb-p-w e£-y-w

H-¶-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p-I. a-mÀ-K-¯-ne-p-w s-F-I-y-s-¸-S-p-I. FÃ-m-

hÀ¡-p-w \-n-b-a-\-nÀ-a-m-W-w \-S-¯-p¶-X-v {-kã-m-h-m-b-n-c-n-¡s-«.

P-m-X-n-b-p-t-Sb-p-w P-· \-y-q-\-X-I-f-p-t-Sb-p-w t-]-c-nÂ

Bc-p-w A-h-a-X-n-¡-s-¸-S-c-pX-v.

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]‑q t‑]‑ms‑e Ck‑ve‑m‑w -

"h-nc-n-ª-p-\-n¡-p¶ ]\-n-\-oÀ]-q Iï-n«-nt-Ã?I-mW-m-s-\-´-g-I-m-W-v. AX-n-t-e-s-d-b-mW-v k-pK-Ô-w.

]-q¼-m-ä-IÄ ]d-¶-S-p¯-p hc-p-w-,]X-n-s-b-b-n-c-p¶-v a[-p-\-p-I-c-p-w.-'

AgI-p-w Aa-r-X-p-a-p-Å-n-S¯-v Bf-p-I-q-S-p-¶-X-n\-v Bs-cb-m ]g-n-t-¡-ïX-v ?

H-c-p I-Y ]-d-ª-p-s-I-m-ï-m-W-v X-p-S-§-p-¶-X-v. I-Y-, F-¶-p ]-d-ª-m H-c-p s-X-½-m-S-n-I-q-

«-¯-n-s-â I-Y-b-m-W-v. B-f-p-IÄ A-h-s-c s-h-d-p-¯-p a-m-ä-n-\-nÀ-¯-n. I-m-c-W-w A-hÀ s-X-½-m-S-n-I-f-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p F-¶-X-p-X-s-¶-! k-I-e-c-m-e-p-w I-s-¿-m-g-n-¡-s-¸-«-hÀ £-b-n-¨-p X-o-c-p-I-b-m-W-v t-h-ï-X-v. ]-t-£-, C-h-n-s-S C-X-m H-c-Û-p-X-w-! s-X-½-m-S-n-I-q-«-¯-n-s-â A-w-K k-w-J-y s-]-c-p-I-p-¶-p. -"I-m-¡ I-m-¡-b-v-s-¡-m-¸-w-, X-¯ X-¯-b-v-¡-p-w' F-¶ \-n-b-a-{-]-I-m-c-w C-u Z-p-ã--t-N-c-n-b-n-t-e-¡-v H-c-p-]-m-S-v s-X-½-m-S-n-IÄ I-b-d-n-¡-q-S-n F-¶-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p-w \-n-§Ä h-n-N-m-c-n-¡-p-¶-X-v. ]-t-£-, k-w-`-h-n-¨-X-X-Ã. s-I-m-Å-m-h-p-¶-X-p-w ]T-n-¸-p-Å-h-c-p-w a-m-\-y³-a-m-c-p-a-m-b B-f-p-I-f-m-W-v N-o-¯ K-m-w-M-n-s-\ X-S-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-X-v. C-s-X-´-X-n-i-b-w _-m-¸-m? I-Y \-nÀ-¯-p-I-b-m-W-v . I-m-c-y-¯-n-t-e-¡-v I-S-¶-p h-c-n-I. t-e-m-I-s-¯ F-ä-h-p-w h-r-¯-n-s-I-«-, A-]-c-n-j-v-I-r-X-c-m-b-, {-I-q-c-c-m-b BÄ-¡-mÀ B-c-m-s-W-¶-v ]-S-n-ª-m-«-p-I-m-c-t-\-m-S-v t-N-m-Z-n-¨-mÂ-, A-h³ k-z-m-`-m-h-n-I-a-m-b-n ]-d-b-p-I ]-u-c-k-v-X-yÀ F-¶-m-W.-v B ]-u-c-k-v-X-y-c-n F-ä-y-h-p-w

s-\-d-n-s-I-« hÀ-K-w G-X-m-W-¶-h-t-\-m-S-v t-N-m-Z-n-¨-m a-p-k-v-e-n-w-IÄ F-¶-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p-w A-X-n-\-p-¯-c-w. I-m-c-W-w-, H-c-p i-c-m-i-c-n b-q-t-d-m-]-y-s-â X-e-t-¨-m-d-n I-p-c-n-i-p-b-p-²-w I-mÀ-¡-n-¨-p-X-p-¸-n-b h-w-i-o-b h-n-t-Z-z-j-¯-n-s-â t-N-m-c-¡-^-w ]-SÀ-¶-p I-n-S-¸-p-ï-v. A-b-mÄ I-m-W-p-¶-X-n-e-p-w t-IÄ-¡-p-¶-X-n-e-p-w h-m-b-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-e-p-w A-\-p-`-h-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-e-p-s-a-Ã-m-w A-¯-c-s-a-m-c-p h-n-t-c-m-[-¯-n-s-â h-n-j-w A-S-n-ª-p I-q-S-p-¶-p-ï-v F-¶-v h-c-p-t-¼-mÄ-, A-§-s-\ \-n-c-o-£-n-¡-p-¶ H-c-p i-c-m-i-c-n b-q-t-d-m-]-y-s-â I-m-g-v-N-¸-m-S-n-e-Ã-, a-d-n-¨-v A-b-m-s-f B-I-a-m-\-w h-c-n-ª-p-I-n-S-¡-p-¶ P-o-h-n-X-k-m-l-N-c-y-¯-n-s-â k-m-I-e-y-¯-n-e-m-W-v s-s-h-d-k-v _-m-[ F-¶- \-a-p-¡--v X-n-c-n-¨-d-n-b-m-\-m-h-p-w.

]-d-ª-p h-c-p-¶-X-v--, B h-n-k-v-a-b-s-¯ ]-ä-n-b-m-W-v. h-n-IÀ-j-W-¯-n-s-â k-I-e k-m-[-y-X-I-f-p-w A-W-n-\-n-c-¶-n-«-p-w-B-IÀ-j-n-¡-s-¸-S-p-I. H-c-p I-m-´-¯-n-s-â k-P-m-X-n-b {-[-p-h-§Ä- ]-c-k-v-]-c-w X-Å-n-b-I-ä-p-I-b-m-W-v s-N-¿-p-I. ]-t-£-, C-h-n-s-S-b-n-X-m X-S-n a-d-¶-v s-I-«-n-¸-n-S-n-¡-p-¶-p. C-X-X-n-i-b-a-t-Ã-m-! a-p-k-v-e-n-w F-¶-m {-I-q-c-\-m-W-v-,

i‑c‑n I‑s‑@‑¯‑n‑b A‑t‑\‑z‑j‑W‑h‑g‑n‑IÄ

s-s-^-k A-l-v-k-\-n D-f-n-b-nÂ

P-o-h-n-X-¯-n A-h-n-N-m-c-n-X-a-m-b-n h-¶-p-s-]-S-p-¶ k-m-l-N-c-y-§-f-n \-n-¶-v C-k-v-e-m-a-n-t-e-¡-v I-®-p-X-p-d-¶-v I-n-«-n-b F-{-X-t-b-m _-p-²-n-P-o-h-n-I-f-p-ï-v. H-c-m-f-p-s-S s-]-c-p-a-m-ä-w-, H-c-p h-m-¡-v-, H-c-p A-`-n-k-w-t-_-m-[-\ F-¶-n-s-X-m-s-¡ I-g-¼-p-Å a-\-Ê-p-I-f-n I-¼-\-w k-r-ã-n-¡-p-¶-p A-hÀ A-X-n-s-â ]-n-¶-m-s-e A-t-\-z-j-n-¨-e-b-p-¶-p. H-S-p-¡-w Z-o-\-n-s-â X-n-c-p-a-p-ä-¯-v A-hÀ

s-N-¶-p t-N-c-p-¶-p.

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s-I-m-e-b-m-f-n-b-m-W-v-, s-I-m-Å-¡-m-c-\-m-W-v-, \-c-t-`-m-P-n-b-m-W-v-, I-m-a-{-`-m-´-\-m-W-v-, h-n-{-K-l-]-q-P-I-\-m-W-v F-Ã-m-ä-n-\-p-d ]-p-d-t-a X-o...

X-o.... X-o-{-h-h-m-Z-n-b-m-b X-o-s-¡-m-Å-n-b-m-W-v. A-§-s-\-b-p-Å a-p-kÂ-a-m³-a-m-s-c ]-S-¨-p-h-n-S-p-¶ B-ZÀ-i A-¨-v C-k-v-e-m-a-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p-a-t-Ã-m. C-k-v-e-m-a-n-t-e-¡-v-, B a-p-k-v-e-n-w P-o-h-n-X-§-f-n-t-e-¡-v A-t-X ]-m-Ý-m-X-y-c-n-s-e _-p-²-n-b-p-w h-n-h-c-h-p-a-p-Å a-p-´-n-b a-\-p-j-yÀ H-¶-n-\-p ]-n-d-s-I H-¶-m-b-n I-S-¶-p-h-c-p-¶-p F-¶-p-Å-X-v C-u Z-p-\-n-b-m-h-n-s-e F-ä-h-p-w h-e-n-b A-X-r-¸-w X-s-¶-b-s-Ã? C-k-v-e-m-w B-ß-m-h-n-s-\-b-p-w a-\-k--n-t-\-b-p-w F-¶-t-]-m-s-e _-p-²-n-t-b-b-p-w ]-c-n-W-b-n-¡-p-¶-p-ï-v. _-p-²-n-¡-v C-k-v-e-m-w ]-q-¼-m-ä-¡-v ]-q F-¶ t-]-m-s-e-b-m-W-v.- B h-n-SÀ-¶-p \-nÂ-¡-p-¶-X-v a-qÀ-J³ ]-m-¼-n-s-â ^-W-a-m-s-W-¶-p-w A-X-n-\-I-¯-v I-m-W-p-¶ k-zÀ-®-{-Z-h-w X-\-n h-n-j-a-m-s-W-¶-p-w B-s-c-Ã-m-w F-{-X-s-b-Ã-m-w H-¨-b-n I-m-d-n-b-m-e-p-w ]-q-¼-m-ä I-q-f-m-b-n B ]-q-h-n s-N-¶-n-c-p-¶-v t-X³ s-a-m-¯-p-w. C-u-s-b-m-c-p {-]-m-]-©-n-I b-Y-mÀ-°-y-a-m-W-v t-e-m-I-¯-n-¶-v \-S-¡-p-¶-X-v.

C-k-v-e-m-a-n-t-e-¡-p-Å ]-m-Ý-m-X-y-c-S-¡-a-p-Å _-p-²-n-a-X-n-I-f-p-t-S-b-p-w s-k-e-n-{-_-

ä-n-I-f-p-t-S-b-p-w I-q-«-a-m-b I-S-¶-p-h-c-h-n-s-â B-¡-w I-q-S-n-b-n-«-p-ï-v. A-X-n-\-v ]-e P-m-X-n I-m-c-W-§Ä D-ï-v. C-k-v-e-m-a-n-I a-n-j-\-d-n-b-p-s-S {-]-hÀ-¯-\-w B-W-X-v F-¶-v ]-d-b-m³ e-Ö t-X-m-¶-p-¶-p. I-m-c-W-w H-c-p t-e-m-I a-p-k-v-e-n-w I-m-g-v-N-¸-m-S-v c-p-]-o-I-c-n-¨-v C-k-v-e-m-a-n-s-\ t-Z-i-m-´-c-o-b h-r-¯-¯-n h-n-\-n-a-b-w s-N-¿-p-¶-X-n-\-v ]-I-c-w ]-e-P-m-X-n {-K-q-]-v-k-p-I-f-p-w D-]-{-K-q-]-v-k-p-I-f-p-a-m-b-n h-n-L-S-n-¨-v \-n-¶-v X-½-n X-Ã-p-¶-X-m-W-v a-p-k-v-e-n-w t-e-m-I-s-¯ H-c-p I-m-g-N. C-X-p-w I-q-S-n t-NÀ-¯-v h-m-b-n-¡-p-t-¼-mÄ t-\-c-s-¯ \-m-w t-\-m-«-a-n-« B A-X-r-]-¯-n-s-â X-S-n-I-q-S-n-h-c-n-I-b-m-W-v s-N-t-¿-ï-X--v. I-m-c-W-w Z-mÀ-i-\-n-I-a-m-b-n C-k-v-e-m-a-n-s-â k-u-`-m-K-y-w t-_-m-[-y-s-¸-« H-c-mÄ a-p-k-v-e-n-w t-e-m-I-¯-n-s-â hÀ-¯-a-m-\ Ø-n-X-n-I-f-n-t-e-¡-v I-®-v ]-m-b-n-¨-t-¸-mÄ \-n-c-m-i t-X-m-¶-p-¶-p-I-b-p-w h-¶-X-n-t-\-¡-mÄ t-h-K-¯-n X-n-c-n-t-¨-m-S-p-I-b-p-a-m-W-v t-h-ï-X-v. ]-t-£-, D-d-¨ A-I-¡-m-¼-p-Å H-c-p a-X-¯-n-s-â s-X-m-e-n-¸-p-d-¯-v I-m-W-s-¸-S-p-¶ t-]-m-d-e-p-IÄ A-h-s-c A-t-e-m-k-c-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶-n-Ã.

a-d-IÄ A-d-n-h-p \Â-I-p-¶ A-Û-p-X-a-m-W-v h-m-k-v-X-h-¯-n C-k-v-e-m-a-n-s-â I-m-c-y-¯-n \-S-¡-p-¶-X-v. a-\-k--n-e-m-b-n-Ã-!? H-c-p h-k-v-X-p-h-n-s-\ B-f-p-I-m-W-m-s-X a-d-¨-p ]-n-S-n-¡-m-\-m-W-v \-m-w a-d-s-b-m-c-p-¡-p-¶-X-v. ]-t-£-, a-d-IÄ k-w-i-b-§Ä k-r-ã-n-¡-p-¶-p. X-r-j-v-W-s-b I-p-e-p-¡-n-b-p-WÀ-¯-p-¶-p. A-§-s-\ A-t-\-z-j-W-X-z-c C-e-\-o-«-n ]-q-h-n-S-p-¶-p. C-k-v-e-m-a-n-s-â N-n-Ó-§-s-f \-n-t-c-m-[-n-¡-m-\-p-w B-N-m-c-§-s-f A-S-n-s-¨-m-X-p-¡-m-\-p-s-a-m-s-¡-b-p-Å {-i-a-§Ä h-mÀ-¯-I-f-n C-S-w-]-n-S-n-¡-p-¶-p . `-o-I-c-c-m-b a-p-k-v-e-n-w-I-f-p-s-S t-_-m-w-_-p-hÀ-j-§-f-p-w N-t-h-d-m-{-I-a-W-§-f-p-w N-m-\-e-p-I-f-n s-]-m-S-n-s-]-m-S-n-¡-p-¶-p. C-X-m-W-v a-d-IÄ. C-k-v-e-m-a-n-I t-e-m-I-s-¯-b-p-w ]-m-Ý-m-X-y-t-e-m-I-m-s-¯-b-p-w A-SÀ-¯-n \-nÀ-¯-m-\-p-Å a-d-I-f-m-b-n-«-p X-s-¶-b-m-W-v C-h ]-d-b-p-¶-X-v. ]-p-d-s-a-, N-n-e I-¨-h-S B-i-b-§-f-p-a-p-ï-v. ]-t-£-, C-u a-d-I-f-m-W-v-, _-p-²-n-P-o-h-n-IÄ-¡-v k-X-y-¯-n-t-e-¡-v h-g-n I-m-W-n-¡-p-¶ t-I-m-¼-k-m-b-n hÀ-¯-n-¡-p-¶-X-v. A-X-n-s-â G-ä-h-p-w D-¯-a-a-m-b D-Z-m-l-c-W-a-m-W-v-, b-n-t-h-m¬ d-n-U-v-e-n. s-k-]-v-X-w-_À 11 s-e a-p-k-v-e-n-w `-o-I-c-m-{-I-W-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p d-n-U-v-e-n-b-p-s-S I-m-c-y-¯-n t-\-c-s-¯ ]-d-ª a-d. A-§-s-\ a-d-¡-I-¯-p-s-]-« d-n-U-v-e-n X-m-e-n-_-m-s-â s-s-I-I-f-n-e-m-W-I-s-¸-«-X-v. ]-¯-p Z-n-h-k-w P-b-n-e-n I-g-n-ª-p. A-^-v-K-m³ P-\-X-b-p-s-S a-\-k-v-^-S-n-I-w A-hÀ t-\À-¡-p t-\À I-ï-p. A-hÀ J-pÀ-B³ ]T-n-¨-p. I-m-c-y-§-f-p-s-S I-n-S-¸-v A-hÀ-¡-v ]-n-S-p-¯-w I-n-«-n. A-h-c-n-§-p t-]-m-¶-p. h-k-v-X-p-X-IÄ X-n-c-n-¨-p-w a-d-n-¨-p-w h-n-i-I-e-\-w s-N-b-v-X-t-¸-mÄ a-X-{-]-t-_-m-[-\-¯-n -"a-d'IÄ s-N-¿-p-¶ ]-¦-hÀ-¡-v a-\-Ê-n-e-m-b-n. H-c-`-n-a-p-J-¯-n A-h-c-m-I-m-c-y-w t-e-m-I-t-¯-m-S-v- ]-¦-p-s-h-¨-p. t-e-m-I-¯-v C-k-v-e-m-s-a-¶-p-w J-pÀ-B³ F-¶-p-w a-p-l-½-s-Z-¶-p-w k-w-K-X-n-IÄ D-s-ï-¶-v t-e-m-I-s-c A-d-n-b-n-¡-m³ H-c-p \-n-Z-m-\-w t-h-t-ï? A-X-m-W-n-s-X-Ã-m-w... s-k-]-v-X-w-_À k-w-

{-^-©-v I-½-y-q-W-n-Ì-v ]-mÀ-«-n-b-p-s-S k-pÀ-

P-n-¯-m-b-n-c-p-¶ d-P-m-K-t-c-m-U-n-b-m-W-v C-u h-n-¹-h-I-m-c-n. I-t-¯-m-

e-n-¡-m a-X-¯-n-s-â I-Å-¯-c-§-f-p-w P-q-X-c-p-a-m-b-n A-h-

c-p-ï-m-¡-p-¶ A-W-n-b-d-¯-«-n-¸-p-I-f-p-s-S I-]-S-X-I-f-p-w s-N-d-p-¸-¯-n-t-e t-\-c-n-«-\-p-`-h-n-¨ K-t-c-m-U-n-b-p-s-S D-Å-v A-S-p-¸-p-t-]-m ]-p-I-b-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. t-a-m-N-\-h-p-w i-m-

´-n-b-p-w A-t-\-z-j-n-¨-p-Å A-e-¨-n-e-nÂ

F-f-p-¸-w s-N-s-¶-¯-n-b-X-v I-½-y-q-W-n-Ì-v ]-mÀ-«-n-b-n-e-m-b-n-c-p-

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`-h-¯-n-\-v t-i-j-w-, {-_-n-«-\-n a-m-{-X-w 14-,000 t-]À C-k-v-e-m-w k-z-o-I-c-n-¨-X-m-b-n d-n-U-v-e-n \-n-c-o-£-n-¨-p. A-h-c-X-v ]-d-ª-n-«-v ]-¯-v s-I-m-Ã-w ]-n-s-¶-b-p-w I-g-n-ª-p.

P-o-h-n-X-¯-n A-h-n-N-m-c-n-X-a-m-b-n h-¶-p-s-]-S-p-¶ C-¯-c-w k-m-l-N-c-y-§-f-n \-n-¶-v C-k-v-e-m-a-n-t-e-¡-v I-®-p-X-p-d-¶-v I-n-«-n-b F-{-X-t-b-m _-p-²-n-P-o-h-n-I-f-p-ï-v H-c-m-f-p-s-S s-]-c-p-a-m-ä-w-, H-c-p h-m-¡-v-, H-c-p A-`-n-k-w-t-_-m-[-\ F-¶-n-s-X-m-s-¡ I-g-¼-p-Å a-\-Ê-p-I-f-n I-¼-\-w k-r-ã-n-¡-p-¶-p A-hÀ A-X-n-s-â ]-n-¶-m-s-e A-t-\-z-j-n-¨-e-b-p-¶-p. H-S-p-¡-w Z-o-\-n-s-â X-n-c-p-a-p-ä-¯-v A-hÀ s-N-¶-p t-N-c-p-¶-p.

a-X-§Ä X-½-n X-½-n A-`-n-{-]-m-b-§-f-p-w B-ZÀ-i-h-n-aÀ-i-\-§-f-p-w D-ï-m-h-p-I F-¶-X-v k-m-[-m-c-W-b-m-W-v. ]-t-£-, a-X-§Ä-¡-n-S-b-n a-\-p-j-y-_-m-l-y-a-m-b H-c-p X-e-¯-n \-n-¶-v s-I-m-ï-v a-\-p-j-y-s-\ \-n-b-{-´-n-¡-p-¶ H-c-p P-o-h-n-X h-y-h-Ø t-h-W-s-a-¶-p-w {-]-]-©-§Ä-¡-p ]-n-¶-n-s-e i-à-n-b-m-b-n \-n-e-s-I-m-Å-p-¶ s-s-Z-h-s-a-t-¶-m a-t-ä-m h-y-h-l-c-n-¡-s-¸-S-p-¶ H-c-m-k-v-X-n-I-y-a-p-s-ï-¶-X-p-w kÀ-Æ k-½-X-a-m-W-v. F-¶-m a-\-p-j-y-s-\ ]-Z-mÀ-° t-e-m-I-¯-v A-S-n-s-¨-m-X-p-¡-p-I-b-p-w A-h³-s-d B-ß-o-b A-t-\-z-j-W-§-s-f ]-m-t-S A-S-n-¨-p X-IÀ-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-N-¿-p-¶ `-u-X-n-I {-]-Ø-m-\-§Ä a-X-s-¯ DÄ-s-I-m-Å-m-t-\ C-Ã. ]-d-ª-p h-c-p-¶-X-v A-§-s-\-b-p-s-Å-m-c-p a-X-h-n-c-p-² s-N-¼³ {-]-Ø-m-\-¯-n³-s-d s-]-m-f-n-ä-v _-y-q-t-d-m B-Ø-m-\-¯-p-w ]-mÀ-e-s-aâ-v k-`-b-n-e-p-w C-c-n-¡-p-¶ H-c-mÄ-, ]-m-Ý-m-X-y-t-e-m-I-w

]-n-´-n-c-n-¸³ F-¶-v ]-d-ª-v A-]-l-k-n-¨ H-c-p a-X-¯-n-t-e-¡-v a-mÀ-K-w I-q-S-p-I-b-p-w B a-X-¯-n³-s-d a-m-\-h-n-I-h-p-w B-[-y-m-ß-n-I-h-p-a-m-b t-]-m-c-n-i-IÄ h-¼³ _-p-¡-p-I-f-m-¡-n t-e-m-IÀ-¡-m-I-a-m-\-w h-m-b-n-¡-m-\-m-h-p-w h-n-[-w A-S-n-¨-n-d-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-N-¿-p-¶-X-v A-Û-Û-p-X-I-c-a-m-b-n t-X-m-¶-p-¶-n-t-à \-n-§Ä-¡-v? C-s-Ã-¦-n t-X-m-¶-W-w-!

{-^-©-v I-½-y-q-W-n-Ì-v ]-mÀ-«-n-b-p-s-S k-pÀ-P-n-¯-m-b-n-c-p-¶ d-P-m-K-t-c-m-U-n-b-m-W-v C-u h-n-¹-h-I-m-c-n. I-t-¯-m-e-n-I-v a-X-¯-n-s-â I-Å-¯-c-§-f-p-w P-q-X-c-p-a-m-b-n A-h-c-p-ï-m-¡-p-¶ A-W-n-b-d-¯-«-n-¸-p-I-f-p-s-S I-]-S-X-I-f-p-w s-N-d-p-¸-¯-n-t-e t-\-c-n-«-\-p-`-h-n-¨ K-t-c-m-U-n-b-p-s-S D-Å-v A-S-p-¸-p-t-]-m ]-p-I-b-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. t-a-m-N-\-h-p-w i-m-´-n-b-p-w A-t-\-z-j-n-¨-p-Å A-e-¨-n-e-n F-f-p-¸-w s-N-s-¶-¯-n-b-X-v I-½-y-q-W-n-Ì-v ]-mÀ-«-n-b-n-e-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p.

H-cÀ-°-¯-nÂ-, A-¶-s-¯ k-m-l-N-c-y-¯-n A-X-n-\À-l-X-s-¸-«-X-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p B {-]-Ø-m-\-w. a-m-\-h-n-I h-n-c-p-²-a-m-b a-X-i-m-k-\-I-f-p-w N-q-j-W-m-[-n-j-vT-n-X-a-m-b ^-y-q-U ̀ -c-W-I-q-S-h-p-w I-ï-p-a-p-«-p-¶ I-{-X-n-I-m-h-m-b-v-¡-p-Å-n N-¦-v \-o-«-n-I-n-S-¸-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p A-¶-s-¯ s-]-m-X-p-k-a-q-l-w. A-S-n-¨-aÀ-¯-p-¶-hÀ-s-¡-X-n-s-c N-q-ï-p-h-n-

X-o-{-h-h-m-Z-n-b-m-b X-o-s-¡-m-Å-n-b-m-W-v. A-§-s-\-b-p-Å

a-p-kÂ-a-m³-a-m-s-c ]-S-¨-p-h-n-S-p-¶ B-

ZÀ-i A-¨-v C-k-v-e-m-a-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p-a-t-Ã-m.

C‑k‑v‑e‑m‑a‑n‑t‑e‑¡‑v‑, B a-p-k-v-e-n-w P-o-h-n-X-§-f-n-t-e-¡-v A-t-X ]-m-Ý-m-X-y-c-n-s-e _-p-²-n-b-p-w h-n-h-c-h-p-a-p-Å a-p-´-n-b a-\-p-j-yÀ H-¶-n-\-p ]-n-d-s-I

H-¶-m-b-n I-S-¶-p-h-c-p-¶-p F-¶-p-Å-X-v C-u Z-p-\-n-b-m-h-n-s-e F-ä-

h-p-w h-e-n-b A-X-r-¸-w X-s-¶-b-s-Ã?

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c-e-p-bÀ-¯-m-\-p-w A-{-I-a-§Ä-s-¡-X-n-s-c B-t-{-I-m-i-n-¡-m-\-p-w A-hÀ-¡-v \-m-¡-p-w h-m-¡-p-w \Â-I-n-b-X-v C-u {-]-Ø-m-\-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p . X-\-n `-u-X-n-I-X-b-n-e-[-n-j-vT-n-X-a-m-b-n-c-p-s-¶-¦-n-e-p-w a-m-\-h-t-a-m-N-\-¯-n-s-â h-n-¹-h-K-o-X-§-f-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p A-¶-X-v A-e-d-n-¸-m-S-n-b-X-v. B-b-X-v-s-I-m-ï-v X-s-¶-, a-\-p-j-y {-]-hÀ-¯-I-c-p-w _-p-²-n-P-o-h-n-I-f-p-w k-m-l-n-X-y-I-m-c³-a-m-c-p-w A-X-n-t-\-m-s-S-m-«-n \-nÂ-¡-p-I -F-¶ H-c-p {-]-h-W-X A-¶-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. C-u \-n-e-I-s-f-Ã-m-w s-h-¨-p-t-\-m-¡-p-t-¼-mÄ I-p-c-n-i-p a-X-¯-n \-n-¶-p-w s-N-¼-mÀ-«-n-b-n-t-e-¡-p-Å H-c-m-f-n-s-â a-X-w-a-m-ä-w A-{-X-b-v-¡-v A-X-r-]-I-c-s-a-m-¶-p-a-Ã. ]-t-£-, I-m-c-y-w I-n-S-¡-p-¶-X-X-n-s-e-m-¶-p-a-à s-N-a-¶ h-n-¹-h-¯-n³-s-d D-Å-p ]-c-n-t-i-m-[-n-¨-t-¸-m-g-m-W-v-, K-t-c-m-U-n-¡-v H-m-¡-m-\-w h-¶-X.-v A-I-w {-Z-h-n-¨ A-X-n-s-\ \-n-e-¯-n-«-v K-t-c-m-U-n X-n-c-n-t-ª-m-S-n B H-m-«-w H-S-p-¡-w C-k-v-e-m-a-n-s-e-¯-n-b-t-¸-m-g-m-W-v A-b-mÄ-¡-v i-z-m-k-w t-\-s-c h-o-W-X-v.

`-u-X-n-I-X-t-b-b-p-w B-ß-o-b-X-t-b-b-p-w a-m-{-´-n-I-a-m-b X-e-¯-n k-½-n-{-i-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶ C-k-v-e-m-a-n-s-â h-n-i-z-m-k-a-o-a-m-w-k K-t-c-m-U-n-¡-v \-t-Ã-m-W-w ]-ä-n. A-X-n-s-\ a-m-t-d-m-S-W-¨-X-p-a-Ã-, s-\-©-p-I-o-d-n D-Å-n ]-q-g-v-¯-n-, A-i-v-l-Z-p-A³-e-m.... \-n-c-h-[-n Z-mÀ-i-\-n-I {-K-Ù-§Ä A-t-±-l-w t-e-m-I-¯-n-\-v \Â-I-n. ]-S-n-ª-m-d³ ]-p-k-v-X-I N-´-I-f-n K-t-c-m-U-n B-h-n-t-b-m-s-S h-n-ä-g-n-¡-s-¸-«-p. t-\-m-¡-W-w-, H-c-p a-X-s-a-m-Ã-b-p-s-S B-ß-o-b {-]-`-m-j-W-w a-p³-h-n-[-n-I-t-f-m-s-S X-«-n-a-m-ä-s-¸-S-m-\-n-S-b-p-Å H-c-n-S-¯-v B-Z-y-w {-I-n-k-v-X-y-m-\-n-b-p-w ]-n-s-¶ I-½-y-q-W-n-Ì-p-w B-b H-c-p s-k-e-n-{-_-n-ä-n Z-o-\-n Z-A-v-h \-S-¯-n ]-S-n-ª-m-d-n-s-â I-®-p X-p-d-¸-n-¡-p-¶-X-v.

N-p-ä-p-]-m-S-p-I-t-f-m-S-v I-e-l-n-¨-m-W-v C-u P-q-X³-s-d h-fÀ-¨-b-p-ï-m-b-X-v. P-o-h-n-X-w D-u-c-p s-X-ï-m-\-p-w A-e-b-m-\-p-w t-h-ï-n D-c-p-¡-n-¡-f-ª t-e-m-I-s-¯ A-©-p-t-]-s-c s-X-s-c-s-ª-S-p-¡-p-I-b-m-s-W-¦-n A-X-n-s-e-m-¶-m-b-n s-h-b-v-k-n-s-\ t-NÀ-t-¯-]-ä-q. ]-m-Ý-m-X-y³ c-m-P-y-§-f-n-s-e k-¼-¶-X-b-p-w h-n-I-k-t-\-m-·-p-J-X-b-p-w s-h-b-v-k-n-s-\ D-u-ä-w s-I-m-Å-n-¨-p-s-h-¦-n-e-p-w A-h-n-S-p-s-¯ a-p-J-§-f-n X-f-w s-I-«-n \-n-¶ k-¦-S-\-n-c-m-i-I-f-p-s-S B-g-s-¯-¸-ä-n-b-p-Å A-t-\-z-j-W-w s-h-b-v-k-n-s-\ A-k-Z-m-¡-n a-m-ä-n (e-n-t-b-m-t-]-mÄ-k-v s-h-b-v-k-v S-p a-p-l-½-Z-v A-k-Z-v-) A-k-Z-n-s-\ F-ä-h-p-w {-`-a-n-¸-n-¨-X-v A-d-_-v \-m-S-p-I-f-p-s-S J-Z-p-h-n-b³ P-o-h-n-X-§-f-m-W-v. \-n-j-v-I-f-¦-c-m-b

a-\-p-j-y-c-p-s-S a-ª-p-t-]-m-e-p-Å a-\-k--p-w ]-q-t-]-m-s-e-b-p-Å s-]-c-p-a-m-ä-h-p-w A-k-Z-n-s-\ a-c-p-`-q-a-n-b-p-s-S I-m-a-p-I-\-m-¡-n. A-t-d-_-y³ a-W-e-m-c-W-y-¯-n-e-q-s-S A-k-Z-v A-e-ª-p. A-e-ª-p F-¶-v ]-d-ª-m s-h-Å-h-p-w A-¸-h-p-w I-n-«-m-s-X h-g-n-b-p-w Z-n-i-b-p-w A-d-n-b-m-s-X-b-p-Å b-Y-mÀ-°-a-m-b A-e-¨-nÂ. A-X-n-\-n-s-S a-WÂ-I-m-ä-v h-o-i-n-b-S-n-¨-p. h-s-¶-¯-n-b I-m-e-S-b-m-f-§-s-f-s-b-Ã-m-w A-X-v a-m-b-n-¨-p. C-S-X-p `-m-K-¯-p-Å a-WÂ-I-q-\-s-b B I-m-ä-v a-m-d-¯-v X-«-n h-e-¯-v h-i-¯-v s-I-m-ï-n-«-p. I-m-ä-n-s-â D-u-ä-w I-q-S-n a-WÂ-I-m-ä-n-s-â X-o-j-v-W-X-b-n P-o-h-n-X-w C-X-m X-oÀ-s-¶-¶-p I-c-p-X-n a-c-n-¡-m-\-m-b-n a-®-n ]-½-n I-n-S-¶-p. B-S-p P-o-h-n-X-h-p-w I-\-y-m-h-\-§-f-p-w (]-p-\-¯-n-e-n-s-â I-W-¡-p-I-Y-) ]-n-d-¡-p-¶-X-n-s-â F-{-X-t-b-m a-p-¼-v ̂ -n-£-s-\ t-X-mÂ-¸-n-¡-p-¶ I-mÂ-]-\-n-I ̀ -m-j-b-n A-k-Z-v X-s-â P-o-h-n-X I-Y-s-b-g-p-X-n (Z t-d-m-U-v S-p a-¡-). a-m-¸-n-f P-o-h-n-X-¯-n-s-â ]-p-®-p-IÄ a-m-{-X-w t-X-S-n-\-S-¡-m-d-p-Å F-w F³ I-m-c-È-c-n ]-t-£ A-X-n-a-t-\-m-l-c `-m-j-b-n A-X-n-s-\ a-e-b-m-f-s-¸-S-p-¯-n-b-n-«-p-ï-v. C-k-v-e-m-a-n-s-â B-ß-o-b k-u-µ-c-y-s-¯ ]-S-n-ª-m-d³ `-u-X-n-I s-s-h-I-r-X-¯-n³-s-d t-a D-c-¨-v I-m-W-n-¨-p X-c-p-¶-X-m-W-v A-X-nâ B-J-y-m-\-w. C-k-v-e-m-w k-z-o-I-c-n-¨-v H-c-n-S-s-¯-m-X-p-§-n-b-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-v ]-I-c-w X-m³ I-s-ï-¯-n-b ]-q-t-´-\-n-s-\ k-l-P-o-h-n-IÄ-¡-v I-m-W-n-¨-p-s-I-m-S-p-¡-p-¶ N-p-h-S-p s-h-¸-p-I-f-m-b-n k-aÀ-

`-u-X-n-I-X-t-b-b-p-w B-ß-o-b-X-t-b-

b-p-w a-m-{-´-n-I-a-m-b X-e-¯-n k-½-n-{-i-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶

C-k-v-e-m-a-n-s-â h-n-i-z-m-k-a-o-a-m-w-k K-t-c-m-U-n-¡-v \-t-Ã-m-W-w ]-ä-n.

A-X-n-s-\ a-m-t-d-m-S-W-¨‑X‑p‑a‑Ã‑, s‑\‑©‑p‑I‑o‑d‑n D‑Å‑n ]‑q‑g‑v‑¯‑n‑, A-i-v-l-Z-p-A³-e-m.... \-n-c-h-[-n Z-mÀ-i-\-n-I {-K-Ù-§Ä A-t-±-l-w t-e-m-I-¯-n-\-v \Â-I-n. ]-S-n-ª-m-

d³ ]-p-k-v-X-I N-´-I-f-n K-t-c-m-U-n

B-h-n-t-b-m-s-S h-n-ä-g-n-¡-s-¸-«-p.

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¸-n-¡-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p B i-n-ã P-o-h-n-X-w. A-k-Z-v A-e-ª-X-v k-w-k-v-I-m-c-§-f-p-t-S-b-p-w \-m-

K-c-n-I-X-I-f-p-t-S-b-p-w B-ß-m-h-p-I-f-n-e-q-s-S-b-m-s-W-¦-n i-m-k-v-{-X-¯-n-s-â-b-p-w a-X-a-o-a-m-w-k-I-f-p-t-S-b-p-w l-r-Z-b-h-o-Y-n-I-f-n-e-p-s-S X-¸-n-\-S-¶ B-f-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p t-a-m-d-o-k-v _-p-¡-m-b-n. s-s-h-Z-y-i-m-k-v-{-X-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p _-p-¡-m-b-n-b-p-s-S X-e-t-¨-m-d-n-s-â-b-p-w D-Z-c-¯-n-s-â-b-p-w B-l-m-c-w. P-o-h-n-X-¯-n-s-â a-[-y-m-Ó-w h-s-c N-n-I-n-Õ-h-r-¯-n-I-f-n-e-p-w a-X-NÀ-¨-I-f-n-e-p-w A-e-ª-p I-n-S-¶ _-p-¡-m-b-n-b-p-s-S a-\-Ê-n ]-t-£ N-n-e t-X-\-o-¨-¡-p-¯-p-I-f-p-s-S I-S-¨-n A-h-t-i-j-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-p. X-m³ h-n-i-z-k-n-¨-v t-]-m-c-p-¶ a-X-ZÀ-i-\-¯-n-s-â k-n-²-m-´-§-f-p-w X-m³ s-s-I-I-m-c-y-w s-N-¿-p-¶ h-n-Ú-m-\-i-m-k-v-{-X-¯-n-s-â X-c-§-f-p-w X-½-n-e-p-ï-m-b D-c-k-e-n \-n-¶-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p _-p-¡-m-b-n-b-p-s-S N-n-´-b-v-¡-v X-o-]-n-S-n-¨-X-v.

B-i-b-k-w-h-m-Z-a-m-W-v Z-mÀ-i-\-n-I B-i-z-m-k-¯-n-s-â H-ä-a-q-e-n F-¶-v X-n-c-n-¨-d-n-ª _-p-¡-m-b-n Z-o-\-h-p-a-m-b-n X-s-¶ I-m-W-m³ h-c-p-¶ t-c-m-K-n-I-f-p-a-m-b-n Z-mÀ-i-\-n-I B-i-b-§Ä ]-¦-v s-h-¡-m³ X-p-S-§-n. _-p-¡-m-b-n-b-p-s-S t-c-m-K-n-I-f-n \-s-Ã-m-c-p-]-ä-w a-p-k-v-e-n-w-IÄ D-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p F-¶-X-v N-c-n-{-X-]-c-a-m-b H-c-p \-n-t-b-m-K-a-m-b-n t-h-W-w I-c-p-X-m³. A-h-t-c-m-S-p k-w-k-m-c-n-¨-X-p-w _-p-¡-m-b-n-b-p-s-S I-®-p X-Å-n-t-¸-m-b-n. R-m-s-\-´-v A-_-²-§-f-m-W-v a-\-k--n-e-m-¡-n s-h-¨-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-X-v? s-O... s-O. A-b-mÄ-¡-v X-t-¶-m-S-p-X-s-¶ ]-p-Ñ-w t-X-m-¶-n-t-]-m-I-p-¶-X-p-a-m-b B-N-m-c-a-p-d-I-f-p-w A-k-w-_-Ô-a-m-b h-n-i-z-m-k-k-w-l-n-X-I-f-p-w DÄ-s-¡-m-Å-p-¶ H-c-p P-m-X-n I-m-«-p-a-X-s-a-¶-m-W-v A-t-±-l-w C-k-v-e-m-a-n-s-\ I-p-d-n-¨-v I-c-p-X-n-s-h-¨-n-c-p-¶-X-v. A-X-v H-c-p _-p-¡-m-b-n-b-p-s-S a-m-{-X-w h-n-N-m-c-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p F-¶-v \-n-§Ä s-X-ä-n-²-c-n-¡-c-p-X-v. a-d-n-¨-v-, ]-S-n-ª-m-d-n-s-â s-a-m-¯-w h-n-N-m-c-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. A-X-§-s-\ B-b-n-¯-oÀ-¶-X-Ã. I-c-p-X-n-¡-p-«-n B-¡-n-¯-oÀ-¯-X-m-W-v. A-X-v C-k-v-e-m-a-n-s-â t-]-m-c-m-b-v-a-b-Ã. {-]-X-y-X-, a-p-k-v-e-n-w-I-f-p-s-S t-\-c-m-w-h-n-[-a-p-Å {-]-X-n-t-c-m-[-¯-n-s-â A-`-m-h-w k-r-ã-n-¨ I-ã-X-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. C-¶-p-w A-X-v X-p-SÀ-¶-p F-¶-v DÄ-¡-n-S-n-e-t-¯-m-s-S \-a-p-¡-v H-mÀ-¡-m-w.

_-p-¡-m-b-n ]T-n-¨ J-pÀ-B-\-n-I B-i-b-§Ä i-m-k-v-{-X k-n-²-m-´-h-p-a-m-b-n I-q-«-n-t-¨À-¯-v t-\-m-¡-p-t-¼-mÄ k-q-c-y³ H-m-W-m-¡-n X-¦-w t-\-m-¡-n-b-X-v t-]-m-s-e X-n-f-§-n I-ï-p. ]-t-£-, H-c-p X-S-Ê--w J-pÀ-B³ A-d-_-n-b-n-e-m-W-v.- B-w-K-t-e-b-`-m-j-m-´-c-§Ä-¡-v A-w-K-s-s-h-I-e-y-§Ä D-Å-X-m-b-n t-X-m-¶-n. ]-n-s-¶ H-c-p ]-W-n-t-b-b-p-Å-p. A-d-_-n ]T-n-¡-p-I. ]T-n-¨-p. ]T-n-¨-p a-m-d-n \-nÂ-¡-p-I-b-à A-t-±-l-w s-N-b-v-X-X-v a-d-n-¨-v t-\-s-c I-S-¶-p h-¶-p. C-k-v-e-m-a-n-t-e-¡-v a-mÀ-K-w I-q-S-n-b A-t-±-l-w X-p-SÀ-¡-m-e-w ]T-\-¯-n-\-p-w {-]-t-_-m-[-\-¯-n-\-p-a-m-b-n D-g-n-ª-p s-h-¨-p. J-pÀ-B-\-n-s-\-b-p-w s-s-_-_-n-f-n-s-\-b-p-w i-m-k-v-{-X-s-¯-b-p-w X-m-c-X-a-y-w s-N-b-v-X-v A-t-±-l-w k-aÀ-¸-n-¨ {-]-u-V-a-m-b {-]-_-Ô-w b-q-t-d-m-¸-n-s-\ s-R-«-n-¨-p. ]-n-s-¶-b-p-w ]-n-s-¶-b-p-w A-t-±-l-w {-K-Ù-§Ä F-g-p-X-n. {-]-k-w-K-§Ä \-S-¯-n. ]-S-n-ª-m-

d-n-s-â ]-e [-m-c-W-I-s-f-b-p-w D-bÀ-¯-n s-I-«-n-b ]-m-b-I-s-f ]-d-n-¨-p-I-o-d-p-h-m³ C-u ]T-\-§Ä-¡-m-b-n.

I-m-¯-e-n-I-v a-X-w ]-p-d-¯-p-h-n-S-p-¶ B-i-b-I-p-g-¸-¯-n³-s-d I-« ]-p-I i-z-k-n-¨-v B a-X-¯-n \-n-¶-p-w ]-p-d-¯-p N-m-S-n-b K-W-n-X-i-m-k-v-{-X h-n-i-m-c-Z-\-m-W-v t-U-m s-P-{-^-n e-m-w-K-v. a-X-¯-n \-n-¶-v a-X-n N-m-S-n-s-b-¯-n-b-X-v \-nÀ-a-X-h-m-Z-¯-n-t-e-¡-m-W-v F-¶-X-v c-k-I-c-a-m-b H-c-p k-w-K-X-n-b-m-W-v. \-nÀ-a-X-h-m-Z-w A-X-n-c-p-I-f-n-Ã-m-¯ k-z-X-{-´-y-h-p-w ]-n-S-p-¯-w-h-n-« P-o-h-n-X-m-k-z-m-Z-\-h-p-a-m-W-v {-]-Z-m-\-w s-N-¿-p-¶-X-v. F-¶-m C-k-v-e-m-w a-\-p-j-y-s-\ a-r-K-¯-n \-n-¶-p-w A-g-n-s-¨-S-p-t-¡-ï-X-n-t-e-¡-v I-W-n-i-a-m-b \-n-b-a-§-f-p-w IT-n-\-a-m-b ]-c-n-i-o-e-\-§-f-p-a-m-W-v h-n-`-m-h-\-w s-N-¿-p-¶-X-v. A-t-¸-mÄ k-z-m-X-{-´-y-s-a-¶ H-c-{-K-¯-n \-n-¶-v ]-c-n-a-n-X-a-m-b k-z-m-X-{-´-w F-¶ a-t-ä A-ä-¯-n-t-e-¡-p-Å ]-n-S-n-¨-p I-b-ä-w s-]-m-X-p-s-h B-b-m-k-I-c-a-m-W-v. A-[-n-I-a-m-c-p-w C-ã-s-¸-S-m-¯ C-¯-c-s-a-m-c-p a-e-I-b-ä-¯-n-\-v X-¿-m-d-m-b-n F-¶-X-m-W-v e-m-w-K-n-s-\ [-o-c-\-m-¡-p-¶-X-v.

]-X-n-s-\-«-p hÀ-j-¡-m-e-a-m-W--v X-o-c-m-k-w-i-b-§-f-p-s-S I-c-n-¼-p-I a-\-k-n s-h-¨-p-s-I-m-ï-v e-m-w-K-v X-s-â a-X-P-o-h-n-X-w X-p-SÀ-¶-X-v. H-S-p-¡-w K-W-n-X-¯-n a-p-§-n-b A-b-mÄ a-X-c-l-n-X P-o-h-n-X-h-p-w B-t-h-m-f-w \-p-IÀ-¶-p. _-p-¡-m-b-n-I-v t-c-m-K-n-IÄ F-¶-t-]-m-s-e e-m-w-K-n-\-v X-s-â h-n-Z-y-mÀ-°-n-I-f-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p Z-n-i-m-k-q-N-n-I-f-m-b-X-v. {-]-t-X-y-I-n-¨-v a-l-v-a-q-Z-v-J³-Z-o F-¶ k-u-Z-n b-p-h-m-h-v . J³-Z-o-e-p-a-m-b-p-f-f k-w-`-m-j-W-§Ä

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e-m-w-K-n-s-â I-d-p-¯ a-\-Ê-n ]-p-X-n-b ]-q-I-p-ä-n-IÄ I-¯-n-¨-n-«-p. A-X-n-s-â s-h-f-n-¨-w ]-n-S-n-¨-v e-m-w-K-v C-k-v-e-m-a-n-I ]-p-k-v-X-I-§-f-p-w J-pÀ-B-\-p-w h-m-b-n-¡-m³ X-p-S-§-n. X-s-â X-W-p-¯-p-d-ª A-¦-e-m-¸-p-I-s-f-Ã-m-w s-]-m-c-n-s-h-b-v-t-e-ä-v a-ª-p-I-« I-W-s-¡ A-e-n-s-ª-m-e-n-¡-p-¶-X-m-W-v e-m-w-K-v A-\-p-`-h-n-¨-X-v. X-m³ X-t-e-¶-v c-m-{-X-n a-\-k--n \-p-c-¸-n-s-¨-S-p-¡-p-¶ \-q-d-p-¡-q-«-w t-N-m-Z-y-m-h-e-n-IÄ-¡-v A-¡-a-n-«-v D-¯-c-w ]-d-b-p-¶-X-m-b-n s-X-m-«-S-p-¯ Z-n-h-k-w J-pÀ-B-\-n-s-\ e-m-w-K-v I-s-s-ï-¯-n. X-s-â a-\-Ê-v h-m-b-n-¨ H-c-mÄ A-t-¸-mÄ X-¿-m-d-m-¡-p-¶ d-n-t-¡-mÀ-U-p-IÄ t-]-m-s-e -"a-e-¡-p-IÄ t-]-m-e-p-w t-N-m-Z-n-¡-p-¶-p'F-¶ t-]-c-n e-m-w-K-v F-g-p-X-n-b B-ß-k-v-]À-i-n-b-m-b {-K-Ù-w ]-S-n-ª-m-d-v i-z-m-k-a-b-¡-m-s-X-b-m-W-v h-m-b-n-¨-p-X-oÀ-¯-X-v.

t-\-m-h-e-n-k-v-ä-p-w t-PÀ-W-e-n-Ì-p-a-m-b-n-, £-W-h-k-v-X-p-X-I-f-p-t-S-b-p-w I-m-e-v-]-\-n-I-I-Y-I-f-p-t-S-b-p-w D-X-v-]-m-Z-I-\-m-b-n P-o-h-n-X-w s-N-e-h-g-n-¡-p-¶ c-o-X-n-b-n-e-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p ]-n-à-m-f-n-\-v B-Z-y-I-m-e IÀ-½-X-e-§Ä. ]-t-£-, ]-n-à-m-f-n-\-v h-m-b-n-¨-p-w ]-d-ª-p t-I-«-p-a-p-Å C-k-v-e-m-w h-n-c-p-² I-Y-I-f-n I-p-S-p-§-n-t-¸-m-t-h-ï-n h-¶-n-Ã. I-m-c-W-w [-m-c-m-f-w b-m-{-X s-N-¿-p-¶ I-p-«-¯-n-e-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p A-t-±-l-w. I-p-«-¯-n a-[-y ]-u-c-k-v-X-y \-m-S-p-I-f-n A-t-±-l-w \-¶-m-b-n I-d-§-n. a-p-k-v-e-n-w P-o-h-n-X-¯-n-s-â s-s-\À-a-e-y-h-p-w B X-X-z-k-w-l-n-X-b-p-s-S k-p-X-m-c-y-X-b-p-w ]-n-à-mÄ t-]-m-e-p-a-d-n-b-m-s-X A-b-m-f-p-s-S a-\-k-v I-m-a-n-¨-p I-g-n-

ª-n-c-p-¶-p. A-§-s-\ I-Y-m-]-m-{-X \-nÀ-a-n-X-n-I-f-n X-I-c-p-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶ H-c-p kÀ-K-m-b-p-Ê-v J-pÀ-B-s-â t-k-h-\-¯-n-e-m-b-n I-¯-n-¯-n-f-§-n. B-w-K-t-e-b k-a-q-l-¯-n-\-v J-pÀ-B-\-n-t-e-¡-v {-]-t-h-i-n-¡-m-\-m-h-p-w h-n-[-w J-pÀ-B-\-n-s-\ ]-n-à-m-¡Ä C-w-¥-o-j-n-t-e-¡-v s-a-m-g-n-a-m-ä-w \-S-¯-n. A-X-n-\-p ]-p-d-s-a Z-mÀ-i-\-n-I B-g-a-p-Å \-n-c-h-[-n ]-p-k-v-X-I-§Ä s-I-m-ï-p-w C-k-v-e-m-a-n-I t-e-m-I-s-¯ ]-n-à-mÄ kÂ-¡-c-n-¨-p.

]-n -à-m-¡-f-n -t -\-m -S - v t-NÀ-¯-n-¸-d-t-b-ï a-s-ä-m-c-p t-]-c-m-W-v F s-P BÀ-_-d-n-b-p-t-S-X-v. t-]-m-¸-p a-X-t-¯-m-S-p-Å a-\-w-a-S-p-¸-v A-X-n-c-p-h-n-«-t-¸-mÄ

H-c-p \-n-t-b-m-K-s-a-t-¶-m-W-w A-t-±-l-w J-pÀ-B-\-n-t-e-¡-v F-¯-n-s-¸-S-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. J-pÀ-B-s-â X-X-z-`-{-Z-X-b-p-w `-m-j-m-k-u-µ-c-y-h-p-w B kÀ-K-l-r-Z-b-s-¯ {-X-k-n-¸-n-¨-p. t-\-c-s-¯-¯-s-¶ A-d-_-n-, ]-m-g-v-k-n ̀ -m-j-I-f-n h-y-pÂ-]-¯-n t-\-S-n-b B-f-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p BÀ-_-d-n. J-pÀ-B-s-â A-[-y-m-b-§-s-f h-I-p-¸-v X-n-c-n-¨-v ]T-\-w \-S-¯-n-b A-t-±-l-w A-X--v a-p-t-¶-m-«-v s-h-¡-p-¶ t-a-m-N-\-]-m-X t-e-m-IÀ-¡-v F-¯-n-¨-p s-I-m-S-p-¡-m³ J-pÀ-B³ h-y-m-J-y-m-\-w C-w-¥-o-j-n \-S-¯-n.

P-o-h-n-X-s-¯ a-X-n-a-d-¶-v B-k-z-Z-n-¨ k-v-s-s-ä-e³-I-p-a-m-c-\-m-W--v I-m-ä-v Ì-o-h³-k-v. t-]-m-¸-p-k-w-K-o-X-¯-n-s-â c-à a-m-w-k-\-n-_-n-V-a-m-b H-m-S-¡-p-g-e-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p I-m-ä-v. A-t-±-l-¯-n-s-â k-w-K-o-X-a-g-¡-p a-p-¶-n b-p-t-d-m-]-y³ X-p-W-n-b-g-n-¨-m-S-n. A-t-±-l-w ]-{-X-¯-n-e-p-w A-{-`-]-m-f-n-b-n-e-p-w X-m-c-a-m-b-n a-m-d-n. ]-W-w I-p-¶-p-I-q-S-n B-c-m-[-IÀ I-S-e-e-t-]-m-s-e C-c-¼-n. I-m-ä-v I-c-p-X-n C-X-m-W-v b-Y-mÀ-° P-o-h-n-X-s-a-¶-v. ]-t-£-, I-m-ä-n-\-v Z-o-\-w h-¶-p I-n-S-¸-m-b-n. a-m-c-I-t-c-m-K-w I-m-ä-n-s-â ]-«-p-t-]-m-e-p-Å t-a-\-n \-n-d-s-b ]-p-g-p-¡-p-¯-p h-o-g-v-¯-n. F-Ã-m-w X-o-c-p-I-b-m-W-v. H-c-n-c-p-«-n-t-e-¡-v k-I-e-w H-g-p-I-n-s-b-m-S-p-§-p-I-b-m-W-v. A-t-¸-mÄ F-´-m-W-v C-u P-o-h-n-X-¯-n-s-â AÀ-°-w? I-m-ä-n-s-â N-n-´ a-d-n-¨-p h-o-i-m³ X-p-S-§-n. I-m-ä-v X-s-â D-Å-n X-W-p-¸-v N-p-c-¯-p-¶ F-t-´-m H-¶-n-s-\ s-X-c-b-p-I-b-m-W-v. H-S-p-¡-w X-s-â A-\-p-P-\-m-W-X-v s-h-¨-p \-o-«-n-b-X-v. J-pÀ-B-\-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p A-X-v. A-X-v h-m-b-n-¨-X-p-w I-m-ä-n-s-â D-W-§-n-b s-\-©-v ]-p-X-p-a-g I-n-«-n-b ]-pÂ-X-I-n-S-n t-]-m-s-e D-W-c-m³ X-p-S-§-n. t-\-c-s-¯ ]-m-«-p \-nÀ-¯-n-b I-m-ä-v ]-m-«-n-s-â D-uÀ-Ö-s-¯ X-n-c-n-¨-v h-n-S-m³ X-p-S-§-n. B-Z-y-w i-c-o-c-s-a-¶ h-n-{-K-l-s-¯ {-]-k-m-Z-n-¸-n-¡-m-\-m-W-v I-m-ä-v ]-m-S-n-b-s-X-¦-n C-t-¸-mÄ B-ß-m-h-n-s-â- A-I-I-®-p-IÄ X-p-d-¸-n-¡-m³ ]-m-«-p-t-]-m-s-e k-p-µ-c-a-m-b-n J-pÀ-B-t-\-m-X-p-¶ t-I-m-I-n-e-a-m-b-n I-m-ä-v a-m-d-n. t-]-c-v b-q-k-p-^-p C-k-e-m-w.

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Cd-m-J-n s-s-S{-K-ok-v \Z-n¡-v ka-o]-w Ø-nX-n s-N¿-p¶ X-n{-I-nX-v ]«-W-¯-n l-nP-vd 532þe-mW-v

k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ A¿-q_-n P\-n-¡-p-¶-X-v. k-mX-z-n-I\-p-w `à-\-p-a-m-b-n-c-p¶ A¿-q_-v _-v\-p i-mZ-n-b-mW-v ]-nX-m-h-v. Z-ps-s-h-\-n \-n¶-p-w X-n{-I-n-X-n-t-e¡-v X-mak-w a-md-nb I-pÀZ-v h-wi-P-\-m-b-n-c-p¶-p At-±-l-w. Aº-m-k-nb-m J-ne-m-^-¯-ns-â {-]h-ni-y-mKhÀW-d-m-b-n-c-p¶-p A¿-q-_-v. ]-n¶-oS-v hS-¡³ Cd-m-J-ns-e a-uk-n-e-nt-e¡-v (s-a-m-k-qÄ-) X-mak-w a-mä-n. kt-l-m-Z-c-\-mb Ak-Z-p-±-o³ i-oÀI-ql-p-w I-qs-S-b-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. \P-va-p-±-o³ F¶ A]-c-\-m-a-¯-ne-p-w At-±lad-n-b-s-¸-«-p. aX-t-¯-m-S-pÅ {-]X-n-]-¯-n-b-ps-S t-]c-n \ÂI-s-¸-«-X-m-b-n-c-p¶-p AX-v.

s-a-mk-q-f-n A[-nI I-me-w X-ma-k-n-¨-n-Ã. k-nd-nb³ ̀ c-W-m-[-n-I-m-c-n-b-m-b-n-c-p¶ Ca-m-Z-p-±-o³ k¦-n-b-ps-S KhÀW-d-mb-n _A-v-e-_-¡-n \-nb-a-n-X-\-m-b-t-¸-mÄ At-§-m-«-p-t-]-m-b-n. C-u I-me-b-f-h-n-e-mW-v k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ {-]-mY-a-nI h-nZ-y-m-`-y-mk-w t-\S-p-¶-X-v. H-u]-N-m-c-n-I-a-mb h-nZ-y-m-`-y-m-k-t-¯-m-

s-S-m¸-w Xs-¶ `cW]-m-T-§f-p-w t-\S-m³ B k-ml-Nc-y-w A\-p-I-q-e-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. A¶s-¯ k-ma-q-l-nI k-ml-N-c-y-¯-ns-â k-z-m[-o-\-t-a¡-m-X-n-c-n-¡-m³ ]-nX-mh-p-w ]-nX-r-h-y\-p-w K-pc-p-\-m-Y-·-mc-p-w t-hï ]c-n-N-cW-w \ÂI-n. ]-nX-m-h-ns-â H-ut-Z-y-m-K-nI ]Z-h-n-a-qe-w k-p¯-m³ Ca-mZ-p-±-o³ k¦-n-b-p-a-mb-n kl-h-mk-w t-\S-m-\-m-b-n. ]-n¡-me s-s-P{-X-b-m-{-X-b-n CX-v Gs-d D]-I-m-c-{-]-Z-a-m-b-n.

Ca-m-Z-p-±-o³ k¦-n l-nP-vd 541þ h^-m-¯-m-b-t-¸-mÄ aI³ \-qd-p-±-o³ k¦-n `c-W-t-a-s-ä-S-p-¯-p. k-ze-m-l-p-±-o\-v s-Nd-p-{-]-m-b¯-n Xs-¶ k¦-nt-b-mS-v kl-hk-n¡-m-\-h-k-c-a-p-ï-m-b-n. CX-v c-mj-v{-S-o-b-þ-`-cW I-mc-y-§f-ne-p-w At-±-l-¯-n\-v D]-I-m-c-s-¸-«-p. a-X-I-m-c-y-§-f-n XÂ]-c-\-mb \-qd-p-±-o³ k-ze-m-l-p-±-os-\ Hc-p i-nj-y-s-\-t-¸-ms-eb-mW-v ]c-n-N-c-n-¨X-v. AX-n-\-m s-Nd-p-{-]-m-b-¯-n Xs-¶ `cW P-oh-nX k-uI-c-y-§Ä¡-v \S-p-h-ne-p-w aX-N-n-«-b-ne-p-w Bß-ob I-mc-y-§-f-ne-p-w CS-]-g-I-m\-p-w P-oh-nX-w {-Ia-o-I-c-n-¡-m-\-p-a-m-b-n.

]-nX-m-h-n-s-\-t-¸-ms-e \-qd-p-±-o\-p-w k-ze-m-l-p-

k‑pÂX‑z‑m³ kz‑e‑m‑l‑p‑±‑o³ A¿‑q‑_‑n

Nc‑n‑{‑X‑s‑a‑g‑p‑X‑nb P‑oh‑nX‑w

Ae-h-n-¡-p«-n s-s-^k-n FS-¡c

]e-m-b\-w s-N¿-p-¶ {-I-nk-vX-y-m-\-n-If-n N-neÀ h-ml-\-a-n-Ã-m-¯-X-n-\-m h-r²-c-mb a-mX-m-]-nX-m-¡s-f N-pa-e-n-t-eä-n \S-¡-p-¶X-v Iï-t-¸-mÄ At-±-l-¯-ns-â a\-Ê-e-n-ª-p. h-ml-\h-p-w ]Wh-p-w \ÂI-n. k¼-¶-b-mb Hc-p h\-nX s-s-_X-p a-pJ-±-k-n-\-I¯-v t-]S-n-¨-cï-v Xs-â ]c-n-N-m-c-I-t-c-m-s-S-m¸-w Ig-n-b-p-¶X-v At-±l-w Iï-p. At-±-l-a-hÄ¡-v k-pc-£-n-X-a-mb b-m{-X-m k-ml-N-c-y-s-a-m-c-p-¡-n. Nc-n-{-X-¯-n ka-m-\-X-b-n-Ã-m¯ h-n«-p-h-o-g-vN-b-n-e-qs-S

P\-a-\-Ê-p-I-f-n k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ N-nc-{-]-X-nj-vT t-\S-n.

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±-o³ I-pS-p-w-_s-¯ ]c-n-K-W-n-¨-p. GX-p Z-uX-yh-p-w h-ni-z-k-n-t-¨Â¸-n-¡-m³ s-I-mÅ-p¶-h-s-c¶ X-nc-n-¨-d-n-h-mW-v t-lX-p-I-w. k-ze-m-l-p-±-os-â ]-nX-m-h-mb A¿-q-_-ns-\ s-s-hI-ms-X Ua-k-vI-k-ns-e s-s-k\-n-I-¨-p-a-X-e-t-b¸-n-¨-p. ]-nX-r-h-y-\-mb Ak-Z-p-±-os-\ Fe-t-¸-m-b-ne-p-w s-s-k\-nI t-a[-m-h-n-b-m-¡-n. Ca-m-Z-p-±-o³ k¦-n-b-ps-S I-me¯-v C-w¥-o-j-p-I-m-c-n \-n¶-p-w X-nc-n-¨-p-]-n-S-n-¨ \K-c-a-mW-v Fe-t-¸-m.

]-pX-nb k-ul-rZ-w]-nX-m-¡Ä X½-n-e-pÅ _Ô-¯-ns-â t-]

c-ne-mW-v \-qd-p-±-o\-p-w k-ze-m-l-p-±-o-\-p-w AS-p-¯X-v. ]-n¶-oS-v AhÀ Dä kl-I-m-c-n-I-f-m-b-n. A§s-\ Ck-ve-m-a-nI ka-q-l-¯-ns-â {-]X-o-£¡-p-w t-aJ-e-b-ps-S X-mÂ]-c-y-¯-n\-p-w A\-p-k-r-X-a-mb-n H¶-n¨-p {-]hÀ¯-n-¡-p-¶X-p-w a-pt-¶ä-w \S-¯-p¶X-p-a-mW-v t-e-mI-w I-mW-p-¶-X-v. \-qd-p-±-o\-v Xt-¶-¡-mÄ 20 hbÊ-v I-qS-p-X-e-m-b-n-c-p-¶-X-n-\-m Hc-p K-pc-p-h-n-s-\-t-¸-ms-e At-±-ls-¯ a-mX-r-I-b-m-I-m-¡-m³ k-ze-m-l-p-±-o\-v k-m[-n-¨-p. k-ze-m-l-p-±-os-â \·b-p-w D-uÀÖ-k-z-e-Xb-p-w \-qd-p-±-o-s-\b-p-w BIÀj-n-¨-p. Cc-p-hc-p-w \-nÀh-l-n¨ Z-uX-y-§Ä a-pk-ve-n-w bi-Ê-ns-â h-os-ï-S-p-¸-n\-v \-nZ-m-\-h-pa-m-b-n. Hc-p

\-qä-mï-p I-me-t-¯-mf-w ]-nS-n-¨-p-\-n¶ A[-n-\-nt-hi ià-n-I-f-mb b-qt-d-m-]-ys-c t-aJ-e-b-n \-n¶-v X-pc-¯-m-\-hÀ¡-p k-m[-n-¨-p. k-zX-{-´-a-mb-n \-o§-n-b-n-c-p¶ a-pk-ve-n-w {-]h-n-i-y-Is-f GI-o-I-c-n-¡-m\-p-w k-z-mÀ° X-mÂ]-c-y-¡-m-s-cb-p-w ka-q-l-¯-n\-p-w k-wk-vI-m-c-¯-n\-p-w ̀ -oj-W-n-b-m-b-h-s-cb-p-w AI-ä-n-\-nÀ¯-m\-p-w AhÀ¡-m-b-n. A§s-\ h-ni-m-e-a-mb k-nd-n-b-b-ne-p-w ̂ e-k-vX-o-\-ne-p-w \j-vS{-]X-m]-w AhÀ ]-p\-x-Ø-m-]-n-¨-p.

kÂP-q-J-n-I-f-ps-S X-pSÀ¨-¡-m-c³ F¶ ]c-n-a-n-X-n-b-n \-n¶-v ]-pd-¯-p-I-S-s-¶-¦-nt-e Z-uX-y-§Ä ]-qÀW-a-mb-n h-nP-b-n-¸-n-s-¨-S-p-¡-m-\-mh-q F¶-v X-nc-n-¨-d-nª \-qd-p-±-o³ Xs-â ]-nX-mh-v b-qt-d-m-]-y-c-n \-n¶-p-w X-nc-n-¨-p-]-n-S-n¨ Fet-¸-m Xe-Ø-m-\-a-m¡-n ̀ c-W-I-qS-w Ø-m]-n-¨-p. ̀ c-W-c-w-K¯-v [-mc-mf-w ]c-n-j-vI-m-c-§Ä hc-p-¯-n. kaÀ°c-p-w t-b-mK-y-c-p-a-mb t-k\-m-\-n-Is-f Is-ï¯-n N-pa-X-e-I-t-f¸-n-¨-p. J-pe-^-m-DÀd-m-

{-]h-n-i-y-b-ns-e I-pc-n-i-p-t-a-[-m-h-n-b-mb

AÀ_-m¯-v hfs-c Z-pj-vS-\-m-b-n-c-p-

¶-p. \_-n(-k-z-)s-b h-r¯-n-s-I« `-mj-b-n A[-n-t-£-]-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w l-mP-n-

a-ms-c XS-b-p-Ib-p-w B{-I-a-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w

s-Nb-vX-n-c-p-¶-p. Ck-ve-m-a-n-t-\-mS-p-w \_-n(-k-z-)-t-b-m-S-p-a-pÅ h-nt-c-m[-w

hfÀ¶ Ab-mÄ Hc-p I¸e-n a-p¶-q-d-n-e-[-nI-w s-s-k\-n-

Is-c aZ-o-\-b-n-t-e-¡-b-¨-p.

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i-n-Z-p-I-f-ps-S I-me¯-v Ck-ve-m-a-n\-p I-og-n hc-nIb-p-w AS-p-¯-I-m-e-¯-mb-n b-qt-d-m-]-yÀ B[-n-]X-y-w Dd-¸-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w s-Nb-vX {-]t-Z-i-§Ä ]eX-p-w Xs-â s-s-k\-y-w X-nc-n-¨-p-]-n-S-n-¨-p. I-ng-¡³ k-nd-nb a-pg-p-h-\-mb-p-w ]S-n-ª-m-d³ k-nd-nb `-mK-n-I-a-mb-p-w a-uk-z-nÂ-, AÂP-k-od-, Z-nb-mÀ_-I-vÀ-, C-uP-n-]-vX-v-, s-a-mt-d-m-s-¡-m-b-p-s-Sb-p-w ba-\-n-s-âb-p-w N-ne {-]h-n-i-y-IÄ X-pS-§-n-bh At-±-l-¯-ns-â A[-o-\-¯-n-e-m-b-n. A¼-X-n-e-[-nI-w ]«-W-§Ä b-qt-d-m-]-y-c-n \-n¶-v X-pS-s-c-b-mb-n X-nc-n-¨-p-]-n-S-n-¨-p.

s-s-k\-nI

t-kh-\-¯-nÂk-ze-m-l-p-±-os-â ]-nX-mh-p-w ]-nX-r-

h-y\-p-w \-qd-p-±-o³ k¦-n-b-ps-S AS-p¯ s-s-k\-nI t-a[-m-h-n-I-f-mb-n ]c-n-K-W-n-¡-s-¸-«-p. C-uP-n-]-vX-ns-e h-nPb-w ]-qÀ¯-o-I-c-n-¡-p-¶-X-n\-p-w Ah-n-Ss-¯ N-ne a{-´-n-a-m-c-ps-S h©-\-m-]-c-a-mb \-ne-]-m-S-n\-p-w k-z-mÀ°-X-¡-p-s-a-X-ns-c Ak-Z-p-±-os-â t-\X-r-X-z-¯-n Z-uX-y-k-w-Ls-¯ At-§-m-«-b-¡-p-I-b-p-ï-m-b-n. ^-mX-z-na-n ̀ c-W-¯-ns-â Ah-k-m-\s-¯ I®-nb-mb Bf-nZ-v A_-vZ-p-Ã-b-ps-S a{-´-n-b-mb i-mhd-n-s-\-X-ns-c Ie-m]-w \b-n-¨-hs-c X-pc¯-n ka-m-[-m\-w Ø-m]-n-¡-m³ Z-uX-y-k-w-Ls-¯ Ab-¨-p. i-mhÀ kl-mb-w t-XS-n-b-X-ns-â AS-n-Ø-m-\-¯-n-e-m-b-n-c-p¶-p CX-v. t-aJ-e-b-n h-ni-z-m-k-y-Xb-p-w {-]i-k-vX-nb-p-w t-\S-m-\-nX-p]-I-m-c-{-]-Z-a-m-b-n.

]-n¶-oS-v i-mhÀ Xs-â c-mj-v{-S-ob X-mÂ]-c-y-¯-n-\-mb-n b-qt-d-m-]-y³ I-pc-ni-p s-s-k\-n-I-c-p-a-mb-n kÔ-n-b-ne-p-w kJ-y-¯-n-e-p-a-m-b-n. he-nb \j-vS-w k-w`-h-n¨ kÔ-n-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p AX-v. AX-n-\-m Ahs-c X-pc-¯-m³ Ak-Z-p-±-os-â t-\X-r-X-z-¯-n \-qd-p-±-o³ C-uP-n-]-vX-n-t-e¡-v s-s-k\-ys-¯ \-nt-b-m-K-n¨-p. B k-wL-¯-ne-p-w k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ ]s-¦-S-p¯-nc-p-¶-p. i-mhÀ {-]X-o-£-n-¨-t-]-ms-e C-w¥-o-j-p-I-mÀ kl-m-b-n-¨-n-Ã. AhÀ C-uP-n]-vX-v h-n«-p. At-¸-mÄ Ak-Z-p-±-o-\-p-a-mb-n kÔ-n-¡-m-\-t-±l-w {-ia-n-¨-p. ]t-£-, Bf-nZ-v A_-vZ-p-Ã-b-ps-S \-nÀt-Z-i-m-\-p-k-cW-w Ab-mÄ h[-n¡-s-¸-S-p-I-b-p-ï-m-b-n. X{-´-{-]-[-m-\-a-mb Hc-p {-]t-Z-i¯-v I-pc-ni-p ià-n-IÄ¡-v X-mh-fh-p-w kl-m-bh-p-w \ÂI-p¶ c-oX-n s-]-md-p-¸-n-¡-m-h-X-m-b-n-c-p-¶-n-Ã. Xs-â A]-c-m-[-¯-n\-v AÀl-a-mb i-n£ i-mh-d-n\-v e`-n-¨-p.

C-uP-n-]-vX-v `c-W-¯-nÂAk-Z-p-±-o\-p-w k-wLh-p-w \S-¯-nb Z-uX-y-

\-nÀh-l-W-¯-n k´-p-j-vS-\-mb Bf-nZ-v A_-vZ-pà k-ze-m-l-p-±-os-â ]-nX-r-h-y-\-mb Ak-Z-p-±-os-\ C-uP-n-]-vX-ns-â ̀ c-W-¨-p-a-X-e-t-b¸-n-¨-p. ]t-£-, A-[-nII-me-w ]Z-h-nb X-pS-c-m³ At-±-l-¯-n\-v k-m[-n-¨-n-Ã. cï-p a-mkh-p-w A©-p Z-nh-kh-p-w a-m{-X-a-mW-v ]-n¶-oS-v At-±l-w P-oh-n-¨-X-v. t-ij-w X§Äs-¡-mc-p t-\X-m-h-ns-\ \-nt-b-m-K-n-¡-W-s-a¶ C-uP-n]-vX-v {-]h-ni-y-m KhÀWÀa-m-c-ps-S Bh-i-y-a-\-p-k-c-n¨-v \-qd-p-±-o³ XÂØ-m-\¯-v \-nb-a-n-¨X-v k-ze-m-l-p-±-o-s-\-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p. AÂa-e-n-I-p-¶-m-k-z-nÀ F¶-v A]-c-\-m-ah-p-w At-±-l-¯-n\-v \ÂI-n. ^e-¯-n a-nk-z-vd-ns-e d-m^-nf-o `c-W-¯-ns-â A´-yh-p-w A¿-q_-o J-ne-m-^-¯-ns-â Bc-w-`-h-p-a-mb-n CX-v. C-u h-nP-b-L-«-¯-ne-p-w k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³-, \-qd-p-±-o³ k¦-n-b-ps-S t-\X-rX-z-w A-wK-o-I-c-n¨-p Xs-¶-b-mW-v Ig-n-ª-X-v. C-uP-n-]-vX-ns-â ]-qÀW-a-mb A[-n-I-mc-w At-±l-w t-\S-p-¶X-v ]-n¶-o-S-m-W-v.

C-u h-nPb kt-´-mj k-ml-N-c-y-¯-n ]-nX-m-h-p-I-qS-n Xt-¶-m-s-S-m¸-w Dï-m-h-W-s-a-¶-`-n-e-j-n¨ k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³-, A¿-q-_-ns-\ C-uP-n-]-v-X-n-s-e-¯-n-¡-m³ \-qd-p-±-o-s-\-g-p-X-n. AX-p-{-]-I-mc-w ]-nX-mh-p-w

DaÀ _‑n³ JYm_‑v‑, DaÀ _-n³

A_-vZ-n Ak-o-k-v(-d-) F¶-o cï-p al-m-·-m-c-mb Je-o-^-a-mÀ¡-v t-ij-w Ah-s-c-t-¸-ms-e

a-mX-r-I-m-t-b-m-K-y-c-mb `c-W-m-[-n-I-m-c-n-I-f-m-b-n-c-p¶-p \-qd-p-±‑o³‑, k‑ze‑m‑l‑p‑±‑o³

F¶-nhÀ.

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I-pS-p-w-_h-p-w C-uP-n-]-vX-n-s-e-¯-n. ̀ c-W-I-m-c-y-§Ä a-pg-p-h-\-mb-n Gs-ä-S-p-¡-m³ ]-nX-m-h-n-t-\-m-S-m-h-i-y-s-¸-s-«-¦-ne-p-w h-nk-½-X-n-¨-X-n-\-m JP-\-m-h-ns-â t-aÂt-\-m-«-t-a¸-n-¨-p.

X-pSÀ¶-v I-pc-ni-p ]S-b-m-f-n-IÄs-¡X-ns-c i-ma-n-s-âb-p-w ^e-k-vX-o-s-âb-p-w h-nh-n[ `-mK-§-f-n k©-c-n-¨-p k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ h-nPb-w hc-n¨-ps-I-m-ï-n-c-p-¶-p. \-qd-p-±-os-â I-m-e¯-v k-m[-n¨ h-nP-b-§-f-n ]eX-p-w t-\S-n-bX-v k-ze-m-l-p-±-os-â t-\X-r-X-z-¯-n-e-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. \-qd-p-±-o\-p-w k-ze-m-l-p-±-o\-p-w \S-¯-nb a-pt-¶-ä-¯-n AS-n-]-Xd-nb I-pc-ni-p s-s-k\-y-§Ä H-mt-c-m {-]t-Z-i-¯-p-\-n¶-p-w ]-n´-n-c-n-ª-p-s-I-m-ï-n-c-p-¶-p.

k-p¶-n-k-¯-ns-â

]p\xØ-m-]\-w]S-t-b-m-«-§Ä¡-v CS-t-hf \ÂI-n l-nP-vd 566þÂ

C-uP-n-]-vX-n X-nc-n-s-¨-¯-nb At-±l-w Xs-âb-p-w \-qd-p-±-o-s-âb-p-w A`-n-e-m-j-a-m-b-n-c-p¶ C-uP-n-]-vX-ns-â BZÀi i-p²-o-I-cW I-mc-y-§-f-n {-i²-n-¨-p. d-m^-n-f-n-If-p-w i-nb-m-¡-f-p-a-m-b-n-c-p¶ ̂ -m¯-na-o t-\-ma-n-\-n-I-f-mb J-mf-n-a-ms-c ]-nc-n-¨-p-h-n-«-p. ]Ic-w i-m^-nC-u aZ-vl-_-p-I-m-c-mb Al-ve-p-Ê-p-¶-b-ps-S J-mf-n-a-ms-c \-nb-a-n-¨-p. l-nP-vd 560 Pa-m-Z-p BJ-n-d-n-e-m-b-n-c-p¶-p CX-v. AS-p¯ hÀj-w a-pX ̂ -mX-z-na-o J-pX-p-_-I-f-h-k-m-\-n-¸-n¨-v Aº-mk-o J-pX-p-_-IÄ (J-p-X-p-_-b-ns-e {-]-mÀ°-\-b-n Aº-mk-o Je-o-^-a-ms-c DÄs-¸-S-p-¯-n-b-p-Å-) \S-¸-n-e-m-¡-n. A§s-\ 270 hÀj¡-me-w C-uP-n-]-vX-n \-ne-\-n¶ ^-mX-z-na-o `cW-w Bf-nZ-v A_-vZ-p-Ã-b-ps-S A´-y-t-¯-ms-S Ah-k-m-\-n-¸-n¡-p-Ib-p-w A¿-q_-n `c-W-¯-n\-v AØ-n-h-m-c-a-n-S-p-Ib-p-w s-Nb-vX-p. C-uP-n-]-vX-n ]-mc-¼c-y Ck-ve-m-a-nI I-nc-W-§Ä h-oï-p-w DbÀ¶-p-X-p-S-§-n.

^-mX-z-na-n ̀ c-W-m-[-n-I-m-c-n-I-f-ns-e Ah-k-m\ {-]X-n-\-n[-n A´-c-n-¨-t-X-ms-S FÃ-m AÀ°-¯-ne-p-w d-m^-nf-o i-oC-u k-m¶-n[-y-w X-pS-¨-p-\-o-¡-s-¸-«-p. ]t-£-, Bf-n-Z-ns-â I-pS-p-w-_s-¯ k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ a-m\-y-a-mb-n k-wc-£-n-¨-p. AhÀ¡-m-h-i-y-a-mb P-oh-nX k-uI-c-y-§-s-f-m-c-p-¡-n-s-¡-m-S-p¡-pIb-p-w s-I-m«-m-c-¯-ns-e k¼-m-Z-y-§Ä s-]-mX-pJP-\-m-h-ns-â `-mK-a-m-¡-p-Ib-p-w s-Nb-vX-p. ^-mX-z-n-a-n-IÄ \S-¸-m-¡-nb AX-y-m-N-m-c-§Ä \-nÀ¯-e-m-¡-n. k-p¶-n BZÀi-m-S-n-Ø-m-\-¯-n h-nZ-y-m-`-y-mk k-wh-n-[-m-\-§Ä ]-p\-x-{-I-a-o-I-c-n-¨-p. P-ma-n-D Ak-vl-d-ns-\ h-nt-i-z-m-¯c s-s-hÚ-m-\-nI t-I{-µ-a-m¡-n a-mä-p-¶-X-n-\-m-h-i-y-a-mb ]c-n-j-vI-m-c-§Ä hc-p-¯-n. Aº-mk-n J-ne-m-^-¯-ns-â `-mK-a-mb-n 270 hÀj-§Ä¡-p t-ij-w C-uP-n]-vX-v AS-n-a-pS-n a-md-n. CX-v _K-vZ-m-Z-ne-p-w he-nb Ne-\-§-f-p-ï-m-¡-n. J-pZ-vk-ns-â t-a-mN\-w At-¸-mg-p-w At-±-l-¯-ns-â k-z]-v\-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. AX-v k-m[-y-a-m-¡-p-¶-X-n\-v X{-´-{-]-[-m-\-a-mb Hc-p {-]t-Z-i-¯-ns-â B[-n-]X-y-w t-\t-S-ï-X-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. J-pZ-vk-p-w ak-vP-n-Z-p AJ-vkb-p-w t-a-mN-n¸-n¡-p-¶-X-n\-v AX-v

IS-¼-b-mb-n t-ij-n-¨-p.t-aJ-e-b-n ]c-m-P-b-¯-ns-â

s-s-I]-p-\-oÀ I-pS-n¨-v s-I-mï-n-c-p¶ b-qt-d-m-]-y³ s-s-k\-y-w \S-¯-nb FÃ-m s-s-k\-nI kÖ-o-I-c-W-§Äs-¡-X-n-s-cb-p-w a-pk-ve-n-w-IÄ \-ne-s-I-m-ï-p. aä-p {-]t-Z-i-§-f-n \-n¶-p-I-qS-n Ahs-c I-pS-n-s-b-m-g-n-¸-n¡-m³ AX-oh P-m{-K-X-t-b-ms-S Ic-p-¡Ä \-o¡-n ]c-k-v]c-w Ie-l-n-¨-n-c-p¶ a-pk-ve-n-w \-m«-p-c-m-P-m-¡-·-ms-c kÔ-n-b-ne-p-w cÚ-n-¸-n-e-p-s-a-¯-n¨-v t-aJe ka-m-[-m-\-]-qÀW-a-m-¡-p-¶-X-n\-v {-]-ma-pJ-y-w \ÂI-n. ̂ e-k-vX-os-â t-a-mN\-w k¼-qÀW-a-mb-n k-m[-n-¡-p-¶-X-n\-v B`-y-´c c-wK¯-v Ak-z-Ø-X-IÄ Dï-m-b-n-¡-qS-m F¶X-n\-m-e-m-b-n-c-p¶-p C-u \-o¡-§Ä.

Ah-k-m\-w J-pZ-vk-v ]Å-nb-p-w \K-ch-p-w a-pk-ve-n-w-IÄ¡-p I-og-n-e-m-b-n. Ah-n-s-S-\-n¶-p I-pc-n-i-p-t-k-\s-b ]-pd-w-X-Å-n. e£-y-¯-n-t-e-¡-pÅ I-mÂs-h-¸-p-I-f-m-b-n-c-p¶-p B al P-oh-n-X-w a-pg-ps-¡. H-mt-c-m h-nP-b-h-p-w D¶-X-a-mb e£-y-¯-n-t-e-¡-pÅ I-mÂs-h-¸-pa-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p.

^e-k-vX-o³ h-nPb-w\-qd-p-±-os-â P-oh-n-X-m-`-n-e-m-j-a-m-b-n-

c-p¶-p J-pZ-vk-ns-â k¼-qÀW h-nt-a-m-N\-w. AX-p-]-t-£-, \S-¶-p-I-m-W-m³ At-±-l-¯-n\-p h-n[-n-b-p-ï-m-b-n-Ã. l-nP-vd 569þ At-±l-w Z-nh-w-K-X-\-m-b-n. At-X-ms-S k-ze-m-l-p-±-os-â Ic-§-f-n-e-mb-n A[-n-I-m-c-s-¨-t-¦-mÂ. k-nd-n-bb-p-w C-uP-n]-vX-p-w k-zØX s-s-Ih-c-n-¨-p-s-h-¦-ne-p-w I-pc-n-i-p-t-k-\-b-ps-S k-m¶-n-[-y-w t-aJ-e-b-n AØ-n-cX k-rj-vS-n-¨-p. AhÀs-¡-X-ns-c X{-´-{-]-[-m-\-a-mb \-o¡-w Xs-¶ \S-t-¯-ï-X-p-ï-v. I-rX-y-a-mb Ic-p-X-t-e-mS-p-w Bk-q-{-X-W-t-¯-m-s-S-b-p-a-mW-v k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ a-pt-¶-d-n-s-¡-m-ï-n-c-p-¶-X-v.

C-uP-n-]-vX-v-þ-k-n-d-nb t-a[-mh-n-X-z-¯-n\-p t-ij-w ̂ e-k-vX-o-\-n-t-e-¡-pÅ {-]t-h-i\s-¯¡-pd-n-¨-mb-n Bt-e-m-N-\. CX-n-\-ns-S ad-P-pÂ-D-b-q-\-ne-p-w _-ml-n-b-m-k-ne-p-w h-nP-b-s-¡-mS-n ]d-¯-m-\-m-bX-v \-nÀW-m-b-I-a-mb I-mÂs-h-¸-m-b-n. X-pSÀ¶-v h-nP-b-§-f-ps-S t-L-mj-b-m{-X Xs-¶- \S¶-p. b-qt-d-m-]-y-c-ps-S H-mt-c-m t-I-m«-If-p-w t-I-mf-\-n-If-p-w ]-nS-n-¨-S-¡-n-s-¡-m-ï-m-b-n-c-p¶-p s-s-P{-X-b-m-{-X. t-P-mÀZ-m-\-n s-]« AÂIdI-v {-]h-n-i-y-b-ns-e I-pc-n-i-p-t-a-[-m-h-n-b-mb AÀ_-m¯-v hfs-c Z-pj-vS-\-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p.

da-f-m³ a-mk-¯-n GX-m\-p-w t-\-m¼-p-IÄ t-c-mK-w-a-qe-w

At-±-l-¯-n\-v Jf-m-B-b-n. Xs-â acW-w

a-p¶-n Is-ï-¶-t-]-ms-e Ah-

k-m\ hÀj-¯-n ]c-n-i-p-²-a-mb

J-pZ-vk-n s-h¨-mW-v Ah t-\-mä-p-h-o-«-n-b-X-v. N-nI-n-Õ-IÀ Bh-i-y-s-¸-«-n«-p-w At-±l-w t-\-m¼-v

a-pd-n-¡-m\-p-w Hg-n-h-m-¡-m\-p-w X¿-m-d-m-

b-n-Ã. t-\-m¼-v _-m¡-n h¨-v ac-W-s-¸-S-c-pX-v

F¶ \-nÀ_Ô _-p²-n-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p.

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\_-n(-k-z-)s-b h-r¯-n-s-I« ̀ -mj-b-n A[-n-t-£-]-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w l-mP-n-a-ms-c XS-b-p-Ib-p-w B{-I-a-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w s-Nb-vX-n-c-p-¶-p. Ck-ve-m-a-n-t-\-mS-p-w \_-n(-k-z-)-t-b-m-S-p-a-pÅ h-nt-c-m[-w hfÀ¶ Ab-mÄ Hc-p I¸e-n a-p¶-q-d-n-e-[-nI-w s-s-k\-n-Is-c aZ-o-\-b-n-t-e-¡-b-¨-p. \_-n(-k-z-)-b-ps-S ]-pW-y-i-c-oc-w I-pg-n-s-¨-S-p¯-v s-I-mï-p-h-c-n-Ib-p-w A§s-\ a-pk-ve-n-w-I-f-ps-S k-nb-m-d¯-v XS-b-p-I-b-pa-mb-nc-p¶-p e£-y-w. a-pk-ve-n-w-IÄ k-nb-m-d¯-v a-pt-J\ BÀP-n-¡-p¶ Bß-o-b-t-]-m-j-Wh-p-w Bß-s-s-[-c-yh-p-w CX-p-a-qe-w \i-n-¸-n-¡-m-s-a-¶-h³ IW-¡-p-I-q-«-n. I¸Â s-N¦-S-e-n-e-qs-S \-o§-p-¶-X-d-nª k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ C-uP-n-]-vX-ns-e Xs-â KhÀWÀ s-s-k^-p-±-u-es-b h-nh-c-a-d-n-b-n-¨-p. At-±l-w l-pk-m-a-p-±-o³ F¶ t-k\-mt-a[-m-h-n-b-ps-S t-\X-r-X-z-¯-n Hc-p s-s-k\-ys-¯ X¿-m-d-m¡-n AX-n-t-h-K-¯-n Ahs-c ]-n´-p-SÀ¶-p. aZ-o-\-b-n \-n¶-v Gs-d AI-e-a-n-Ã-m-¯-n-S¯-p s-h¨-m-W-hÀ¡-v i{-X-p-¡s-f Iï-p-a-p-«-m-\-m-b-X-v. aZ-o-\-b-n-t-e¡-v Hc-p Z-nh-ks-¯ AIe-w a-m{-X-w. i{-X-p-¡-f-ps-S hc-h-d-n-ª-v Ad-_-n-I-f-ns-e a-pÀX-±-pIf-p-w AhÀs-¡-m¸-w t-NÀ¶-p. \_-n(-k-z-)-b-ps-S ]-pW-y-i-c-oc-w ]-pd-s-¯-S-p-¡-m-\-m-h-p-s-a¶-v h-y-mt-a-m-l-n-¨-m-W-hÀ I-q«-¯-n t-NÀ¶-X-v. F¶-m l-pk-m-a-p-±-os-â k-wL-w ]-nS-n-I-q-S-p-s-a-¶-p-d-¸-m-b-t-¸-mÄ a-pÀX-±-p-IÄ DÄh-e-n-ª-p. CX-p-Iï-v i{-X-p-k-wL-w Hc-p ae-b-n-t-e-t-¡-m-S-n-s-b-¦-ne-p-w a-n¡-h-s-cb-p-w _Ô-n-I-f-m-¡-n s-s-It-d-m-b-n-t-e¡-v s-I-mï-p-h¶-v i-n£-n-¨-p.

CX-n\-v t-I-m¸-p-I-q-«-nb AÀ_-m-X-z-ns-\ X-m³ Xs-¶ h[-n-¡-p-s-a¶-v k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ i]Y-w s-Nb-vX-n-c-p-¶-p.

l-nX-z-o³ t-]-mc-m-«-¯-n Ahs-\ ]-nS-n-I-q-S-n k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ B {-]X-nÚ \-nd-t-h-ä-n. X-pSÀ¨-b-mb h-nP-b-§-f-n Al-¦-c-n-¡-m-s-Xb-p-w e`-n-¡-p¶ X-nc-n-¨-S-n-I-f-n \-nc-m-i-\-m-h-m-s-Xb-p-w k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ Z-uX-y-]-qÀ¯-o-I-c-W-t-¯-m-S-S-p-¯-p s-I-mï-n-c-p-¶-p.

l-nX-z-o³ t-]-mÀ¡f-wk-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ h-nP-b-§Ä H-mt-c-m-¶-mb-n

t-\S-ns-¡-mï-n-c-p¶-p. s-s-{-Ik-vXh t-e-m_-n-IÄ he-n-s-b-mc-p I-pc-ni-p s-s-k\-ys-¯ Xs-¶ k-ze-m-l-p-±-o-s-\-X-n-c-n kÖ-o-I-c-n¨-p. At-±l-w A´-na t-]-mc-m-«-¯-ns-\-mc-p-§-n. l-nP-vd 583 d_-o-D AÆ ]X-n-t-\-g-n\-v s-hÅ-n-b-mg-vN P-pa-pA \-nk-vI-m-c-m-\-´c-w s-s-k\-ys-¯ t-]-mÀ¡-f-¯-n-t-e¡-v \b-n¨-p. b-p²-w Z-nh-k-§Ä \-oï-p. HS-p-h-n b-qt-d-m-]-yÀ AX-n Zb-\-o-b-a-mb-n ]c-m-P-b-s-¸-«-p. i{-X-p-t-k\ N-nX-d-n-t-b-m-S-n. ^e-

k-vX-o-\-n \-n¶-p-w AhÀ ]-qÀW-a-mb-n ]-pd-¯-p-t-]-m-t-Iï-n h¶-p. Hc-p e£-¯-n-e-[-nI-w hc-p¶ k-nh-n-e-n-b-·-mc-p-w ]«-m-f-¡-m-c-p-a-mb b-qt-d-m-]-yÀ¡-t-±l-w a-m¸-p-\ÂI-n. d_-o-D BJ-nÀ Cc-p-]-¯-n-b-©-m-b-n-c-p¶-p ^e-k-vX-o³ h-nP-bZ-n\-w. b-p²-w Hc-p a-mkh-p-w Hc-m-g-vNb-p-w \-oï-p-\-n-¶-p-s-h-¶À°-w.

k-ze-m-l-p-±-os-â C-u h-nP-bh-p-w A\-´c-w At-±l-w I-mW-n¨ al-m-a-\-k-vI-Xb-p-w b-qt-d-m-]-yÀ¡-n-S-b-n aX-n-¸-p-f-h-m-¡-n. b-qt-d-m-]-yÀ ^e-k-vX-o³ I-og-S-¡-n-b-t-¸-m-s-gÃ-m-w hfs-c \-nj-vT-q-c-a-m-b-mW-v ̂ ek-vX-o\-n-I-t-f-mS-v s-]c-p-a-m-d-nb-n-c-p-¶-X-v. k-v{-X-oI-s-fb-p-w I-p«-n-I-s-fb-p-w h-oS-n-\-p-a-p-I-f-n \-n¶-v X-mt-g-s-¡-d-nª-p h[-n¡-pI-hs-c s-N¿-pI-b-p-ï-m-b-n. ]¨-b-mb-n a\-p-j-ys-c Aá-n-¡-n-c-b-m-¡-n. ]Å-n-I-f-ne-p-w h-oS-p-I-f-ne-p-w h-mX-n-e-S-¨-n-c-p-¶-h-s-c-t-¸-me-p-w he-n-¨-n-d¡-n \-nj-vT-q-c-a-mb-n s-I-me-s-¸-S-p-¯-n. ^e-k-vX-o-\-n-s-e§-p-w Ic-nª a-m-wk-¯-ns-â KÔh-p-w I-p«-n-I-f-ps-Sb-p-w ac-W-m-k-¶c-ps-Sb-p-w BÀ¸-p-h-n-f-n-If-p-w BÀ¯-\-m-Z-§f-p-w s-I-mï-v `-oX-n-X-a-m-b-n-¯-oÀ¶-p. B {-I-qc-h-n-f-b-m«-w \S-¯-n-b-h-c-ps-S ]-n·-p-d-¡-m-c-mW-v Xs-â a-p¶-n-s-e¶ h-nN-mc-w k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ A¿-q-_-ns-b k-z-m[-o-\-n-¨-n-Ã. At-±l-w k-m[-y-a-m-h-p-¶-hÀs-¡Ã-m-w a-m¸-p \ÂI-p-I-b-mW-p s-Nb-vX-X-v.

J-pZ-vk-p-w ak-vP-n-Z-p AJ-vkb-p-w

^e-k-vX-o-\-n IS¶ t-ij-w J-pZ-vk-v \Kc-w A[-o-\-s-¸-S-p¯-n s-s-_X-p a-pJ-±-k-ns-\ t-a-mN-n-¸-n-¡-m-\-pÅ {-ia-¯-n-t-eÀs-¸«-p k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³. J-pZ-vk-ne-p-w ak-vP-n-Z-ne-p-w A\À°-§Ä ]-mS-n-s-ö \-nÀ_Ô-w At-±-l-¯-n-\-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. I-pc-n-i-p-t-a-[-m-h-n-IÄ¡-p-w ̀ c-W-m-[-n-I-m-c-n-IÄ¡-p-w Xs-â \-ne-]-m-S-d-n-b-n¨-v kt-µ-i-§Ä s-s-Ia-m-d-n. At-±-l-s-a-g-pX-n: ’J-pZ-vk-p-w ak-vP-nZ-p-w \-n§-s-f-t-¸-ms-e \-ma-p-w BZ-c-n-¡-p-¶-p. AX-n-\-mÂ

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Hc-p t-]-mc-m-«h-p-w D]-t-c-m-[h-p-w R-m³ B{-K-l-n-¡-p¶-n-Ã.-’ ]t-£-, AhÀ AX-v \-nc-k-n-¡-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. \-nÀh-m-l-a-n-Ã-ms-X k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ b-p²-¯-n\-v X¿-m-s-d-S-p-¯-p. CX-d-nª b-qt-d-m-]-yÀ kÔ-n¡-v X¿-m-d-m-b-n. AX-S-n-Ø-m-\-¯-n Z-md-p-Êe-m-w t-a-mN-n-X-a-m-b-n. t-a-mN\ {-Zh-y-w \ÂI-m\-p-w ]«W-w h-nS-m\-p-w AhÀ k½-X-n-¨-p. ]W-w \ÂI-m³ k-m[-n-¡-m-¯-h-c-ps-S t-a-mN-\-{-Zh-y-w k-z´-a-mb-n hl-n-¡-p-I-b-mW-v At-±l-w s-Nb-vX-X-v. k¼-¶ {-I-nk-vX-y-m-\-n-IÄ ]W-a-S-¡-p-It-b-m Ah-c-n \-n¶-v ]-nS-n-s-¨-S-p-¡-p-It-b-m s-Nb-vX-n-Ã. F¦-ne-p-w Ah-s-cb-p-w t-a-mN-n-¸-n-¨-p.

l-nP-vd 583 dP_-v 27 a-nA-v-d-mP-v Z-n\-¯-n ̂ e-k-vX-o-\-n \-n¶-p-w I-pc-n-i-p-s-s-k\-y-w ]e-m-b\-w X-pS-§-n. A¶-p Hc-p s-hÅ-n-b-m-g-vN-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. s-s-_X-p a-pJ-±-k-ns-â t-a-mN\-w k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ a-pt-J\ \S-¡-p-s-a¶-v hÀj-§Ä¡-p-a-p¼-v {-]h-N-n-¨-n-c-p-¶ Ua-k-vI-k-ns-e J-mf-nb-p-w Xs-â a-mÀK-ZÀi-I-\-p-a-mb a-pl-vb-n-±-o-\-p-k-p_-vI-n ak-vP-n-Z-p AJ-vk-z-b-n J-pX-p_ \S¯-n. k-pÂX-z-m³ t-\S-nb C-u h-nPb-w \-ms-S§-p-w kt-´-m-j-]-p-c-Êc-w Bt-L-m-j-n-¨-p. Ih-n-If-p-w k-ml-n-X-y-I-m-c-·-mc-p-w at-\-m-l-c-a-mb-n AX-ns-\ hÀW-n¨-p. H¼X-v Zi-m-_-vZ-t-¯-mf-w A\-y-m-[-o-\-s-¸«-v I-nS-¶-n-c-p¶ s-s-_X-p a-pJ-±-k-n-t-e¡-v h-ni-z-m-k-n-IÄ {-]t-h-i-n-¨-p. P\-w k-ze-m-l-p-±-os-\ A`-n-\-µ-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w K-pW-¯-n-\-mb-n {-]-mÀ°-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w s-Nb-vX-p-s-I-m-ï-n-c-p-¶-p.

]e-m-b\-w s-N¿-p-¶ {-I-nk-vX-y-m-\-n-If-n N-neÀ h-ml-\-a-n-Ã-m-¯-X-n-\-m h-r²-c-mb a-mX-m-]-nX-m-¡s-f N-pa-e-n-t-eä-n \S-¡-p-¶X-v Iï-t-¸-mÄ At-±-l-¯-ns-â a\-Ê-e-n-ª-p. h-ml-\h-p-w ]Wh-p-w \ÂI-n. k¼-¶-b-mb Hc-p h\-nX s-s-_X-p a-pJ-±-k-n-\-I¯-v t-]S-n-¨-cï-v Xs-â ]c-n-N-m-c-I-t-c-m-s-S-m¸-w Ig-n-b-p-¶X-v At-±l-w Iï-p. At-±-l-a-hÄ¡-v k-pc-£-n-X-a-mb b-m{-X-m k-ml-N-c-y-s-a-m-c-p-¡-n. XS-h-n-e-m-¡-s-¸-«-h-c-ps-S ̀ -mc-y-a-mc-p-w I-p«-n-If-p-w a-p¶-n h¶-v Ic-ª-t-¸-mÄ Ah-c-ps-S I-pS-p-w-_-\-m-Ys-c t-a-mN-n-¸-n-¨-p. h-nP-b-¯-n\-v \µ-n-k-q-N-I-a-mb-n At-±l-w Hc-p Z-nhk-w a-pg-p-h\-p-w \-nÀ²-\c-p-w \-nc-me-w-_-c-p-a-mb Bf-p-IÄ¡-v kl-mb-w \ÂI-m-\-mb-n h-n\-n-t-b-m-K-n-¨-p. Nc-n-{-X-¯-n ka-m-\-X-b-n-Ã-m¯ h-n«-p-h-o-g-vN-b-n-e-qs-S P\-a-\-Ê-p-I-f-n k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ N-nc-{-]-X-nj-vT t-\S-n. b-qt-d-m-]-y-c-mb Nc-n-{-X-I-m-c-·-mÀ hs-c B Z-ri-y-§Ä hÀW-n-s-¨-g-p-X-n-bX-v I-mW-m-w.

J-pZ-vk-ns-â t-a-mN-\-m-\-´-ch-p-w h-n{-i-a-a-n-Ã-m¯ P-oh-n-X-a-m-b-n-c-p¶-p k-ze-m-l-p-±-o-t-â-X-v. l-nP-vd 589 k-z^-d-n C-u t-e-mI-t-¯-mS-v b-m{-X-b-m-h-p-¶-X-n\-p a-p¼-v a-pk-ve-n-w-IÄ¡-p-w B t-aJ-eb-ps-S k-wc-£-W-¯-n\-p-w ka-m-[-m-\-¯-n-\-p-a-mb-n [-mc-mf-w t-]-mc-m-«-§Ä X-pSÀ¶-p-w At-±l-w \S-¯-n. 570 a-pX 589 hs-c a-m{-X-w 74 s-s-k\-nI \-o¡-§Ä \S-¯-n-b-n-«-p-s-ï-¶-mW-v Nc-n-{-X-I-m-c-·-mÀ t-cJ-s-¸-S-p¯-n-b-X-v.

[\-y-P-o-h-nX-wk-p¯-m³ k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ A¿-q-

_-n(-d-) At-±-l-¯-ns-â Bß-ob P-oh-nX-w Gs-d ]c-m-aÀi-aÀl-n-¡-p-¶-p. P-oh-n-X¯-ne-p-w t-]-mc-m-«¯-ne-p-w Ck-ve-m-a-ns-â k-ma-q-l-nI [-mÀa-nI ]-mT-§s-f At-±l-w F§s-\ ka-o-]-n¨-p F¶-v a\-Ê-n-e-m-¡-m³ D]c-n I-mc-y-§-s-fÃ-m-w aX-n. Ck-ve-m-a-ns-\ k-zP-oh-n-X-¯-n A£-c-mÀ°-¯-n {-]t-b-m-K-h-X-vI-c-n-¡-m\-p-w s-s-]X-r-Is-¯ k-wc-£-n-¡-m\-p-w AX-n-\-m-h-i-y-a-mb AS-n-Ø-m\ k-uI-c-y-§-s-f-m-c-p-¡-m\-p-w At-±l-w X¿-m-d-m-b-n. Hc-p `c-W-m-[-n-I-m-c-n¡-v C{-X-a-m{-X-w [Àa-\-n-j-vTb-p-w Bß-o-b-a-mb ]-mI-s-¸-Se-p-w k-m[-y-a-mt-W-m F¶-v BÝ-c-y-s-¸S-p-w h-n[-w X-y-mt-K-m-Ö-z-e-a-mb-nc-p¶-p B -P-o-h-n-X-w.

At-²-ls-¯ k-w_-Ô-n-¨-n-S-t-¯-mf-w cï-p h-nt-i-j-W-§Ä {-it-²-b-w. H¶-v-, C-uP-n-]-vX-ns-\ d-m^-nf-o k-z-m[-o-\-¯-n \-n¶-p t-a-mN-n-¸-n-¨-X-v. cï-v-, J-pZ-vk-v ]«-Wh-p-w J-pZ-vk-v ak-vP-nZ-p-w t-a-mN-n-¸-n-¨-X-v. AX-n-\-m Xs-¶ At-±l-w k-p¶-¯-ns-â Ø-m]-I\-p-w s-s-_X-p a-pJ-±-k-ns-â t-a-mN-I-\-p-a-m-W-v. CX-pa-qe-w Ck-ve-m-a-n\-p-w a-pk-ve-n-a-n\-p-w c£b-p-w X-pW-b-p-a-mb-n At-±-l-w A-wK-o-I-c-n-¡-s-¸-«-p.

k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ F¶ A]-c-\-m-as-¯ A\-zÀ°-a-m-¡-p¶ P-oh-n-X-a-m-b-n-c-p¶-p Xt-âX-v. At-±-l-¯-ns-â al-¯-zh-p-w P-oh-n-X-s-s-i-e-nb-p-w AS-p-¯-d-n-ª-hÀ Ah t-cJ-s-¸-S-p-¯-n-b-n-«-p-ï-v. C_-v\-p i±-mZ-v F¶ t-]c-n {-]k-n-²-\-mb CÊ-p-±-o³ A_-vZ-n-Ã-m-l-n le-_-n(-d-) F¶ _l-m-D-±-o-\-p_-v\-p i±-mZ-v {-]a-pJ Nc-n-{-X-I-m-c\-p-w k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ A¿-q-_-n-b-ps-S I-me-¡-m-c-\-p-a-m-W-v. At-±l-w k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ A¿-q-_-ns-b I-pd-n-s-¨-g-p-X-nb {-KÙ-¯-ns-â t-]c-p-Xs-¶ A¶-h-m-Z-n-d-pÊ-pÂX-z-m-\-n¿ h al-m-k-n-\-n b-qk-p-^-n¿ ^-o a\-m-J-n_-n k-z-pÂX-z-m³ k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ F¶-m-W-v. `cW k-w_-Ô-a-mb A]-qÀh h-nh-c-W-§f-p-w b-qk-p-^-n¿-pa-mb {-]I-S-a-m-b-n-c-p¶ K-pW-K-W-§f-p-w F¶-m-W-n-X-ns-â AÀ°-w. k-m[-m-cW `c-W-m-[-n-I-m-c-n-I-f-n I-mW-s-¸-S-m¯ K-pW-§Ä k-ze-m-l-p-±-o-\-n {-]I-S-a-m-b-n-c-p¶-p F¶-p N-pc-p-¡-w. AX-n-i-t-b-m-à-n-]-c-a-Ã-m¯ h-nh-c-W-a-m-W-n-X-v. k-ze-m-l-p-±-os-â h^-m-¯-n\-p t-ij-w 57 hÀj-w P-oh-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-X-n-\-m k-z-pÂX-z-ms-\ {-]

l-m^-n-f-m-b-n-c-ns-¡ Xs-¶ \¶-mb-n

H-mX-m-\-d-n-b-p-¶-h-c-n \-n¶-v J-pÀ-B³

H-mX-n-t-¡Ä¡-m³ At-±l-w Gs-d Cj-vS-s-¸-«-n-c-p-

¶-p. c-m{-X-n-I-f-n A¯-c-a-m-f-p-Is-f

hc-p¯-n \-me-v P-pk-v-D-IÄ hs-c C§s-\ H-mX-n-

t-¡Ä¡-p-w. c-mP-k-Z-Ê-n AÂ]-w J-pÀB³ ]-mc-m-

bW-w s-Nb-vX-mW-v \S-]S-n {-Ia-§Ä Bc-w-`-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-X-v.

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i-w-k-n¨-v I-mc-y-w t-\S-p-¶-X-n\-p t-hï-n Fg-p-X-s-¸-«-XÃ {-]k-vX-pX {-KÙ-s-a¶-v h-yà-w.

as-ä-mc-p ka-I-m-e-n-I-\-mW-v C_-v\-p Ca-m-Z-n Ck-v_-l-m-\-n(-d-). At-±l-w AÂ_ÀJ-p-È-ma-o h ^X-vl-p J-pZ-vk-n F¶ t-]c-ne-p-w {-KÙ-s-a-g-p-X-n-b-n-«-p-ï-v. Ca-m-w \h-h-n(-d-)-b-ps-S K-pc-p-\-m-Y-\-mb Ca-m-w A_-pÂJ-mk-n-w i-nl-m-_-p-±-o³ A_-p-i-ma AÂa-J-vZ-n-k-n(-d-)-b-ps-S Hc-p s-Nd-nb {-KÙ-a-mW-v AÂ-D-b-q-\-pÀd-u-f-Xb-v\-n ^-o AJ-v_-mc-n \-qc-n-¿¯-n hk-z-e-m-l-n-¿. \-qd-p-±-o³ k¦-n-b-p-s-Sb-p-w k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ A¿-q-_-n-b-ps-Sb-p-w I-me-L-«s-¯ ]-pc-k-vI-c-n-¨-pÅ Nc-n{-X h-nh-c-W-a-m-W-n-X-v. ]-qh\-w F¶-mW-v At-±l-w H-mt-c-m `c-W-I-q-S-s-¯b-p-w h-nt-i-j-n-¸-n-¨-X-v. AX-ns-â Ba-p-J-¯-n ChÀ cï-p-t-]-s-cb-p-w Nc-n-{-X-c-N-\¡-v s-Xc-s-ª-S-p-¯-X-ns-â \-y-mb-w h-nh-c-n-¡-p-¶-p-ï-v.

DaÀ_-n³ JX-z-m_-v-, DaÀ _-n³ A_-vZ-n Ak-o-k-v(-d-) F¶-o cï-p al-m-·-m-c-mb Je-o-^-a-mÀ¡-v t-ij-w Ah-s-c-t-¸-ms-e a-mX-r-I-m-t-b-m-K-y-c-mb `c-W-m-[-n-I-m-c-n-I-f-m-b-n-c-p¶-p \-qd-p-±-o³-, k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ F¶-nhÀ. AX-n-\-m `-mh-n `c-W-m-[-n-I-m-c-n-IÄ¡-v a-mX-r-I-b-m-b-hs-c t-e-mI-¯-n\-v kaÀ¸-n-¡-p-I-b-mW-v {-KÙ-c-N-\-b-ps-S {-][-m\ e£-y-w. Cc-p-hc-p-w Ck-ve-m-a-n\-p-w a-pk-ve-n-w-IÄ¡-p-w s-Nb-vX t-kh-\s-¯b-p-w h-nÚ-m-\-s-¯b-p-w k-wk-vI-m-c-s-¯b-p-w AhÀ k-wc-£-n¨ h-n[h-p-w ]-mc-k-v]-c-yh-p-w A_-q-i-m-a(-d-) ]d-ª-n-«-p-ï-v. k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ h^-m-¯-mb-n ]¯-p-hÀj-w Ig-n-ª-mW-v A_-q-i-m-a(-d-) P\-n-¡-p-¶-s-X-¶-X-n-\-m c-mP-{-]-oX-n Ch-n-s-Sb-p-w e£-y-a-Ã.

h-nZ-y-m-`-y-mk-w{-]-mY-a-nI ]T\-w \-m«-n \-n¶-mW-p

t-\S-n-b-X-v. I-pS-p-w_ ]Ý-m-¯-eh-p-w P-oh-nX k-ml-N-c-yh-p-w AX-n-\-\-p-I-q-e-h-p-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. s-Nd-p-¸-¯-n Xs-¶ J-pÀ-B³ a\-x-]-m-T-a-m-¡-n. Ae-I-vk-m-{-ï-n-b t-I{-µ-o-I-c-n¨-v s-s-hÚ-m-\-nI t-kh\-w \-nÀh-l-n-¨-n-c-p¶ l-m^-nf-v A_-q-X-z-m-l-nÀ Al-va-Z-p-Ê-e^-n A Ck-v_-l-m\-n F¶ lZ-ok-v ]Þ-n-X-\-n \-n¶-p-w s-s-iJ-v J-pX-p-_-p-±-o-\-ns-s-¶k-m_-qc-n-, A_-q X-z-ml-n-d-p_-v\-p H-u^-n a-me-nI-n-, A_-vZ-p-Ã-m-l-n_-v\-p _ÀZ-o A¶l-vh-o X-pS-§-n-b-h-c-n \-n¶-p-w k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ lZ-ok-v ]T-n-

¨-p F¶-v Ca-m-w k-p_-vI-n(d-) X-z_-J-m-X-n ]d-b-p-¶-p-ï-v. Ah-c-p-a-m-b-pÅ _Ô-w ]-ns-¶b-p-w X-pSÀ¶-n-c-p-¶-p. k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ Hc-p ^J-o-l-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. J-pÀ-B\-n\-p ]-pds-a IÀa-i-mk-v{-X {-KÙ-a-mb X³_-ol-p-w aä-p-w a\-x-]-m-T-a-m-¡-n-b-n-c-p¶-p F¶-p-w k-p_-vI-n Ca-m-w Fg-p-X-n-b-n-«-p-ï-v.

\-qd-p-±-o³ k¦-n-b-ps-S I-me¯-v h-nh-n[ `-mK-§-f-n \-n¶-p-w Ua-k-vI-k-n-t-e¡-v ]Þ-n-X-·-mÀ F¯-n-t-¨-c-p-Ib-p-w Ah-n-Ss-¯ ]Å-n-If-p-w aX-I-e-m-e-b-§f-p-w t-I{-µ-o-I-c-n¨-v ZÀk-v \S-¯-p-Ib-p-w s-Nb-vX-n-c-p-¶-p. AX-n-\-m X-nc-¡-p-]-n-S-n¨ P-oh-n-X-¯-n-t-e¡-v IS-¡-p-¶-X-n\-p a-p¼-v Xs-¶ Ah-c-n ]e-c-n \-n¶-p-w h-nÚ-m\-w \-pI-c-m³ k-ze-m-l-p-±-o\-p Ig-n-ª-p. Ua-k-vI-k-ns-e {-]k-n-²-a-mb P-ma-nA Aa-h-n-¿-b-n ZÀk-v \S-¯-n-b-n-c-p¶ {-]KÛ ]Þ-n-X\-p-w i-m^-nC-u IÀa-i-mk-v{-X h-ni-m-c-Z-\-p-a-m-b-n-c-p¶ C_-v\-p A_-o Ak-z-vd-q³ F¶-d-n-b-s-¸-S-p¶ As-s-È-J-p Ca-m-w J-mf-n J-pf-m¯-v id-^-p-±-o³ A_-q kC-u-Z-n-¯-a-o-a-n(-d-)-b-ps-S ZÀk-n k-w_-Ô-n¨-v h-nÚ-m\-w \-pI-c-m³ k-ze-m-l-p-±-o\-v `-mK-y-a-p-ï-m-b-n-. ]-n¶-oS-v Ct-±l-w k-ze-m-l-p-±-os-â aX-I-mc-y D]-t-Z-j-vS-m-h-m-I-p-Ib-p-w k-p{-]-[-m\ I-mc-y-§-f-n \b-X{-´ {-]X-n-\-n-[-n-b-mb-n \-nt-b-m-K-n-¡-s-¸-S-p-Ib-p-w s-Nb-vX-p. a-pJ-y J-mf-n-b-mb-p-w t-kh-\-a-\-p-j-vT-n-¨-n-«-p-ï-v. k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ At-±-ls-¯ Xs-â K-pc-p-s-h¶ \-ne-b-n Gs-d BZ-c-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-p.

`à-nb-p-w C_-m-Z¯-p-wkÂIÀa-\-n-j-vTb-p-w C_-m-Z-¯-n-e-pÅ IW-n-

i-Xb-p-w A´-y-w hs-c k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ \-ne-\-nÀ¯-n. k-p¶-n AJ-o-Z-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p BZÀi-w. J-pX-p_-ps-s-¶-k-m-_-q-c-n(-d-) F¶ Xs-â K-pc-p-h-c-ys-\ s-I-mï-v AJ-oZ h-nh-c-n-¡-p¶ {-KÙ-w Xs-¶ cN-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w AX-v ]T-n-¸-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w s-Nb-vX-n-c-p-¶-p. k-z´-w a¡s-f s-I-mï-v B I-mh-y-w a\-x-]-m-T-a-m¡-n s-N-mÃ-n-¸-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-p.

_-nZ-v-A-¯-ns-â t-I{-µ-a-mb Hc-p `cW-w k-p¶-n-hXvI-c-n¨-v B

t-aJ-e-s-b-¯s-¶ BZÀi-]-c-a-mb-n

k-wc-£-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w h-nÚ-m\ h-nX-c-W-¯-n\-p-w Ck-ve-m-a-nI {-]t-_-m-[-\-¯-n\-p-w

Gs-d k-w`-m-h-\-I-fÀ¸-n-¡-pIb-p-w s-Nb-vX-p. ]Þ-n-X-

·-mÀ¡-v ZÀk-n-\-mb-n h-n]-p-e-a-mb k-uI-c-y-§-t-fÀs-¸-S-p-¯-n.

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^Àf-v \-nk-vI-m-c-§Ä Pa-m-A-¯-mb-n Xs-¶ \-nÀh-l-n-¨-p. ]Å-n-b-n t-]-mI-m\-mh-m-¯-h-n[-w t-c-mK-_-m-[-n-X-\-m-b-t-¸-mÄ Ca-m-a-mb-n Hc-ms-f \-nb-a-n¨-p. dh-m-X-n_-v k-p¶-¯-p-IÄ a-pS¡-nb-n-c-p-¶-n-Ã. c-m{-X-n \-nk-vI-m-c-§-f-ne-p-w {-i²-n-¨-p. P-oh-n-X-m-´-y-¯-n a-q¶-p Z-nh-k-§-t-f-mf-w H-mÀa-t-ij-n \j-vS-s-¸-«-t-¸-mÄ a-m{-X-a-mW-v \-nk-vI-mc-w a-pS-§-n-b-X-v. t-_-m[-a-n-Ã-m-¯-t-¸-mÄ \-nk-vI-mc-w \-nÀ_-Ô-h-p-a-n-Ã-t-Ã-m. t-c-mK-m-h-Ø-b-ne-p-w \-n¶-p-X-s-¶-b-mW-v \-nk-vI-mc-w \-nÀh-l-n-¨-X-v. b-m{-X-b-n ka-b-a-m-b-m h-ml-\-a-n-d§-n \-nk-vI-c-n-¨-X-n\-p t-ij-w b-m{-X X-pS-c-p-w.

da-f-m³ a-mk-¯-n GX-m\-p-w t-\-m¼-p-IÄ t-c-mK-w-a-qe-w At-±-l-¯-n\-v Jf-m-B-b-n. Xs-â acW-w a-p¶-n Is-ï-¶-t-]-ms-e Ah-k-m\ hÀj-¯-n ]c-n-i-p-²-a-mb J-pZ-vk-n s-h¨-mW-v Ah t-\-mä-p-h-o-«-n-b-X-v. N-nI-n-Õ-IÀ Bh-i-y-s-¸-«-n«-p-w At-±l-w t-\-m¼-v a-pd-n-¡-m\-p-w Hg-n-h-m-¡-m\-p-w X¿-m-d-m-b-n-Ã. t-\-m¼-v _-m¡-n s-h¨-v ac-W-s-¸-S-c-pX-v F¶ \-nÀ_Ô _-p²-n-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. b-p²h-p-w `cW X-nc-¡-p-If-p-w I-mcW-w lÖ-v \-nÀh-l-n-¡-m³ k-m[-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-n-Ã. Ah-k-m\ hÀj-w FÃ-m-w X¿-m-d-m-¡-n-s-b-¦-ne-p-w h-n[-n as-ä-m-¶-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p.

HuZm-cywkI-m-¯-n\-p ]c-y-m-]-vX-a-mb k¼-¯-n-Ã-m-X-n-c-p-

¶-X-n-\-m \-nÀ_-Ô-Z-m-\-¯-n\-v At-±l-w _-m[-y-Ø-\-m-b-n-c-p-¶-n-Ã. F¦-ne-p-w X\-n¡-v e`-n-¡-p¶ k¼-m-Z-y-s-aÃ-m-w k-zZJ s-N¿-p-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. ]Þ-n-XÀ¡-p-w aX-h-n-Z-y-mÀ°-n-IÄ¡-p-w C¡-m-c-y-¯-n a-p³K-W\ \ÂI-n. e`-n¨ kl-m-b-m-t-]-£-IÄ At-]-£-IÀ {-]X-o-£-n-¨-X-ne-p-w ̀ -wK-n-b-mb-n ]-qÀ¯-o-I-c-n-¡-p-w. JP-\-m-h-n k-z¯-v I-p¶-p-I-q-«-ms-X Bh-i-y-¡-mÀ¡-v bY-m-k-ab-w h-nX-cW-w s-N¿-m-\-m-b-n-c-p¶-p X-nS-p¡-w I-mW-n-¨-X-v. kl-m-b-¯-n-\-t-]-£-n¨hÀ \-nc-m-i-s-¸-S-c-p-s-X¶ \-ne-]-m-S-m-b-n-c-p¶-p At-±-l-¯-n-\-v. C§s-\ s-Ne-h-g-n-¨-X-p-a-qe-w k¼-mZ-y-w a-n¨-w s-h¡-m-\-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-n-Ã.

Hc-n-¡Â At-±-l-¯-n-s-\-X-ns-c Hc-mÄ J-mf-n C_-v\-p i±-m-Z-ns-â a-p¶-n Hc-p ]c-mX-n D¶-b-n-¨-p. k-pÂX-z-m³ Xs-â N-ne a-pX-e-p-IÄ X«-n-s-b-S-p-¯-n-«-p-s-ï-¶-m-b-n-c-p¶-p ]c-m-X-n. J-mf-n t-Ik-t-\-z-j-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w s-Xf-n-h-p-IÄ ]c-n-t-i-m-[-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w s-Nb-vX-t-¸-mÄ ]c-mX-n h-y-mP-a-m-s-W¶-v t-_-m[-y-a-m-b-n. ]c-m-X-n-¡-m-[-m-c-a-mb s-Xf-n-h-p-IÄ Ø-m]-n-¡-p-¶-X-n A\-y-m-b-¡-m-c³ ]c-m-P-b-s-¸-S-p-Ib-p-w s-Nb-vX-p. A§s-\ Ab-mÄ \-nc-m-i-\-mb-n t-I-mS-X-n-b-n \-n¶-v ]-nc-n-ª-p-t-]-m-I-p-t-¼-mÄ B h-y-mP ]c-m-X-n-¡-m-c\-v hk-v{-Xh-p-w ]Wh-p-w \ÂI-m³ k-pÂX-z-m³ \-nÀt-Z-i-n-¨-p.

X-oÀ¯-p-w \-nk-z-\-m-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p k-ze-m-l-p-±-os-â h-nt-b-m-K-w. \-mÂ]-¯-n-t-bg-v Z-nÀl-w- a-m-{-X-a-mb-nc-p¶-p At-±-l-¯-ns-â ac-W- ka-b¯-v JP-\-m-h-n-e-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-X-v. h-ot-S-m Øet-a-m t-]-me-p-w k-z´-a-mb-n Dï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-n-Ã. ac-W-m-\´c-w At-±-l-¯-ns-â

t-]c-n he-nb k-wJ-y Z-m\-w s-Nb-vXX-v kt-l-m-Zc-n k-n¯-pÈ-m-w F¶ al-X-n-b-mb-nc-p-¶-p.

J-pÀ-B\-p-w lZ-ok-p-wl-m^-n-f-m-b-n-c-ns-¡ Xs-¶ \¶-mb-n

H-mX-m-\-d-n-b-p-¶-h-c-n \-n¶-v J-pÀ-B³ H-mX-n-t-¡Ä¡-m³ At-±l-w Gs-d Cj-vS-s-¸-«-n-c-p-¶-p. c-m{-X-n-I-f-n A¯-c-a-m-f-p-Is-f hc-p¯-n \-me-v P-pk-v-D-IÄ hs-c C§s-\ H-mX-n-t-¡Ä¡-p-w. c-mP-k-Z-Ê-n AÂ]-w J-pÀB³ ]-mc-m-bW-w s-Nb-vX-mW-v \S-]S-n {-Ia-§Ä Bc-w-`-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-X-v. Hc-n-¡Â kh-m-c-n¡-n-S-b-n at-\-m-l-c-a-mb J-pÀ-B³ ]-mc-m-bW-w t-IÄ¡-m-\-n-S-b-m-b-n. Hc-p _-me³ ]-nX-m-h-ns-â a-p¶-n s-h¨-v J-pÀ-B³ ]-mc-m-bW-w s-N¿-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. k-pÂX-z-m³ B I-p«-ns-b BZ-c-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w Xs-â I-qs-S-b-n-c-p¯-n ̀ £W-w \ÂI-pIb-p-w ]-nX-m-h-n\-v I-pd¨-v `-qa-n \ÂI-p-I-b-p-a-pï-m-b-n.

s-hd-ps-X J-pÀ-B³ t-IÄ¡-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-n-Ã. J-pÀ-B³ ]-mc-m-bW-w h-ni-z-m-k-n-b-n Ne-\-a-p-ï-m-¡-p-s-a¶-v I-mW-n-¡-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. AX-ns-â DZ-m-l-c-W-a-m-W-v-, J-pÀ-B³ ]-mc-m-bW-w t-IÄ¡-p-t-¼-mÄ At-±-l-¯-ns-â l-rZ-b-¯-n Ce-m-l-o-`b-w ià-a-m-h-p-Ib-p-w I®-n \-n¶-p A{-i-p-¡Ä [-mc-[-m-c-b-mb-n Hg-p-I-p-Ib-p-w s-N¿-p-¶-X-v. A´-y-k-a-b¯-v At-±-l-¯-ns-â AS-p-¯-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶X-v {-]k-n² lZ-ok-v ]Þ-n-X\-p-w J-pÀ-B³ ]-mc-m-bW h-nZ-K-v[-\-p-a-m-b-n-c-p¶ A_-q-P-A-v-^-c-n J-pÀX-p-_-n(-d-) Bb-n-c-p-¶-p. k-pÂX-z-m\-v t-c-mK-w a-qÀO-n¨-v t-_-m[-w \j-vS-s-¸« kab-w. t-c-mK-i-¿-b-n-e-n-c-p¶-v J-pÀX-p_-n J-pÀ-B³ ]-mc-m-bW-w s-Nb-vX-p-s-I-m-ï-n-c-ns-¡ k-qd-X-p li-vd-ns-e ’Ah-³ A-Ã-m-l-p-h-mW-v Ah-\-Ã-ms-X Hc-p Ce-m-l-p-a-nÃ. I-mW-p-¶X-p-w I-mW-m-¯X-p-w Ad-n-b-p-¶-h-\-m-W-h³-’ F¶ 22þ-m-w k-qà-w ]-mc-m-bW-w s-Nb-vX-t-¸-mÄ k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ At-_-m-[-m-h-Ø-b-n Xs-¶ ’k-zl-o-l-p³-’ (A-t-X-, ic-n-X-s-¶-b-m-W-X-v-) F¶-p ]d-ª-p. ]-mc-m-bW-w X-pSÀ¶-p. ac-W-m-k-¶-\-mb Bf-ps-S AS-p¯-v ]-mc-m-bW-w s-Nt-¿ï k-qd-¯-pÀd-A-v-Z-ns-e 30þ-mas-¯-, ’Ah-\-Ã-ms-X Ce-m-l-n-Ã; Ah\-v t-a R-m³ ̀ c-t-a¸-n-¡-p¶-p-’ F¶ k-qà-s-a-¯-n-b-t-¸-mÄ ]-p©-n-c-n¨-v a-pJ-w {-]k-¶-a-mb-n A´-y-i-z-mk-w he-n-¨-p. J-pÀ-B-\-p-a-m-b-pÅ k-p¯-ms-â

l-nP-vd 583 dP_-v 27 a-nA-v-d-mP-v Z-n\-¯-n ^e-k-vX-o-

\-n \-n¶-p-w I-pc-n-i-p-s-s-k\-y-w ]

e-m-b\-w X-pS-§-n. A¶-v Hc-p s-hÅ-n-b-m-g-vN-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. s-s-_X-pÂ

a-pJ-±-k-ns-â t-a-mN\-w k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ a-pt-J\

\S-¡-p-s-a¶-v hÀj-§Ä¡-p-a-p¼-v {-]h-N-n-¨-n-c-p-¶ Ua-k-vI-k-ns-e J-mf-nb-p-w Xs-â a-mÀK-ZÀi-I-\-p-a-mb a-pl-vb-n-±-o-³-k-p_-vI-n ak-vP-n-

Z-p AJ-vk-z-b-n J-pX-p_ \S¯-n. k-pÂX-z-m³ t-\S-nb C-u h-nPb-w

\-ms-S§-p-w kt-´-m-j-]-p-c-Êc-w

Bt-L-m-j-n-¨-p.

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_Ô-¯-n\-v e`-y-a-mb A-wK-o-I-m-ch-p-w k-z-oI-m-c-y-Xb-p-a-mb-n AX-v h-ne-b-n-c-p-¯-s-¸-«-p.

lZ-ok-v ]T-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w l-rZ-n-Ø-a-m-¡-p-Ib-p-w AX-p ]IÀ¶-p \ÂI-p-Ib-p-w s-Nb-vX-n-c-p¶-p k-pÂX-z-m³. lZ-ok-v t-iJ-c-n¨-v ]-mc-m-bW-w s-Nb-vX-v Bi-b-§Ä a\\-w s-Nb-vX-v Ic-b-m-d-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. C_-v\-p i±-mZ-v ]d-b-p-¶-p. k-pÂX-z-m³ Fs-¶ h-nf-n¨-v lZ-ok-v h-mb-n¨-p t-Iĸ-n-¡-m-\-m-h-i-y-s-¸-S-pa-mb-n-c-p-¶-p. Gs-X-¦-ne-p-w Hc-p lZ-o-k-n-s-\-¡-p-

d-n¨-v ]-pX-p-X-mb-n h-nhc-w e`-n-¨-mÂ-, AX-p h-nh-c-n¨ K-pc-p-h-c-y-c-n \-n¶-v AX-v t-\c-n«-v t-IÄ¡-m³ k-wh-n-[-m-\-s-a-m-c-p-¡-p-w. lZ-ok-v kZ-Ê-n I-pS-p-w-_-m-w-K-§-s-fb-p-w Cc-p-¯-p-w. K-pc-p-h-c-y-c-ps-S AS-p-t-¯¡-v lZ-ok-v t-IÄ¡-m³ t-]-mh-p-Ib-p-w s-N¿-p-w. At-±-l-¯-n \-n¶-v b-q\-p-k-v_-v\-p ^-md-J-n-, A Ca-m-Z-p I-m¯-n_-v X-pS-§-n-b-hÀ lZ-ok-v D²-c-n-¨-n-«-p-a-p-ï-v.

\-nk-vX-pe

k-w`-m-h-\-IÄh-nP-b-§Ä a-m{-X-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-nà k-pÂX-z-m³

k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ ka-q-l-¯-n\-p k½-m-\-n-¨X-v. _-nZ-v-A-¯-ns-â t-I{-µ-a-mb Hc-p ̀ cW-w k-p¶-n-hÂI-c-n¨-v B t-aJ-e-s-b-¯s-¶ BZÀi-]-c-a-mb-n k-wc-£-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w h-nÚ-m\ h-nX-c-W-¯-n\-p-w Ck-ve-m-a-nI {-]t-_-m-[-\-¯-n\-p-w Gs-d k-w`-m-h-\-I-fÀ¸-n-¡-pIb-p-w s-Nb-vX-p. ]Þ-n-X-·-mÀ¡-v ZÀk-n-\-mb-n h-n]-p-e-a-mb k-uI-c-y-§-t-fÀs-¸-S-p-¯-n. ic-n-b-mb AJ-oZ ]T-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-X-n\-v D]-c-n-k-q-N-n-¸-n-¨ ’A AJ-o-Z-X-p b-qk-p-^-n¿-’ X¿-m-d-m-¡-n-¨-p.

h-nZ-y-m-`-y-m-k-¯-n\-p h-n]-p-e-a-mb k-uI-c-y-§-f-mW-v At-±l-w GÀs-¸-S-p-¯-n-b-n-c-p-¶-X-v. Gs-X-mc-p I-p«-n¡-p-w {-]-m]-n-¡-m-h-p-¶-h-n[-w ]Å-n-I-f-ne-p-w {-]t-X-yI ]-mT-i-m-e-I-f-ne-p-w h-nZ-y-m-`-y-mk k-uIc-y-w c-mP-y¯-p h-y-m]-I-a-m-¡-n. Ua-k-vI-k-ns-\ Ú-m\-n-I-f-ps-S ]«-W-a-m¡-n a-mä-n. IÀa-i-mk-v{-X aZ-vl-_-p-IÄ¡-v s-ht-Æs-d ]-mT-i-m-e-IÄ \-nÀa-n-¨-p. Ah-b-ps-S \S-¯-n-¸-n-\-m-h-i-y-a-mb hc-p-a-m\ a-mÀK-a-mb-n hJ-v^-p-If-p-w \-nÝ-b-n-¨-p. aZ-vd-k-X-p b-qk-p^-n-¿-, aZ-vd-k-X-p-k-z-e-m-l-n-¿-, aZ-vd-k-X-p J-pZ-vk-v F¶-nh AX-n {-]ik-vX Ø-m]-\-§-f-m-W-v. ]-mT-i-m-e-I-f-n A[-y-m-]-I-c-mb-n {-]a-p-Js-c Xs-¶ \-nb-a-n-¨-p. a-pZc-n-k-p-a-mÀ¡-v ]-pds-a a-pC-uZ-v (a-S¡-n H-mX-n-s-¡-m-S-p-¡-p¶h³-) F¶ Xk-vX-n-I-b-p-ï-m¡-n \-nb-a\-w \S¯-n. I-p«-n-IÄ¡-v ]-mT-w BhÀ¯-n¨-v H-mX-n-s-¡-m-S-p-¡-e-m-b-n-c-p¶-p Ch-c-ps-S t-P-me-n. I-qS-p-X BhÀ¯\-w Bh-i-y-a-p-Å-hÀ¡-v AX-p-w e`-y-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p.

k-m¼-¯-n-I-, k-ma-q-l-nI-, `cW c-wK-§-f-n A\-n-h-m-c-yh-p-w K-pW-]-c-h-p-a-mb a-mä-§Ä k-p¯-m³ hc-p-¯-n. \-oX-n-\-nÀh-l-W-¯-ne-p-w \-nb-a-]-m-e-\-¯-ne-p-w {-Ia-k-a-m-[-m-\-¯-ne-p-w Gs-d {-i²-n-¨-p. A§s-\ K-pW-k-¼-qÀW ̀ c-W-m-[-n-I-m-c-n-b-mb-n AÂa-e-n-I-p-¶-m-k-z-nd-p e-n Z-o\-n-Ã-ml-n (A-Ã-m-l-p-h-ns-â Z-o\-ns-â kl-m-b-n-b-mb k-mc-Y-n-) b-mb-n At-±-l-w.

C-uP-n-]-vX-n 24 hÀjh-p-w k-nd-n-b-b-n 19 hÀj-h-p-a-mW-v At-±l-w `cW-w \S-¯-n-b-X-v. 14þ-m-w hb-Ê-n h-nh-m-l-n-X-\-mb At-±-l-¯-n\-v 17 B¬a-¡f-p-w Hc-p s-]¬I-p-«-n-b-p-a-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. Ah-c-n ]ec-p-w ]-n¡-m-e¯-v ]e {-]t-Z-i-§-f-ne-p-w `c-W-¨-p-a-X-e-t-b-¡-pI-b-p-ï-m-b-n.

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k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ A-¿-q-_-n-b-p-s-S h-n-¹-h- P-o-h-n-X-w C-k-v-e-ma-n-I N-c-n-{-X-¯-n-s-e X-n-f-§-p-¶ A-

[-y-m-b-a-mW-v. s-a-t-k-m-s-]-m-t-«-m-a-n-b-b-ns-e (C¶-s-¯ C-d-mJ-v-) X-n-{-I-n-X-n P-\-n-¨ A-t-±l-w BZÀi t-]-m-c-m-« c-wK-¯-v t-e-m-I-P-\X-¡-v D-Z-m-¯-a-m-X-r-I-b-mW-v. I-p-c-n-i-p-b-p-²-¯-n A-X-p-e-ya-m-b {-]-IS-\-w I-m-g-v-¨-s-h¨-X-v s-I-m-ï-v-Xs-¶-, k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ A-¿-q-_-n-b-p-s-S P-o-h-n-X-s-¯-¡-p-d-n¨-p-w t-]-m-c-m-«-s-¯-¡-p-d-n¨-p-w H-m-d-n-bâ-e-n-k-v-ä-v F-g-p-¯-p-I-mÀ h-n-i-Za-m-b ]T-\-§Ä ]-p-d¯-v-s-I-m-ï-v h-¶-n-«-p-ï-v.

1977þ b-q-W-n-t-h-g-v-k-n-ä-n H-m-^-v \-y-q-t-b-mÀ-¡-v {-]-k-v {-]-k-n-²-o-I-c-n-¨ Ì-o-^³ l-w-^-v-t-d-b-p-s-Sb-p-w k-e-m-Z-n³ S-p a-w-t-K-mÄk-v: Z-n A-¿-q-_-n-Z-v-k-v H-m-^-v U-a-k-v-I-k-v-, 1969þ b-q-W-n-t-h-g-v-k-n-ä-n H-m-^-v h-nk-v-t-I-m³-k-n ]-p-d-¯-n-d¡-n-b F.BÀ K-n-º-n-s-â Z-n s-s-d-k-v H-m-^-v k-e-m-Z-n³ C³ F l-n-Ì-d-n H-m-^-v Z-n {-I-q-t-k-U-v-, e-b¬k-p-w P-m-I-v-kW-p-w t-NÀ-¶-v F-g-p-X-n 1982þ {-]-k-n-²-o-I-c-n¨ "Z-n s-s-e-^-v H-m-^--v k-e-m-Z-o³'X-p-S§-n-b _-rl-Z-v {-K-Ù-§Ä k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ A-¿-q-_-n-b-p-s-S P-o-h-nX-s-¯ \-n-k-v-]£-X-t-b-m-s-S ]-S-n-ª-m-d-n-\-v a-p-¼-n A-h-X-c-n-¸-n-¡-p-I-b-p-ï-mb-n. XÂ-^-e-a-m-b-n A-¿-q-_-n-b-p-s-S h-n-¹-h-P-o-h-n-X-¯-n-\-v I-q-S-p-X h-y-m-J-y-m-\h-p-w ]T-\-§f-p-w A-¡-m-Z-a-n-I-c-wK-¯-v \-S¶-p. h-nh-n-[ kÀ-h-I-e-m-i-m-e-I-f-n-s-e N-c-n-{-X-w-, Ck-ve-m-a-n-I-v Ì-U-ok-v-, X-n-t-b-m-fP-n-, b-p-² ]T-\-§Ä X-p-S§-n-b h-I-p-¸-p-I-f-n k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³

A-¿-q-_-n-b-p-s-S P-o-h-n-X-w t-I-{-µ-o-I-c-n-¨-p-Å K-t-h-j-W ]T-\-§Ä \-S-¡-p-I-b-p-ï-mb-n. A-t-X-k-ab-w-, C-k-v-e-ma-n-I N-c-n-{-X-¯-ns-e C-u X-n-f-§-p-¶ A-[-y-m-b-w h-n-I-e-a-m-¡-m³ e-£-y-a-n-«-p-Å c-N-\-If-p-w ]-n-d-h-n-s-b-S-p¯-p. H-c-p-]-t-£-, C¯-c-w h-n-aÀ-i-\ I-r-X-n-I-f-m-W-v h-f-s-c- I-q-S-p-X-e-m-b-p-ÅX-v.

d-ns-e k-v-a-n¯-v-, t-P-m-\-m-Y³ F-¶-n-hÀ t-NÀ-s-¶-g-pX-nb "Z-n {-I-q-k-m-U-vk-v : {-I-n-k-v-X-y-m-\-n-ä-n Bâ-v C-k-ve-m-w-'(2008-)-, t-l-m-f-n h-m-c-nbÀ-, t-P-m-\-m-Y³ ^-n-e-n-]-v-k-v F-¶-n-hÀ X-¿-m-d-m¡-nb F t-a-m-U l-n-k-vä-d-n H-m-^-v {-I-q-k-m-U-v-k-v(2009-)-, t-U-h-n-U-v \-n-t-I-m-e F-g-pX-n-b k-e-m-Z-n³: Z-n _-m-I-v- {-K-u-ï-vk-v-, k-v-{-S-m-ä-P-o-k-v Bâ-v _-m-äÂ-^-oÂ-U-v F-I-v-k-v-]-o-c-n-b³-k-k-v (2011-) X-p-S-§-n-b ]T-\-§Ä G-äh-p-w H-S-p-h-n-e-m-b-n ]-p-d-¯-p-h-¶ h-n-aÀ-i-\ I-r-X-n-I-f-m-W-v. 1982þ {-]-k-n-²-o-I-c-n-¨ Z-n s-]-m-f-n-ä-n-I-v-k-v H-m-^-v t-l-m-f-n h-mÀ(F-w.k-n P-m-I-v-k¬-)-, 1953þ I-m-w-{-_-n-U-v-P-v b-q-W-n-t-h-g-v-k-n-ä-n {-]-k-n-²-o-I-c-n¨ Ì-U-o-k-v C³ s-I-m-t-¡-j-y³ l-n-Ì-d-n (h-v-f-m-U-n-aÀ a-n-t-\-m-k-v-I-n-)-, 1906þ ]-p-d-¯-n-d-§-n-b "k-e-m-Z-n³ Bâ-v Z-n ̂ -mÄ H-m-^-v I-n-w-K-v-U-w H-m-^-v P-d-p-ke-w-'(Ì-m³-e-n e-m³-]-qÄ-) X-p-S§-n-b I-r-X-n-I-f-p-s-S X-p-SÀ-¨-b-m-b-m-W-v A-S-p-¯-n-s-S C-d-§-p-¶ h-n-aÀ-i-\ cN\IÄ.

A-t-X-k-ab-w-, k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ A-¿-q-_-n-b-p-s-S P-o-h-N-c-n{-X-w A-¡-m-Z-a-n-IþN-c-n-{-X NÀ-¨-I-f-n I-q-S-p-X P-\-I-o-b-a-m-¡-n-b-X-n H-m-d-n-bâ-e-n-Ì-v c-N-\-IÄ-¡-v he-n-b ]-¦-pï-v. I-p-c-n-i-p-b-p-²-s-¯-¡-p-d-n¨-p-w

kz‑e‑m‑l‑p‑±‑o³ A¿‑q_‑n (d‑)

H‑md‑n‑bâ‑e‑nÌ‑v h‑mb‑\‑b‑nÂ

bmkÀ Ad-^m¯v \qdm-\n

[-qÀ¯-p-w B-V-w-_-ch-p-w ̀ -c-W-m-[-n-I-m-c-n-b-p-s-S \-nÀ-_-Ô-_-m-[-y-X-s-b-t-¶-m-W-w A-t-§b-ä-w {-]-m-]-n-¨ H-c-p I-me-¯-v h-n-c-à-n-b-p-s-Sb-p-w e-m-f-n-X-y-¯-n-s-âb-p-w P-o-h-n-X-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³(d-) \-b-n-¨X-v. c-m-P-m-¡-·-m-c-p-s-S A-\-m-h-i-y-{-]-u-V-nb-p-w K-m-w-`-o-c-yh-p-w s-h-S-n-ª A-t-±-l-w b-Y-mÀ-° P-\-t-k-h-I-\-m-b-n `-c-W-w \-S¯-n. C-t-§-m-«-v AXn-{I-aw Im-Wn¨-h-tcm-SÃmsX BtcmSpw h-n-i-z-m-k-¯-n-s-â t-]-c-n B-t-c-mS-p-w A-t-±-l-w A-X-n-{-I-a-w I-m-W-n-¨-nÃ. A-Yh-m-, A-`-n-a-m-\-I-c-a-m-b-n \-n-e-\-nÂ-¡-m³ t-h-ï-n a-m{-X-w s-N-d-p-¯-p-\-n¶-p.

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C-k-v-e-ma-n-I N-c-n-{-X-s-¯-¡-p-d-n-¨-p-a-p-Å G-s-X-m-c-p K-t-h-j-Wh-p-w k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ A-¿-q-_-n-b-p-s-S P-o-h-n-X-¯-n-e-q-s-S h-n-i-Za-m-b ]T-\-w \-S-¯-m-s-X A-]-qÀ-W-a-m-h-p-s-a-¶ \-n-e-b-n-t-e-¡-v A-¡-m-Za-n-I h-n-Z-K-v-[-s-cb-p-w K-t-h-j-I-s-cb-p-w s-I-m-s-ï-¯-n¨-X-v ]-S-n-ª-m-d-v \-n-¶-v {-]-k-n-²-o-I-c-n-¨ ]T-\-§-f-mW-v.

H-m-d-n-bâ-e-n-Ì-v c-N-\-I-f-ns-e -’k-e-m-Z-n³-’ 1138þ P-\-n-¨-v-, C-u-P-n-]-vX-p-w k-n-d-n-b-b-p-a-S-§-p-¶ A-¿-q-_-n c-m-P-h-w-i-¯-n-s-â Ø-m-]-I-\-mW-v. I-pÀ-Z-v h-w-i ]-c-¼-c-b-n-s-e a-p-k-v-e-na-m-b k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ A-¿-q-_-n b-q-t-d-m-]-y³ I-p-c-n-i-p b-p-²-¯-n-s-\-X-n-s-c a-p-k-v-e-n-wI-s-f \-b-n-¨ ]-S-\-m-b-I-\-mW-v. ̀ -c-W-m-[-n-I-m-c-¯-n-s-â k-p-hÀ-W-I-m-e-L-«-¯-n C-u-P-n-]-vX-v-, k-n-d-n-b-, s-a-t-k-m-s-¸-mt-«-m-a-n-b-, l-n-P-mk-v-, ba³-, h-S-¡³ B-{-^-n-¡-b-n-s-e `-m-K-§Ä F¶-n-h A-S-§-p-¶ h-n-i-m-ea-m-b k-m-{-a-m-P-y-¯-n-s-â A[-n-I-mc-n-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p A-t-±l-w.

I-p-c-n-i-p-b-p-²-¯-n-s-e K-w`-o-c h-n-P-b-¯-n-\-p-t-i-j-w k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ A-¿-q-_-n-b-p-s-S a-p³-]-n \-n-ch-[-n A-h-k-c-§-f-m-W-v h-¶-p-t-NÀ-¶-X-v. 1169þ A-½-m-h³ j-nÀ-I-q-l-v a-c-n-¨-t-¸-mÄ ̂ -m-X-z-n-a-n ̀ -c-W-I-q-S-¯-n-s-â Je-o-^ AÂ

Bf-n-Z-v h-k-o-d-m-b-n \-n-b-a-n¨-X-v A-¿-q-_-n-s-b-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. H-c-p i-n-b-m t-\-X-m-h-v `-c-n-¡-p-¶ c-m-{-ã-¯-n H-c-p k-p-¶-n t-\-X-m-h-v `-c-W-t-aÂ-¡-p-¶ A-]-qÀ-h-X-I-f-n H-¶-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p AX-v.

[-qÀ¯-p-w B-U-w-_-ch-p-w `-c-W-m-[-n-I-m-c-n-b-p-s-S \-nÀ-_-Ô-_-m-[-y-X-s-b-t-¶-m-W-w A-t-§b-ä-w {-]-m-]-n-¨ H-c-p I-me-¯-v h-n-c-à-n-b-p-s-Sb-p-w e-m-f-n-X-y-¯-n-s-âb-p-w P-o-h-n-X-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³(d-) \-b-n-¨X-v. c-m-P-m-¡-·-m-c-p-s-S A-\-m-h-i-y-{-]-u-V-nb-p-w K-m-w-`-o-c-yh-p-w s-h-S-n-ª A-t-±-l-w b-Y-mÀ-° P-\-t-k-h-I-\-m-b-n `-c-W-w \-S¯-n. C-t-§-m-«-v b-p-²-w s-N-b-vX-h-t-c-m-SÃ-m-s-X h-n-i-z-m-k-¯-n-s-â t-]-c-n B-t-c-mS-p-w A-t-±-l-w A-X-n-{-I-a-w I-m-W-n-¨-nÃ. A-Yh-m-, A-`-n-a-m-\-I-c-a-m-b-n \-n-e-\-nÂ-¡-m³ t-h-ï-n a-m{-X-w s-N-d-p-¯-p-\-n¶-p. P-\-§-f-p-s-S B-c-m[-\-m k-z-m-X-{-´-y-¯-n s-s-I-I-S-¯-n-b-nÃ. A-X-n _-e-mÂ-¡-m-ct-a-m k-½À-Zt-a-m \-S-¯-n-b-nÃ. s-I-m-eb-p-w c-à-s-¨-m-c-n-¨-ne-p-w A-t-±-l-w C-ã-s-¸-«-n-c-p-¶-nÃ. h-nP-b-w t-\-S-n-b-m ]-n-s-¶ I-c-p-Wb-p-w Z-bb-p-w I-m-W-n-¡-p-w. _-Ô-\Ø-s-c h-n-«-b-¡-p-w. A-h-t-c-m-S-v h-n-«-p-h-o-g-v-¨ I-m-W-n-¡-p-w. C-s-XÃ-m-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p A-t-±-l-¯-n-s-â k-z-`-m-h-§Ä. a-d-n-¨-v b-q-t-d-m-¸-n {-]-N-c-n-¸-n-¡-s-¸-S-p¶-X-p t-]-m-s-e IT-n-\ aÀ-Z-I\-p-w c-à-Z-m-l-n-b-p-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-nà A-t-±l-w.

B-[-p\-n-I C-k-v-e-ma-n-I N-c-n-{-X-¯-n l-n-X-z-o³ b-p-²-¯-n-\-v he-n-b {-]-[-m-\-y-a-pï-v. \-q-ä-m-ï-p-IÄ a-p-k-v-e-n-w-IÄ-¡-v k-m-[-n-¡-m-s-X t-]-m-b J-p-Z-v-k-v h-n-t-a-mN-\-w k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³(d-)h-n-s-â t-\-X-r-X-z-¯-n k-m-[-y-a-m-¡-nbX-v C-u b-p-²-¯-n-e-q-s-S-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p. ]-{-´-ï-m-b-n-c-w ]-S-b-m-f-n-IÄ a-m-{-X-t-a B Z-nh-k-w k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ A-¿-q-_-n(d-)h-n-s-â I-q-s-S-b-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-pÅ-q. i-{-X-p-]-£-¯-m-h-s-« 63000 I-p-c-n-i-v t-]-m-c-m-f-n-I-f-p-w. F-¦-ne-p-w \-nÀ-W-m-b-Ia-m-b k-w-L-«-\-¯-n Ah-s-c t-\-c-n-S-p-¶-X-nÂ-\-n-¶-v k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³(d-)h-n-s-\ A-wK-_-e-¡-p-dh-v ]-n-´-n-c-n-¸-n-¡-p-I-b-p-ï-m-b-nÃ. c-m-{-X-n-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p C-c-p s-s-k-\-y-§f-p-w l-n-X-z-o-\-n k-Ô-n-¨X-v. A-X-n-\-m A-S-p-¯ Z-nh-k-w {-]-`-m-X-¯-n b-p-²-w X-p-S§-n. l-n-P-v-d 583 d-_-o-D A-Æ 24 s-h-Å-n-b-m-g-v-¨ ({-I-n-k-v-X-m-Ð-w 1187 P-qs-s-e-)b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p AX-v. k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ A-¿-q-_-n(d-)h-n-s-â b-p-² X-{-´-§f-p-w a-p-k-ve-n-w t-]-m-c-m-f-n-I-f-p-s-S i-àa-mb t-]-m-c-m-« h-o-c-yh-p-w i-{-X-p-¡-f-p-s-S a-t-\-m-Z-mÀV-yX ]-m-s-S X-IÀ-¯-p. a-p-k-ve-n-w s-s-k-\-y-w GÀ-s-¸-S-p¯-n-b D-]-t-c-m-[h-p-w Ah-s-c X-fÀ¯-n. b-p-²-m-h-k-m-\-w {-I-n-k-v-X-y³ c-m-P-m-h-n-s-â X¼-p-w A-X-n-\-p k-w-c-£-W-s-a-m-c-p-¡-n P-o-h³a-cW t-]-m-c-m-«-¯-n-t-eÀ-s-¸-«-n-c-p-¶ I-pd-¨-v s-s-k-\-n-Ic-p-w a-m-{-X-t-a i-{-X-p-]-£-¯-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-pÅ-q.

a-p-k-ve-n-w s-s-k\-y-w X-{-´-]-c-a-m-b-n I-q-S-m-c-w X-IÀ-¯-t-X-m-S-pI-q-S-n I-p-c-n-i-v t-]-m-c-m-f-n-I-f-p-s-S \-n-Ý-b-Z-mÀV-y-w ]-m-s-S \i-n¨-p. I-q-S-m-c-w X-I-c-p¶-X-v I-ï-t-¸-mÄ k-t-´-m-j-m-{-i-p-¡Ä s-]-m-g-n¨-p-s-I-m-ï-v k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³(d-) AÃ-m-l-p-h-n-s-â

B-[-p\-n-I C-k-v-e-ma-n-I N-c-n-{-X-¯-n l-n-X-z-o³ b-p-²-¯-n-\-v he-n-b {-]-[-m-\-y-a-pï-v.

\-q-ä-m-ï-p-IÄ a-p-k-v-e-n-w-IÄ-¡-v k-m-[-n-¡-m-s-X t-]-m-b

J-p-Z-v-k-v h-n-t-a-mN-\-w k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³(d-)h-n-s-â t-\-X-r-X-z-¯-nÂ

k-m-[-y-a-m-¡-nbX-v C-u b-p-²-¯-n-e-q-s-S-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p. ]-{-´-ï-m-b-n-c-w ]-S-b-m-f-n-IÄ a-m-{-X-t-a B Z-nh-k-w k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ A-¿-q-_-n(d-)h-n-s-â I-q-s-S-b-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-pÅ-q. i-{-X-p-]-£-

¯-m-h-s-« 63000 I-p-c-n-i-v t-]-m-c-m-f-n-I-

f-p-w.

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a-p-¼-n k-mã-m-w-K-w s-N-b-vX-p. a-l¯-m-b C-u h-n-P-b-¯-n-\-v t-i-j-w l-n-X-z-o-\-n k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ H-c-p I-q-S-m-c-w \-nÀ-a-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w AÃ-m-l-p-h-n-\-v \-µ-n {-]I-m-i-n¸-n¨-p-s-I-m-ï-v c-m{-X-n a-p-g-ph³ \-n-k-v-I-c-n¨-p-w {-]-mÀ-°-n¨-p-w A-X-n I-g-n-¨-p-I-q«-n.

]-n-¶-o-S-v A-t-±-l-w s-s-k-\-y-t-¯-m-s-S-m-¸-w A-k-v-J-e-m-\-n-t-e-¡-p t-]-m-h-p-Ib-p-w A-h-n-s-S b-p-²-w \-n-b-{-´-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w s-N-b-vX-p. c-ï-p a-m-k-§Ä-¡-p-Å-n A-¡-mb-p-w \-m-k-n-db-p-w s-s-l-^-mb-p-w \-m-_-pÄk-p-w b-m-^b-p-w s-s-_-d-q¯-p-w _-X-v-e-t-la-p-w d-w-eb-p-w a-ä-p ]-e \-K-c-§f-p-w a-p-k-v-e-n-w-IÄ X-nc-n-¨-p-]-n-S-n-¨-p. ]-{-´-ï-m-b-n-c-¯-n I-h-n-b-m-¯ H-c-p s-N-d-pk-w-L-w s-s-k-\-n-IÀ-¡-v F-§-s-\-b-m-W-v kÀ-h-mb-p-[ h-n-`-q-j-n-X-c-m-b 63000t-¯-m-f-w h-c-p-¶ h³-s-s-k-\-y-s-¯ P-b-n-¨-S-¡-m³ I-g-n-ª-s-X-¶-v FÃ-m-h-s-cb-p-w A-Û-p-X-s-¸-S-p¯-n.

C-u k-a-bh-p-w {-I-n-k-v-X-y-m-\-n-IÄ s-s-_-X-p a-p-J-±-k-n [-m-c-m-f-a-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p¶-p. A-hÀ-¡-v b-q-t-d-m-¸-n \-n-¶-v k-l-m-b-§Ä F-¯-n-s-¡-m-ï-n-c-p¶-p. A-X-n-\-mÂ-, s-s-_-X-p a-p-J-±-k-v ]-n-S-n-s-¨-S-p-¡-m³ k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³(d-) h³ H-c-p-¡-§Ä X-p-S§-n. s-s-_-X-p a-p-J-±-k-n-s-â H-c-p ̀ -m-K-w I-p-X-n-c-¸-S-b-m-f-n-IÄ-¡-p-Å X-m-a-k Ø-eh-p-w a-s-ä-m-c-p ̀ -m-K-w k-¼-m-Z-y-§Ä k-q-£-n-¡-m-\-p-Å Ø-e-h-p-w a-q¶-m-w `-m-K-w I-p-X-n-c-¸-´-n-b-p-a-m-¡-n a-m-ä-n B ]-p-W-y-`-q-a-n-b-p-s-S h-n-i-p-²-n A-hÀ I-f-¦-s-¸-S-p-¯-n-b-n-c-p¶-p.

k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³(d-) B-Z-y-a-m-b-n s-N-b-vX-X-v s-s-_-X-p a-p-J-±-k-n-s-e s-s-{-I-k-vX-h ̀ -c-W-I-q-S-¯-n-\-p ]-p-d-s-a-\-n-¶-v F-¯-p-¶ k-l-m-b-§Ä X-S-b-m³ t-h-ï-n s-s-k-\-y-s-¯ ]-d-ª-b-¡-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p. A-X-n-\-p-t-i-j-w H-c-p k-w-L-w s-s-k-\-y-h-p-a-m-b-n A-t-±-l-w s-s-_-X-p a-p-J-±-k-n-t-e-¡-v \-o§-n. h-n-h-c-a-d-n-ª-v 60000t-¯-m-f-w I-p-c-n-i-v t-]-m-c-m-f-n-IÄ s-s-_-X-p a-p-J-±-k-n ]-«-W-`-n-¯-n-I-f-p-s-S k-pc-£-m I-m-h-e-n H-¯-p-I-q-S-n.

{-I-n-k-v-X-m-Ð-w 1187 s-k-]-v-X-w-_À 20(l-n-P-v-d 583 d-P_-v-) a-[-y-¯-n k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³(d-) s-s-_-X-p a-p-J-±-k-n-s-e-¯-n ]-«-W-¯-n-\-v N-p-ä-p-w i-àa-m-b D-]-t-c-m-[-w GÀ-s-¸-S-p¯-n. ]-n-¶-o-S-v ]-«-W-`-n-¯-n a-n-©-\-o-J-v (IÃ-p-IÄ s-X-m-S-p-¯-v h-n-«-v `-n-¯-n-IÄ X-IÀ-¡-p-It-b-m X-o-b-p-ï-IÄ ]-«-W-¯-n-\-v X-o-s-I-m-f-p-¯-p-It-b-m H-s-¡ s-N-¿-m-\-p-]-t-b-m-K-n-¡-p-¶ H-c-pX-c-w he-n-b I-h-W-b-m-W-v CX-v-) D-]-t-b-m-K-n-¨-v X-IÀ-¡-m³ {-i-a-n¨-p. J-p-Z-v-k-n-s-â `-n-¯-n-IÄ-¡-p a-p-I-f-n X-e-b-p-bÀ-¯-m³ I-p-c-n-i-p s-s-k-\-nI-s-c A-\-p-h-Z-n-¡-m-¯-h-n-[-w A-s-¼-b-v-¯-p \-n-]-p-W-·-mÀ A-k-v-{-X-§-s-f-b-vX-p-s-I-m-ï--nc-p¶-p. X-p-SÀ-¶-v a-pk-ve-n-w s-s-k\-y-w ]-«-W-`-n-¯-n-b-n-t-e-¡-v Cc¨-p-I-bd-n. ̀ -n-¯-n-I-f-n X-p-f-b-p-ï-m¡-n-b t-i-j-w A-X-n-\I-¯-v a-c-¯-S-n-IÄ s-h-¨-v X-o s-I-m-S-p¯-p. ̀ -n-¯-n A-t-X-m-s-S Z-pÀ-_-e-a-m-h-p-Ib-p-w s-N-b-vX-p.

]-«-W-`-n-¯-n X-I-c-m³ X-p-S-§-n-b-t-¸-mÄ I-p-c-n-i-v t-]-m-c-m-f-n-If-p-s-S a-t-\-m-h-oc-y-w X-IÀ¶-p-. ]«-W-w D-S³ X-s-¶ a-pk-ve-n-w-IÄ I-o-g-v-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-s-a-¶-v A-hÀ-¡-v t-X-m-¶-n. C-u ka-b-w J-p-Z-v-k-n-s-e I-p-c-n-i-v

]-S-\-m-b-I³ k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³(d-)h-n-s-â A-S-p-¡-t-e-¡-v c-ï-p X-h-W Z-q-X-·-m-c-p-s-S H-c-p k-w-Ls-¯ A-b¨-p. ]-n-S-n-¨-S-¡-e-n \-n-¶-v k-p-c-£-n-X-c-m-b-n k-Ô-n-b-n-e-q-s-S c-£-s-¸-S-e-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p A-h-c-p-s-S e-£-y-w. A§-s-\ k-Ô-n NÀ-¨-IÄ B-c-w-`-n¨-p. s-s-_-X-p a-p-J±-k-v {-I-n-k-v-X-y-m-\-n-IÄ a-p-k-v-e-n-w-IÄ-¡-v GÂ-]-n¨-p-s-I-m-S-p-¡-p-w. ]I-c-w A-h-À-¡-v B-b-p-[-§-s-f-S-p-¡-m-s-X J-p-Z-v-k-v h-n«-p-t-]-m-I-m-w. t-]-m-I-p-¶-X-n-\-v a-p-¼-m-b-n H-m-t-c-m-c-p-¯c-p-w H-c-p Z-o-\-mÀ h-o-X-w a-p-k-v-e-n-w-IÄ-¡-v s-I-m-S-p-¡W-w. A-s-Ã-¦-n X-S-h-p-I-m-c-m-b-n I-g-n-t-b-ï-n-h-c-p-w. C-u k-Ô-n h-y-h-Ø C-c-p-]-£h-p-w A-w-K-o-I-c-n-¨-p.

A-hÀ J-p-Z-v-k-v h-n-«-p-t-]-m-I-m³ X-p-S§-n. N-n-e h-r-²-·-mc-p-w h-r-²-If-p-w k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³(d-)h-n-s-\ k-a-o-]-n-¨-n-«-p ]-dª-p. R-§-f-p-s-S s-s-Ih-i-w H-ä \-m-W-b-¯-p-«-p t-]-m-e-p-a-nÃ. k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³(d-) A-h-t-c-m-S-v ]d-ªX-v \-n-§Ä \-nÀ-`-b-c-m-b-n s-]-m-b-v-s-¡-m-Å-p-Is-b¶-mW-v. C-X-m-W-v a-l-m\-m-b A-¿-q-_-n I-m-W-n-¨ k-l-n-j-v-W-p-X. Zi-m-_-vZ-§Ä¡-p-a-p¼-v I-p-c-n-i-v ]-S-b-m-f-n-IÄ s-s-_-X-p a-p-J±-k-v I-o-g-S-¡-n-b-t-¸-mÄ a-p-k-ve-n-w-I-t-f-m-S-v s-N-b-v-X a-r-K-o-b {-I-q-c-X-I-f-p-a-m-b-n C-X-n-s-\ X-m-c-X-a-y-s-¸-S-p-¯-m-\-m-h-nÃ. A-¶-v J-p-Z-v-k-n {-]-t-h-i-n-¨ I-p-c-n-i-p-]-S P-\§-s-f a-r-K-o-b-a-m-b-n I-q-«-s-¡-m-e s-N-b-vX-p. I-p-«-n-I-s-ft-¶-m h-r-²-s-ct-¶-m Z-pÀ-_-e-s-c-t-¶-m _-e-h-m³-a-m-s-ct-¶-m k-v-{-X-o-I-s-ft-¶-m b-m-s-X-m-c-p h-n-t-h-N-\-h-p-a-nÃ-m-s-X k-I-

1977þÂ b-q-W-n-t-h-g-v-k-n-ä-n H-m-^-v \-y-q-

t-b-mÀ-¡-v {-]-k-v {-]-k-n-²-o-I-c-n-¨ Ì-o-^³

l-w-^-v-t-d-b-p-s-Sb-p-w k-e-m-Z-n³ S-p a-w-

t-K-mÄk-v: Z-n A-¿-q-_-n-Z-v-k-v H-m-^-v U-a-k‑v‑I‑k‑v‑, 1969þÂ

b-q-W-n-t-h-g-v-k-n-ä-n H-m-^-v h-nk-v-t-I-m³-k-nÂ

]-p-d-¯-n-d¡-n-b F.BÀ K-n-º-n-s-â Z-n s-s-d-k-v H-m-^-v k-e-m-Z-n³ C³ F l-n-Ì-d-n H‑m‑^‑v Z‑n {‑I‑q‑t‑k‑U‑v‑, e-b¬k-p-w P-m-I-v-kW-p-w t-NÀ-¶-v F-

g-p-X-n 1982þÂ {-]-k-n-²-o-I-c-n¨ "Z-n s-s-e-^-v H-m-^--v k-e-m-Z-o³'X-p-

S§-n-b _-rl-Z-v {-K-Ù-§Ä k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ A-¿-q-_-n-b-p-s-S P-o-h-nX-s-¯ \-n-k-v-]£-X-t-b-m-s-S

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e-s-cb-p-w s-X-c-p-h-p-I-f-n I-q-«-¡-i-m-¸-n-\-n-c-b-m¡-n. J-p-Z-v-k-n-s-â ]-p-W-y-`-q-a-n-b-n \-n-c-h-[-n-t-]À s-I-mÃ-s-¸«-p. A-\h-[-n t-]À H-m-S-n-t-¸-mb-n. k-v-{-X-o-If-p-w I-p-«-n-If-p-w b-p-h-m-¡f-p-w h-r-²-c-p-aS-¡-w H-c-p e-£-t-¯-m-f-w t-]À a-k-v-P-n-Z-p A-J-v-k-b-n A`-b-w t-XS-n. A-hÀ `-b-s-h-{-]-m-f-t-¯-m-s-S X-§-f-p-s-S h-n-[-n I-m-¯-n-c-p-¶-p. Ah-s-c I-ï {-I-n-k-v-X-y³ Ø-m-\]-X-n a-s-ä-m¶-p-w B-t-e-m-N-n-¨-nÃ. B P-\-¡-q«-s-¯ I-q-«-s-¡-m-e s-N-¿-m³ D-¯c-h-v \ÂI-n.

A-t-X-m-s-S I-q-«-¡-i-m-¸-v B-c-w-`-n-¨-p. t-\c-n-s-b-m-c-p s-N-d-p-¯-p-\-nÂ-¸-v t-]-me-p-w \-nc-mb-p-[c-m-b B P-\-¡-q-«-¯-n \-n-¶-v D-ï-m-b-nÃ. I-q-«-s-¡-m-e-b-p-s-S Z-r-I-vk-m-£-n-s-b D-²-c-n¨-p-s-I-m-ï-v s-d-b-v-t-a-m¬ ]-m-X-n-c-n t-c-J-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶-p: hf-s-c t-¢-i-n-¨-p s-I-m-ïÃ-m-s-X i-h-§Ä-¡-n-S-b-n-e-q-s-S I-S-¶-p-t-]-m-I-m³ F-\-n-¡-p I-g-n-ª-nÃ. c-à-w a-p-t-«-m-f-w F-¯-n-b-n-c-p¶-p. C-X-v b-q-t-d-m-]-y³ F-g-pX-n-b C¶-p-w \-n-e-h-n-e-p-Å h-n-i-z-k-n-¡-m-h-p-¶ N-c-n-{-X-t-c-J-b-m-b-n _-m-¡-n-b-p-ï-v.

k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ (d-)h-n-s-â k-t-l-m-Z-c\-p-w a-ä-p \-n-ch-[-n a-p-k-ve-n-w {-]-`-p-¡-·-mc-p-w a-p-t-¶-m-«-v h-¶-v ]-W-w \Â-I-m-³ t-ij-n-b-nÃ-m-¯ H-t-«-s-d t-]-s-c G-s-ä-S-p¯-p. F-®-a-ä B-f-p-IÄ C-§-s-\ c-£-s-¸«-p. F-¶-n«-p-w A-h-t-i-j-n-¨-p \-n-c-h-[-n-b-m-f-pIÄ. Z-c-n-{-Zc-m-b Ch-s-c k-l-m-b-n-¡-m³ k-¼-¶c-m-b {-I-n-k-v-X-y-m-

\-n-IÄ ]t-£-, X-¿-m-d-m-b-n-c-p-¶-nÃ. C-h-s-c-s-bÃ-m-w k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³(d-) s-h-d-p-s-X-h-n«-p.

A§-s-\ l-n-P-v-d 583 d-P-_-v 27þ\-v A-´-y-{-]-h-m-N-I³ a-p-l½-Z-v \-_-n(k-z-)b-p-s-S a-k-v-P-n-Z-p AJ-v-k-b-n-t-e-¡-p-Å c-m-{-]-b-m-Wh-p-w B-I-m-i-m-t-c-m-l-Wh-p-w \-S-¶ A-t-X Z-nh-k-w a-p-k-v-e-n-w-IÄ J-p-Z-v-k-n {-]-t-h-i-n¨-p.

a-k-v-P-n-Z-p A-J-v-k-b-n Z-oÀ-L-I-m-e-s-¯ CS-t-h-f¡-v t-i-j-w X-u-l-o-Z-n-s-â a-{-´-§Ä D-bÀ¶-p. a-p-k-v-e-n-w-IÄ B-Ë-m-Z`-c-n-X-c-mb-n. X-I-v-_-od-p-w X-l-ve-oe-p-w A-´-c-o-£-¯-n A-e-b-S-n¨-p. A-h J-p-Z-v-k-n-s-â ̀ -n-¯-n-I-f-n {-]-X-n-[-z-\-n¨-p. X-p-S-À-¶-v a-k-v-P-n-Z-p A-J-v-kb-p-w J-p-º-X-p-k-J-v-db-p-w ]-p-\-c-p-²-c-n¨-p. h-n-P-b-h-mÀ-¯ a-p-k-ve-n-w t-e-m-I-¯-n-s-â kÀ-hZ-n-¡-n-e-p-s-a¯-n. F§-p-w B-Ë-m-Z-w ]-SÀ¶-p. C-k-v-e-ma-nI t-e-m-I-¯-n-s-â a-p-¡-p-a-q-e-I-f-n-s-eÃ-m-w A-J-v-k-b-p-s-S h-n-t-a-mN-\-w B-Ë-m-Z-]-qÀ-h-w s-I-m-ï-m-S-s-¸«-p. H-c-p a-m-k-¡-m-e-w \-o-ï-p-\-n-¶-phs-{-X B B-Ë-m-Z-{-]-I-S-\-§Ä. a-q-¶-m-aX-p-w d-n-¨-mÀ-U-v F-¶ \-m-bI-s-â t-\-X-r-X-z-¯-n I-p-c-ni-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-IÄ J-p-Z-v-k-n-\-p-t-\-s-c h-s-¶-¦-n-e-p-w k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³(d-)h-n-s-âb-p-w a-pk-ve-n-w s-s-k-\-y-¯-n-s-âb-p-w \-n-Ý-b Z-mÀ-V-y-¯-n-\-v a-p-¶-n X-e I-p-\-n-¨-v ]-n³-h-e-n-t-b-ï-n h-¶-p A-hÀ-¡-v. l-n-P-v-d 589þ k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ A-¿-q-_-n h-n-S ]-dª-p.

k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³(d-)h-n-s-â N-c-n-{-X-¯-n \-n-¶-v hÀ-¯-a-m-\-I-m-e-t-¯-¡-v \-S-¶-S-p-¡-p-¶ A-¡-m-Z-a-n-I D-Z-y-a-§Ä X-p-t-e-m-w-]-c-n-a-n-X-a-m-W-v. a-p-k-ve-n-w c-m-{-ã-§-f-n \-S-¡-p-¶ c-à-s-¨-m-c-n-¨-n-e-p-IÄ-¡-v k-a-m-[-m-\-]-ca-m-b ]-c-n-l-m-c-w I-m-W-m³ A-¿-q-_-n-b-p-s-S P-o-h-N-c-n{-X-w A-h-e-w-_-a-m-¡-n a-p-k-v-e-n-w-IÄ-¡-v k-m-[-n-¡W-w. A-t-X-k-ab-w-, k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³(d-)h-n-s-\¡-p-d-n-¨-v s-X-ä-n-²-m-c-W ]-c-¯-p-¶ c-o-X-n-b-n c-N-n-¡-s-¸-« B-w-Kt-e-b I-rX-nI-s-f t-h-ï-h-n-[-¯-n {-]X-n-t-c-m-[-n-¡-m³ C-k-ve-ma-n-I N-c-n-{-X-I-m-c-·-mÀ-¡-v C-\-nb-p-w I-g-n-ª-n-«-nà F-¶-X-m-W-v h-m-k-v-Xh-w. k-p-¶-n B-ZÀ-i-w ]W-b-w s-h-¡-m-s-X A-¿-q-_-n \-S¯-n-b t-X-t-c-m-«-w N-c-n-{-X-¯-n-s-e A-]-qÀ-h-X-I-f-n H-¶-m-s-W-¶-n-c-ns-¡-, a-pk-ve-n-w k-a-p-Z-m-b-¯-n {-]-t-X-y-I-n¨-p-w t-e-m-I-P-\-X-b-n s-]-m-X-p-s-hb-p-w k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³(d-)h-n-s-â P-o-h-n-X-w s-N-e-p¯-n-b k-z-m-[-o-\-s-¯-¡-p-d-n-¨-v ]S-n-ª-m-d-p-Å kÀ-h-I-e-m-i-m-e-I-f-n C-\-nb-p-w ]T-\-§Ä h-t-c-ï-X-pï-v. A-h t-h-ï-h-n-[-¯-n s-s-I-I-mc-y-w s-N-¿-m-\-p-Å k-w-h-n-[-m-\-§Ä a-p-k-ve-n-w h-n-Z-y-mÀ-°-n k-a-q-l-¯-n-\-v AXX-p c-m-P-y-s-¯ k-a-pZ-m-b t-\-X-m-¡Ä s-N-b-v-X-v s-I-m-S-p¡-p¶X-p-w t-hï-X-p-X-s-¶. A-¡-m-Za-n-I c-wK-¯-v C-S-s-]-S-p-¶ a-p-k-ve-n-w h-y-à-n-X-z-§Ä k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³(d-)h-n-s-â P-oh-nX t-]-m-c-m-«-s-¯-¡-p-d-n-¨-v K-t-h-j-W-§Äs-¡-mc-p-§-p-Ib-p-w t-hW-w. A-t-¸-mÄ a-m-{-X-t-a H-m-d-n-bâ-e-n-k-v-ä-v c-N-\-I-f-p-s-S ]-pI-a-d-I-f-n \-n¶-v A-¿-q-_-n-b-p-s-S b-Y-mÀ-° N-n{-X-w t-e-m-I-¯-n-\-v X-n-c-n-¨-d-n-b-m-\-mh-q.

a-k-v-P-n-Z-p A-J-v-k-b-n Z-oÀ-L-I-m-e-s-¯ CS-t-h-f¡-v t-i-j-w X-u-l-o-Z-n-s-â a-{-´-§Ä D-bÀ¶-p. a-p-k-v-e-n-w-IÄ B-Ë-m-

Z`-c-n-X-c-mb-n. X-I-v-_-od-p-w X-l-ve-oe-p-w A-´-c-o-£-¯-nÂ

A-e-b-S-n¨-p.

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]-S-n-ª-m-d³ s-a-U-n-ä-t-d-\-n-b³ t-I-{-µ-o-I-c-n-¨-v a-n-U-n-e-o-Ì-n s-h-Ã-p-h-n-f-n D-bÀ-¯-n-b I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-IÄ-s-¡-X-n-s-c-b-p-Å a-p-

k-v-e-n-w t-e-m-I-¯-n-s-â {-]-X-n-t-c-m-[-w h-f-s-c _-e-l-o-\-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. A-^-v-L-m-\-n-s-e K-k-v-\-n-IÄ-s-¡-X-n-s-c X-§-f-p-s-S ]-S-n-ª-m-d³ ̀ -q-{-]-t-Z-i-§-s-f t-I-{-µ-o-I-c-n-¨-v {-]-X-n-t-c-m-[-w k-r-j-v-S-n-¨ s-kÂ-P-q-¡-n-I-f-p-w I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-I-s-f K-u-c-h-a-m-b-n {-]-X-n-t-c-m-[-n-¡-p-¶-X-n ]-c-m-P-b-s-¸-«-p.

h-S-¡-p-]-S-n-ª-m-d³ A-X-nÀ-¯-n-b-n-s-e A-a-p-s-Z-d-n-b-¡-p I-p-d-p-s-I X-¼-S-n-¨-n-c-p-¶ ]-p-c-m-X-\ SÀ-¡-n-j-v t-K-m-{-X-k-a-q-l-h-p-w a-p-k-v-e-n-w t-e-m-I-¯-n-\-v `-o-j-W-n-b-p-bÀ-¯-n. A-X-n-i-o-{-L-w a-p-t-¶-d-n-b I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-IÄ-¡-v X-t-±-i-o-b-c-m-b {-I-n-k-v-X-y-m-\-n-I-f-p-s-S-b-p-w AÀ-a-o-\-n-b³ k-a-q-l-§-f-p-s-S-b-p-w \-nÀ-t-e-m-`-a-m-b ]-n-´-p-W e-`-n-¨-p. _-t-\-j-y-¡-mÀ b-m-{-X-m-k-u-I-c-y-§-f-p-w s-N-b-v-X-p-s-I-m-S-p-¯-p. A-X-n-c-q-£-a-m-b t-]-m-c-m-«-¯-n-s-\-m-S-p-h-n I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-IÄ 1109  A-s-e-t-¸-m h-f-ª-p. 1124  s-s-X-t-d a-p-«-p-a-S-¡-n. C-u k-¶-n-K-v-Z L-«-¯-n-e-p-w ]-c-k-v-]-c-w t-]-m-c-m-S-n-b-n-c-p-¶ a-p-k-v-e-n-w k-a-q-l-w I-p-c-n-i-p-b-p-²-s-¯ K-u-c-h-t-¯-m-s-S I-ï-n-Ã.

A-t-X-k-a-b-w-, C-u-P-n-]-v-X-n B-`-y-´-c k-w-LÀ-j-w I-q-S-p-X k-¦-oÀ-®-a-m-b-n. A-[-n-I-m-c-w ^-m-X-z-n-a-n-I-f-p-s-S s-s-I-¿-n \-n-¶-p-w F-t-¶-m h-g-p-X-n-t-¸-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p.

s-s-h-t-{-k-m-b-n-a-m-c-m-b-n-c-p-¶ b-Y-mÀ-° `-c-W-m-[-n-I-m-c-n-IÄ X-§-f-p-s-S `-c-W-{-]-t-Z-i-§Ä I-p-c-n-i-p-s-s-k-\-y-w ]-n-S-n-s-¨-S-p-¯-t-¸-m-g-p-w X-n-c-n-¨-S-n-¡-m³ a-p-X-n-c-p-¶-X-n-\-p ]-I-c-w C-u-P-n-]-v-X-n-\-I-¯-p X-s-¶ c-m-j-v-{-S-o-b-w I-f-n-¡-m-\-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p s-s-h-t-{-k-m-b-n-a-m-c-p-s-S X-mÂ-]-c-y-w. ]-g-b J-e-o-^ a-p-k-v-X-^ A-e-n 1101  a-c-W-s-]-«-t-¸-mÄ A A-^-v-f J-e-o-^-b-p-s-S s-N-d-n-b a-I³ A-_-q A-e-n-s-b c-m-P-m-h-m-b-n h-m-g-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-s-I-I-m-c-y-IÀ-¯-m-h-m-b-n A-t-±-l-w k-z-b-w A-h-t-c-m-[-n-X-\-m-h-p-I-b-p-w s-N-b-v-X-p. ]-t-£-, h-fÀ-¶-p-h-¶-t-¸-mÄ A-_-q A-e-n-¡-v A A-^-v-f-e-n-s-â {-I-b-h-n-{-I-b-§Ä X-o-s-c Z-l-n-¨-n-Ã. A-_-q A-e-n A-t-±-l-s-¯ h-I-h-c-p-¯-n. C-u-P-n-]-v-X-n A-c-m-P-I-X-z-w \-n-d-ª-m-S-n. X-s-â A-\-´-c-h³-a-m-c-n H-c-p B¬-X-c-n-s-b-b-p-w A-_-q A-e-n _-m-¡-n-s-h-¨-n-Ã. X-s-â A-½-m-h-\-m-b A-_-v-Z-p s-s-a-a-q-\-m-W-v ]-n-¶-o-S-v J-e-o-^-b-m-b-X-v. ]-t-£-, s-s-h-t-{-k-m-b-n A-l-v-a-Z-v X-s-¶ A-t-±-l-¯-n-\-v ]-W-n-s-I-m-S-p-¯-p. J-e-o-^-s-b A-t-±-l-w X-s-¶ P-b-n-e-n-e-S-¨-p. A-_-v-Z-p s-s-a-a-q³ s-s-h-t-{-k-m-b-n-b-p-s-S I-p-X-{-´-§-s-f ]-c-m-P-b-s-¸-S-p-¯-n. P-b-nÂ-N-m-S-n s-s-h-t-{-k-m-b-n-s-b h-I-h-c-p-¯-n. A-_-v-Z-p s-s-a-a-q-\-v t-i-j-w a-I³ A-_-q a³-k-qÀ Ø-m-\-m-t-c-m-l-n-X-\-m-b-n. A-t-±-l-¯-n-\-v c-m-P-y-I-m-c-y-§-t-f-¡-mÄ X-mÂ-]-c-y-w a-Z-y-¯-n-e-p-w s-]-®-n-e-p-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. X-s-â s-s-h-t-{-k-m-b-n-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶ C-_-v-\-p k-e-m-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p

\‑· \‑n‑d‑ª t‑]‑m‑c‑m‑f‑n

t-U-m. \-k-oÀ A-l-v-a-Z-v

A-e-n(-d-)-h-n-\-v t-i-j-w a-p-k-v-e-n-w t-e-m-I-¯-v G-ä-h-p-w I-q-S-p-X h-m-g-v-¯-s-¸-« s-s-k-\-n-I t-]-m-c-m-f-n-s-b-¶ J-y-m-X-n t-\-S-n-b A-¿-q-_-n A-X-n-P-b-n-¡-m-\-m-h-m-¯ C-Ñ-m-i-à-n-b-p-s-S _-e-¯-n-e-m-W-v N-c-n-{-X-s-¯ s-I-«-n-¸-S-p-¯-X-v. B-[-p-\-n-I I-e-m-]-§-f-n \-n-¶-p-w h-n-a-p-à-a-m-b H-c-p G-I-o-I-r-X a-p-k-v-e-n-w c-m-j-v-{-S-o-b A-k-v-X-n-X-z-w \-nÀ-a-n-¡-p-¶-X-n A-¿-q-_-n h-l-n-¨ ]-¦-v ]-e-

c-p-w I-m-W-m-s-X t-]-m-b-n.

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`-c-W-I-m-c-y-§Ä \-nÀ-h-l-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-X-v. ]-t-£-, k-z-´-w a-I³ A-t-±-l-s-¯ h-[-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-s-h-t-{-k-m-b-n Ø-m-\-w X-«-n-s-b-S-p-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-N-b-v-X-p.

b-Y-mÀ-°-¯-n ^-m-X-z-n-a-n-IÄ-¡-v C-u-P-n-]-v-X-n H-c-[-n-I-m-c-h-p-w C-Ã-m-X-m-b-n. s-s-h-t-{-k-m-b-n-a-m-c-p-s-S s-s-I-b-n-s-e ]-m-h-I-f-m-b-n A-hÀ a-m-d-n. 1154  s-s-h-t-{-k-m-b-n A-º-m-k-n-s-â a-I³ \-k-vÀ J-e-o-^-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶ A-_-q a³-k-q-d-n-s-\ h-[-n-¨-p. A-_-q a³-k-q-d-n-s-â k-t-l-m-Z-c-n-a-mÀ K-q-U-m-t-e-m-N-\ s-h-f-n-¨-¯-p s-I-m-ï-p-h-c-n-I-b-p-w A-hÀ C-u-P-n-]-v-X-v K-hÀ-W-d-m-b-n-c-p-¶ a-p-k-n-J-n-t-\-m-S-v \-k-v-d-n-s-\ i-n-£-n-¡-m³ k-l-m-b-a-`-yÀ-°-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-N-b-v-X-p. ^-e-k-v-X-o-\-n-s-e I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-I-f-p-s-S k-l-m-b-h-p-w A-hÀ t-X-S-n. ]-n-¶-o-S-v \-k-v-d-n-s-\ ]-n-S-n-I-q-S-p-I-b-p-w s-s-I-t-d-m-h-n s-h-¨-v I-p-c-n-i-n-t-e-ä-p-I-b-p-w s-N-b-v-X-p.

C-u k-w-`-h h-n-I-m-k-§-t-f-m-s-S BÀ-¡-p-w F-t-¸-m-g-p-w ]-n-S-n-s-¨-S-p-¡-m-h-p-¶ ]-c-p-h-¯-n-e-m-b-n C-u-P-n-]-v-X-v. C-u-P-n-]-v-X-v I-o-g-S-¡-n-b-m a-p-k-v-e-n-w t-e-m-I-¯-n-\-v I-\-¯ B-L-m-X-w k-r-j-v-S-n-¡-m-\-m-h-p-s-a-¶-v I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-IÄ X-n-c-n-¨-d-n-ª-p. X-t-±-i-o-b-c-m-b a-m-t-d-m-s-s-W-ä-v-, AÀ-a-o-\-n-b³ k-a-q-l-§Ä A-h-s-c k-z-o-I-c-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-N-¿-p-w. C-u-P-n-]-v-X-n \-n-¶-v F-t-X-y-m-]-y³ {-I-n-k-v-X-y³ k-a-q-l-h-p-a-m-b-n B-i-b-h-n-\-n-a-b-w \-S-¯-m-\-p-w C-´-y-b-n-t-e-¡-p-Å h-y-m-]-m-c-¯-n t-aÂ-t-¡-m-b-v-a t-\-S-m-\-p-w C-X-p-h-g-n I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-IÄ-¡-v k-m-[-n-¡-p-w.

C-u-P-n-]-v-X-n-s-\ e-£-y-w s-h-¨-v \-n-c-´-c-a-m-b A-[-n-\-n-t-h-i {-i-a-§Ä \-S-¶-p. 1118  I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-IÄ Z-m-a-n-b-¯ (Damietta) \-K-c-w ]-n-S-n-s-¨-S-p-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-s-I-t-d-m e-£-y-a-m-¡-n a-p-t-¶-d-p-I-b-p-w s-N-b-v-X-p. C-u-P-n-]-v-X-p-I-mÀ i-à-a-m-b-n X-s-¶ X-n-c-n-¨-S-n-¨-p. ]-t-£-, s-s-I-t-d-m k-w-c-£-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-n-S-b-n ^-e-k-v-X-o-\-n-s-e ^-m-X-z-n-a-n-I-f-p-s-S i-à-n-t-I-{-µ-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶ A-k-v-I-t-e-m¬ (Ascalon) 1153  I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-I-f-p-s-S s-s-I-b-n-e-aÀ-¶-p.

C-u-P-n-]-v-X-n-s-e C-u A-c-£-n-X-m-h-Ø-b-p-w K-k-v-\-h-n-I-f-p-s-S-b-p-w X-pÀ-¡-n-j-v I-m-c-s-s-I-¯-n t-K-m-{-X-h-n-`-m-K-¯-n-t-â-b-p-w t-\-X-r-X-z-¯-n s-kÂ-P-q-¡-n-IÄ-s-¡-X-n-s-c-b-p-Å {-]-X-n-t-c-m-[-h-p-w P-d-p-k-t-e-a-n-s-e I-p-c-n-i-p-`-c-W-s-¯ H-c-p \-q-ä-m-t-ï-m-f-w k-w-c-£-n-¨-p \-nÀ-¯-n. b-q-t-d-m-]-y³ s-s-k-\-n-I A-[-n-\-n-t-h-i-¯-n-s-\-X-n-s-c-b-p-Å ]-S-t-b-m-«-w A-§-s-\ C-d-m-J-nÂ

\-n-¶-p-w A-\-m-t-X-L-n-b-b-n \-n-¶-p-w X-p-S-t-§-ï-n h-¶-p. a-p-k-q-f-n \-n-¶-p-Å s-kÂ-P-q-¡-v H-m-^-o-kÀ a-u-Z-q-Z-m-W-v C-u s-h-Ã-p-h-n-f-n s-\-©-n-t-e-ä-m³ B-Z-y-w a-p-t-¶-m-«-p h-¶-X-v. 1113  P-d-p-t-k-e-w c-m-P-m-h-m-b _-mÂ-U-v-h-n-s-\ ]-c-m-P-b-s-¸-S-p-¯-n. ]-t-£-, 1127  ̂ -m-X-z-n-a-n N-m-c-·-mÀ A-t-±-l-s-¯ s-I-m-e-s-¸-S-p-¯-n. a-s-ä-m-c-p SÀ-¡-n-j-v H-m-^-o-k-d-m-b-n-c-p-¶ k³-¦-n a-u-Z-q-Z-n-s-â {-]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-¡-v D-uÀ-Ö-w \Â-I-n. k³-¦-n I-n-S-b-ä s-s-k-\-n-I-\-p-w ̀ -à-\-p-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. X-pÀ-¡-n-IÄ-¡-n-S-b-n-t-e-m A-X-pÀ-¡-n-IÄ-¡-n-S-b-n-t-e-m A-t-±-l-w H-c-p h-n-t-h-N-\-h-p-w I-m-W-n-¨-n-Ã. 1144  k³-¦-n F-t-Z-i (Edessa) \-K-c-w ]-n-S-n-s-¨-S-p-¯-p. C-X-v a-s-ä-m-c-p I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-«-¯-n-\-v B-¡-w-I-q-«-n. PÀ-a-\-n-b-n-s-e t-I-m¬-d-m-U-v-, {-^-m³-k-n-s-e s-_À-´-k-p-w b-p-²-¯-n-\-v t-I-m-¸-p-I-q-«-n. ]-t-£-, i-à-a-m-b-n X-s-¶ t-\-c-n-«-p. {-^-©-v/PÀ-a³ t-]-m-c-m-f-n-IÄ-¡-v ]-n³-h-e-n-t-b-ï-n h-¶-p. ]-t-£-, X-p-SÀ-¶-p-ï-m-b c-ï-p-k-w-`-h h-n-I-m-k-§Ä {-^-©-p-I-m-s-c P-d-p-k-t-e-a-n \-n-¶-p-w X-p-c-¯-p-h-m-\-p-Å {-]-hÀ-¯-\-§-s-f a-µ-K-X-n-b-n-e-m-¡-n. 1141  SÀ-t-¡-m-a³ I-m-c-m-s-s-I-¯-n t-K-m-{-X-¯-n \-n-¶-p-w s-kÂ-P-q-¡-n-IÄ h³-]-c-m-P-b-t-a-ä-p-h-m-§-n. 1146  ^-m-X-z-n-a-n N-m-c-·-mÀ k³-¦-n-s-b X-s-¶ h-I-h-c-p-¯-n.

]-t-£-, k³-¦-n-b-p-s-S a-I³ \-q-d-p-±-o³ X-s-â

^-e-k-v-X-o-\-n-t-e-¡-p-Å I-h-m-S-a-m-W-v C-u-P-n-]-v-X-v. C-u-P-n-]-v-X-v ^-m-X-z-n-a-n-I-f-p-s-S s-s-I-b-n-e-m-b-n-c-p-¶ I-m-e-¯-v P-d-p-k-t-e-a-n-\-p t-\-s-c-b-p-Å

H-c-p s-s-k-\-n-I \-S-]-S-n-b-p-w k-m-[-y-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-n-Ã. 1163  C-u-P-n-]-v-X-n ]-c-k-v-]-c-w i-{-X-p-¡-f-m-b c-ï-v s-s-h-t-{-k-m-b-n-

a-mÀ c-w-K-¯-p h-¶-p. H-c-p h-n-`-m-K-w C-u-P-n-]-v-X-n C-S-s-]-S-m³ I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-I-s-f £-W-n-¨-t-¸-m-Ä a-d-p-h-n-`-m-K-w \-q-d-p-

±-o-s-\-b-p-w k-z-m-K-X-w s-N-b-v-X-p.

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]-n-X-m-h-v \-m-µ-n I-p-d-n-¨ s-s-k-\-n-I a-p-t-¶-ä-§-s-f D-uÀ-Ö-k-z-e-X-t-b-m-s-S G-s-ä-S-p-¯-p. A-k-m-[-m-c-W h-y-à-n-{-]-`-m-h-w ]-p-eÀ-¯-n-b A-t-±-l-w-, ]-S-n-ª-m-d³ G-j-y-b-n \-n-¶-v I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-I-s-f t-h-t-c-m-s-S ]-n-g-p-s-X-d-n-b-m-\-p-Å h-y-h-Ø-m-]-n-X {-i-a-§Ä B-c-w-`-n-¨-p. X-s-â s-s-k-\-y-¯-n k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ A-¿-q-_-n-b-p-s-S c-ï-v A-½-m-h³-a-mÀ D-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. A-¿-q-_-p-w i-nÀ-I-q-l-p-w. ]-S-n-]-S-n-b-m-b-n \-q-d-p-±-o-s-â ]-S-b-m-f-n-IÄ C-d-m-J-p-w k-n-d-n-b-, A-\-m-t-¯-m-e-n-b F-¶-n-h I-o-g-S-¡-n. 1154  U-a-k-v-I-k-p-w ]-n-S-n-s-¨-S-p-¯-p. X-s-â I-o-g-n-e-p-Å {-]-h-n-i-m-e-a-m-b ̀ -q-{-]-t-Z-i-¯-n-s-â _-e-¯-n \-q-d-p-±-o³ C-u-P-n-]-v-X-v I-o-g-S-¡-m-\-p-w ^-e-k-v-X-o-\-n \-n-¶-v s-s-h-t-Z-i-n-I-s-c X-p-c-¯-m-\-p-w k-Ö-a-m-b-n.

^-e-k-v-X-o-\-n-t-e-¡-p-Å I-h-m-S-a-m-W-v C-u-P-n-]-v-X-v. C-u-P-n-]-v-X-v ̂ -m-X-z-n-a-n-I-f-p-s-S s-s-I-b-n-e-m-b-n-c-p-¶ I-m-e-¯-v P-d-p-k-t-e-a-n-\-p t-\-s-c-b-p-Å H-c-p s-s-k-\-n-I \-S-]-S-n-b-p-w k-m-[-y-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-n-Ã. 1163  C-u-P-n-]-v-X-n ]-c-k-v-]-c-w i-{-X-p-¡-f-m-b c-ï-v s-s-h-t-{-k-m-b-n-a-mÀ c-w-K-¯-p h-¶-p. H-c-p h-n-`-m-K-w C-u-P-n-]-v-X-n C-S-s-]-S-m³ I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-I-s-f £-W-n-¨-t-¸-m-Ä a-d-p-h-n-`-m-K-w \-q-d-p-±-o-s-\-b-p-w k-z-m-K-X-w s-N-b-v-X-p. \-q-d-p-±-o³ i-nÀ-¡-q-l-n-s-\ C-u-P-n-]-v-X-n-t-e-¡-v A-b-¨-p. 1165  s-kÂ-P-q-¡-n-I-f-p-w I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-I-f-p-w C-u-P-n-]-v-X-n-s-e-¯-n. ]-t-£-, BÀ-¡-p-w

h-y-à-a-m-b A-S-n-¯-d k-r-j-v-S-n-¡-m³ k-m-[-n-¨-n-Ã. c-ï-p hÀ-j-§Ä-¡-p t-i-j-w i-nÀ-¡-q-l-v C-u-P-n-]-v-X-n-t-e-¡-v X-n-c-n-¨-p-h-¶-p. X-s-â k-t-l-m-Z-c-o-]-p-{-X³ k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o-\-p-w I-q-s-S-b-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. s-s-\-e-n-\-p I-p-d-p-s-I A-t-±-l-w X-s-â B-[-n-]-X-y-w Ø-m-]-n-¨-p. A-h-k-m-\ ^-m-X-z-n-a-n J-e-o-^-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶ a-p-k-v-X-m-X-n i-nÀ-¡-q-l-n-s-\ s-s-h-t-{-k-m-b-n-b-m-b-n \-n-b-a-n-¡-m³ \-nÀ-_-Ô-n-X-\-m-b-n. 1169  i-nÀ-¡-q-l-v a-c-n-¨-X-n-s-\ X-p-SÀ-¶-v k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ A-¿-q-_-n Ø-m-\-m-h-t-c-m-[-n-X-\-m-b-n.

I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-I-f-p-s-S C-u-P-n-]-v-X-n-\-p t-\-s-c-b-p-Å X-p-SÀ-¨-b-m-b A-{-I-a-§-s-f k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ ]-c-m-P-b-s-¸-S-p-¯-n. c-m-P-y-¯-n-\-I-s-¯ k-n-h-n h-n-¹-h-§Ä A-t-±-l-w A-aÀ-¨ s-N-b-v-X-p. ^-m-X-z-n-a-n-IÄ a-q-¶-v \-q-ä-m-ï-v `-c-n-¨-n-c-p-s-¶-¦-n-e-p-w C-u-P-n-]-v-X-v k-p-¶-n-IÄ-¡-v `-q-c-n-]-£-a-p-Å c-m-j-v-{-S-a-m-b-n X-s-¶ \-n-e-\-n-¶-p. 1171  k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ A-¿-q-_-n J-e-o-^-¯-n-s-\ D-·-q-e-\-w s-N-b-v-X-p. J-p-X-z-p-_-I-f-n A-º-m-k-n J-e-o-^-b-p-s-S \-m-a-w DÄ-s-¸-S-p-¯-n. A-h-k-m-\ ^-m-X-z-n-a-n J-e-o-^-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶ a-p-k-v-X-m-X-n t-]-m-e-p-w A-d-n-b-m-s-X-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p C-u k-w-`-h-_-l-p-e-a-m-b h-n-¹-h-¯-n-\-v k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ N-c-S-p-h-e-n \-S-¯-n-b-X-v. A-§-s-\ C-k-v-e-m-a-n-I t-e-m-I-¯-n-s-â ]-I-p-X-n-t-b-m-f-w `-c-n-¨-n-c-p-¶ ^-m-X-z-n-a-n c-m-P-y-h-w-i-w N-c-n-{-X-¯-n-t-e-¡-v h-g-n-a-m-d-n. ^-m-X-z-n-a-n i-o-C-k-w A-{-]-X-y-£-a-m-b-t-X-m-s-S I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-IÄ-¡-v t-\-s-c k-w-L-S-n-X-a-m-b a-p-t-¶-ä-¯-n-\-v h-g-n-s-b-m-c-p-§-n.

A-e-n(-d-)-h-n-\-v t-i-j-w a-p-k-v-e-n-w t-e-m-I-¯-v G-ä-h-p-w I-q-S-p-X h-m-g-v-¯-s-¸-« s-s-k-\-n-I t-]-m-c-m-f-n-s-b-¶ J-y-m-X-n t-\-S-n-b A-¿-q-_-n A-X-n-P-b-n-¡-m-\-m-h-m-¯ C-Ñ-m-i-à-n-b-p-s-S _-e-¯-n-e-m-W-v N-c-n-{-X-s-¯ s-I-«-n-¸-S-p-¯-X-v. B-[-p-\-n-I I-e-m-]-§-f-n \-n-¶-p-w h-n-a-p-à-a-m-b H-c-p G-I-o-I-r-X a-p-k-v-e-n-w c-m-j-v-{-S-o-b A-k-v-X-n-X-z-w \-nÀ-a-n-¡-p-¶-X-n A-¿-q-_-n h-l-n-¨ ]-¦-v ]-e-c-p-w I-m-W-m-s-X t-]-m-b-n. P-d-p-t-k-e-w X-n-c-n-¨-p-]-n-S-n-¡-m-\-p-w C-´-y-b-n C-k-v-e-m-a-n-I k-m-{-a-m-P-y-w ]-S-p-¯-p-bÀ-¯-m-\-p-w k-v-s-]-b-n-\-n-e-p-w h-S-¡³ B-{-^-n-¡-b-n-e-p-w I-p-c-n-i-[-n-\-n-t-h-i-¯-n-\-v s-N-d-p-X-m-s-b-¦-n-e-p-w X-S-b-W k-r-j-v-S-n-¡-m-\-p-w k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ A-¿-q-_-n-b-p-s-S X-e-a-p-d-t-¡ k-m-[-n-¨-n-«-p-Å-q.

k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ A-¿-q-_-n-b-p-s-S I-S-

I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-I-f-p-s-S C-u-P-n-]-v-X-n-\-p

t-\-s-c-b-p-Å X-p-SÀ-¨-b-m-b A-{-I-a-§-s-f k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ ]-c-m-

P-b-s-¸-S-p-¯-n. c-m-P-y-¯-n-\-I-s-¯ k-n-h-n h-n-¹-h-§Ä A-t-±-l-w

A-aÀ-¨ s-N-b-v-X-p. ^-m-X-z-n-a-n-IÄ a-q-¶-v \-q-ä-m-ï-v `-c-n-¨-n-c-p-

s-¶-¦-n-e-p-w C-u-P-n-]-v-X-v k-p-¶-n-IÄ-¡-v `-q-c-n-]-£-a-p-Å c-m-j-v-{-S-a-m-b-n X-s-¶ \-n-e-\-n-¶-p. 1171 Â k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ A-¿-q-_-n J-e-o-^-¯-n-s-\ D-·-q-e-\-w s-N-b-v-X-p.

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¶-p--h-c-t-h-m-s-S I-n-g-¡³ s-a-U-n-ä-t-d-\-n-b-\-n a-p-k-v-e-n-w A-\-p-I-q-e I-m-ä-p-h-o-i-m³ X-p-S-§-n. A-t-d-_-y-, b-a³-, h-S-¡³ C-d-m-J-v-, I-n-g-¡³ A-\-m-t-¯-m-d-n-b F-¶-n-h-b-p-w A-¿-q-_-n-b-p-s-S I-o-g-n h-¶-p. I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-IÄ-¡-p t-\-s-c-b-p-Å I-S-¶-m-{-I-a-W-¯-n-\-v t-I-m-¸-p-I-q-«-p-¶-X-n-\-n-S-b-n e-n-ä-n N-o-^-m-b-n-c-p-¶ s-\-t-\-m-U-v U-n N-m-ä-t-e-m¬ C-u-P-n-]-v-X-y³ I-¨-h-S-¡-m-s-c ]-n-S-n-I-q-S-p-I-b-p-w {-I-q-c-a-m-b-n ]-o-V-n-¸-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-N-b-v-X-p. C-u {-I-q-c-a-m-b k-w-`-h-w t-IÄ-¡-m-\-n-S-b-m-b k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ s-\-t-\-m-U-n-s-\-X-n-s-c {-]-X-n-I-c-n-¡-m-\-p-d-¨-p.

a-p³-c-m-P-m-h-v A-t-a-m-d-n-b-p-s-S a-I-f-m-b k-n-_-n-Ã-b-p-w A-h-c-p-s-S `À-¯-m-h-m-b K-b-v-U-n e-k-n-K-v-\â-p-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p A-¡-m-e-¯-v P-d-p-k-t-e-w ̀ -c-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-X-v. k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ e-k-n-K-\-n \-n-¶-v I-¨-h-S-¡-m-s-c ]-o-U-n-¸-n-¨-X-n-\-v \-j-v-S-]-c-n-l-m-c-w B-h-i-y-s-¸-«-p. ]-t-£-, A-t-±-l-w A-X-p \-n-c-k-n-¨-p. k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ X-s-â a-I³ A A-^-v-f-e-n-s-\ s-\-t-\-m-U-n-s-\ ]-n-S-n-I-q-S-m-\-m-b-n ]-d-ª-b-¨-p. e-_-\-m-\-n-t-e-b-p-w ̂ -e-k-v-X-o-\-n-t-e-b-p-w X-o-c-t-Z-i \-K-c-§-f-p-s-S c-m-P-m-h-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p C-t-±-l-w. s-\-t-\-m-U-n-s-â X-e-Ø-m-\-a-m-b I-X-I-v D-]-t-c-m-[-n-¡-s-¸-«-p. h-mÀ-¯ t-I-« {-^-©-v s-s-k-\-y-w k-w-L-S-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w A A-^-v-f-e-n-s-\ t-\-c-n-S-m³ X-n-c-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-N-b-v-X-p. X-s-â a-I-s-\ k-l-m-b-n-¡-m³ k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o-\-p-w ]-S-¨-« [-c-n-¨-p.

l-n-ä-n³ \-K-c-¯-n-\-S-p-¯-p-Å X-n-_-c-n-b-m³ X-S-m-I-X-o-c-¯-p s-h-¨-v 1187 Â P-q-s-s-e 4 \-v C-c-p s-s-k-\-y-h-p-w k-w-K-a-n-¨-p. X-S-m-I-w X-s-â \-n-b-{-´-W-¯-n-e-m-¡-n-b k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ A-X-n-K-w-`-o-c-a-m-s-b-m-c-p N-p-h-S-p-s-h-¸-n-e-q-s-S {-^-©-v s-s-k-\-y-s-¯ h-f-b-p-I-b-p-w \-i-n-¸-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-N-b-v-X-p. I-p-c-n-i-p-t-\-X-m-¡-f-n-e-[-n-I-h-p-w ]-n-S-n-¡-s-¸-S-p-I-t-b-m s-I-m-Ã-s-¸-S-p-I-t-b-m s-N-b-v-X-p. K-b-v-U-n s-e-K-v-\-\-p-w s-\-t-\-m-U-p-w P-o-h-t-\-m-s-S ]-n-S-n-¡-s-¸-«-p. K-b-v-U-n s-e-k-n-K-t-\-m-S-v a-m-\-y-a-m-b-n s-]-c-p-a-m-d-n-b k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ s-\-t-\-m-U-n-s-\ h-[-n-¨-p. A-h-t-i-j-n-¨ s-s-k-\-y-w {-S-n-t-¸-m-f-n-b-n-t-e-¡-v DÄ-h-e-n-ª-p. {-S-n-t-¸-m-f-n-b-s-b H-c-p h³-s-I-m-S-p-¦-m-ä-p h-n-g-p-§-n.

A-§-s-\ d-m-a-Ã-, \-_-p-e-k-v-, P-m-^-, s-s-_-d-q-¯-v X-p-S-§-n-b F-Ã-m {-]-t-Z-i-§-f-p-w N-c-n-{-X-\-m-b-I-\-v X-§-f-p-s-S I-h-m-S-w X-p-d-¶-p-s-I-m-S-p-¯-p. t-i-j-w k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ X-s-â {-i-² J-p-Z-v-k-n-t-e-¡-p X-n-c-¨-p.

J-p-Z-v-k-n-s-\ {-]-X-n-t-c-m-[-n-¡-m³ A-d-p-]-X-n-\-m-b-n-c-w I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-I-f-m-W-v k-Ö-a-m-b-n \-n-¶-n-c-p-¶-X-v. k-pÂ-X-z-m³ c-à-c-l-n-X-a-m-b a-p-t-¶-ä-a-m-W-v B-{-K-l-n-¨-X-v. k-a-m-[-m-\-]-c-a-m-b-n I-o-g-S-§-m³ A-t-±-l-w B-h-i-y-s-¸-«-p. ]-t-£-, A-hÀ ]-p-Ñ-n-¨-p X-Å-n. \-K-c-w h-f-b-m³ k-pÂ-X-z-m³ D-¯-c-h-n-«-p. X-o-c-t-Z-i-¯-p \-n-¶-v ]-n-´-p-W e-`-n-¡-m-s-X-b-m-b-t-X-m-s-S s-s-k-\-y-¯-n-\-v I-o-g-S-t-§-ï-n h-¶-p.

J-p-Z-v-k-v P-b-n-¨-S-¡-n-b k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ X-s-â i-{-X-p-¡-s-f-t-¸-m-e-p-w A-£-c-mÀ-°-¯-n s-R-«-n-

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¨-p I-f-ª-p. {-^-©-p-I-mÀ-¡-v k-n-ä-n-b-n X-s-¶ k-z-X-{-´-c-m-b-n P-o-h-n-¡-m-\-p-w \-K-c-w h-n-S-p-¶-hÀ-¡-v X-§-f-p-s-S a-p-g-p-h³ k-z-¯-p-¡-f-p-w s-I-m-ï-p-t-]-m-I-p-h-m-\-p-w A-t-±-l-w A-\-p-a-X-n \Â-I-n. {-K-o-¡-p-I-mÀ-¡-p-w AÀ-a-o-\-n-b-¡-mÀ-¡-p-w ]-qÀ-®-]-u-c-X-z-t-¯-m-s-S P-o-h-n-¡-m-\-p-Å k-z-m-X-{-´-y-w \Â-I-n. P-d-p-k-t-e-w c-m-Ú-n-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶ k-n-_-n-à I-®-oÀ-h-mÀ-¯-v \-K-c-w h-n-S-m-s-\-m-c-p-§-n-b-t-¸-mÄ P-b-n-e-n-e-S-¡-s-¸-« e-k-n-K-v-\-s-\-b-p-w I-p-«-n-I-s-f-b-p-w t-a-m-N-n-¸-n-¨-v k-pÂ-X-z-m³ k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ A-\-p-]-a a-m-X-r-I I-m-«-n. ]-e X-S-h-p-I-mÀ-¡-p-w \-j-v-S-]-c-n-l-m-c-w \Â-I-n-b-X-v k-pÂ-X-z-m-\-p-w k-t-l-m-Z-c-·-m-c-p-w B-b-n-c-p-¶-p. N-c-n-{-X-w C-¯-c-w h-n-N-n-{-X-a-m-b c-w-K-§Ä-¡-v A-]-qÀ-h-a-m-t-b k-m-£-n-b-m-b-n-«-p-Å-q. 1099  P-d-p-k-t-e-w I-o-g-S-¡-n-b-t-¸-mÄ {-I-q-c-X-b-p-s-S s-I-m-S-p-a-p-S-n I-b-d-n-b \-n-I-r-j-v-S-c-m-b I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-I-t-f-m-S-m-W-v C-u a-m-\-p-j-n-I k-a-o-]-\-w F-¶-X-v F-S-p-¯-p-]-d-t-b-ï-X-m-W-v.

P-d-p-k-t-e-a-n-s-â ]-X-\-w b-q-t-d-m-¸-n-s-\ h-n-d-s-I-m-Å-n-¨-p. t-]-m-¸-v ¢-aâ-v a-q-¶-m-a³ ]-p-X-n-s-b-m-c-p I-p-c-n-i-p-b-p-²-¯-n-\-v B-l-z-m-\-w s-N-b-v-X-p. e-m-ä-n³ t-e-m-I-w b-p-²-k-Ö-c-m-b-n. {-^-m³-k-v c-m-P-m-h-v A-K-Ì-k-v-, PÀ-a³ c-m-P-m-h-v _À-_-d-m-k-v-, C-w-¥-ï-v c-m-P-m-h-v d-n-¨-mÀ-U-v F-¶-n-h-c-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p I-p-c-n-i-p-h-m-l-IÀ. k-n-d-n-b-b-n-s-e s-s-k-\-n-I k-m-l-N-c-y-w I-c-b-n k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o-s-\-b-p-w I-S-e-n I-p-c-n-i-p-h-m-l-I-s-c-b-p-w ]-n-´-p-W-¨-p. k-pÂ-X-z-m³ a-K-v-c-n-_-n-s-e b-m-¡-q-_-v A a³-k-q-d-p-a-m-b-n k-J-y-¯-n-t-eÀ-s-¸-S-m³ {-i-a-n-¨-p. I-S a-mÀ-K-w I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-I-s-f X-S-b-m-\-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p C-u {-i-a-w. ]-t-£-, b-m-¡-p-_-v I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-I-f-p-s-S s-s-I-b-n-s-e ]-m-h-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p.

a-q-¶-m-w I-p-c-n-i-p-b-p-²(1188þ1194-)a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p ^-e-v-k-v-X-o³ N-c-n-{-X-¯-n-s-e G-ä-h-p-w c-q-£-a-m-b t-]-m-c-m-«-w. b-q-t-d-m-]-y³ s-s-k-\-y-w I-SÂ-a-mÀ-¤-w s-s-X-t-d t-I-{-µ-a-m-b-n a-p-t-¶-d-n. a-p-k-v-e-n-w s-s-k-\-y-w I-c a-mÀ-K-w i-à-a-m-b {-]-X-n-t-c-m-[-w k-r-j-v-S-n-¨-p. c-ï-p-hÀ-j-t-¯-m-f-w \-K-c-w D-]-t-c-m-[-n-¡-s-¸-«-p. X-p-SÀ-¶-p-ï-m-b-X-v k-m-b-p-[-t-]-m-c-m-«-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. I-c-a-mÀ-K-a-p-Å G-X-v B-{-I-a-W-t-¯-b-p-w s-N-d-p-¡-m³ k-n-d-n-b³ X-o-c-t-Z-i-¯-p-S-\-o-f-w k-pÂ-X-z-m-s-â s-s-k-\-y-w A-W-n-\-n-c-¶-p. PÀ-a-\-n c-m-P-m-h-m-b _À-_-d-m-k-v A-\-m-t-¯-m-e-n-b-e-n-e-q-s-S a-p-t-¶-d-n. X-pÀ-¡-n-I-f-p-s-S s-N-d-n-b {-]-X-n-t-c-m-[-s-¯ a-d-n-I-S-¶ A-t-±-l-w ]-t-£-, k-d-m-^-v \-Z-n-b-n a-p-§-n-a-c-n-¨-p. A-t-±-l-¯-n-s-â h-n-t-b-m-K-t-¯-m-s-S PÀ-a³ s-s-k-\-y-w £-b-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w `-n-¶-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-N-b-v-X-p.

A-I-v-t-d \-K-c-w D-]-t-c-m-[-n-¨-n-c-p-¶ I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-IÄ 1191 Â I-o-g-S-§-n. t-i-j-n-¨-n-c-p-¶ d-n-¨-mÀ-U-n-s-â t-\-X-r-X-z-¯-n-e-p-Å I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-IÄ A-X-n-{-I-q-c-a-m-b-m-W-v s-]-c-p-a-m-d-n-b-X-v. I-o-g-S-§-n-b-h-s-c h-s-c A-hÀ X-e-b-d-¯-p-s-I-m-¶-p. P-d-p-k-t-e-w e-£-y-a-m-¡-n I-p-c-n-i-p-s-s-k-\-y-w \-o-§-m³ X-p-S-§-n-b-t-¸-mÄ k-pÂ-X-z-m³ i-à-a-m-b {-]-X-n-t-c-m-[-h-e-b-w k-r-j-v-S-n-¨-p. I-c-a-mÀ-K-w k-pÂ-X-z-m-\-p-w I-SÂ-a-mÀ-K-w I-p-c-n-i-p-s-s-k-\-y-h-p-w \-n-b-{-´-W-h-n-t-[-b-a-m-¡-n-b-

t-¸-mÄ {-]-t-Z-i-w \-n-Ý-e-a-m-b-n. X-m³ t-\-c-n-S-p-¶-X-v H-c-n-¡-e-p-w X-IÀ-¡-m-\-m-h-m-¯ D-c-p-¡-p-a-\-p-j-y-s-\-b-m-s-W-¶-v X-n-c-n-¨-d-n-ª d-n-¨-mÀ-U-v A-h-k-m-\-w k-a-m-[-m-\ D-S-¼-S-n-¡-v X-¿-m-d-m-b-n. k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o-s-â k-t-l-m-Z-c³ s-s-k-^-p-±-o-\-p-w d-n-¨-mÀ-U-p-w X-½-n-e-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p k-a-m-[-m-\ NÀ-¨-IÄ. X-p-S-¡-¯-n d-n-¨-mÀ-U-v P-d-p-k-t-e-a-p-w l-n-ä-n³ b-p-²-¯-n ]-n-S-n-s-¨-S-p-¯ a-p-g-p-h³ Ø-e-§-f-p-w X-n-c-n-¨-p-X-c-W-s-a-¶-v B-h-i-y-s-¸-«-p. ]-t-£-, B-h-i-y-§Ä A-w-K-o-I-c-n-¡-m-\-m-b-n-Ã.

C-u \-nÀ-W-m-b-I L-«-¯-n-e-m-W-v d-n-¨-mÀ-U-v N-c-n-{-X-]-c-a-m-s-b-m-c-p \-nÀ-t-Z-i-w a-p-t-¶-m-«-v s-h-¨-X-v. d-n-¨-mÀ-U-n-s-â k-t-l-m-Z-c-n-s-b k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ A-¿-q-_-n-b-p-s-S k-t-l-m-Z-c³ s-s-k-^-p-±-o³ h-n-h-m-l-w I-g-n-¡-W-w. I-p-c-n-i-p-t-]-m-c-m-f-n-IÄ X-o-c-{-]-t-Z-i-w h-c-\-v k-v-{-X-o-[-\-a-m-b-n \Â-I-m-w. X-n-c-n-¨-v P-d-p-k-t-e-w k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ X-s-â k-t-l-m-Z-c-\-v \Â-I-W-w. h-[-q-h-c-·-m³ H-c-p-a-n-¨-v P-d-p-k-t-e-w ̀ -c-n-¡-s-«. k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ C-u \-nÀ-t-Z-i-s-¯ k-z-m-K-X-w s-N-b-v-X-p. ]-t-£-, ]-p-t-c-m-l-n-X-c-p-w s-s-k-\-y-¯-n-s-e ]-e {-]-a-p-J-c-p-w A-t-±-l-s-¯ F-X-nÀ-¯-p. X-s-â A-\-p-b-m-b-n-I-f-p-s-S C-S-p-§-n-b a-\-Ê-n h-n-j-®-\-m-b-n C-w-¥-ï-n-t-e-¡-p X-s-¶ X-n-c-n-¨-p-t-]-m-I-m³ A-t-±-l-w X-o-c-p-a-m-\-n-¨-p. A-h-k-m-\-a-m-b-n A-t-±-l-w k-pÂ-X-z-m-\-p-a-m-b-n a-s-ä-m-c-p I-c-mÀ F-g-p-X-n. A-X-v {-]-I-m-c-w P-d-p-k-t-e-w k-pÂ-X-z-m-s-â s-s-I-b-n X-s-¶ \-n-e-\-nÂ-¡-p-w. F-Ã-m a-X-h-n-i-z-m-k-n-IÄ-¡-p-w B-c-m-[-\-m k-z-m-X-{-´-y-w \Â-I-s-¸-«-p. P-m-^ a-p-X s-s-X-t-d h-s-c \-o-ï-p-I-n-S-¡-p-¶ X-o-c-{-]-t-Z-i-§Ä I-p-c-n-i-p-s-s-k-\-y-¯-n-\-v I-o-g-n-e-m-b-n.

a-q-¶-m-w I-p-c-n-i-p-b-p-²-w b-q-t-d-m-¸-n-s-â a-p-g-p-h³ D-uÀ-Ö-h-p-w k-w-`-c-n-¨-p-Å-X-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. a-q-¶-v c-m-P-m-¡-·-mÀ X-§-f-p-s-S a-p-g-p-h³ h-n-`-h t-i-j-n-b-p-w D-]-t-b-m-K-s-¸-S-p-¯-n-b-n-«-p-w k-z-e-m-l-p-±-o³ F-¶ I-n-S-b-ä t-]-m-c-m-f-n-b-p-s-S a-p-¶-n A-h-s-b-Ã-m-w O-n-¶-`-n-¶-a-m-b-n. h-n-P-b-{-i-o-e-m-f-n-X-\-m-b-n k-pÂ-X-z-m³ U-a-k-v-I-k-n-t-e-¡-v X-n-c-n-¨-p. i-n-j-v-S I-m-e-w t-£-a-,k-m-´-z-\ I-m-c-y-§-f-n {-i-²-]-X-n-¸-n-¨ t-b-m-²-m-¡-f-p-s-S c-m-P-I-p-a-m-c³ 1193 a-mÀ-¨-v 4 \-v C-u t-e-m-I-t-¯-m-S-v h-n-S-]-d-ª-p.

(h-n-h: i-c-o-^-v \-p-k-v-c-n I-p-¼-n-S-n-)

P-d-p-k-t-e-a-n-s-â ]-X-\-w b-q-t-d-m-¸-n-s-\

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I-p-c-n-i-p-b-p-²-¯-n-\-v B-l-z-m-\-w s-N-b-v-

X-p. e-m-ä-n³ t-e-m-I-w b-p-²-k-Ö-c-m-b-n. {-^-m³-k-v c-m-P-m-h-v A‑K‑Ì‑k‑v‑, PÀ‑a³ c-m-P-m-h-v _À-_-d-m-

k‑v‑, C‑w‑¥‑ï‑v c‑m‑P‑m‑h‑v d-n-¨-mÀ-U-v F-¶-n-h-c-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p I-p-c-n-i-p-

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hnZy shfn-¨amWvAWbmsX I¯n \n¶m ]cn-k-c-amsI {]` \nd-bpw.

AWªp t]mbm CcpÄ L\w Xn§n \n¡pw. hnf-¡-Wbpw ap¼v AÂ]w hnNm-c-§Ä...

Hc-p I-p«-nb-ps-S hfÀ¨b-n c£-nX-mh-ns-â ]¦-v hfs-c he-p-X-mW-v. I-p«-nb-ps-S h-yà-nX-zh-p-w

k-z -̀mhh-p-w P-oh-nXt-̄ -mS-pÅ I-mg-vN -̧mS-p-w \-nÀWb-n¡-p¶X-v c£-nX-m¡f-mW-v F¶-v Xs-¶ ]db-m-w. Hc-p I-pª-ns-â BZ-ys-̄ h-nZ-y-meb-w A½b-mW-v. a\-pj-y\-mb-n P-oh-n¡-m\-mhi-ya-mb FÃ-m Ig-nh-pIf-p-w I-p«-n t-\S-p¶X-v A½b-n \-n¶-p-w I-pS-p-w_ -̄n \-n¶-p-w BW-v.

Hc-mf-ps-S h-yà-nX-zs-̄ ka{-Kh-p-w K-pW-mßIh-pa-m¡-p¶ al -̄mb {-]{-I-nbb-mWt-Ã-m k-vI-qf-nM-v AYh-m h-nZ-y-m -̀y-mk-w. h-nZ-y-m -̀y-mk-w t-\S-p¶X-ne-p-w AX-v P-oh-nt-X-m·-pJa-mb-n D]t-b-mKs-̧ S-p -̄p¶X-ne-p-w A[-y-m]It-c¡-mÄ he-nb ]¦-mW-v c£-nX-m¡Ä hl-n¡-p¶X-v. k-vI-qf-n Hc[-y-m]I³ s-N¿-p¶X-v I-p«-nb-ps-S _-p²-n¡-p-w {-]-mb -̄n\-pa\-pkc-n -̈v I-p«-nIf-n A\-nh-mc-ya-mb-p-w Dï-mb-nc-nt-¡ï ]T\ t-ij-nIÄ hfÀ -̄ns-bS-p¡-m³ I-p«-ns-b \-nÀt-±i-n¡-pI a-m{-Xa-mW-v. ]T\-w bY-mÀ° -̄n Hc-p s-]c-pa-mäa-mW-v (behav-iour). k-vI-qf-ns-e Hc-p aW-n¡-qÀ ]-nc-nbU-v s-I-mï-v Dï-m¡-ns-bS-p¡-mh-p¶Xà AX-v. ]T\t-ij-nIÄ I-p«-nb-n Hc-p i-oea-mb-n hfcW-w. ]T\ -̄n t-hï

h-n[ -̄ne-pÅ ]-pt-c-mKX-n Dï-mIWs-a¦-n I-p«-nIf-n Ahc-ps-S hfÀ -̈mL«§Ä¡\-pk-rXa-mb P-oh-nX s-s-\]-pW-n-IÄ (life skills)

Dï-mhW-w. A¯c-w t-ij-nIÄ hfÀ -̄ns-bS-p¡-p¶X-n A]Nb-w k-w`h-n¡-pt-¼-mg-mW-v I-p«-nIÄ ]T\ -̄n ]-n¶-m¡a-mI-p¶X-v. A[-y-m]Ic-p-w c£-nX-m¡f-p-w Hc-pa-n -̈v {-ia-n -̈m a-m{-Xt-a I-p«-nIf-n C-u t-ij-nIÄ hfÀ -̄ns-bS-p¡-m\-mh-q.

F´-mW-v ]T\t-ij-n (Study skill)]T\ t-ij-nIÄ Fs-́ Ã-ma-mW-v-, Ah \½-ps-S

I-p«-nIf-n Dt-ï-m F¶ At-\-z-jW-w {-]k-à-a-m-W-v.

1. ¹-m\-n-M-v (Planning)]T-n¡-m³ kab-w X-nIb-p¶-nà F¶X-mW-v ]

et-̧ -mg-p-w I-p«-nIf-ps-S -̀mK -̄v\-n¶-p-w Dï-mh-md-pÅ ]c-mX-n. s-SI-vÌ-v _-p¡-nÂ

h-niZ-oIc-n -̈n«-pÅ FÃ-m I-mc-y§f-p-w I-p«-nIÄ¡-v I-mW-ms-X ]T-n¡-m\-pÅXÃ. Ahb-n Gäh-p-w {-][-m\s-̧ «X-p-w I-qS-pX K-ucht-̄ -ms-S ]c-nKW-nt-¡ïX-p-w a\Ê-ne-mt-¡ïX-pa-mb I-mc-y§Ä DÅ kab-w D]t-b-mKs-̧ S-p -̄n ]T-n¡-m\-pÅ t-ij-n

I‑p«‑nIf‑p‑w ]T\t‑ij‑nb‑p‑w

k-ps-s-l _-m_-p

Ip«nIfn ]T\tijnIÄ hfÀ¯nsbSp¡m\pÅ {ia¯n\nSbn Ah-cpsSam\kntImÃmkhpw kzmX{´yhpw \jvSs¸Sp¯cpXv. IgnhpIÄ hfÀ¯nsbSp¡p¶Xnsâ t]cn Ip«nsb \nÀ_Ôn¨pw in£n¨pw ]cnioe\§Ä \ÂIcpXv.

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I-p«-nIf-n hfÀ -̄ns-bS-p¡-m\-mb-mt-e ]c-na-nXa-mb kab -̄n\-pÅ-n FÃ-m h-njb§f-p-w ]T-n -̈v X-oÀ¡-m³ Ig-nb-pIb-pÅ-q. A¯c -̄n kab -̄n\\-pk-rXa-mb-n-, a-p³KW\-m {-Ia -̄n ^e{-]Za-mb ]T\c-oX-nIÄ Ahe-w_-n -̈v-, {-Iaa-mb-n I-mc-y§Ä ]T-ns-̈ S-p¡-m\-pÅ t-ij-nb-mW-v ¹-m\-n-wM-v.

¹-m\-n-wM-v ]T\ -̄n\-v Dï-mhWs-a¦-n I-p«-nIÄ Hc-p Z-nhk -̄n AhÀ¡-v e -̀ya-mb kab -̄n F{-X kab-w ]T\-w-, h-n{-ia-w-, h-nt-\-mZ-w F¶-nhb-v¡-v

D]t-b-mKs-̧ S-p¯Ws-a¶-p-w AX-v Ft-̧ -ms-g-ms-¡ Bb-nc-n¡Ws-a¶-p-w BZ-y-w X-oc-pa-m\-n¡W-w. AX\-pkc-n -̈v Hc-p s-s-S-wt-S_-nÄ X¿-md-m¡-pI. F{-X kab-w ]T\ -̄n\-v e -̀ya-mW-v? B kab -̄n\\-pkc-n -̈v I-qS-pX kabs-aS-p -̄v ]T-nt-¡ï h-njb§Ä X-oc-pa-m\-n¡-pI. B kab-w s-I-mï-v F{-X -̀mK§Ä ]T-n -̈v X-oÀ¡-ms-a¶-v X-oc-pa-m\-n¡-pI. C-u H-mÀUd-n ]T\-w a-pt-¶-m«-v s-I-mï-v t-]-mh-m³ I-p«-nIs-f i-oe-n -̧n¡W-w. FÃ-m Z-nhk -̄n\-p-w Ht-c s-s-S-wt-S_-nÄ D]t-b-mKs-̧ S-p -̄m\-mh-nÃ. ]T-n¡-m\-nc-n¡-p¶ H-mt-c-m Z-nhkh-p-w {-]t-X-yI-w s-s-S-wt-S_-nÄ Xb-m-d-m¡-m³ I-p«-nIs-f i-oe-n -̧n¡-pI.

2. {-Ia-oIcW-w (Organizing)C§s-\ kab-w X-n«s-̧ S-p -̄nb-m ]-ns-¶

AX-n\\-pkc-n -̈v I-mc-y§Ä {-Ia-oIc-n¡-pIb-mW-v

AS-p¯ Ig-nh-v. ]T\ k-ma{-K-nIÄ-, t-l-m-w hÀ¡-pIÄX-pS§-nbh k-wLS-n -̧n¡-pIb-p-w {-Ia-oIc-n¡-pIb-p-w t-hW-w. ]

c-o£-m kab -̄mW-v C-u {-Ia-oIcW-w Gäh-p-w A\-nh-mc-y-w. ]c-o£-m s-h{-]-mf -̄n\-nSb-n ]T\ k-ma{-K-nIÄ I-mW-mX-mh-pIb-p-w Bhi-ya-mb hk-vX-p¡Ä s-I-mï-pt-]-mh-m³ ad¡-pIb-p-w s-N¿-p¶X-v ]X-nh-mW-v. CX-ns-\ ad-nIS¡-m³ Hc-p s-N¡-v e-nÌ-v Dï-m¡-n I-mc-y§Ä Dd -̧v hc-p -̄m³ I-p«-nIs-f i-oe-n -̧n¡W-w. DZ-mlcW -̄n\-v ]c-o£b-v¡-v a-p¼-v s-Nb-vX-v X-oÀt-¡ïX-p-w ]c-o£-m l-mf-nt-e¡-v s-I-mï-pt-]-mt-hïX-pa-mb a-pg-ph³ I-mc-y§f-p-w hk-vX-p¡f-p-w Hc-p ISe-mk-n Fg-pX-n s-h¡-pI. H-mt-c-m¶-p-w s-Nb-vX-v X-oc-pt-¼-mÄ AX-n S-n¡-v s-N¿-pI. C§s-\ s-Nb-vX-m H¶-p-w ad¶-p t-]-mb-n«-nà F¶-pd -̧v hc-p -̄m³ Ig-nb-p-w.

3. h-niIe\-w (Analysis)]-mT -̀mK§Ä a\:]-mTa-m¡-m\-mW-v I-p«-nIÄ {-ia-n¡-md-pÅX-v.

CX-v I-qS-pX kab-w Bhi-ya-pÅX-p-w F¶-m¬ Gäh-p-w K-pW-w I-pdªX-pa-mb c-oX-nb-mW-v. C¯c -̄n ]T-n¡-p¶X-v s-I-mï-v

Nne Ip«nIÄ¡v Imcy§Ä \¶mbn a\Ênemhpsa¦nepw ]co£bn amÀ¡v hm§m³ IgnbmsX hcp¶Xv dnt¸mÀ«nwKv tijn Ipdbp¶Xv sImïmWv. sNdp¸¯nte Ip«nIsf sImïv ]Tn¨ Imcy§Ä HmÀ½ns¨Sp¯v FgpXm³ ioen¸n¡p¶Xv dnt¸mÀ«nwKv tijn hÀ²n¸n¡m³ D]Icn¡pw.

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I-p«-nIf-ps-S Ad-nh-v hÀ²-n¡-pIt-b-m _-u²-nI t-ij-n s-a¨s-̧ S-pIt-b-m CÃ. ]T-n¡-p¶ I-mc-y§Ä F -́mW-v F¶-v t-_-m[-ys-̧ «-v ]T-n¡-m³ Ig-nbW-w. CX-ns-\b-mW-v comprehension F¶-v ]db-p¶X-v. C§s-\ ]T-n¨ I-mc-y§Ä Hc-n¡e-p-w ad¶-pt-]-mh-pI-nÃ. I-mc-y§Ä com-prehend s-Nb-vs-XS-p¡Ws-a¦-n I-p«-nIf-n h-niIe\ t-ij-n hfÀ -̄ns-bS-p¡W-w. ]T-n¡-p¶ I-mc-y§Ä F -́mW-v F¶-v I-p«-nIÄ¡-v t-_-m[-ys-̧ SW-w. Gäh-p-w \à h-niIe\ t-ij-nb-pÅ I-p«-nIf-mW-v ¢-mk-n k-wib§f-p-w t-N-mZ-y§f-p-w D¶b-n¡-p¶X-v. I-mW-m]-mT-w ]T-n¡-p¶hÀ¡-v Hc-n¡e-p-w k-wib§f-pï-mh-nÃt-Ã-m.

t-N-mZ-y§Ä t-N-mZ-n¡-m³ I-p«-nIs-f i-oe-n -̧n¡-pIb-mW-v h-ni-Ie\ t-ij-n hfÀ -̄ns-bS-p¡-m\-pÅ \à hg-n. k-zb-w t-N-mZ-y§Ä t-N-mZ-n¡-m³ I-p«-nIs-f t-{-]c-n -̧n¡-pI. ]T-ns-̈ S-p¯ I-mc-y§f-ps-S \-nÀhN\-w ]db-p¶X-n\ -̧pd-w F -́mW-v C-u I-mc-ys-a¶-v I-p«-n¡-v t-_-m[-ys-̧ «-n«-pt-ï-m F¶-v c£-nX-m¡Ä {-i²-n¡W-w. k-zb-w t-N-mZ-y§Ä t-N-mZ-n¡-m³ I-p«-n¡-v Ig-nb-p¶-ns-æ-n t-N-mZ-y§Ä t-N-mZ-n¡-m³ c£-nX-m¡Ä kl-mb-n¡W-w.

4. ]T\c-oX-nH-mt-c-m I-p«-n¡-p-w h-yX-yk-vX Xc -̄ne-pÅ ]T\

c-oX-nIf-mb-nc-n¡-p-w Dï-mh-pI. AX-v H-mt-c-mc-p¯c-ps-Sb-p-w h-yà-nX-z s-s-hi-nj-vS-y§Ä¡\-pkc-n -̈v h-yX-y-mks-̧ «-nc-n¡-p-w.

DZ-mlcW -̄n\-v N-ne I-p«-nIÄ¡-v Ht-¶-m ct-ï-m {-]-mhi-y-w t-I«-m Xs-¶ I-mc-y§Ä a\Ê-ne-mI-p-w. C¯c-w I-p«-nIs-f \a-p¡-v auditory learners F¶-v h-nf-n¡-m-w. F¶-m N-neÀ¡-v I-mc-y§Ä Hc-p ISe-mk-nt-e-m »-m¡-v t-_-mÀU-nt-e-m at-ä-m U-nk-vt-¹ Bb-p-w Ub{-Ka-mb-p-w aä-p-w Iï-m s-]s-«¶-v a\Ê-ne-mI-p-w. ChÀ -vis--ual lea-r-ne-rs- BW-v. s-hs-db-p-w N-neÀ¡-v Hc-p {-]-mhi-y-w s-Nb-vX-p t-\-m¡-pIt-b-m Fg-pX-n t-\-m¡-pIt-b-m s-Nb-vX-me-mW-v a\Ê-ne-mI-pI.

ChÀ kinesthetic learner BW-v. a-q¶-v c-oX-nb-p-w hfs-c \ÃX-mW-v. C¯c -̄n h-yX-yk-vXa-mb ]T\c-oX-nIf-mb-nc-n¡-p-w H-mt-c-m I-p«-n¡-p-w t-Nc-p¶X-v. AX-v s-I-mï-mW-v N-neÀ Fg-pX-n¸T-n¡-pIb-p-w t-hs-d N-neÀ ]T-n -̈v Fg-pX-pIb-p-w aä-p-w s-N¿-p¶X-v.

C¯c -̄n H-mt-c-m I-p«-n¡-p-w t-Nc-p¶ ]T\ c-oX-n GX-mW-v F¶-v a\Ê-ne-m¡-n B c-oX-nb-n I-mc-y§Ä ]T-n¨S-p¡-m\-pÅ s-SI-v\-n¡-pIÄ I-p«-nIs-f i-oe-n -̧n¡W-w.

5. Gt-I-m]\-w (Co-ordination)I-p«-nIf-n h-nh-n[ Xc -̄ne-pÅ Ig-nh-pIÄ A´Àe-o\a-mW-v. Hc-p

h-njb-w ]T-ns-̈ S-p¡-m³ C-u h-nh-n[ Ig-nh-pIÄ D]t-b-mKs-̧ S-pt-̄ ï-n hc-p-w. DZ-mlcW -̄n\-v -̂nk-nI-vk-v ]T-ns-̈ S-p¡-m³ b-pà-nb-p-w [-mcWt-ij-nb-p-w (Comprehension) \-y-qad-n¡Â F_-ne-nä-nb-ps-aÃ-m-w Bhi-y-w hc-p-w. C¯c -̄n Bhi-ya-mb Ig-nh-pIf-ps-Sb-p-w Ad-nh-pIf-ps-Sb-p-w Gt-I-m]\a-mW-v t-I-mU-nt-\j³. Gt-I-m]\ t-ij-n s-Nd-p¸ -̄nt-e hfÀ -̄ns-bS-pt-¡ïX-mW-v. c£-nX-m¡Ä

I-qs-Sb-nc-p -̄n ]T-n -̧n -̈mt-e C-u t-ij-n s-a¨s-̧ S-p -̄ns-bS-p¡-m\-mh-q. ]T-n¡-p¶X-ns-âb-p-w {-]t-b-mK-n¡-p¶X-ns-âb-p-w a-mX-rI BZ-yL« -̄n ic-nb-mb-n s-Nb-vX-v s-I-mS-p -̄v i-oe-n -̧n¡W-w. ]-n¶-oS-v I-p«-ns-b s-I-mï-v Xs-¶ s-N¿-n -̧n -̈v s-a¨s-̧ S-p -̄m\-mhi-ya-mb t-{-]-mÕ-ml\h-p-w \¬IW-w. 7 hbÊ-n\-v a-p¼-v Xs-¶ C-u t-ij-n hfÀ -̄ns-bS-p¡-m³ {-i²-n¡W-w.

6. _Ôs-¸S-p¯-pI

(Relating)a-pt-¶ ]T-n¨ I-mc-y§s-f ]-pX-pX-mb-n ]

T-n¨ I-mc-y§t-f-mS-v _Ôs-̧ S-p -̄m\-pÅ Ig-nh-mW-v d-nt-eä-n-wM-v. C¯c -̄n Ad-nh-pIÄ _Ôs-̧ S-p -̄n t-\S-ns-bS-p¡-p¶ Ad-nh-mW-v BÀÖ-nX Ad-nh-v AYh-m cumulative knowl-edge. k-m[-mcW _-p²-n hfÀ¨b-pÅ I-p«-nIf-n C-u t-ij-n k-z-m -̀mh-nIa-mb-n hfc-p-w. H-mt-c-m

]Tn¡p¶ Imcy§Ä F´mWv F¶v Ip«nIÄ¡v t_m[ys¸SWw. Gähpw \à hniIe\ tijnbpÅ Ip«nIfmWv ¢mkn kwib§fpw tNmZy§fpw D¶bn¡p¶Xv. ImWm]mTw ]Tn¡p¶hÀ¡v Hcn¡epw kwib§fpïmhnÃtÃm.

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L« -̄ne-p-w C-u t-ij-n I-p«-nIf-n Dt-ï-m F¶-v {-i²-n¡-p¶X-v \ÃX-mW-v.

7. d-nt-¸-mÀ«-n-wK-v (Reporting)]T-n¨ I-mc-y§Ä H-mÀa-ns-̈ S-p -̄v

t-cJs-̧ S-p -̄m\-pÅ Ig-nh-mW-v d-nt-̧ -mÀ«-n-wK-v. a\Ê-ne-m¡-nbh N-pc-p¡-nb-p-w {-]-m[-m\-ya\-pkc-n -̈v Bib h-n\-nab-w \S -̄m\-p-w ]IÀ -̄m\-p-w C-u t-ij-n kl-mb-n¡-p-w. ]c-o£ Fg-pX-m³ A\-nh-mc-ya-mb-p-w t-hïX-v C-u Ig-nh-mW-v. N-ne I-p«-nIÄ¡-v I-mc-y§Ä \¶-mb-n a\Ê-ne-mh-ps-a¦-ne-p-w ]c-o£b-n a-mÀ¡-v h-m§-m³ Ig-nb-ms-X hc-p¶X-v d-nt-̧ -mÀ«-n-wK-v t-ij-n I-pdb-p¶X-v s-I-mï-mW-v. s-Nd-p¸ -̄nt-e I-p«-nIs-f s-I-mï-v ]T-n¨ I-mc-y§Ä H-mÀ½-ns-̈ S-p -̄v Fg-pX-m³ i-oe-n -̧n¡-p¶X-v d-nt-̧ -mÀ«-n-wK-v t-ij-n hÀ²-n -̧n¡-m³ D]Ic-n¡-p-w.

8. _U-vPä-n-wM-v (Budgeting)N-ne I-p«-nIÄ ]c-o£b-v¡-v X§Ä¡-v

\¶-mbd-nb-mh-p¶ I-mc-y§Ä Ah F{-X a-mÀ¡-n\-mW-v t-N-mZ-n -̈nc-n¡-p¶X-v F¶-v t-\-m¡-ms-X h-mc-nhe-ns-̈ g-pX-n s-h¡-p-w. cï-v a-mÀ¡-ns-â t-N-mZ-y -̄n\-v F{-X \¶-mb-n Fg-pX-nb-me-p-w cï-v a-mÀ¡-ne -̧pd-w s-I-mS-p¡-m³ Ig-nb-nÃt-Ã-m. Bhi-ys-̧ «-nc-n¡-p¶ a-m\Zާġ\-pk-rXa-mb-n ]T-ns-̈ S-p¯ I-mc-y§Ä {-]-m[-m\-y-w \j-vSs-̧ S-ms-X kab ]c-na-nX-n¡I -̄p \-n¶-v s-I-mï-v AhXc-n -̧n¡-m\-pÅ t-ij-nb-mW-v

_U-vPä-n-wK-v. kab -̄n\-p-w e -̀n¡-p¶ {-]X-n^e -̄n\-pa\-pk-rXa-mb-n Fs-́ -ms-¡ h-nhc§Ä GX-v hs-c d-nt-̧ -mÀ«-v s-N¿W-w F¶-v a-p³I-q«-n X-oc-pa-m\-n -̈v AX\-pkc-n -̈v Fg-pX-n ]-nS-n -̧n¡-m³ _U-vPä-n-wK-v t-ij-n hfÀ¯W-w. a-mÀ¡\-pkc-n -̈v kabh-p-w Ad-nh-p-w a-mt-\P-v s-N¿-m\-p-w I-qS-pX a-mÀ¡-v Ff-p¸ -̄n h-m§-m\-pÅ IW¡-p I-q«e-pIÄ \S -̄m\-p-w C-u t-ij-n A\-nh-mc-ya-mW-v.

]T\-m´c-o£-wI-p«-n ]T-n¡-m\-nc-n¡-p¶ A´c-o£-w X-oÀ¨b-mb-p-w ]T\

]-pt-c-mKX-ns-b _-m[-n¡-p-w. ]T-n¡-m\-pÅ I-p«-nb-ps-S X-mÂ]c-ys-̄ \-ne\-nÀ -̄p¶X-p-w I-p«-nb-ps-S i-mc-oc-nI-mt-c-mK-ys-̄ k-wc£-n¡-p¶X-pa-mb k-mlNc-ya-mW-v ]T\ -̄n\-v A\-nh-mc-ya-mb-n«-pÅX-v. A¯c -̄n h-o«-ns-e k-mlNc-y§Ä

¹m\Mv ]T\¯n\v DïmhWsa¦n Ip«nIÄ Hcp Znhk¯n AhÀ¡v e`yamb kab¯n F{X kabw ]T\w, hn{iaw, hnt\mZw F¶nhbv¡v DtbmKs¸Sp¯Wsa¶pw AXv Ft¸msgms¡ Bbncn¡Wsa¶pw BZyw Xocpam\n¡Ww. AX\pkcn¨v Hcp ssSwtS_nÄ X¿mdm¡pI. F{X kabw ]T\¯n\v e`yamWv? B kab¯n\\pkcn¨v IqSpX kabsaSp¯v ]Tnt¡ï hnjb§Ä Xocpam\n¡pI. B kabw sImïv F{X `mK§Ä ]Tn¨v XoÀ¡msa¶v Xocpam\n¡pI.

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]T\ -̄n\-v A\-pI-qea-mb-n a-mä-ns-bS-p¡-m³ c£-nX-m¡Ä {-i²-n¡W-w.

i-m´a-mb A´c-o£a-mW-v ]T\ -̄n\-v Gs-d A -̀nI-ma-y-w. F¶-m A§s-\s-b-mc-p Øe-w Is-ï -̄nbX-n\-v t-ijt-a ]T\-w X-pS§-m\-mh-q F¶-v Ic-pt-XïX-nÃ. -̀uX-nIa-mb i-m´X Dd -̧v hc-p -̄p¶X-n\-v a-p¼-v I-p«-nb-ps-S a-m\k-nIa-mb i-m -́nb-p-w k-zØXb-p-w Dd -̧v hc-p¯W-w. i´a-mb a-p¶d-nb-n -̧p-w i-n£-n¡-ps-a¶ h-mW-n-wK-p-w A\-mhi-ya-mb-n aä-pÅhc-pa-mb-n X-mcXa-y-w s-N¿e-p-w a-mÀ¡-p I-pdª-v t-]-mIc-ps-X¶

h-ne¡-p-w I-pª-ns-â a\k-ns-\ XfÀ -̄p-w. AX-n\-m h-nZ-y-mÀ°-n¡-v ]T\s-̄ s-S³j\-nÃ-ms-Xb-p-w a\:ka-m[-m\t-̄ -mS-p-w Bß h-ni-z-mkt-̄ -mS-p-w ka-o]-n¡-m³ c£-nX-m¡Ä kl-mb-n¡W-w.

Fh-ns-Sb-nc-p¶-v ]T-n¡W-w?]T\ -̄n\-p X-nIª GI-m{-KX e -̀n¡-p¶ Øe -̄nc-p¶-v

t-hW-w ]T-n¡-m³. {-i² X-nc-n -̈v h-nS-p¶ S-n.h-n-, I¼-y-q«À-, s-a-ms-s-_ t-̂ -m¬ X-pS§-nb D]IcW§Ä Cc-n¡-p¶-nS -̄v Cc-p¶-v Hc-n¡e-p-w ]T-n¡c-pX-v. s-_U-vd-qa-ne-nc-p¶-v ]T-n¡-p¶X-v Bek-ya-pï--m¡-p-w. ]T-n¡-m³ Cc-n¡-p¶ a-pd-n \à s-hf-n¨a-pÅX-p-w-, h-mb-p {-]t-hia-pÅX-pa-mb-nc-n¡W-w. \s-«Ã-v \-nhÀ¶-nc-p¶-v ]T-n¡-mh-p¶ h-n[ -̄ne-pÅ It-kcb-p-w ]-pk-vXI-w s-h¡-mh-p¶ t-ait-b-m t-S_-nt-f-m Dï-mb-nc-n¡W-w.

I-p«-nIÄ¡-v ]T-n¡-m³ a-m{-Xa-mb-n Hc-p a-pd-n Hc-p¡-ns-bS-p¡-m³ c£-nX-m¡Ä {-i²-n¡W-w. h-oS-ps-h¡-pt-¼-mÄ S-n.h-n. s-h¡-m³ hs-c I-rX-ya-mb CS-w Dd -̧v hc-p -̄md-pÅ c£-nX-m¡Ä I-p«-nIÄ¡-v ]T-n¡-m\-mhi-ya-mb Hc-p a-pd-n a-mä-n s-h¡-p¶X-ns-\ I-pd-n -̈v Bt-e-mN-n¡-p¶-p t-]-me-pa-nà F¶X-v Gs-d k¦Sa-m-W-v.

Ft-¸-mÄ ]T-n¡W-w?c-mh-ns-e 4 aW-n¡-v Fg-pt-¶ä-nc-p¶-v ]T-n -̈m \¶-mb-n ]T-n¡-m³

]ä-ps-a¶-v ]ec-p-w I-p«-nIs-f D]t-Zi-n¡-md-pï-v. F¶-m ]T-n¡-m³ Gäh-p-w A\-pI-qea-mb Hc-p kab-w CÃ. FÃ-m kabh-p-w \ÃX-mW-v.

H-mt-c-m I-p«-nb-p-w \¶-mb-n ]T-n¡-p¶ kab-w I-p«-nIÄ Xs-¶ Is-ï -̄n B kab -̄nc-p¶-v I-qS-pX ]T-n¡W-w. c-mh-ns-e Fg-pt-¶ä-nc-p¶-v ]T-n¡-m³ Ig-nb-m¯ I-p«-ns-b B kab -̄v h-nf-ns-̈ g-pt-¶Â -̧n -̈v ]T-n -̧n¨X-v s-I-mï-v F -́v K-pWa-mW-pï-mh-pI? F¶-m c-mh-ns-e \¶-mb-n ]T-n¡-m³ Ig-nb-p¶ I-p«-nIf-pa-pï-mh-m-w. AhÀ B kab -̄v ]T-n¡s-«. AÃ-m¯hÀ H-mt-c-mc-p¯À¡-p-w A\-pK-pWa-mb kab-w Is-ï -̄n ]T-n¡W-w. Ft-̧ -mÄ ]T-n¡-m\-nc-n¡-p¶-p F¶X-n\ -̧pd-w Z-nhkh-p-w ]-n -́pSc-mh-p¶ \-nÝ-nXa-mb Hc-p kab-w ]T\ -̄n\-v t-hï-n Dï-mb-nc-n¡W-w. ]T\ kab -̄n\-v Hc-p N-n« Dï-m¡-ns-bS-p¡-pIb-mW-v t-hïX-v.

A¨S¡-w i-oe-n¸-n¡-pI]T-n¡-m\-nc-n¡-pt-¼-mÄ N-ne A¨S¡§Ä

I-p«-nIs-f i-oe-n -̧n¡W-w. • h-r -̄nt-b-ms-S ]T-n¡-m\-nc-n¡-pI.• a\k-v i-m´a-m¡-pI.• ]T-n¡-m\-nc-n¡-p-w a-p¼-v {-]-mÀ°-n¡-pI.• Hc-p ]T\s-s-S-wt-S_-nÄ Dï-m¡-n AX\-pkc-n -̈v ]T-n¡-pI.• Hc-p h-njb-w ]T-n¡-m\-nc-n¡-pt-¼-mÄ AX-pa-mb-n _Ôs-̧ « ]T\k-ma{-K-nIÄ a-m{-X-w t-ai -̧pd -̄v s-h¡-pI.• ]T-n¡-p¶ h-njbh-pa-mb-n _Ôs-̧ « FÃ-m D]IcW§f-p-w k-ma{-K-nI-f-p-w t-ai -̧pd -̄v Dï-mb-nc-n¡-pI.• s-a-m -̄w ]T-n¡-m\-nc-n¡-p¶ kab -̄n t-l-m-whÀ¡-pIf-p-w s-{-]-mPI-vS-pIf-p-w s-N¿-m\-mhi-ya-mb kab-w a-mä-ns-h¡-pI.• s-SI-vÌ-v _-p¡-pIÄ \¶-mb-n h-mb-n¡-pI.• ]-pk-vXI§f-p-w ]T\ k-ma{-K-nIf-p-w {-Ia -̄ne-p-w HX-p¡ -̄ne-p-w k-q£-n¡-pI.

Nne Ip«nIÄ¡v Imcy§Ä \¶mbn a\Ênemhpsa¦nepw ]co£bn amÀ¡v hm§m³ IgnbmsX hcp¶Xv dnt¸mÀ«nwKv tijn Ipdbp¶Xv sImïmWv. sNdp¸¯nte Ip«nIsf sImïv ]Tn¨ Imcy§Ä HmÀ½ns¨Sp¯v FgpXm³ ioen¸n¡p¶Xv dnt¸mÀ«nwKv tijn hÀ²n¸n¡m³ D]Icn¡pw.

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• ]T\ -̄n\-nSb-n Bhi-ya-mb-n hc-pt-¼-mÄ CâÀs-h FS-p¡-pI.• Hc-p h-njb-w ]T-n -̈v Ig-nªX-n\-v t-ij-w a-m{-X-w AS-p¯ h-njb-w ]T-n¡-pI.• Gäh-p-w {-]b-mka-pÅ h-njb-w Gäh-p-w Dt-·jt-̄ -mS-v I-qs-Sb-nc-n¡-pt-¼-mÄ ]T-n¡-pI.• a-mä-ns-h¡-p¶ i-oe-w Ahk-m\-n -̧n¡-pI.• FÃ-m Z-nhkh-p-w \-nÝ-nX kab -̄v Xs-¶ ]T-n¡-m\-nc-n¡-pI.F -́ps-I-mï--v I-p«-nIÄ ]T\ -̄nÂ

]-n¶-m¡a-mI-p¶-p I-p«-nIÄ ]T\ -̄n ]-n¶-m¡a-mh-m³ \-nbXa-mb-p-w N-ne I-mcW§Ä Dï-v. Ah k-vI-qf-pa-mb-p-w I-pS-p-w_a-mb-p-w I-p«-nb-pa-mb-ps-a-ms-¡ _Ôs-̧ «-p I-nS¡-p¶-p. F -́mW-v I-p«-nb-ps-S ]-n¶-m¡-mhØb-ps-S I-mcWs-a¶-v Is-ï -̄n ]c-nl-mc \S]S-nIÄ s-s-Is-¡-mÅW-w. H-mt-c-m {-]i-v\ -̄n\-p-w h-yX-yk-vX c-oX-nb-ne-pÅ ]c-nl-mc t-_-m[\a-mW-v \Ât-IïX-v. I-p«-nb-ps-S ]T\]-n¶-m¡-mhØs-b {-][-m\a-mb-p-w \-me-v LSI§Ä k-z-m[-o\-nt-̈ ¡-m-w.

1. I-p«-nb-ns-e {-]i-v\§Ä2. h-nZ-y-meb -̄ns-e {-]i-v\§Ä3. I-pS-p-w_ -̄ns-e {-]i-v\§Ä4. I-p«-n P-oh-n¡-p¶ ka-ql -̄ns-e {-]

i-v\§Ä

ka-ql¯-ns-e {-]i-v\§Äka-ql -̄ns-â I-mg-vN -̧mS-p-w s-]-mX-pt-_-m[\

h-p-w Hc-mf-ps-S h-yà-nX-zs-̄ \-nÀWb-n¡-ps-a¶X-n k-wiba-nÃ. h-yà-n¡-v P-oh-nX h-nPb-w t-\S-m\-mhi-ya-mb a-m\k-nI t-N-mZ\b-p-w Ic-p -̄p-w \ÂI-p¶X-n ka-ql-w hl-n¡-p¶ ]¦-v hfs-c he-pX-mW-v. C¯c -̄n Bt-c-mK-yIca-mb Hc-p k-ma-ql-y-m´c-o£-w Hc-p I-p«-n¡-v ]T-n¡-m³ A\-pI-qea-mb a-m\k-nI k-mlNc-y-w \ÂI-p-w. AX-pt-]-ms-e Xs-¶ ka-ql -̄ns-e {-]i-v\§f-p-w aä-p-w I-p«-nb-ps-S P-oh-nXt-\«s-̄ b-p-w _-m[-n¡-p-w.

X-ms-g ]db-p¶ k-ma-ql-nI k-mlNc-y§Ä I-p«-nb-ps-S ]T\]-n¶-m¡-mhØ¡-v I-mcWa-mt-b¡-m-w.

1-) {-]i-v\§f-p-w Ie-m]§f-p-w Dï-mb-ns-¡-mï-nc-n¡-p¶ ka-ql-w.2-) Z-mc-n{-Zh-p-w ]«-nW-nb-pa-pÅ ka-ql-w.3-) h-nZ-y-m -̀y-mk -̄n\-v H«-p-w {-]-m[-m\-y-w \ÂI-m¯ ka-ql-w.4-) -̀uX-nIa-mb AS-nØ-m\-mhi-y§Ä¡-v t-hï-n I-qS-pX A[-z-m\-n¡-pIb-p-w s-a¨s-̧ « P-oh-nX-mhØ Dï-m¡-ns-bS-p¡-m³ Ig-nb-ms-Xb-p-w hc-p¶ ka-ql-w.5-) h-nZ-y-m -̀y-mt-kXc t-\«§Ä¡-v I-qS-pX a-p³KW\ \ÂI-p¶ ka-ql-w. 6-) h-nZ-y-m -̀y-mk t-\«§Ä A-wK-oIc-n¡-pIt-b-m-, t-{-]-mÕ-ml-n -̧n¡-pIt-b-m s-N¿-m¯ ka-ql-w.

I-pS-p-w_¯-ns-e {-]i-v\§ÄX-ms-g ]db-p¶ {-]i-v\§Ä Hc-p I-pS-p-w_ -̄ne-ps-ï¦-n AX-v

I-p«-nb-ps-S ]T\s-̄ XfÀ -̄p-w.1-) Z-mc-n{-Zh-p-w ]«-nW-nb-p-w2-) AS-nØ-m\ k-uIc-y¡-pdh-v3-) t-]-mjI-ml-mc¡-pdh-v4-) I-p«-nb-ps-S ]T\s-̄ H«-p-w t-{-]-mÕ-ml-n -̧n¡-pIt-b-m ]T-n¡-m³

I-p«-ns-b t-{-]c-n -̧n¡-pIt-b-m s-N¿-m¯ I-pS-p-w_-w

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5-) a-mX-m]-nX-m¡Ä X½-ns-e hg¡-pIÄ/ h-nh-mlt-a-mN\-w/ XÀ¡§Ä

6-) kt-l-mZc§Ä X½-ns-e hg¡-p-w AI¨b-p-w7-) a-mX-m]-nX-m¡f-ps-S aZ-y]-m\-w t-]-me-pÅ Z-p:i-oe§Ä8-) a-qe-yt-_-m[a-nÃ-mb-va9-) c£-nX-m¡f-ps-S Aht-_-m[¡-pdh-v10-) I-p«-nIÄ¡-v t-hï ]c-nKW\b-p-w A-wK-oI-mch-p-w

e -̀n¡-mX-nc-n¡-pI.11-) I-p«-nIs-f X-mcXa-y-w s-N¿-pI.F¶-m C¯c -̄ne-pÅ {-]X-nI-qe k-mlNc-y§Ä

AX-nP-oh-n -̈p-w P-oh-nXh-nPb-w t-\S-nb Bf-pIs-f \a-p¡-v I-mW-m-w. CÑ-mià-nb-p-w AÀ¸Wt-_-m[h-pa-ps-ï¦-n GX-p XSʧf-p-w AX-nP-oh-n¡-mh-p¶X-mW-v. a-mX-m]-nX-m¡f-ps-S \à CÑ-mià-n-, X-y-mKk¶²X-, Aht-_-m[-w-, ]ck-v]c k-vt-\l-w F¶-nhb-ps-ï¦-n¬ I-pS-p-w_ -̄ns-e GX-v {-]i-v\§s-fb-p-w ad-nIS¡-m³ I-p«-nIs-f {-]-m]-vXc-m¡-m³ AhÀ¡-v Ig-nb-p-w. F¶-nc-p¶-me-p-w I-p«-nIf-ps-S ]T\s-̄ b-p-w P-oh-nX h-nPbs-̄ b-p-w {-]X-nI-qea-mb-n _-m[-n¡-p¶ Hc-p k-mlNc-yh-p-w I-pS-p-w_ -̄n\I -̄v Dï-mh-ns-ö-p-w I-p«-nIÄ¡-v Gäh-p-w a-m\k-nI k-pc£-nXX-za-pÅ CS§f-mW-v \½-ps-S I-pS-p-w_§s-f¶-p-w Dd -̧v hc-p -̄m³ c£-nX-m¡Ä {-i²-n¡W-w.

k-vI-qf-ns-e I-mcW§Äk-vI-qÄ I-p«-nb-ps-S ]T\s-̄ F§s-\ k-z-m[-o\-n¡-ps-a¶-v

h-niZ-oIc-nt-¡ïX-nÃt-Ã-m. h-nZ-y-meb-m´c-o£-w F§s-\b-mW-v ]T\s-̄ {-]X-nI-qea-mb-n _-m[-n¡-p¶X-v F¶-v t-\-m¡-m-w.

1. t-b-mK-yXb-p-w Ig-nh-p-w AÀ¸Wt-_-m[h-pa-pÅ A[-y-m]Ic-ps-S A -̀mh-w

2. ]T\k-uIc-y§f-ps-S A]c-y-m]-vXX3. A[-y-m]Ic-p-w h-nZ-y-mÀ -̄nIf-p-w X½-n l-rZb _Ôa-nÃ-m¯X-v4. t-a-mi-w I-q«-ps-I«-v-, i{-X-pX5. X-n§-n \-ndª ¢-mk-vd-q-w6. A[-y-m]Ic-p-w c£-nX-m¡f-p-w X½-n \à _Ô-w CÃ-mX-nc-n¡-p¶X-v7. t-a-mia-mb i-oe§f-p-w s-]c-pa-mä§f-p-w ]IÀ -̄m³ k-m[-yXb-pÅ k-mlNc-y-w8. ]c-o£¡-v t-hï-nb-pÅ ]T-n -̧n¡Â4. I-p«-nb-pa-mb-n _Ôs-̧ « I-mcW§ÄI-p«-nb-ps-S ]T\ ]-n¶-mhØ¡-v a-q¶-v Xc-w

I-mcW§f-pï-v.

i-mc-oc-nI {-]i-v\-§Äa)a-m\k-nIh-p-w s-s-hI-mc-nIh-pa-mb {-]i-v\-

§Äb)]T\ k-w_Ô-nb-mb a-m\k-nI {-]

i-v\§Äc) i-mc-oc-nI {-]i-v\§Ä I-mg-vN¡-pdh-v : t-\cs-̄ Is-ï -̄nb-ns-æ-nÂ

I-p«-n ]T\ -̄n ]-n¶-m¡a-mh-m³ I-mcWa-mh-p-w. I-mg-vN¡-pdh-ns-â e£W§Ä I-p«-nb-n Dt-ï-m F¶-v ]c-nt-i-m[-n -̈v-, Ds-ï¦-n t-U-mI-vSs-d I-mW-n -̈v ]c-nl-mc \S]S-ns-bS-p¡W-w.

t-IÄh-n¡-pdh-v : \-nc´c-w t-Is-«g-pX-p¶X-v s-Xä-n¨X-n\-v i-n£-n¡s-̧ « Hc-p I-p«-n¡-v t-\c-nb t-IÄh-n¡-pdh-v Dï-mb-nc-p¶ IY ]e A[-y-m]Ic-p-w ]db-md-pï-v. t-IÄh-n¡-pdh-v ]et-̧ -mg-p-w ]T\ ]-n¶-m¡-mhØb-mb-n s-Xä-n²c-n¡s-̧ S-p-w. C¯c-w I-p«-nIÄ ¢-mk-n X-os-c X-mÂ]c-y-w I-mW-n¡-mX-nc-n¡-m\-p-w aä-pÅhc-ps-S ]-pk-vXI-w t-\-m¡-ns-bg-pX-m\-ps-a-ms-¡ {-ia-n¡-p¶X-v I-mW-m-w. FÃ-m I-p«-nIÄ¡-p-w \-nÀt-±i§Ä e -̀n -̈v-, aä-p I-p«-nIÄ {-]À¯\§Ä X-pS§-nb t-ija-mb-nc-n¡-p-w ChÀ I-mc-y§Ä s-N¿-pI. ChÀ ]X-ps-¡ a-m{-Xt-a I-mc-y§Ä a\Ê-ne-m¡-q F¶-v s-Xä-n²c-n¡-m³ t-IÄh-n¡-pdh-v I-mcWa-mh-p-w. CX-v I-qS-ms-X \-nc´ca-pÅ Ak-pJ§Ä i-mc-oc-nI£aX¡-pdh-v-, A]k-va-mc-w t-]-me-pÅ h-n«-v a-md-m¯ t-c-mK§f-p-w ]T\ ]-n¶-m¡-mhØ¡-v I-mcWa-mt-b¡-m-w.

s-s-hI-mc-nIa-mb

Ak-zØXIÄs-s-hI-mc-nIa-mb N-ne Ak-zØXIÄ

]T\ -̄n I-p«-n ]-n¶-m¡a-mh-p¶X-n¶-v I-mcWa-mI-p-w. X-ms-g ]db-p¶ e£W§Ä Hc-p I-p«-nb-n \-n¶-p-w \-nc´c-w Dï-mh-pIb-ms-W¦-n B I-p«-n s-s-hI-mc-nI k½À²-w A\-p`h-n¡-p¶-pï-v F¶-v a\Ê-ne-m¡-m-w.

1. Aa-nXa-mb DX-vIW-vT 2. F -́v k-w`h-n¡-ps-a¶X-ns-\¡-pd-n -̈v

k-m[-mcWb-n Ih-nª t-]S-nb-p-w Bi¦b-p-w.

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3. AI-mcWa-mb Z-p:J-w-, s-]s-«¶-v k¦Ss-̧ S-m\-pÅ I-mcW-w Is-ï -̄p¶-p.

4. Bt-c-mS-p-w I-q«-pI-qS-ms-X Häs-̧ «-nc-n¡-p¶-p. aä-p I-p«-nIf-pa-mb-n If-n¡-p¶X-nt-e-m N§-m -̄w I-qS-p¶X-nt-e-m X-mÂ]c-ya-nÃ-mb-va.

5. Hä¡-nc-n¡-m³ Cj-vSs-̧ S-pI. Bt-c-mS-p-w H¶-p-w a-nï-mX-nc-n¡-pI.

6. \-nc´c-w Fs-́ ¦-ne-p-w Ak-pJ§Ä Dï-mh-pIb-p-w F{-X N-nI-nÕ-n -̈n«-p-w t-̀ Za-mh-pIt-b-m t-U-mI-vSÀa-mÀ¡-v I-mcW-w a\k-ne-mh-pIt-b-m s-N¿-mX-nc-n¡-pI.

h-o«-ne-p-w ¢-mk-va-pd-nb-ne-p-w I-q«-pI-mt-c-ms-S-m¸a-mb-nc-n¡-pt-¼mg-ps-a-ms-¡ I-p«-n¡-v a-pIf-n ]dª

e£W§Ä Ø-nc-a-mb-n I-mW-p-¶-p-s-h-¦-n I-p«-n¡-v s-s-hI-m-c-nI {-]X-nkÔ-nb-pï-v F¶-v a\k-ne-m¡-m-w. \à I-u¬k-nes-d Iï-v ]c-nl-mc \S]S-nIÄ k-z-oIc-n -̈v ]X-ns-b {-]i-v\§Ä ]c-nlc-n -̈mt-e C-u I-p«-nIÄ¡-v ]T\ -̄ne-p-w P-oh-nX -̄ne-p-w a-pt-¶d-m\-mh-q.

s-]c-pa-mä s-s-hIe-y-w{-]t-I-m]\]ch-p-w t-Zj-y-w \-ndªX-pa-mb {-]X-nIcW-w Hc-p

I-p«-nb-n \-n¶-v \-nc´c-w Dï-mh-pIb-ms-W¦-n AX-v Hc-p s-]c-pa-mä s-s-hIe-ya-mt-b¡-m-w.

s-]c-pa-mä s-s-hIe-y -̄ns-â N-ne e£W§Ä ]db-m-w. 1. \i-oIcW at-\-m -̀mh-w 2. IS-p¯ t-Zj-y-w 3. \-nc´c-w \-pW]db-pI 4. t-a-mj-vS-n¡-pI 5. aä-pffhs-c i-mc-oc-nIa-mb-n a-pd-ns-̧ S-p -̄pI 6. AI-mcWa-mb-n D]{-Zh-n¡-pI 7. \-nc´c-w hg¡-pI-qS-pI 8. {-]X-nI-mc at-\-m -̀mh-w

9. A\-pkcW I-pdh-v 10. Bhi-ys-̧ «X-ns-â FX-nc-v s-N¿-pI 11. ]-pIb-ne-, aZ-y]-m\-w t-]-me-pÅ

Z-p:i-oe§Ä C¯c-w e£W§Ä 6 a-mk¡-me-w

X-pSÀ¨b-mb-n I-p«-nb-n I-mW-p¶-ps-h¦-n I-p«-n¡-v s-]c-pa-mä s-s-hIe-ya-pï-mh-m-w. s-]c-pa-mä s-s-hIe-y-w i-mk-v{-X-oba-mb-n \-nÀWb-n¡-m³ ]e k-vs-Ib-ne-pIf-p-w Is-ï¯s-̧ «-n«-pï-v. h-nZK-v[\-mb Hc-p a\:i-mk-v{-XÚs-â kl-mb -̄m s-s-hIe-y \-nÀWb-w \S -̄n ]c-nl-mc \S]S-nIÄ s-s-Is-¡-mÅW-w. C¯c-w I-p«-nIÄ t-hït-]-ms-e {-i²-n¡s-̧ S-ms-X

t-]-mb-m AX-v -̀mh-nb-n AX-y[-nI-w A]ISIca-mb Anti Social Personality Disorder Bb-n hfc-p-w.

h-nZ-y-m`-y-mk]ca-mb

a\:i-mk-v{-X {-]i-v\§Ä]-qÀWa-mb a-m\k-nI-mt-c-mK-ya-mW-v Hc-p I-p«-nb-ps-S ]T\

{-]X-nI-qe k-mlNc-y§Ä AX-nP-oh-n -̈p-w P-oh-nXh-nPb-w t-\S-nb Bf-pIs-f \a-p¡-v I-mW-m-w. CÑ-mià-nb-p-w AÀ¸Wt-_-m[h-pa-ps-ï¦-n GX-p XSʧf-p-w AX-nP-oh-n¡-mh-p¶X-mW-v.

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]-pt-c-mKX-ns-b Gäh-p-w X-zc-nXs-̧ S-p -̄p¶ AS-nØ-m\ LS-I-w. a\k-p-w _-p²-nb-p-w ic-och-p-w t-Nc-p¶ ka{-KXb-ne-mW-v ]T\-w ]-qÀWa-mI-p¶X-v. Hc-p I-p«-nb-ps-S a\:i-mk-v{-X]ca-mb {-]X-nkÔ-nIs-f ]c-nlc-n¡-ms-X ]T\ -̄n ]-pt-c-mKX-n k-m[-yaÃ. ]T\h-pa-mb-n _Ôs-̧ « N-ne a\:i-mk-v{-X {-]i-v\§Ä ]c-nNbs-̧ S-m-w.

1. Aä³j³ s-U^-nk-nä-v Bâ-v s-s-l¸À BI-vä-nh-nä-n U-nt-k-mÀUÀ (ADHD)

Xet-̈ -md-ns-e hfÀ¨b-ne-pï-mI-p¶ s-Nd-nb £X-w a-qe-w A\-p`hs-̧ S-p¶ Hc-pXc-w hf -̈m {-]i-v\a-mW-nX-v. GIt-Zi-w 3.5 % I-p«-nIÄ¡-v C-u {-]i-v\a-pÅX-mb-n ]T\ -̄n k-qN-n -̧n¡-p¶-p. a-q¶-v t-c-mK LSI§Ä Hc-p I-p«-nb-n Dï-mh-pt-¼-mg-mW-v ADHD Ds-ï¶-v ]db-m\-mh-pI.

1-) s-hd-ps-X Cc-n¡-m³ Ig-nb-mX-nc-n¡-pI. 2-) H¶-ne-p-w {-i²-n¡-m³ Ig-nb-mX-nc-n¡-pI. 3-) Aa-nX-mt-hi-w.X-ms-g ]db-p¶ e£W§f-n 7 F®s-a¦-ne-p-w Gg-v hbk-v

F -̄p¶X-n\-p a-p¼-v 6 a-mk¡-me-w Hc-p I-p«-nb-n \-n¶-v \-nc´c-w Dï-mh-p¶X-mb-n Iï-m AX-v ADHD Bb-nc-n¡-p-w.e£W§Ä1. cï-v a-n\-n«-v t-]-me-p-w AS§-nb-nc-n¡-m³ Ig-nb-nÃ.2. Hc-p I-mc-y -̄ne-p-w {-i² t-I{-µ-oIc-n¡-m³ Ig-nb-nÃ.3. t-N-mZ-y-w Ahk-m\-n¡-p¶X-n\-v a-p¼-v N-mS-n¡bd-n ad-p]S-n ]db-pI.4. k-z -́w Ahkc-w F -̄p¶X-v hs-c £a-n -̈nc-n¡-m³ Ig-nb-mX-nc-n¡-pI.5. k-zb-w \-nb{-́ -n¡-m³ Ig-nb-nÃ.6. \-n¿t-±i§Ä A\-pkc-n¡-p¶X-n\-v {-]b-mk-w.7. s-N¿-p¶ t-P-me-n a-pg-ph\-m¡-m³ Ig-nb-mX-nc-n¡-pI.8. s-hd-ps-X k-wk-mc-n -̈v s-I-m-ï-nc-n¡-pI.9. aä-pÅhs-c ie-ys-̧ S-p -̄pI.10. FS-p -̄pN-mS-n {-]i-v\§Ä Dï-m¡-pI.11. A]ISIca-mb {-]À -̄nIf-n GÀs-̧ S-pI. 12. Bßh-ni-z-mk¡-pdh-v.13. F{-X {-ia-n -̈me-p-w Hc-p a-mäh-pa-nÃ-mX-nc-n¡-pI.

H-mÀ¡-pI:C¯c-w e£W§Ä Hc-p I-p«-nb-n Iï-m Hc-p

a\:i-mk-v{-XÚs-\ I-u¬ke-n-wK-n\-v ka-o]-n¡-pIb-p-w At-±l-w \-nÀt-±i-n¡-p¶ c-oX-nb-ne-pÅ ]c-nl-mc \S]S-nIÄ s-N¿-p-Ib-p-w t-hW-w. F{-X t-\cs-̄ {-]i-v\§Ä {-S-oä-v s-N¿-p¶-pt-h-m A{-Xb-p-w \¶-mb-nc-n¡-p-w.

]T\s‑s‑hIe‑y§Ä]T\s-s-hIe-y§Ä AYh-m t-eW-n-wK-v "U-nk_-ne-nä-n' F¶

h-m¡-v FÃ-mhc-p-wt-I«-nc-n¡-m³ CSb-pï-v. \½-ps-S h-nZ-y-meb§f-n ]T\

s-s-hIe-y§Ä DÅ I-p«-nIf-ps-S F®-w hfs-c I-qS-pXe-mh-pIb-p-w _Ôs-̧ « t-_-m[h¡cW ]c-n]-mS-nIÄ I-qS-pX kP-oha-mb-n s-I-mï-nc-n¡-pIb-p-w s-N¿-p¶-pï-v. a-p¼s-̄ At-]£-n -̈v ]T\ s-s-hIe-y§Ä¡-v ]c-nl-mc-w t-XS-n I-u¬ke-n-wK-v s-kâd-pIf-ns-e -̄p¶hc-ps-S F®-w \Ãbfh-n hÀ²-n -̈n«-pï-v. t-_-m[h¡cW-w

K-pW-w I-mW-p¶-ps-h¶-v Xs-¶b-mW-v CX-v k-qN-n -̧n¡-p¶X-v. ]T\ s-s-hIe-y§s-f¡-pd-n -̈v a-n\-na-w Ad-nh-v \ÂI-m\-mhi-ya-mb

Hc-p s-Nd-ph-nhcW-w AX-vb-m-h-i-y-a-m-s-W¶-p Ic-p-X-p¶-p.

F´-mW-v ]T\ s-s-hIe-y-w? Fg-pX-p¶X-n\-p-w h-mb-n¡-p¶X-n\-p-w IW¡-v

s-N¿-p¶X-n\-pa-pÅ N-ne Ig-nh-nÃ-mb-vab-mW-v N-pc-p¡ -̄n¬ ]T\ s-s-hIe-y-w. h-nh-n[ h-nhc§Ä {-Ia -̄n _Ô-n -̧n -̈v AX-v \ÂI-p¶ Bib -̄nt-e¡-v F -̄m\-pÅ LS\-m]ca-mb XSʧs-fb-mW-v s-]-mX-ps-h ]T\s-s-hIe-ys-a¶-v h-nf-n¡-p¶X-v.

]T\ s-s-hIe-y§Ä F§s-\ ]T\s-̄ _-m[-n¡-p¶-p?

]T\ s-s-hIe-y§Ä Hc-p I-p«-nb-ps-S AS-nØ-m\ ]T-\-t-i-j-n-Is-f s-s-\K-ä-o-h-mb-n _-m[-n-¡-p-w. N-neX-v h-ni-Z-o-I-c-n-¡-m-w.

1. ¹-m³ s-N¿-m\-pÅ Ig-nh-v CÃ-mX-nc-n¡-pI. 2. H-mÀKs-s-\k-v s-N¿-m³ ]ä-nÃ. 3. h-niIe\t-ij-n I-pdb-p-w.4. h-niZ-oIc-n¡-m\-p-w _Ô-n -̧n¡-m\-p-w

Ig-nb-mX-nc-n¡-pI.5. IW¡-pI-q«-n I-mc-y§Ä s-N¿-m\-mh-nÃ.F -́vs-I-mï-v ]T\s-s-hIe-y§Ä Dï-mI-p¶-p

F¶ I-mc-y -̄n Kt-hjIÀ¡-nSb-n h-yX-yk-vX A -̀n{-]-mb§f-mW-v DÅX-v. F -́mb-me-p-w CX-v LS\-m]ca-mb Hc-p {-]i-v\a-ms-W¶-p-w CX-v _-p²-nI-pdt-h-m I-mc-y§Ä {-Kl-ns-̈ S-p¡-m\-pÅ

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Ig-nh-v t-It-S-m Aà F¶ I-mc-y -̄n GIk-zca-mW-pÅX-v. N-ne c-oX-nIf-ne-qs-S Fg-pX-m\-p-w h-mb-n¡-m\-p-w IW¡-p s-N¿-m\-p-w

a-m{-Xa-pÅ Hc-p {-]b-mka-mW-nX-v. C¯c-w I-p«-nIÄ¡-v \à _-p²-nb-p-w [-mcW t-ij-nb-pa-pï-mb-nc-n¡-p-w. ]T\ s-s-hIe-y§Ä I-p«-nIf-n Fs-́ Ã-m-w {-]b-mk§f-mW-v Dï-m¡-p¶X-v F¶-v t-\-m¡-m-w.

1. h-mb-n¡-m³ {-]b-mk-w.2. Fg-p -̄v XSk-w.3. IW¡-pIÄ s-Nb-vX-v X-oÀ¡-m\-mh-nÃ.4. I-qS-pX kab-w {-i²-n¡-m\-mh-nÃ.5. ]ck-v]c-w _Ô-n -̧n¡-m³ Ig-nb-nÃ.]T\ s-s-hIe-ys-̄ Ahb-ps-S k-z -̀mha\-pkc-n -̈v {-][-m\a-mb-p-w

a-q¶-mb-n X-nc-n¡-m-w.1. U-nk-vs-eI-vk-nb:þ h-mb\b-n t-\c-nS-p¶ {-]b-mk§Ä2. U-nk-v{-K-m -̂nb:þ Fg-p -̄n Dï-mI-p¶ XSk§Ä3. U-nk-vI-mÂI-pe-nb:þ IW¡-pI-q«-m\-pÅ {-]b-mk-we£W§Ä:1. U-nk-vs-eI-vk-nb:-X-ms-g ]db-p¶ e£W§Ä Hc-p I-p«-nb-n \-nc´c-w

I-mWs-̧ S-p¶-ps-h¦-n U-nk-vs-eI-vk-nb Bh-m\-pÅ k-m[-yX I-qS-pXe-mW-v.

1. h-mb-n¡-m³ {-]b-mk-w.2. D-ul-n -̈v h-mb-n¡-pI.3. h-mb-n¡-pt-¼-mÄ N-ne h-m¡-pIf-p-w hc-nIf-p-w h-n«-v

Ifb-pI.4. Hc-p h-m¡-v Xs-¶ BhÀ -̄n -̈v

h-mb-n¡-pI.5. \-nÀ -̄ms-X h-mb-n¡-pI.6. h-m¡-pIÄ ]ck-v]c-w I¬ -̂y-qj³

Bh-pI.7. h-mb\¡-nSb-n k-p{-][-m\ ̀ -mK-w I-mW-ms-X

t-]-mh-pI.8. \-nc´c-w X-nc-n -̈v h-mb-n¡-pI. DZ-mlcW -̄n\-v

was F¶X-v saw F¶-p-w on F-¶-X-v no F¶-ps-a-ms-¡ h-mb-n¡-pI.

9. CÃ-m¯X-v h-mb-n¡-pI.10. h-n«-pIfb-pI.11. Hc-p h-m¡-n\-v ]Ic-w as-ä-mc-p h-m¡-v

h-mb-n¡-pI.12. s-Xä-mb {-Ia -̄n h-mb-n¡-pI. (At-e-mkc-w

F¶X-v At-e-mck-w F¶-v h-mb-n¡-pI.-)13. A£c§Ä h-n«-v Ifb-pI (Cd§-n F¶X-v

C§-n F¶-v h-mb-n¡-pI-)14. ka-m\ k-vs-]Ã-n-wK-v DÅ h-m¡-pIÄ

a-md-n h-mb-n¡-p¶-p. hours- F¶X-v house F¶-v h-mb-n¡-pI.

2. U-nk-v{-K-m^-nb

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1. t-a-mi-w s-s-Is-¿g-p -̄v.2. Fg-pX-pt-¼-mÄ s-s-I¿-n A\-mhi-ya-mb-n

_e-w s-I-mS-p¡-pI.3. he-nb A£ch-p-w s-Nd-nb A£ch-p-w

IeÀ -̄n Fg-pX-pI. 4. h-m¡-pIÄ¡-v CSb-n A\-mhi-y

h-nSh-pIÄ. 5. I®-mS-nb-n I-mW-p¶ t-]-ms-e Fg-pX-pI.

‘p’ F¶X-v ‘q’ F¶-p-w ‘b’ F¶X-v ‘d’ F¶-p-w Fg-pX-pI.

aeb-mf -̄n "Xe' F¶X-v "XY'Fs-¶g-pX-pI.

6. XeX-nc-ns-̈ g-pX-pI.w-m6-97-L n-u7. Fg-pX-pt-¼-mÄ A£c§Ä h-n«-pIfb-pI.]-ndh-nþ]-nh-n, LS-nI-mc-wþLI-mc-w, rain- rin8. CÃ-m¯ A£c§Ä I-q«-n t-NÀ¡-pI.We-nt-- -whe-nt-, Past- paostag¡-me-w-þa-mg¡-me-w, XhfþX-mhf9. \-nc´c-w k-vs-]Ã-n-wK-v s-Xä-pIÄA½þAa, Bt-L-mj-wþBt-I-mi-wA¼e-wþA]e-w, X¯þXXCÃþCe

3. U-nk-vI-mÂI-pe-nb1. A¡§Ä ]ck-v]c-w a-md-nt-̧ -mh-pI. ‘6’ ‘9’

Bbpw ‘3’ ‘8’ Bb-p-w a-md-nt-̧ -mh-pI. 2. +, þ, ÷, <, > X-pS§-nb KW-nX N-nÓ§Ä

X½-n I¬ -̂y-qj³ Bh-pI.3. kab-w t-\-m¡-m³ _-p²-na-p«-v.4. D¯c§Ä Fg-pX-pt-¼-mÄ A¡§Ä

X-nc-nª-p t-]-mIÂ.DZ-m: 12+ 23= 35 F¶X-n\-v ]Ic-w 12+ 23= 53 Fs-¶g-pX-pI.5. A¡§Ä h-n«-p Ifb-pI.98+12=110 F¶X-v 98+12=10 F¶-v Fg-pX-pI.6. s-Nd-nb {-]i-v\§Ä t-]-me-p-w a\:IW¡-v

I-q«-m³ Ig-nb-mX-nc-n¡-pI.7. IY-mc-q] -̄ne-pÅ IW¡-pIÄ¡-v D¯c-w

Is-ï -̄m³ Ig-nb-mX-nc-n¡-pI.C¯c-w {-]i-v\§Ä I-qS-ms-X CS -̄p-w

he -̄p-w a\k-ne-mI-pI-, Hc-p hk-vX-ph-ns-\ D¶-w s-h -̈v Fd-nb-pI-, kab-w t-\-m¡-pI X-pS§-nb I-mc-y§f-ne-p-w ]T\ s-s-hIe-y§Ä DÅhÀ¡-v {-]b-mk-w I-mW-md-pï-v.

C¯c -̄ne-pÅ e£W§Ä \-nc´ca-mb-n Hc-p I-p«-nb-n I-mW-pIb-ms-W¦-n DS³ Hc-p a\:i-mk-v{-X I-u¬kes-d ka-o]-n¡-pI. Ab-mÄ¡-v \-n§s-f kl-mb-n¡-m\-mh-p-w.

H-mÀ¡-pI: 1. ]T\ s-s-hIe-y§Ä N-nI-nÕ-n -̈v a-mä-m\-mh-nÃ.

AX-ps-I-m-ï-pÅ {-]b-mk§Ä ad-n IS¡-m³

I-p«-nIs-f ]c-ni-oe-n -̧n¡-pIb-mW-v t-hïX-v.2. ]T\ s-s-hIe-ya-pÅ I-p«-nIÄ¡-v \Ã

_-p²-n£aXb-pï-mb-nc-n¡-p-w. 3. \-o-ï I-mes-̄ ]c-ni-oe\-w Bhi-ya-mW-v. 4. c£-nX-mh-ns-â £a-m ]-qÀWh-p-w Bk-q{-X-nXh-pa-mb kl-mb-w

I-p«-n¡-v Bhi-ya-mW-v.5. {-]i-v\s-̄ I-pd-n -̈v c£-nX-mh-v \Ã

t-_-m[h-m\-mb-nc-n¡W-w.]T\ s-s-hIe-y§Ä HcÀX -̄n A\-p{-Kla-mW-v. I-mcW-w

CX-pÅ I-p«-nIÄ s-]-mX-ps-h 1. Ak-ma-m\-y _-p²-nb-pÅhc-mb-nc-n¡-p-w. 2. AhÀ¡-v h-yX-yk-vXa-mb Ig-nh-pIÄ Dï-mb-nc-n¡-p-w. 3. k-mlNc-y§s-f¡-pd-n -̈v X-nIª t-_-m[-ya-pï-mb-nc-n¡-p-w. 4. \à s-s-hI-mc-nI ]I-zXb-pÅhc-mb-nc-n¡-p-w. 5. AX-y]-qÀÆ P-nÚ-mkb-p-w {-I-nb-mßIXb-p-w Dï-mI-p-w. 6. ]-pX-nb Bib§Ä s-I-mï-phc-m\-mI-p-w. 7. h-yX-yk-vXa-mb-n N-n -́n¡-m\-mh-p-w. 8. \à b-mY-mÀ°-y t-_-m[a-p-ï-mh-p-w. 9. iàa-mb -̀mh\-m t-ij-nb-pÅhc-mI-p-w.Ad-nb-pI: t-e-mI-w Iï ]e al-m·-mÀ¡-p-w ]T\s-s-hIe-y§Ä

Dï-mb-nc-p¶-p. BÂ_À«-v s-F³Ì-o³-, e-nb\-mt-U-m U-mh-n©-n-, t-X-mak-v BÂh FU-nk¬-, h-pU-vt-d-m h-nÂk¬-, h-n³kä¬ NÀ -̈n X-pS§-n-nbhÀ Ahc-n N-neÀ a-m{-X-w.

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]T-\-w H-c-p I-e-b-m-W-v. B-k-z-m-Z-y-I-c-a-m-b-n a-m-{-X-w s-s-I-I-m-c-y-w s-N-t-¿-ï I-e. c-£-n-X-m ¡-f-p-s-S-t-b-m a-ä-p-Å-h-c-p-s-S-t-b-m k-½À-±-§Ä-

¡-p h-g-§-n \-S-t-¯-ï h-g-n-]-m-S-à A-X-v. ]T-\-s-¯ k-v-t-\-l-n-¡-m³ I-g-n-b-p-t-¼-mÄ a-m-{-X-a-m-W-v H-c-mÄ-¡-v a-p-j-n-¸-p t-X-m-¶-m-s-X a-p-t-¶-d-m³ k-m-[-n-¡-p-¶-X-v. DÂ-I-r-j-v-S-a-m-b ]T-\ s-s-i-e-n-IÄ h-fÀ-¯-n-s-b-S-p-¡-p-t-¼-m-g-m-W-v ]T-\-w c-k-I-c-a-m-h-p-¶-X-p-w X-·-q-e-w A-X-n-s-\ k-v-t-\-l-n-¡-m³ I-g-n-b-p-¶-X-p-w. ]T-\-w G-s-d k-¦-oÀ-®-a-m-b H-c-p a-m-\-k-n-I {-]-{-I-n-b I-q-S-n-b-m-b-X-n-\-m F-§-s-\ ]T-n-¡-W-s-a-¶-v B-Z-y-w ]T-n-¡-p-¶-X-v {-]-[-m-\-a-m-W-v. ]T-n-¡-m³ ]T-n-¡-m-¯-X-p s-I-m-ï-m-W-v ]-eÀ-¡-p-w ]-c-m-P-b-¯-n-s-â s-s-I-¸-p-\-oÀ I-p-S-n-t-¡-ï-n h-c-p-¶-X-v.

I-q-S-p-X k-a-b-w ]T-n-¡-p-¶-X-p h-g-n ]T-\-w ̂ -e-{-]-Z-a-m-¡-m-s-a-¶-X-p h-n-I-e k-¦Â-]-w a-m-{-X-a-m-W-v. s-h-d-p-w h-m-b-\-t-b-m D-d-s-¡ h-m-b-n-¨-p-Å ]T-\-t-a-m A-Ã-, I-m-c-y-£-a-a-m-b s-s-i-e-n-IÄ k-z-o-I-c-n-¨-p-Å ]T-\-a-m-W-v e-£-y-w {-]-m-]-n-¡-p-¶-X-v. \-n-c-o-£-W-w-, {-i-h-W-w-, ]-c-o-£-W-w F-¶-n-h a-q-¶-p-w k-a-Ú-k-a-m-b-n k-t-½-f-n-¡-p-t-¼-mÄ a-m-{-X-s-a ]T-\-w ̂ -e-{-]-Z-a-m-I-q. e-£-y t-_-m-[-w-, A-¨-S-¡-w-, a-q-e-y-t-_-m-[-w-, I-r-X-y-\-n-j-vT-, k-a-b-\-n-j-vT-, H-mÀ-½ i-à-n-, {-K-l-W i-à-n-, Ú-m-\ X-r-j-v-W-, I-m-c-y-£-a-X-, D-t-·-j-w-, IT-n-\-m-[-z-m-\-w-, i-p-` {-]-X-o-£-, B-k-q-{-X-W s-s-h-`-h-w-, B-ß ]-c-n-t-i-m-[-\-, h-n-i-I-e-\ t-i-j-n-, B-ß \-n-b-{-´-W-w X-p-S-§-n-b-h-s-b-Ã-m-w ]T-n-X-m-h-n-\-v A-h-i-y-w t-h-ï L-S-I-§-f-m-W-v.

h-n-Z-y-mÀ-°-n-I-f-n-s-e _-p-²-n s-s-h-`-h-w h-y-X-y-k-v-X-a-m-b-X-p s-I-m-ï-p X-s-¶ ]T-\ X-mÂ-]-c-y-§-f-p-w h-y-X-y-k-v-X-a-m-W-v. h-n-h-n-[-§-f-m-b I-g-n-h-p-I-f-m-W-v H-m-t-c-m I-p-«-n-b-n-e-p-w A-´À-e-o-\-a-m-b-n-«-p-Å-X-v. I-Y F-g-p-X-m-\-p-w I-h-n-X c-N-n-¡-m-\-p-w N-n-{-X-w h-c-¡-m-\-p-w ]-m-«-p-]-m-S-m-\-p-w {-]-k-w-

K-n-¡-m-\-p-w X-p-S-§-n H-m-t-c-m h-n-Z-y-mÀ-°-n-b-n-e-p-w D-d-§-n-¡-n-S-¡-p-¶ I-e-m-h-m-k-\-I-s-f s-X-m-«-p-WÀ-¯-p-¶ {-]-{-I-n-b I-q-S-n-b-m-W-v h-n-Z-y-m-`-y-m-k-w. A-X-p s-I-m-ï-p X-s-¶-b-m-W-v ]-p-X-n-b ]-mT-y ]-²-X-n-b-n C-¯-c-¯-n-e-p-Å s-s-\-kÀ-K-n-I I-g-n-h-p-IÄ I-s-ï-¯-n ]-c-n-t-]-m-j-n-¸-n-¡-m-\-p-Å A-h-k-c-§Ä [-m-c-m-f-a-p-Å-X-p-w. H-m-t-c-m-c-p-¯À-¡-p-w X-mÂ-]-c-y-a-p-Å {-]-hÀ-¯-n-IÄ h-r-¯-n-b-m-b-p-w `-w-K-n-b-m-b-p-w s-N-b-v-X-v X-oÀ-¡-p-¶-X-n-e-q-s-S-b-m-W-v A-b-m-f-p-s-S B c-w-K-¯-p-Å I-e-m-h-m-k-\-IÄ {-]-I-S-a-m-h-p-¶-X-v. D-Å-n D-d-§-n-¡-n-S-¡-p-¶ I-g-n-h-p-IÄ I-s-ï-¯-m-\-p-Å b-X-mÀ-° ]-c-n-{-i-a-a-m-W-v ]T-\-s-a-¶-v N-p-c-p-¡-w.

]T-\-¯-n-\-p t-h-ï {-]-[-m-\ i-o-e-a-m-W-v {-i-². A-X-o-h {-i-²-b-p-w k-q-£-v-a \-n-c-o-£-W-h-p-w ]T-\-¯-n-s-â-b-p-w _-u-²-n-I a-n-I-h-n-s-â-b-p-w A-S-n-Ø-m-\-§-f-m-W-v. s-X-m-«-s-X-Ã-m-w s-]-m-¶-m-¡-m-\-p-Å t-i-j-n BÀ-Ö-n-s-¨-S-p-¡-p-¶-X-p-w A-h-b-n \-n-¶-m-W-v. A-e-v-]-w kÀ-K-m-ß-I-X-b-p-w A-´-t-O-m-Z-\-b-p(inner impulse)a-p-s-ï-¦-n h-n-t-i-j-n-¨-p-w. H-c-p t-X-m-«-¯-n-s-â a-q-e-b-n F-«-p-I-m-e-n \-nÀ-½-n-¨ h-e D-d-¸-n-¨-n-c-p-¶ \-q-e-m-W-t-Ã-m X-q-¡-p-]-m-e-w \-nÀ-½-n-¡-m-s-a-¶ B-i-b-¯-n-\-p h-g-n-s-X-f-n-b-n-¨-X-v. D-W-¡-m³ A-b-e-n-e-n-« \-\-ª jÀ-«-v I-m-ä-p h-¶-v h-oÀ-¯-t-¸-m-g-m-W-v _-e-q¬ F-¶ B-i-b-w D-c-p-¯-n-c-n-b-p-¶-X-v. t-¢-m-¡-n-s-â s-]³-U-p-e-¯-n-s-â X-X-z-w I-ï-p-]-n-S-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-p k-l-m-b-I-a-m-b-X-v H-c-p t-Z-h-m-e-b-¯-n-s-â t-K-m-]-p-c-¯-n X-q-§-n-b-m-S-p-¶ h-n-f-¡-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. H-c-p B-¸-nÄ X-e-b-n-t-e-¡-v h-o-W-X-m-W-v K-p-c-p-X-z-m-IÀ-j-W _-e-w I-s-ï-¯-m³ t-l-X-p-h-m-b-X-v. N-m-b-b-p-ï-m-¡-m-\-p-Å s-h-Å-w X-n-f-¸-n-¨-t-¸-mÄ s-I-ä-e-n-s-â A-S-¸-v C-f-I-n-¯-p-Å-n-b-X-m-W-s-{-X B-h-n-b-{-´-¯-n-s-â B-h-nÀ-`-m-h-¯-n-\-p I-m-c-W-a-m-b-X-v.

]T-n-¡-p-¶ ]-p-k-v-X-I-¯-n B-ß-mÀ-°-a-m-b-n {-i-² ]-X-n-¸-n-¨-m a-m-{-X-t-a h-m-b-n-¨-X-v a-\-Ê-n ]-X-n-b-p-I-b-p-

]T‑n‑¡‑m‑\‑p‑w ]T‑n‑¡‑W‑w

s-s-k-\-p-±-o³ CÀ-^-m-\-n a-m-W-qÀ

I-Y F-g-p-X-m-\-p-w I-h-n-X c-N-n-¡-m-\-p-w N-n-{-X-w h-c-¡-m-\-p-w ]-m-«-p-]-m-S-m-\-p-w {-]-k-w-K-n-¡-m-\-p-w X-p-S-§-n H-m-t-c-m h-n-Z-y-mÀ-°-n-b-n-e-p-w D-d-§-n-¡-n-S-¡-p-¶ I-e-m-h-m-k-\-I-s-f s-X-m-«-p-WÀ-

¯-p-¶ {-]-{-I-n-b I-q-S-n-b-m-W-v h-n-Z-y-m-`-y-m-k-w.

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Å-q. {-i-² s-X-ä-p-t-¼-mÄ H-c-p I-S-e-m-k-n a-mÀ-¡-v s-N-¿-p-¶ c-o-X-n {-]-m-t-b-m-K-n-I-h-p-w G-s-d ̂ -e-{-]-Z-h-p-a-m-W-v. H-m-t-c-m X-h-W h-m-b-n-¡-p-t-¼-m-g-p-a-p-ï-m-I-p-¶ A-{-i-²-I-f-p-s-S F-®-w I-p-d-¡-m³ C-X-p k-l-m-b-n-¡-p-w. {-i-² X-s-¶-b-m-W-v H-mÀ-a i-à-n hÀ-²-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶ {-]-[-m-\ L-S-I-h-p-w. H-mÀ-½-n-t-¡-ï I-m-c-y-§Ä ]-qÀ-®-a-m-b-n a-\-Ê-n-e-m-¡-p-I-b-m-W-v A-X-n-\-p t-h-ï-n B-Z-y-w s-N-t-¿-ï-X-v. h-m-b-n-¨ `-m-K-§Ä A-t-©-m ]-t-¯-m a-n-\-p-«-v k-a-b-¯-n-\-p-Å-n X-s-¶ H-mÀ-½-n-¡-m³ {-i-a-n-¡-p-¶-X-p-w \-Ã-X-m-W-v. ]T-n-¨ I-m-c-y-§Ä B-d-p-a-W-n-¡-q-d-n-\-p-Å-n-s-e-¦-n-e-p-w h-m-b-n-¨-m-t-e A-X-p a-\-Ê-n ]-X-n-b-p-I-b-p-Å-q. h-m-b-\ s-s-h-I-p-w t-X-m-d-p-w a-\-Ê-n ]-X-n-b-p-¶-X-p-w I-p-d-b-p-w. ]T-n-¡-p-¶-s-X-Ã-m-w I-Y-I-f-p-w A-\-p-`-h-§-f-p-a-m-b-n t-I-mÀ-¯-n-W-¡-n H-mÀ-½-n-¨-p ]T-\ k-a-b-¯-p-Å a-m-\-k-n-I-m-h-Ø-b-p-w k-m-l-N-c-y-§-f-p-w H-mÀ-a-s-b k-z-m-[-o-\-n-¡-p-¶-p-ï-v. i-c-o-c i-p-²-n h-c-p-¯-n-b t-i-j-w G-I-m-{-K-X-t-b-m-s-S-b-p-w {-i-²-t-b-m-s-S-b-p-a-m-W-v ]T-\-¯-n-\-n-c-n-t-¡-ï-X-v. H-mÀ-a-n-¡-W-s-a-¶ D-t-±-i-y-t-¯-m-s-S ]T-n-¡-m³ X-¿-m-d-m-h-p-¶-X-p-w H-mÀ-a i-à-n I-q-«-m-\-p-Å X-{-´-a-m-W-v. h-m-b-n-¨ `-m-K-§Ä D-S³ X-s-¶ ]-d-ª-v t-\-m-¡-n-t-b-m H-c-p t-]-¸-d-n F-g-p-X-n t-\-m-¡-n-t-b-m c-ï-p-w s-N-b-v-t-X-m ]T-\-w k-p-K-a-a-m-¡-m-w. K-W-n-X-h-p-w a-ä-p i-m-k-v-{-X h-n-j-b-§-f-p-w s-N-b-v-X-p X-s-¶ ]T-n-¡-W-w. \-n-X-y P-o-h-n-X-¯-n-s-e i-m-k-v-{-X {-]-X-n-`-m-k-§-f-n-e-q-s-S-b-m-W-v \-m-w i-m-k-v-{-X-w ]T-n-t-¡-ï-X-v. ]-m ]-p-f-n-¨-p s-s-X-c-m-h-p-¶-X-p-w s-h-Å-w X-n-f-¨-p B-h-n-b-m-h-p-¶-X-p-w B-h-n I-b-d-p-t-¼-mÄ C-U-e-n s-]-m-´-n h-c-p-¶-X-p-a-S-¡-a-p-Å

i-m-k-v-{-X k-X-y-§Ä A-S-p-¡-f-s-b-¶ K-t-h-j-W i-m-e-b-n \-n-¶-p X-s-¶ {-]-m-t-b-m-K-n-I-a-m-b-n a-\-k-n-e-m-t-¡-ï-X-m-W-v. H-mÀ-a i-à-n k-w-_-Ô-a-m-b-n h-n-{-i-p-X h-n-Z-y-m-`-y-m-k h-n-Z-K-v-Z³-, k-m-{-µ-m F-^-v d-o-^-v \-S-¯-n-b \-n-c-o-£-W-w {-i-t-²-b-a-m-W-v. ’’\-m-w h-m-b-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-s-â 10 i-X-a-m-\-h-p-w t-IÄ-¡-p-¶-X-n-s-â 20 i-X-a-m-\-h-p-w I-m-W-p-I-b-p-w t-IÄ-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-N-¿-p-¶-X-n-s-â 50 i-X-a-m-\-h-p-w ]-d-b-p-¶-X-n-s-â 70 i-X-a-m-\-h-p-w ]-d-b-p-I-b-p-w s-N-¿-p-I-b-p-w s-N-¿-p-¶-X-n-s-â 90 i-X-a-m-\-h-p-w \-m-w H-mÀ-¯-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-p-’-’. (How to Reach and Teach ADD/ ADHD children, The Centre for Applied Research in Education, 1993 P. 53-)

N-n-«-b-m-b ]T-\-w H-mÀ-a i-à-n-b-p-w _-p-²-n-b-p-w hÀ-[-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-p I-m-c-W-a-m-I-p-¶-p. F-¶-m B-ß-mÀ-°-a-m-b-p-w X-o-{-h-m-`-n-e-m-j-t-¯-m-s-S-b-p-w ]T-\-¯-n a-p-g-p-I-p-t-¼-mÄ a-m-{-X-a-m-W-v a-\-Ê-v ]T-\-¯-n-\-p k-¶-²-a-m-I-p-¶-X-v. I-¯-p-¶ s-a-g-p-I-p-X-n-c-n s-I-«-p-t-]-m-h-m³ s-N-d-n-b H-c-p I-m-t-ä-m D-u-t-¯-m a-X-n-s-b-¶-p-w B-f-n-¸-S-c-p-¶ I-m-«-p X-o-b-W-¡-m³ s-I-m-S-p-¦-m-ä-n-\-p t-]-m-e-p-w k-m-[-y-a-s-Ã-¶-p-w \-m-w a-\-Ê-n-e-m-t-¡-ï-X-p-ï-v. \-n-Ý-b-Z-mÀ-V-y-t-¯-m-s-S-b-p-w e-£-y-w a-p-¶-nÂ

{-i-² X-s-¶-b-m-W-v H-mÀ-a i-à-n hÀ-

²-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶ {-]-[-m-\ L-S-I-h-p-w. H-mÀ-½-n-t-¡-ï I-m-c-y-§Ä ]-qÀ-®-a-m-b-n a-\-

Ê-n-e-m-¡-p-I-b-m-W-v A-X-n-\-p t-h-ï-n

B-Z-y-w s-N-t-¿-ï-X-v. h-m-b-n-¨ `-m-K-§Ä A-t-©-m ]-t-¯-m

a-n-\-p-«-v k-a-b-¯-n-\-p-Å-n X-s-¶ H-mÀ-½-n-¡-m³ {-i-a-n-¡-p-¶-X-p-w \-Ã-X-m-W-v. ]T-n-¨ I-m-c-y-§Ä B-d-p-a-W-n-¡-q-d-n-\-p-Å-n-s-e-¦-n-e-p-w

h-m-b-n-¨-m-t-e A-X-p a-\-Ê-n ]-X-n-b-p-I-

b-p-Å-q.

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I-ï-p-w X-o-{-h-{-i-a-§Ä \-S-¯-p-t-¼-m-g-m-W-v h-n-P-b-w h-c-n-¡-m³ k-m-[-n-¡-p-¶-X-v. B-{-K-l-§Ä F-Ã-m-hÀ-¡-p-a-p-s-ï-¶-X-p k-X-y-a-m-W-v. ]-eÀ-¡-p-w k-z-]-v-\-§-f-p-a-p-ï-v. N-n-eÀ-¡-v X-o-{-h-a-m-b A-`-n-e-m-j-§-f-p-a-p-ï-v. F-¶-m ¹-m-\-n-t-§-m-S-p I-q-S-n X-o-{-h-a-m-b B-{-K-l-w h-¨-p ]-p-eÀ-¯-n ]T-\-¯-n a-p-t-¶-d-p-¶-hÀ N-p-c-p-¡-w N-n-eÀ a-m-{-X-t-a-b-p-Å-q F-¶-X-m-W-v b-m-Y-mÀ-°-y-w. B-ß-mÀ-°-a-m-b-n e-£-y-w s-h-¡-p-I-b-p-w A-X-n-\-p t-h-ï-n A-[-z-m-\-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-N-b-v-X-m {-]-]-©-s-a-m ¶-S-¦-w \-½-p-s-S I-q-«-n-\-p h-c-p-s-a-¶-m-W-v h-n-{-i-p-X k-m-l-n-X-y-I-m-c³ ]-u-t-e-m s-I-m-b-v-t-e-m A-`-n-{-]-m-b s-¸-S-p-¶-X-v.

]T-\-¯-n-\-p t-h-ï-n-b-p-Å k-a-b h-n-\-n-t-b-m-K-h-p-w B-k-q-{-X-W-h-p-w {-]-[-m-\-w X-s-¶-b-m-W-v. A-Ã-m-¯ I-m-e-t-¯-m-f-w ’]T-n-¡-m³ X-o-s-c k-a-b-w I-n-«-p-¶-n-Ã-’ F-¶ ]-c-n-`-h-¯-n-\-v A-´-y-a-p-ï-m-h-n-Ã. ]-mT-y ]-m-t-T-y-X-c I-m-c-y-§Ä-¡-p t-h-ï-n s-s-S-w-t-S-_-nÄ X-¿-m-d-m-¡-e-m-W-v A-X-n-\-p-Å ]-c-n-l-m-c-w. N-n-e Z-n-h-k-§-f-n c-m-{-X-n D-d-¡-s-a-m-g-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-v ]T-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w a-ä-p Z-n-h-k-§-f-n D-g-¸-n \-S-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-N-¿-p-¶ c-o-X-n i-c-n-b-Ã. F-Ã-m Z-n-h-k-h-p-w I-r-X-y-a-m-b k-a-b-w ]-m-e-n-¡-p-¶-X-m-W-v A-`-n-I-m-a-y-w. ]T-\-¯-n-\-p t-h-ï-n X-¿-m-d-¡-p-¶ s-s-S-w-t-S-_-n-f-n `-£-W-w-, D-d-¡-w-, h-n-t-\-m-Z-w X-p-S-§-n-b-h-s-b-Ã-m-w DÄ-s-¸-S-p-¯-n-b-n-c-n-¡-W-w. c-m-h-n-s-e F-g-p-t-¶Â-¡-p-t-¼-mÄ X-s-¶ s-s-S-w-t-S-_-nÄ t-\-m-¡-p-I-b-p-w c-m-{-X-n D-d-§-p-¶-X-n-\-p a-p-¼-v s-N-b-v-X-p X-oÀ-¯ I-m-c-y-§Ä A-S-b-m-f-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-I-b-p-w t-h-W-w. {-]-hÀ-¯-n Z-n-\-§Ä-¡-p-w A-h-[-n Z-n-\-§Ä-¡-p-w {-]-t-X-y-I-w s-s-S-w-t-S-_-nÄ B-h-i-y-a-m-W-v. ]-c-o-£ ]-S-n-h-m-X-nÂ-¡-s-e-¯-n-b t-i-j-w s-s-S-w-t-S-_-nÄ D-ï-m-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-p ]-I-c-w t-\-c-s-¯ X-s-¶ X-¿-m-d-m-¡-p-I-b-m-W-v t-h-ï-X-v. ]T-\ ]-p-t-c-m-K-X-n h-n-e-b-n-c-p-¯-p-I-b-p-w C-S-¡-n-S-¡-v A-X-p ]-c-n-j-v-I-c-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w t-h-W-w. ]T-n-¡-m-\-p-Å h-n-j-b-§-f-p-s-S {-]-m-[-m-\-y-a-\-p-k-c-n-¨-m-W-v {-I-a-o-I-c-W-w \-S-t-¯-ï-X-v. h-o-S-p \-nÀ-½-m-W-¯-n-\-p a-p-¼-v X-s-¶ A-X-n-s-â ¹-m-\-p ï-m-¡-p-¶-X-v t-]-m-s-e ]T-\-¯-n-\-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-p a-p-¼-p-w h-y-à-a-m-b ¹-m³ t-h-W-w. a-\-Ê-v G-ä-h-p-w D-uÀ-Ö-k-z-e-a-m-h-p-¶ k-a-b-w ]T-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-p-w D-Z-m-k-o-\-a-m-h-p-¶ k-a-b-w B-I-v-ä-n-h-n-ä-n-IÄ-¡-p-w h-n-\-n-t-b-m-K-n-¡-W-w.

]T-\-¯-n-\-p a-m-{-X-a-m-b-n {-]-t-X-y-I Ø-e-a-p-ï-m-h-p-¶-X-p-w \-Ã-X-m-W-v. h-m-b-p

k-©-m-c-h-p-w s-h-f-n-¨-h-p-a-p-Å Ø-e-a-m-W-v C-X-n-\-p t-h-ï-n X-n-c-s-ª-S-p-t-¡-ï-X-v. Ø-n-c-a-m-b-n ]T-\-¯-n-\-p t-h-ï-n H-m-t-c a-p-d-n X-s-¶ D-]-t-b-m-K-n-¡-p-t-¼-mÄ ]T-\-h-p-w a-p-d-n-b-n-s-e A-´-c-o-£-h-p-a-m-b-n I-p-«-n a-m-\-k-n-I-a-m-b s-]-m-c-p-¯-s-¸-S-e-n-\-p h-n-t-[-b-a-m-h-p-w. X-·-q-e-w a-p-d-n-b-n {-]-t-h-i-n-¡-p-t-¼-mÄ X-s-¶ ]T-\-¯-n-\-\-p-I-q-e-a-m-b a-t-\-m-`-m-h-w I-p-«-n-b-n D-W-c-p-I-b-p-w s-N-¿-p-w. 1978  t-I-m-t-f-P-v h-n-Z-y-mÀ-°-n-I-f-n \-S-¶ H-c-p ]-c-o-£-W-w C-u h-k-v-X-p-X i-c-n-s-h-¡-p-¶-p. H-c-p I-q-«-w h-n-Z-y-mÀ-°-n-IÄ-¡-v 40 h-m-¡-p-IÄ ]T-n-¡-m³ \Â-I-n-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p ]-c-o-£-W-w. I-p-«-n-I-s-f c-ï-v {-K-q-¸-m-b-n X-n-c-n-¨-v H-c-p {-K-q-¸-n-s-\ P-\-e-p-I-f-p-w h-m-X-n-e-p-I-f-p-a-n-Ã-m-¯ a-p-d-n-b-n ]T-n-¡-m-\-n-c-p-¯-n. a-t-ä {-K-q-¸-n-s-\ ]-q-t-´-m-«-¯-n-t-e-¡-v X-p-d-¶-p I-n-S-¡-p-¶ P-\-e-p-I-f-p-w h-m-X-n-e-p-I-f-p-a-p-Å a-p-d-n-b-n-e-p-w C-c-p-¯-n. \-nÀ-±-n-j-v-S k-a-b-w I-g-n-ª-t-¸-mÄ c-ï-m-a-s-¯ a-p-d-n-b-n-e-p-Å-

I-m-W-m-s-X ]T-n-¨-v ]-Z k-a-q-l-§-s-f k-z-m-b-¯-a-m-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-p ]-I-c-w B-i-b-§Ä DÄ-s-¡-m-

Å-m-\-m-W-v ]T-n-X-m-h-v {-i-a-w \-S-t-¯-ï-X-v.

F-¦-n a-m-{-X-t-a P-o-h-n-X-¯-n t-h-ï k-m-l-N-c-y §-f-n A-h {-]-t-b-m-K-hÂ-

¡-c-n-¡-m³ k-m-[-y-a-m-h-p-I-b-p-Å-q.

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h-c-m-W-v H-¶-m-a-s-¯ {-K-q-¸-n-t-\-¡-mÄ t-h-K-¯-n ]T-\-w ]-qÀ-¯-n-b-m-¡-n-b-X-v. ]T-\-¯-n-\-n-c-n-¡-p-¶ Ø-e-w ]T-\-s-¯ I-q-S-p-X k-z-m-[-o-\-n-¡-p-¶-p-s-ï-¶-v C-X-n \-n-¶-p-w a-\-k-n-e-m-¡-m-h-p-¶-X-m-W-v. C-c-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-p a-p-¼-p X-s-¶ B-h-i-y-a-m-b ]-p-k-v-X-I-§Ä-, t-\-m-«-p-IÄ-, I-mÂ-¡-p-t-e-äÀ-, t-]-\ X-p-S-§-n-b ]T-t-\-m-]-I-c-W-§Ä I-s-¿-¯-p-w Z-q-c-¯-v s-h-¡-p-¶-X-p-w k-a-b-\-j-v-S-w h-c-m-X-n-c-n-¡-m³ \-Ã-X-m-W-v. G-I-m-{-K-X \-j-v-S-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶ h-k-v-X-p-¡Ä ]T-\ d-q-a-n \-n-¶-v a-m-ä-n-s-h-¡-p-I-b-p-w t-h-W-w. i-_-v-Z-h-p-w a-ä-p i-e-y-§-f-p-a-p-Å Ø-e-w-, N-q-S-v h-f-s-c I-q-S-p-X-e-p-Å Ø-e-w-, h-n-t-\-m-Z-¯-n-\-p-w h-y-m-b-m-a-¯-n-\-p-w D-]-t-b-m-K-n-¡-p-¶ Ø-e-w F-¶-n-h-s-b-m-¶-p-w ]T-\-¯-n-\-p ]-ä-n-b C-S-§-f-Ã. ]T-\ a-p-d-n-b-n _Ä-_-n-\-p t-\-s-c X-m-s-g-t-b-m A-`-n-a-p-J-a-m-t-b-m C-c-p-¶-v h-m-b-n-¡-p-I-b-p-a-c-p-X-v. A-c-ï s-h-f-n-¨-¯-n-e-n-c-p-¶-v h-m-b-n-¡-p-¶-X-v I-®-v £-o-W-n-

¸-n-¡-p-¶-X-v t-]-m-s-e X-o-{-h-a-m-b {-]-I-m-i-¯-n-\-v A-`-n-a-p-J-a-m-b-n C-c-n-¡-p-¶-X-p-w i-c-o-c-¯-n-\-v t-Z-m-j-I-c-a-m-W-v.

]T-\-a-p-d-n-b-p-w Ø-e-h-p-w h-r-¯-n-l-o-\-a-m-h-p-¶-X-v ]T-\-s-¯ a-S-p-¸-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w A-t-c-m-N-I-a-m-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-N-¿-p-w. G-I-m-{-K-X I-q-S-p-X e-`-n-¡-p-¶ k-a-b-§Ä ]T-\-¯-n-\-m-b-n h-n-\-n-t-b-m-K-n-¡-p-I-, C-¶-s-¯ ]-mT-§Ä \-m-f-t-¯-¡-v a-m-ä-n s-h-¡-m-X-n-c-n-¡-p-I-, {-]-b-m-k-a-p-Å h-n-j-b-§Ä B-Z-y-a-m-Z-y-w ]T-n-¡-p-I-, B-hÀ-¯-\-¯-n-\-p-]-I-c-n-¡-p-¶ h-n-[-¯-n s-N-d-n-b I-p-d-n-¸-p-IÄ X-¿-m-d-m-¡-p-I-, X-¿-m-d-m-¡-p-¶ I-p-d-n-¸-p-IÄ s-N-d-n-b h-m-N-I-§-f-n-e-p-w {-]-[-m-\-`-m-K-§Ä a-m-{-X-w DÄ-s-¡-m-Å-p-¶-X-p-a-m-h-p-I-, h-r-¯-n-b-p-Å s-s-I-¸-S-b-n t-\-m-S-v-k-v F-g-p-X-p-I-, {-]-[-m-\ `-m-K-§Ä-¡-v A-S-n-h-c-b-n-«-p-w {-]-k-à `-m-K-§Ä-¡-v X-e-h-m-N-I-w \Â-I-n-b-p-w h-y-à-X h-c-p-¯-p-I-, a-p-¡-m a-W-n-¡-qÀ C-S-h-n-«-v h-n-j-b-§Ä a-m-ä-n-¸T-n-¡-p-I-, ]T-n-¨ I-m-c-y-§Ä H-g-n-h-p k-a-b-§-f-n H-mÀ-¯-p t-\-m-¡-p-I-, D-d-¡-w h-c-p-t-¼-mÄ c-k-I-c-a-m-b ]-p-k-v-X-I-§Ä h-m-b-n-¨-v a-S-p-¸-v a-m-ä-p-I-, \-n-hÀ-¶-n-c-p-¶-v h-m-b-n-¡-p-I X-p-S-§-n-b-h-s-b-Ã-m-w ]T-n-X-m-¡Ä {-i-²-n-t-¡-ï {-]-[-m-\ I-m-c-y-§-f-m-W-v. Z-n-h-k-h-p-w ¢-m-k-n t-]-m-I-p-¶-X-n-\-v a-p-¼-v X-t-e Z-n-h-k-s-¯ ¢-m-k-v t-\-m-«-v h-m-b-n-¡-p-¶-X-v t-]-m-s-e F-S-p-¡-m³ t-]-m-I-p-¶ ]-mT-`-m-K-h-p-w h-m-b-n-¨-v t-\-m-¡-p-¶-X-v ]T-\ t-a-J-e-b-n h-n-¹-h-m-ß-I-a-m-b a-p-t-¶-ä-¯-n-\-p h-g-n s-h-¡-p-w. ]-«-n-I-, N-mÀ-«-v-, {-K-m-^-v F-¶-n-h t-\-m-S-v-k-n t-NÀ-¡-p-¶-X-p-w I-W-¡-n-s-e k-q-{-X-h-m-I-y-§-f-p-w X-·-m-{-X-b-p-s-S L-S-\-b-p-w U-b-{-K-§-f-p-s-a-m-s-¡ a-p-d-n-b-n I-m-g-v-N-s-b-¯-p-¶ C-S-§-f-n X-q-¡-n-b-n-S-p-¶-X-p-w h-k-v-X-p-X-IÄ I-q-S-p-XÄ H-mÀ-½-b-n \-nÂ-¡-m³ k-l-m-b-I-a-m-W-v.

I-m-W-m-s-X ]T-n-¨-v ]-Z k-a-q-l-§-s-f k-z-m-b-¯-a-m-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-p ]-I-c-w B-i-b-§Ä DÄ-s-¡-m-Å-m-\-m-W-v ]T-n-X-m-h-v {-i-a-w \-S-t-¯-ï-X-v. F-¦-n a-m-{-X-t-a P-o-h-n-X-¯-n t-h-ï k-m-l-N-c-y §-f-n A-h {-]-t-b-m-K-hÂ-¡-c-n-¡-m³ k-m-[-y-a-m-h-p-I-b-p-Å-q. G-s-X-m-c-p h-n-j-b-¯-n-s-â-b-p-w B-g-§-f-n-t-e-¡-v C-d-§-n-s-¨-Ã-m-\-p-w B-h-i-y-m-\-p-k-c-W-w k-z-´-w P-o-h-n-X-¯-n A-h-s-b {-]-t-b-m-K-h-X-v-I-c-n-¡-m-\-p-a-p-Å ]-c-n-i-o-e-\-¡-f-c-n-b-m-W-t-Ã-m h-n-Z-y-m-`-y-m-k-w. A-X-n-\-p t-h-ï-n ^-e-{-]-Z-a-m-b ]T-\-w \-S-¯-p-I-b-m-W-v h-n-Z-y-mÀ-°-n-IÄ s-N-t-¿-ï-X-v. t-I-m-¨-n-M-v

B-{-K-l-§Ä F-Ã-m-hÀ-¡-p-a-p-s-ï-¶-X-p k-X-y-a-m-W-v. ]-eÀ-¡-p-w

k-z-]-v-\-§-f-p-a-p-ï-v. N-n-eÀ-¡-v X-o-{-h-a-m-b A-`-n-e-m-j-§-f-p-a-p-ï-v. F-¶-mÂ

¹-m-\-n-t-§-m-S-p I-q-S-n X-o-{-h-a-m-b B-{-K-l-w h-¨-p ]-p-eÀ-¯-n ]T-\-¯-n a-p-t-¶-d-p-¶-hÀ N-p-c-p-¡-w N-n-eÀ a-m-{-X-t-a-b-p-Å-q F-¶-X-m-W-v b-m-Y-mÀ-

°-y-w.

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Ø-m-]-\-§-f-p-w A-[-y-m-]-I-c-p-s-a-Ã-m-w h-g-n-I-m-«-n-IÄ a-m-{-X-a-m-s-W-¶-p {-]-t-X-y-I-w ]-d-t-b-ï-X-n-Ã-t-Ã-m.

]-c-o-£-b-n D-bÀ-¶ t-{-K-U-v h-m-§-m-\-p-Å h-y-m-b-m-a-a-m-b-n a-m-{-X-w ]T-\-s-¯ I-m-W-p-¶-X-m-W-v hÀ-¯-a-m-\ I-m-e-s-¯ G-ä-h-p-w h-e-n-b A-]-I-S-w. ]-c-o-£-t-b-b-p-w ’]T-\-’a-m-b-n I-m-W-p-I-b-m-W-v b-Y-mÀ-°-¯-n t-h-ï-X-v. ]-c-o-£-m-^-e-¯-n-e-p-w _-n-c-p-Z e-_-v-[-n-b-n-e-p-w a-m-{-X-a-m-W-v ]T-\ K-p-W-s-a-¶ \-n-e-]-m-S-v X-oÀ-¯-p-w i-c-n-b-Ã. {-]-i-k-v-X h-n-Z-y-m-`-y-m-k N-n-´-I-\-p-w k-m-l-n-X-y h-n-aÀ-i-I-\-p-w {-K-Ù-I-m-c-\-p-a-m-b t-U-m. k-p-I-p-a-mÀ A-g-o-t-¡-m-S-v F-g-p-X-p-¶-p:’’k-z-m-X-{-´-y-w e-`-n-¨-v A-d-p-]-X-v hÀ-j-w I-g-n-ª-n-«-p-w C-h(h-n-Z-y-m-`-y-m-k-¯-n-e-p-ï-m-b-n-c-n-t-¡-ï {-]-[-m-\ D-u-¶-e-p-IÄ-) t-\-S-m³ \-a-p-¡-m-b-n-Ã. ]T-\ K-p-W-s-¯ \-m-w ]-c-o-£-m-^-e-w-, _-n-c-p-Z e-m-`-w F-¶-n-h-t-b-m-S-v t-NÀ-¯-v N-n-´-n-¨-v H-S-p-h-n ]-c-o-£ ]-m-k-m-I-e-p-w _-n-c-p-Z-w t-\-S-e-p-a-m-W-v h-n-Z-y-m-`-y-m-k-w F-¶ k-a-o-]-\-¯-n \-m-w F-¯-n-t-¨À-¶-p. F-¯-n-t-¨-c-p-I a-m-{-X-a-Ã-, A-h-n-s-S \-m-w X-¼-S-n-¨-v I-p-S-n-b-n-c-n-¡-p-I-b-m-W-v. C-\-n a-p-t-¶-m-«-p t-]-m-t-h-ï I-m-c-y-a-n-à F-¶ `-m-h-¯-nÂ. \-q-d-p i-X-a-m-\-w h-n-P-b-w-, H-¶-m-w d-m-¦-p-I-m-c-p-s-S F-®-w a-p-X-e-m-b-h-b-m-W-v h-n-Z-y-m-e-b-¯-n-s-â D-X-v-I-r-j-v-S-X-b-p-s-S a-m-\-Z-Þ-§Ä.

C-u a-n-I-h-p-IÄ I-p-«-n-IÄ D-ï-m-¡-p-¶-X-v h-n-j-b-Ú-m-\-¯-n-s-â ]-qÀ-®-X s-I-m-ï-Ã-, ]-e-X-c-w D-]-m-b-§-f-p-w I-p-d-p-¡-p-]-W-n-I-f-p-w s-I-m-ï-m-W-v. h-n-Z-y-mÀ-°-n-b-p-s-S h-n-Ú-m-\-]-c-a-m-b t-a-·-b-v-¡-v C-h-n-s-S C-S-a-n-Ã-’-’. (]-mÂ-¡-S-e-n \-n-¶-p-Å A-a-r-X-v/ k-p-I-p-a-mÀ A-g-o-t-¡-m-S-v.-)

D-bÀ-¶ P-o-h-n-X a-q-e-y-§Ä BÀ-P-n-¡-p-I-b-m-W-v ]T-\-¯-n-s-â b-Y-mÀ-° e-£-y-s-a-¶ I-m-c-y-w h-n-k-v-a-c-n-¡-s-¸-« Ø-n-X-n h-n-t-i-j-a-m-W-v C-¶-p-Å-X-v. a-¡-f-p-s-S ]-c-o-£-m ̂ -e-¯-n-s-â G-ä-¡-p-d-¨-n-e-n-s-\ I-p-d-n-¨-v a-m-{-X-w h-y-m-I-p-e-s-¸-S-p-¶ a-m-X-m-]-n-X-m-¡Ä C-¯-c-w N-n-´-I-f-n \-n-¶-v h-y-X-n-N-e-n-¨-h-c-m-W-v. ]-c-o-£-s-b-¡-p-d-n-¨-p-Å A-a-n-X-a-m-b B-I-p-e-X-, e-£-y-w X-o-c-p-a-m-\-n-¡-m-s-X-b-p-Å {-]-b-m-W-w-, a-p-¼-p-ï-m-b ]-c-m-P-b-s-¯-¡-p-d-n-¨-p-Å N-n-´-, s-N-d-n-b _-p-²-n-a-p-«-p-ï-m-I-p-t-¼-m-t-g-¡-p-w {-]-I-S-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶ \-n-c-m-i-, F-\-n-¡-v ]T-n-¡-m-\-p-Å I-g-n-h-n-s-Ã-¶ a-p³-h-n-[-n X-p-S-§-n-b-h-s-b-Ã-m-w ]T-\ c-w-K-¯-v h-n-Z-y-mÀ-°-n-I-s-f X-fÀ-¯-n-¡-f-b-p-¶ I-m-c-y-§-f-m-W-v. ]-c-o-£-s-b P-o-h³ a-c-W t-]-m-c-m-«-a-m-b-n I-m-W-m-X-n-c-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w a-\-Ê-n I-b-d-n h-c-p-¶ h-n-I-e N-n-´-I-s-f \-n-b-{-´-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w k-z-´-w I-g-n-h-n-e-p-w t-i-j-n-b-n-e-p-w h-n-i-z-m-k-aÀ-¸-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w {-]-b-X-v-\-t-¯-m-s-S-m-¸-w {-]-mÀ-°-\ hÀ-[-n-¸-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-N-b-v-X-m-W-v h-n-Z-y-mÀ-°-n-IÄ a-p-t-¶-t-d-ï-X-v. ]-c-o-£-b-S-p-¡-p-t-¼-mÄ s-N-d-n-b t-X-m-X-n-e-p-Å D-X-v-I-W-vT-b-p-ï-m-h-p-¶-X-p k-z-m-`-m-h-n-I-a-m-s-W-¦-n-e-p-w A-X-v B-[-n-b-m-b-p-w h-y-m-[-n-b-m-b-p-s-a-m-s-¡ ]-c-n-W-a-n-¡-p-¶-X-v A-]-I-S-I-c-a-m-W-v. D-X-v-I-W-vT A-X-n-c-p h-n-S-p-t-¼-mÄ ]T-\-w ]-S-n-b-n-d-§-p-I-b-m-W-v s-N-¿-p-¶-X-v.

]-c-o-£-s-b P-o-h³ a-c-W t-]-m-c-m-«-a-m-b-n I-m-W-m-X-n-c-n-¡-p-I-

b-p-w a-\-Ê-n I-b-d-n h-c-p-¶ h-n-I-e N-n-´-I-s-f \-n-b-{-´-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w k-z-´-w I-g-n-h-n-e-p-w t-i-j-n-b-n-e-p-w

h-n-i-z-m-k-aÀ-¸-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w {-]-b-X-v-\-t-¯-m-s-S-m-¸-w {-]-mÀ-°-\ hÀ-[-n-¸-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-N-b-v-X-m-W-v h-n-Z-y-mÀ-°-n-IÄ a-p-t-¶-t-d-

ï-X-v.

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Xa-miIf-n N-neX-v N-nc-n¸-n¡-p¶X-nt-\-ms-S-m¸-w N-n´-n¸-n¡-pIb-p-w s-N¿-p¶-p. Hc-n¡Â ¢-mk-v S-o¨À A\-pt-a-mt-\-mS-v t-N-mZ-n¨-p: ""t-a-m\-v he-pX-mI-pt-¼-mÄ Bc-mh-m\-mW-v B{-Kl-w?''

""F\-ns-¡s-â A¨s-\t-¸-ms-e¯s-¶ t-U-mI-vSd-mh-m\-mW-v B{-Kl-w.''

""t-a-ms-â A¨³ k-z´a-mb-n {-]-mI-vS-ok-v s-N¿-pIb-mt-W-m At-X-m Kh: kÀh-ok-ne-mt-W-m?''

""Fs-⨳ H-mt-«-md-n£ H-mS-n¡-ph-m'' ""§-vt-l-, F-w._-n._-n.Fk-v FS-p¯-v H-mt-«-md-n£ H-mS-n¡-ph-mt-W-m?'' ""k-vI-qf-n ]T-n¡-p¶ kab-w A¨s-â he-nb B{-Kla-mb-nc-p¶-p t-U-mI-vSÀ

BhWs-a¶X-v-, ]s-£ A¨³ ]¯-m-w¢-mk-v ]c-o£ ]-mk-mb-nÃ.''B{-Kl§f-nÃ-m¯ a\-pj-yc-nÃ. IT-n\-m[-z-m\-w s-Nb-vX-n«-p-w H¶-p-w t-\S-m³

k-m[-n¡-m¯ Bf-pIt-f-mS-v t-N-mZ-n¨-m t-]-me-p-w I-n«-p-w B{-Kl-n¨ he-nb he-nb I-mc-y§s-f ]ä-nb-pÅ \-oï h-nhcW§Ä.

B{-Kl§s-f (Desire) X-oc-pa-m\§f-m¡-n (Decision) a-mä-n \-nÝbZ-mÀV-yt-¯-ms-S (determination) \-nc´ca-mb-n {-]bX-v\-n¡-pt-¼-mÄ \½Ä h-nPb¯-ns-â ]Sh-pIÄ Ibd-n¯-pS§-p¶-p.

t-e-mI {-]ik-vX Fg-p¯-pI-mc³ ]-ut-e-m s-I-mb-vt-e-m (Paulo Coelho) Xs-â CâÀ\-mjW s-_Ì-v s-kÃÀ ]-pk-vXIa-mb The Alche-mist ]db-p¶-p:

"Hc-mÄ-, Bt-c-m Ft-´-m BIs-«-, Fs-´¦-ne-ps-a-m¶-v ]-qÀ® a\t-Ê-ms-S X-o{-ha-mb-n B{-Kl-n¡-p¶-ps-h¦-nÂ... AX-v \S¡-ms-X hc-nÃ. I-mcW-w-, k-z´-w h-n[-nb-mW-v a\Ê-n B t-a-ml¯-ns-â h-n¯-v ]-mI-p¶X-v. AX-ns-â k-m^e-ya-mW-v B P-oh-nX¯-ns-â Dt-±i-y-w.'

\½-ps-S Ic-p¯-v a-m{-Xaà ]c-na-nX-nIf-p-w t-NÀ¶X-mW-v \½Ä. \½-ps-S Ic-p¯-p-w ]c-na-nX-nIf-p-w X-nc-n¨d-nb-m³ \a-p¡-v Ig-nbW-w. ]c-na-nX-nIs-f Ic-p¯-m¡-n a-mä-nbhÀ h-nPb-n¡-pI a-m{-Xaà Nc-n{-X-w k-rj-vS-n¡-pI Xs-¶ s-N¿-p-w. cï-v s-s-IIf-p-w CÃ-ms-X P\-n¨ Pk-o¡t-I-mI-vk-v F¶ s-]¬I-p«-n N-n´-n¨X-v X\-n¡-nÃ-m¯ s-s-IIs-f¡-pd-n¨Ã ad-n¨-v DÅ cï-v I-me-pIs-f ]ä-nb-mW-v. s-s-Is-I-mï-v s-Nt-¿ï-p¶ I-mc-y§Ä a-pg-ph³

h‑nPb¯‑nt‑e¡‑pÅ hg‑n

k-nd-m-P-p-±-o³ ]d-¼¯-v

B{-Kl§s-f X-oc-pa-m\§f-m¡-n a-mä-n \-nÝbZ-mÀV-yt-¯-ms-S \-nc´ca-mb-n {-]bX-v\-n¡-pt-¼-mÄ \½Ä h-nPb¯-ns-â ]Sh-pIÄ Ibd-n¯-pS§-p¶-p.

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I-me-ps-I-mï-v s-Nb-vX-v i-oe-n¨ Pk-o¡ \-r¯a`-yk-n¨-p-, \-o´Â ]T-n¨-p-, Ahk-m\-w ]X-n\-mb-nc-w AS-n Dbc¯-n h-na-m\-w ]d¯-m\-pÅ s-s-ek³k-p-w t-\S-ns-bS-p¯-p.

P-oh-nXs-a¶X-v s-NÊ-v If-n t-]-ms-eb-mW-v. s-NÊ-n Ic-p¡Ä \-o¡-p¶X-v a-pt-¼-m«-v a-m{-Xaà ]-ndt-I-m«-pa-mW-v. a-pt-¼-m«-v a-m{-X-w aX-ns-b¶-v h-mi-n ]-nS-n¨-m If-n ]-qÀ¯-nb-m¡-m³ ]ä-nÃ. k-pKa-mb-n a-pt-¶-m«-v t-]-mb-ns-¡-mï-nc-n¡-p¶ kab¯-v N-net-¸-mÄ A{-]X-o£-nXa-mb-n ]-ndI-ne-mt-¸-ms-b¶-p-w hc-m-w. a\Ê-v XIÀ¶-m ]-ns-¶Ã-m-w XIc-p-w. s-hÃ-ph-nf-nIs-f ]c-mPba-mb-n I-mW-ms-X ]-mTa-mb-n Iï-m h-oï-p-w a-p¶-ns-e¯-m³ Ff-p¸a-mW-v.

s-{-Sb-n³ b-m{-X¡-ns-S t-a-mj-vS-m¡f-m B{-Ia-n¡s-¸«-v s-{-Sb-n\-n \-n¶-p-w s-Xd-n¨-v h-oW-v CSX-p I-m \j-vSs-¸« C´-y³ t-h-mf-nt-_-mÄ X-mca-mb-nc-p¶-p Ac-pW-na k-n³l. ̀ -mh-n Hc-p t-N-mZ-yN-nÓa-mb-n Bi-p]{-X-n¡-nS¡b-n Ig-nb-p¶ kab¯-mWhÀ C´-y³ {-I-n¡ä-v X-mc-w b-phc-mP-vk-n-wK-ns-\¡-pd-n¨-v N-n´-n¡-p¶X-v. a-mcIa-mb I-m³kÀ _-m[b-n \-n¶-p-w If-nb-nt-e¡-p-w P-oh-nX¯-nt-e¡-p-w b-ph-n¡-v X-nc-n¨-p hc-ms-a¦-n X\-n¡-p-w P-oh-nX¯-n Fs-´¦-ne-p-w t-\S-nt-b ]ä-q F¶hÀ X-o{-ha-mb-m{-Kl-n¨-p. A§-n-s-\-b-hÀ cï-m-b-n-c¯-n ]X-n-s-\-m¶-v s-ab-v a-mk-w "s-a-uï-v Fh-dÌ-v' I-og-S-¡-m³ X-oc-p-a-m-\-s-a-S-p-¡-p-¶-p. cï-m-b-n-c¯-n ]{-´ï-v a-mÀ¨-v a-pX ]c-n-i-o-e-n¨-p X-pS-§-n. ]X-n-\-me-v a-mks-¯ ]c-n-i-o-e-\-¯-n\-v t-ij-w cï-m-b-n-c¯-n ]X-n-a-q¶-v s-ab-v Cc-p-]¯-n H¶-n\-v AhÀ Fh-dÌ-ns-â s-\d-p-I-b-n a-qhÀ®-s-¡-mS-n ]d-¯-n. s-hÃ-p-h-n-f-n-Is-f Ah-k-c-a-mb-n Iï-t-¸-mÄ Ac-p-W-na k-n³l¡-v Nc-n{-X-w k-rj-vS-n-¡-m-\-m-b-n.

Ic-p¯-p-w Ig-nh-p-w ià-nb-p-w t-hK-X-b-p-s-aÃ-m-w Dï-m-b-n«-p-w a-pb Ba-t-b-mS-v t-X-mä-p-t-]-m-b-n. \-me-v I-mc-W-§-f-mW-v h-nP-b-¯-n \-n¶-p-w a-pb-e-ns-\ ]-nd-t-I-m«-v he-n-¨-X-v.

(1-) Aa-n-X-a-mb Bß-h-n-i-z-mk-w (Over confidence)

(2-) {-i²-¡-p-dh-v (Carelessness)(3-) aÕ-cs-¯ s-Nd-p-X-m-b-n-Iï-p

(Casual approach)(4-) ac-¯-W-e-ns-â {-]t-e-m-`\-w

(Comfort zone)Aa-n-X-a-mb Bß-h-n-i-z-mk-w {-i²¡-p-

dh-p-w I-mc-y-§s-f s-Nd-p-X-mb-n I-mW-p-¶X-p-w ]e-h-n[ {-]t-e-m-`-\-§f-p-w \s-½b-p-w h-nP-b-¯-n \-n¶-p-w ]-nd-t-I-m«-v he-n-t-¨-¡-m-w.

Ba h-nP-b-n-¨-X-n\-v Gg-p I-mc-W-§f-pï-v:

(1-) h-yà-a-mb e£-y-w(2-) I-rX-y-a-mb {-i²(3-) a-pb-e-p-a-mb-n X-mc-Xa-y-w s-Nb-vX-nÃ(4-) ac-¯-W-e-ns-â {-]t-e-m-`-\s-¯ AX-n-

P-o-h-n-¡-m³ k-m[-n¨-p(5-) "Ah-k-m\-w' a\-Ê-n Iï-v

X-pS§-n(6-) e£-y-Ø-m-\¯-v F¯-p-¶X-v hs-c

h-n{-i-a-n-¨-nÃ(7-) \-nc-´-c-a-mb {-]b-X-v\-w.C-u Gg-v I-mc-y-§s-f h-nP-b-¯-ns-â ]

S-h-p-I-f-mb-n h-nt-i-j-n-¸-n¡-m-w.1. Set your goal (\-n§-f-ps-S e£-y-w

\-nÀ®-b-n-¡-pI-)2. Focus on your aim (B e£-y-¯-nÂ

a-m{-X-w {-i² t-I{-µ-o-I-c-n-¡-pI-)3. Don’t compare with others (aä-p-Å-

h-c-p-a-mb-n X-mc-Xa-y-w s-N¿-m-X-n-c-n-¡-pI-)4. Break your comfort zone (k-pJ-a-

Þe-w XIÀ¡-pI-)5. Start with end in mind (Ah-k-m\-w

a-p¶-nÂIï-v X-pS¡-w I-pd-n-¡-pI-)6. Don’t take rest before you reach your

destination (e£-yØ-m-\¯-v F¯-p-¶-X-v hs-c h-n{-i-a-n-¡-m-X-n-c-n-¡-pI-)

7. Consistent effort (\-nc-´-c-a-mb-n ]c-n-{-i-a-n-¡-pI-)

s-Nd-nb a-mä-§-f-n-e-qs-Sb-mW-v he-nb t-\«-§Ä Ic-Ø-a-m-I-p-I.

N-mbs-b ]-mb-k-a-m-¡-mt-a-m? N-mb-b-ps-S t-Nc-p-h-I-f-mb s-hÅ-w-,

t-Xb-n-e-, ]-me-v-, ]©-k-mc X-pS-§-n-b-h-b-n a-mä-s-a-m¶-p-w hc-p-¯-ms-X N-mbs-b a-mä-m³ ]ä-n-Ã. F¶-m X-nf-¸-n-¡-p¶ ka-b¯-v hc-p-¯-p¶ s-Nd-nb Hc-p a-mä-w s-I-mï-v hfs-c h-yX-y-k-vX-a-mb d-nkÂä-v I-n«-p-w. AX-m-bX-v s-hÅt-a-m ]-mt-e-m ]©-k-m-ct-b-m X-nf-¸-n-¡-p¶ ]-m{-Xt-a-m Ìt-Æ-m H¶-p-w a-mä-ms-X t-Xb-ne a-m{-X-w a-mä-n ]Ic-w I-pd¨-v t-ka-nb C«-p-s-I-m-S-p-¯-m AX-v X-nI¨-p-w h-yX-y-k-vX-a-mb aWh-p-w K-pWh-p-w \-ndh-p-w c-pN-n-b-p-a-pÅ ]-mb-k-a-mb-n a-md-p-w. s-Nd-nb Hc-p a-mä-¯-n-e-q-s-S-b-mW-v AX-ns-â s-FUâ-nä-n Xs-¶ a-mä-n-s-b-S-p-¡-m-\-m-b-X-v.

\½-ps-S P-oh-n-Xh-p-w GX-m-ï-nX-v t-]-ms-e-b-mW-v. hfs-c s-Nd-nb Hc-p a-mä-a-m-b-n-c-n¡-p-w Hc-p ]s-£ he-nb h-nP-b-¯-n-t-e¡-v \s-½-s-b-¯-n-¡-p-I.

\½-ps-S Ic-p¯-v a-m{-Xaà ]

c-na-nX-nIf-p-w t-NÀ¶X-mW-v \mw. \½-ps-S Ic-p¯-p-w

]c-na-nX-nIf-p-w X-nc-n¨d-nb-m³

\a-p¡-v Ig-nbW-w. ]c-na-nX-nIs-f

Ic-p¯-m¡-n a-mä-nb-hÀ h-nPb-n¡-pI a-m{-Xaà Nc-n{-X-w

k-rj-vS-n¡-pI Xs-¶ s-N¿-p-w.

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a-\-p-j-y P-o-h-n-X-¯-n-s-e h-f-s-c {-]-[-m-\-s-¸-« I-m-e-a-m-b-m-W-v I-u-a-m-c I-m-e-L-«-s-¯ I-W-¡-m-¡-s-¸-S-p-¶-X-v. i-m-c-o-c-n-I-a-m-b-p-w a-m-\-k-n-I-a-m-b-p-w

{-Z-p-X K-X-n-b-n-e-p-Å a-m-ä-§Ä k-w-`-h-n-¡-p-¶ C-u k-a-b-w H-c-m-f-p-s-S h-y-à-n-X-z h-n-I-k-\-¯-n G-s-d k-z-m-[-o-\-w s-N-e-p-¯-p-¶-p. t-e-m-I-m-t-c-m-K-y k-w-L-S-\-b-p-s-S (WHO) \-nÀ-h-N-\ {-]-I-m-c-w 10 h-b-Ê-p a-p-X 19 h-b-Ê-v h-s-c-b-p-Å I-m-e-a-m-W-v I-u-a-m-c I-m-e-a-m-b-n K-W-n-¡-s-¸-S-p-¶-X-v. X-t-â-X-m-b k-z-`-m-h-§-f-p-w I-p-S-p-w-_-¯-n-t-\-m-S-p-w k-a-q-l-¯-n-t-\-m-S-p-a-p-Å \-n-e-]-m-S-p-I-f-p-w P-o-h-n-X I-m-g-v-N-¸-m-S-p-I-f-p-w k-z-´-a-m-b-n c-q-]-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶-X-v C-u I-m-e-b-f-h-n-e-m-W-v. I-u-a-m-c-I-m-e-w B-t-c-m-K-y-I-c-a-m-b-n X-c-W-w s-N-¿-p-I F-¶-X-v {-i-a-I-c-a-m-b I-m-c-y-a-m-W-v. C-X-n-\-m-b-n t-h-ï-{-X Z-n-i-m-t-_-m-[-h-p-w DÄ-¡-m-g-v-N-b-p-w D-ï-m-t-b a-X-n-b-m-I-q. c-£-n-X-m-¡-f-p-s-S i-c-n-b-m-b ]-n-´-p-W-b-p-w K-p-W-]-c-a-m-b k-m-a-q-l-y C-S-s-]-S-e-p-I-f-p-w e-`-y-a-m-b-n-s-Ã-¦-n s-N-m-Æ-m-b c-o-X-n-b-n h-fÀ-¶-p h-e-p-X-m-h-m-\-p-Å A-h-k-c-a-m-W-v I-p-«-n-IÄ-¡-v \-j-v-S-s-¸-S-p-¶-X-v. N-n-e I-p-«-n-IÄ c-£-n-X-m-¡-f-p-s-S {-]-X-o-£-s-¡-m-¯-p-b-c-m-¯-X-p-w Z-p:k-z-`-m-h-§Ä i-o-e-n-¡-p-¶-X-p-w C-X-n-t-\-m-S-p-Å {-]-X-n-t-j-[-a-m-b-n t-h-W-w I-c-p-X-m³.

h-n k-n a-p-l-½-Z-v P-a-oÂ(s-s-{-S-s-\À Bâ-v I-u¬-k-n-eÀ-)

I‑u‑a‑m‑c‑w AÂ‑]‑w I‑c‑p‑X‑t‑e‑m‑s‑S

I-u-a-m-c-¯-n k-z-´-w X-mÂ-]-c-y-§Ä-¡-p-w A-`-n-{-]-m-b-§Ä-¡-p-w C-j-v-S-§Ä-¡-p-w {-]-m-[-m-\-y-w IÂ-]-n-¡-p-¶-p. N-p-ä-p-a-p-Å-X-n-t-\-m-S-v X-t-â-X-m-b s-s-i-e-n-b-n {-]-X-n-I-c-n-¡-m-\-p-w {-]-i-v-\-§-s-f A-`-n-a-p-J-o-I-c-n-¡-m-\-p-w {-]-m-]-v-X-n t-\-S-p-¶-p. G-X-p I-m-c-y-¯-n C-S-s-]-S-p-t-¼-m-g-p-w F-S-p-¯-p N-m-S-n X-o-c-p-a-m-\-§-s-f-S-p-¡-m-\-p-w {-]-hÀ-¯-n-¡-m-\-p-a-p-Å I-u-a-m-c-¯-n-s-e B-t-h-i-w {-]-t-X-y-I-w {-i-²-n-t-¡-ï-X-m-W-v.

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k-z-´-w I-p-«-n-I-s-f I-p-d-n-¨-v t-h-h-e-m-X-n ]-d-b-p-¶ c-£-n-X-m-¡-s-f-b-m-W-v C-¶-v G-s-d-b-p-w I-m-W-p-¶-X-v. H-mÀ-¡-p-I-! I-u-a-m-c I-m-e-¯-p-ï-m-h-p-¶ a-m-ä-§-s-f-¡-p-d-n-¨-v c-£-n-X-m-¡Ä-¡-p-Å A-d-h-n-Ã-m-b-v-a-b-p-w C-S-s-]-S-e-p-I-f-n k-w-`-h-n-¡-p-¶ A-]-m-I-X-I-f-p-w I-m-c-W-a-m-W-v D-bÀ-¶ Ø-m-\-§-f-n-s-e-¯-n-t-¨-t-c-ï I-p-«-n-IÄ C-§-s-\-s-b-Ã-m-a-m-b-n-¯-o-c-p-¶-X-v. I-p-«-n-I-f-à c-£-n-X-m-¡-f-m-W-v k-z-b-w h-n-N-m-c-W s-N-¿-s-¸-t-S-ï-X-v. h-n-I-m-c-§Ä X-o-N-p-f-b-n F-c-n-b-p-¶ I-\-e-p-IÄ t-]-m-s-e-b-m-b-n a-m-d-p-¶ I-u-a-m-c I-m-e-¯-v h-n-N-m-c-¯-n-\-v i-à-n e-`-n-¡-m-s-X ]-e {-]-i-v-\-§-f-p-w X-m³ t-]-m-e-p-a-d-n-b-m-s-X k-z-´-w P-o-h-n-X-¯-n-t-e-¡-v h-e-n-¨-n-g-¡-s-¸-«-v \-n-Ê-l-m-b-X A-\-p-`-h-n-¡-p-¶-h-c-m-W-v I-u-a-m-c-¡-mÀ. B-ß k-w-LÀ-j-§-f-p-w B-I-p-e-X-I-f-p-w s-X-ä-n-²-m-c-W-I-f-p-w \-n-d-ª-p \-nÂ-¡-p-¶ C-u {-]-m-b-¯-n A-h-s-c a-\-Ê-n-e-m-¡-n-s-¡-m-ï-p-Å s-]-c-p-a-m-ä c-o-X-n-I-f-m-W-v c-£-n-X-m-¡-f-n \-n-¶-p-w k-a-q-l-¯-n \-n-¶-p-w D-ï-m-t-h-ï-X-v.

I-u-a-m-c-wG-X-p {-]-X-n-`-m-i-m-e-n-b-p-s-S-b-p-w h-fÀ-

¨-¡-p ]-n-¶-n-s-e I-m-c-W-§Ä A-t-\-z-j-n-¡-p-t-¼-mÄ I-u-a-m-c-¯-n-s-e N-n-e A-\-p-`-h-§-f-n-t-e-¡-m-W-v F-¯-n-s-¸-S-m-d-v.

C-¯-c-¯-n-e-p-Å \-à A-\-p-`-h-§Ä k-½-m-\-n-¡-p-h-m³ I-g-n-ª-m I-u-a-m-c-w P-o-h-n-X-¯-n-s-â h-k-´-I-m-e-a-m-b-n a-m-d-p-¶-p. k-a-q-l-h-p-a-m-b-n I-q-S-p-X A-S-p-¯-n-S-]-g-I-m³ X-p-S-§-p-¶ C-u I-m-e-L-«-¯-n _-Ô-§Ä h-fÀ-¯-n-s-b-S-p-¡-m³ X-n-S-p-¡-w I-m-W-n-¡-p-¶-X-v k-z-m-`-m-h-n-I-a-m-W-v. B¬-I-p-«-n-I-f-p-w s-]¬-I-p-«-n-I-f-p-w I-q-S-p-X ]-c-n-K-W-\-t-b-m-s-S-b-p-w B-Z-c-t-h-m-s-S-b-p-w C-S-]-g-I-m³ {-i-a-n-¡-p-¶-p. X-s-â k-z-`-m-h-§Ä-¡-v B-IÀ-j-W-o-b-X-b-p-w ]-I-z-X-b-p-w s-s-I-h-c-n-¡-m³ {-i-a-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w h-y-à-n-X-z-s-¯ a-m-ä-p-c-¡-m-\-p-f-f t-_-m-[-]-qÀ-Æ-a-m-b {-i-a-§Ä C-u {-]-m-b-¯-n a-t-ä-X-p I-m-e-L-«-¯-n-t-\-¡-mÄ I-q-S-p-X I-ï-p-h-c-p-¶-p. F-Ã-m-b-n-S-¯-p-w X-t-â-X-m-b k-m-¶-n-²-y-w A-d-n-b-n-¡-p-¶ {-]-I-S-a-m-b k-z-`-m-h-§Ä I-m-W-n-¡-p-¶-h-c-m-W-v I-u-a-m-c-¡-mÀ. H-mÀ-a-b-n \-n-d-ª-p \-nÂ-¡-p-¶ H-t-«-s-d c-k-I-c-a-m-b A-\-p-`-h-§Ä k-z-m-b-¯-a-m-¡-p-¶-X-v C-u I-m-e-L-«-¯-n-e-m-W-v. F-t-¸-m-g-p-w D-uÀ-Ö-z-k-z-e-c-p-w B-t-h-i `-c-n-X-c-p-a-m-b I-u-a-m-c-¡-mÀ F-´-p-w G-X-p-w G-s-ä-S-p-¡-m³ X-¿-m-d-p-Å-h-c-m-W-v. I-p-S-p-w-_-m-´-c-o-£-¯-n-e-p-w h-n-Z-y-m-e-b-§-f-n-e-p-w k-a-q-l-¯-n-e-p-a-p-Å C-h-c-p-s-S s-]-c-p-a-m-ä-w C-X-n-\-p-Å D-Z-m-l-c-W-§-f-m-W-v. X-s-â k-u-µ-c-y-s-¯-¡-p-d-n-¨-p-Å N-n-´-IÄ H-c-p a-p-J-y-h-n-j-b-a-m-b-n G-s-ä-S-p-¡-p-¶ C-u I-m-e-¯-v A-[-n-I k-a-b-h-p-w C-X-n-\-m-b-n h-n-\-n-t-b-m-K-n-¡-p-¶-p. a-ä-p-Å-h-s-c B-IÀ-j-n-¡-m³ A-hÀ \-S-¯-p-¶ {-i-a-§-f-m-W-v a-m-d-n a-m-d-n h-c-p-¶ ^-m-j-\-p-I-s-f A-\-p-I-c-n-¨-p s-I-m-ï-p-Å A-h-c-p-s-S {-]-X-y-£-

I-p-«-n-¡-m-e-¯-v c-£-n-X-m-¡-s-f a-p-J-y-I-Y-m-]-m-{-X-§-f-m-¡-n h-o-S-p-I-s-f-b-m-W-v

I-p-«-n-IÄ A-h-c-p-s-S t-e-m-I-a-m-b-n I-m-W-p-¶-X-v. I-u-a-m-c-¯-n A-hÀ k-a-q-l-s-¯ I-q-S-p-X t-\-m-¡-n I-m-W-p-I-b-p-w k-

a-q-l-h-p-a-m-b-n A-S-p-¯-n-S-]-g-I-p-I-b-p-w s-N-¿-p-¶-p. k-m-a-q-l-n-I _-Ô-§Ä hÀ-²-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-p

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s-¸-SÂ. X-§Ä-¡-v h-n-e-¡-v IÂ-¸-n-¡-s-¸-«-n-«-p-Å t-a-J-e-I-f-n-t-e-¡-v kÀ-Æ \-n-b-{-´-W-h-p-w t-`-Z-n-¨-p I-p-X-n-¡-p-h-m-\-p-Å B-t-h-i-w I-u-a-m-c-L-«-¯-n I-p-«-n-IÄ {-]-I-S-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-p. h-n-e-¡-p-I-s-f s-h-Ã-p-h-n-f-n-b-m-b-n a-m-ä-p-¶-X-v C-{-]-I-m-c-a-m-W-v. c-£-n-X-m-¡-f-p-s-S-b-p-w A-[-y-m-]-I-c-p-s-S-b-p-w h-y-à-X-t-b-m-s-S-b-p-Å s-]-c-p-a-m-ä-§-f-n-e-q-s-S G-X-v I-p-«-n-I-f-n-e-p-w \-à ^-e-§Ä k-r-j-v-S-n-s-¨-S-p-¡-m³ I-g-n-b-p-w. 6 h-b-Ê-p a-p-X 9 h-b-Ê-p h-s-c-b-p-Å l-a-t-e c-h-i-l-d-h-o-o-d  \-n-¶-p-w 19 h-b-Ê-v a-p-X 40 h-s-c-b-p-Å A-UÂ-«-v-l-p-U-n-t-e-¡-v H-c-m-s-f ]-m-I-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶ L-«-a-m-W-v I-u-a-m-c-w. H-c-m-f-p-s-S h-y-à-n P-o-h-n-X-¯-n G-ä-h-p-w I-q-S-p-X A-g-n-¨-p ]-W-n-IÄ \-S-¯-s-¸-t-S-ï-X-m-b C-u L-«-¯-n c-£-n-X-m-¡-f-p-s-S k-v-t-\-l-\-nÀ-`-c-a-m-b C-S-s-]-S-e-p-I-f-m-W-v B-h-i-y-w.

i-m-c-o-c-n-I-

h-fÀ-¨-b-p-w a-m-ä-§-f-p-wI-u-a-m-c-¯-n H-t-«-s-d i-m-c-o-c-n-I a-m-ä-§Ä

k-w-`-h-n-¡-p-¶-p. B¬-I-p-«-n-I-t-f-¡-mÄ I-q-S-p-X s-]¬-I-p-«-n-I-f-n-e-m-W-v C-X-v {-]-I-S-a-m-I-p-¶-X-v. s-]-s-«-¶-p-Å h-fÀ-¨-b-p-w N-n-e {-]-t-X-y-I X-c-¯-n-e-p-Å t-l-mÀ-t-a-m-W-p-I-f-p-s-S {-]-hÀ-¯-\ ^-e-a-m-b-p-w i-c-o-c-¯-n-e-p-ï-m-I-p-¶ a-m-ä-§Ä DÄ-s-¡-m-Å-m³ I-p-«-n-IÄ-¡-v s-]-s-«-¶-v I-g-n-ª-n-s-Ã-¶-p h-c-m-w. i-c-o-c-¯-n-s-â N-n-e ̀ -m-K-§-f-n-e-p-ï-m-h-p-¶ t-h-K-¯-n-e-p-Å h-fÀ-¨ N-n-e I-p-«-n-I-f-n A-a-n-X \-m-W-h-p-w e-Ö-b-p-w D-ï-m-¡-p-¶-p. X-X-v-^-e-a-m-b-n k-a-q-l a-[-y-¯-n {-]-X-y-£-s-¸-S-m³ A-hÀ h-n-a-p-J-X I-m-W-n-¡-p-¶-p. C-u I-m-e-L-«-¯-n-e-p-ï-m-I-p-¶ i-m-c-o-c-n-I a-m-ä-§-s-f-¡-p-d-n-¨-v i-c-n-b-m-b c-o-X-n-b-n t-_-m-[-hÂ-¡-c-n-¡-p-h-m³ c-£-n-X-m-¡Ä-¡-p I-g-n-b-W-w. C-s-Ã-¦-n k-a-{-]-m-b-¡-m-c-n \-n-¶-p-w a-ä-p-w t-i-J-c-n-¡-p-¶ s-X-ä-m-b [-m-c-W-IÄ A-h-s-c h-e-n-b A-_-²-§-f-n-t-e-¡-v s-I-m-s-ï-¯-n-t-¨-¡-m-w. i-c-o-c h-fÀ-¨ s-]¬-I-p-«-n-I-f-n k-m-[-c-W B¬-I-p-«-n-I-t-f-¡-mÄ G-I-t-Z-i-w c-ï-p hÀ-j-w t-\-c-s-¯-b-m-W-v-, i-c-m-i-c-n 12\-p-w 14 h-b-Ê-n-\-p-a-n-S-b-nÂ. A-X-p-s-I-m-ï-v 11-þ14 h-b-Ê-p h-s-c s-]¬-I-p-«-n-IÄ k-a-{-]-m-b-¡-m-c-m-b B¬-I-p-«-n-I-t-f-¡-mÄ D-b-c-a-p-Å-h-c-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p-w. N-n-e t-l-mÀ-t-a-m-W-p-I-f-p-s-S DÂ-]-m-Z-\-a-m-W-v s-]¬-I-p-«-n-I-f-n s-]-s-«-¶-p-Å i-m-c-o-c-n-I h-fÀ-¨-¡-p I-m-c-W-a-m-I-p-¶-X-v.

h-y-à-n-X-z c-q-]-o-I-c-W-wa-m-X-m-]-n-X-m-¡-f-p-w a-ä-p I-p-S-p-w-_-m-w-K-§-f-p-w a-m-

{-X-a-S-§-p-¶-X-m-W-v I-p-«-n-¡-m-e-s-¯ t-e-m-I-w. I-u-a-m-c-¯-n-s-e-¯-p-t-¼-mÄ C-u t-e-m-I-w h-n-i-m-e-a-m-I-p-¶-p. k-a-{-]-m-b-¡-m-c-p-a-m-b-n I-q-S-p-X k-a-b-w N-n-e-h-g-n-¡-p-¶-p. C-X-v I-u-a-m-c I-m-e-¯-p-ï-m-t-h-ï h-y-à-n-X-z h-n-I-m-k-¯-n-\-v A-X-y-´-m-t-]-£-n-X-a-m-W-v. \-à I-q-«-p-s-I-«-v A-d-n-h-p-w I-g-n-h-p-w hÀ-²-n-¸-n-¡-p-I a-m-{-X-a-à N-n-e s-h-Ã-p-h-n-f-n-I-s-f t-\-c-n-S-p-¶-X-n-\-p-w I-u-a-m-c I-m-e-L-«-¯-n A-h-s-c k-l-m-b-n-¡-p-¶-p.

{-]-i-v-\-§-f-p-s-S \-S-p-h-n A-I-s-¸-S-p-t-¼-mÄ H-ä-s-¸-«-v t-]-m-h-n-s-Ã-¶ D-d-¸-v a-m-X-m-]-n-X-m-¡-f-p-s-S C-S-s-]-S-e-p-I-f-n-e-q-s-S I-p-«-n-I-f-n D-ï-m-t-h-ï-X-p-ï-v. I-u-a-m-c-¯-n k-z-´-w X-mÂ-]-c-y-§Ä-¡-p-w A-`-n-{-]-m-b-§Ä-¡-p-w C-j-v-S-§Ä-¡-p-w {-]-m-[-m-\-y-w IÂ-]-n-¡-p-¶-p. N-p-ä-p-a-p-Å-X-n-t-\-m-S-v X-t-â-X-m-b s-s-i-e-n-b-n {-]-X-n-I-c-n-¡-m-\-p-w {-]-i-v-\-§-s-f A-`-n-a-p-J-o-I-c-n-¡-m-\-p-w {-]-m-]-v-X-n t-\-S-p-¶-p. G-X-p I-m-c-y-¯-n C-S-s-]-S-p-t-¼-m-g-p-w F-S-p-¯-p N-m-S-n X-o-c-p-a-m-\-§-s-f-S-p-¡-m-\-p-w {-]-hÀ-¯-n-¡-m-\-p-a-p-Å I-u-a-m-c-¯-n-s-e B-t-h-i-w {-]-t-X-y-I-w {-i-²-n-t-¡-ï-X-m-W-v. H-c-p I-m-c-y-w c-ï-p h-«-w N-n-´-n-¨-p s-I-m-ï-v {-]-hÀ-¯-n-¡-m³ i-o-e-n-¸-n-¡-W-w. C-u I-m-e-L-«-¯-n-e-p-ï-m-t-b-¡-m-h-p-¶ a-m-\-k-n-I-a-m-b A-k-z-Ø-X-I-s-f-b-p-w {-]-b-m-k-§-s-f-b-p-w I-p-d-n-¨-v t-_-m-[-a-p-Å-h-c-m-¡-W-w. C-X-n-s-\ a-d-n I-S-¡-m-\-p-Å {-]-m-]-v-X-n t-\-S-p-I-b-m-W-v t-h-ï-X-v. C-X-n-\-m-b-n c-£-n-X-m-¡-f-p-w A-[-y-m-]-I-c-p-w I-p-«-n-I-f-p-s-S \-à I-q-«-p-I-m-c-·-m-c-m-b-n a-m-d-W-w.

I-u-a-m-c-¯-nÂ

t-\-c-n-t-«-¡-m-h-p-¶ a-m-\-k-n-I {-]-b-m-k-§Ä

I-p-«-n-I-f-p-s-S t-e-m-I-¯-p \-n-¶-p-w a-p-X-nÀ-¶-h-c-p-s-S t-e-m-I-t-¯-¡-v {-]-t-h-i-n-¡-p-¶ C-u L-«-¯-n ]-e-t-¸-m-g-p-w k-a-q-l-¯-n X-s-â Ø-m-\-s-¯ I-p-d-n-¨-v B-i-b I-p-g-¸-§-f-p-ï-m-h-p-¶-p.

= k-m-a-q-l-n-I-a-m-b _-Ô-§Ä hÀ-²-n-¡-p-¶ C-u L-«-¯-n h-y-à-n-]-c-a-m-b-p-w k-m-a-q-l-n-I ]-c-a-m-b-p-a-p-Å D-¯-c-h-m-Z-n-¯-§-s-f I-p-d-n-¨-p-w _-m-[-y-X-I-s-f I-p-d-n-¨-p-a-p-Å B-i-¦-IÄ D-ï-m-I-p-¶-p.

= I-m-c-y-§-s-f _-p-²-n-]-c-a-m-b-n t-\-c-n-S-p-¶-X-n-\-p ]-I-c-w s-s-h-I-m-c-n-I-a-m-b-n I-t-ï-¡-m-w.

= X-s-â h-n-I-m-c-§-s-f B-t-c-m-K-y-I-c-a-m-b-n \-n-b-{-´-n-¡-m³ {-]-b-m-k-s-]-S-p-¶-p. N-n-e-t-¸-mÄ A-{-I-a-m-k-à-a-m-I-p-¶-p.

= ̀ -m-h-\-m-t-e-m-I-w I-m-S-p t-I-d-p-t-¼-mÄ b-Y-mÀ-° t-e-m-I-t-¯-m-S-v A-S-p-¸-¡-p-d-h-v k-w-`-h-n-¡-m-w.

= D-]-t-Z-i-§-t-f-m-S-v s-h-d-p-¸-v t-X-m-¶-p-¶ C-u L-«-¯-n c-£-n-X-m-¡-f-n \-n-¶-p-w A-I-¶-p \-nÂ-¡-m-\-p-Å {-]-h-W-X I-m-W-p-¶-p.

=X-s-â h-y-à-n-X-z-¯-n a-X-n-¸-n-Ã-m-¯ I-p-«-n-IÄ F-Ã-m I-m-c-y-§-f-nÂ

I-p-«-n-I-s-f B-ß-mÀ-°-a-m-b-n k-v-t-\-

l-n-¡-W-w. X-n-c-¡-v ]-n-S-n-¨ P-o-h-n-X-¯-n-\-n-S-b-n (A-½-b-p-w A-Ñ-\-p-w t-P-m-e-n-

¡-m-c-m-h-p-t-¼-mÄ {]tXy-In¨pw-) A-h-s-c k-v-t-\-l-n-¡-m-\-p-w e-m-f-n-¡-m-\-p-w \-m-w k-a-b-w I-s-ï-¯-W-w.

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\-n-¶-p-w h-n-«-p-\-nÂ-¡-m-\-p-Å {-]-h-W-X I-m-W-n-¡-p-¶-p.

=s-s-e-w-K-n-I N-n-´-IÄ a-\-k-n-s-â i-m-´-X-s-b-b-p-w G-I-m-{-K-X-s-b-b-p-w \-j-v-S-s-]-S-p-¯-p-¶-p.

=k-u-µ-c-y-s-¯-¡-p-d-n-¨-p-Å s-X-ä-m-b [-m-c-W-IÄ (]-c-k-y-§-f-p-w k-n-\-n-a-I-f-p-w G-s-d k-z-m-[-o-\-n-¡-p-¶-p-) k-z-i-c-o-c-s-¯-¡-p-d-n-¨-v t-a-m-i-w N-n-{-X-w \Â-I-p-¶-p.

= N-n-e k-m-l-N-c-y-§-t-f-m-S-p-w h-y-à-n-I-t-f-m-S-p-w {-K-q-¸-p-I-t-f-m-S-p-w H-¯-p t-]-m-h-m³ X-m³ D-ï-m-¡-n-s-b-S-p-¯ k-z-`-m-h-§-f-p-w I-m-g-v-N-¸-m-S-p-I-f-p-w {-]-b-m-k-a-p-Å-X-m-b-n a-m-d-p-¶-p.

=k-a-q-l a-²-y-¯-n {-i-²-I-n-«-n-s-¡-m-ï-n-c-n-¡-p-¶ h-y-à-n-I-s-f A-a-n-X-a-m-b-n A-\-p-I-c-n-¡-m-\-p-w B-c-m-[-n-¡-m-\-p-a-p-Å {-]-h-W-X-b-p-ï-m-h-m-w.

=k-a-{-]-m-b-¡-m-c-m-b I-q-«-p-I-mÀ-¡-v I-q-S-p-XÂ ]-c-n-K-W-\ \Â-I-p-¶-X-v s-I-m-ï-v c-£-n-X-m-¡-f-p-a-m-b-n ]-e I-m-c-y-§-f-n-e-p-w h-n-t-b-m-P-n-¸-p-I-f-p-ï-m-h-p-¶-p.

B-t-c-m-K-y-I-c-a-m-b a-m-\-k-n-I-m-h-Ø-b-nÂ-, \-à s-]-c-p-a-m-ä-§Ä h-fÀ-¯-n-s-b-S-p-¡-m³ I-g-n-ª-m a-p-I-f-n ]-d-ª I-m-c-y-§-s-f-Ã-m-w P-o-h-n-X h-n-P-b-¯-n-\-v \-à A-\-p-`-h k-¼-¯-p-w {-]-m-]-v-X-n-b-p-w t-\-S-m-\-p-Å \-n-a-n-j-§-f-m-b-n a-m-d-p-¶-p.

I-u-a-m-c-¯-n-s-e

k-m-a-q-l-n-I

a-\-i-m-k-v-{-X-wI-p-«-n-¡-m-e-¯-v A-a-n-X-a-m-b-n a-m-X-m-]-n-X-m-¡-s-f

B-{-i-b-n-¨-p h-f-c-p-¶ I-p-«-n-IÄ A-h-c-p-s-S k-z-`-m-h-§-f-p-w a-q-e-y-§-f-p-w P-o-h-n-X-¯-n ]-IÀ-¯-p-¶-p. I-u-a-m-c-¯-n C-X-n-\-v h-y-X-y-Ø c-o-X-n-b-m-W-v ]-p-eÀ-¯-p-¶-X-v. C-X-v h-fÀ-¨-b-p-s-S e-£-W-a-m-b-n I-m-W-m³ I-g-n-b-m-¯ c-£-n-X-m-¡Ä A-h-c-p-a-m-b-n XÀ-¡-§-f-n-t-eÀ-s-¸-S-p-¶-p. H-c-p a-\-p-j-y-s-â k-z-`-m-h-s-¯ c-q-]-s-]-S-p-¯-p-¶-X-v A-h-s-â N-p-ä-p-]-m-S-m-W-v. c-£-n-X-m-¡Ä-, A-bÂ-h-m-k-n-IÄ-, A-[-y-m-]-IÀ-, k-a-q-l-w-, k-a-{-]-m-b-¡-mÀ F-¶-n-h-b-m-W-v H-c-m-f-p-s-S N-p-ä-p-]-m-S-v. I-p-«-n-I-m-e-¯-v c-£-n-X-m-¡-s-f a-p-J-y-I-Y-m-]-m-{-X-§-f-m-¡-n h-o-S-p-I-s-f-b-m-W-v I-p-«-n-IÄ A-h-c-p-s-S t-e-m-I-a-m-b-n I-m-W-p-¶-X-v. I-u-a-m-c-¯-n A-hÀ k-a-q-l-s-¯ I-q-S-p-X t-\-m-¡-n I-m-W-p-I-b-p-w k-a-q-l-h-p-a-m-b-n A-S-p-¯-n-S-]-g-I-p-I-b-p-w s-N-¿-p-¶-p. k-m-a-q-l-n-I _-Ô-§Ä hÀ-²-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-p. k-a-{-]-m-b-¡-m-c-m-b I-q-«-p-I-m-c-p-s-S k-z-m-[-o-\-w hÀ-²-n-¡-p-¶-p. C-X-v A-h-c-p-s-S h-y-à-n-X-z h-n-I-m-k-¯-n-\-v A-X-y-´-m-t-]-£-n-X-a-m-s-W-¶-v c-£-n-X-m-¡Ä a-\-Ê-n-e-m-t-¡-ï-X-p-ï.-v k-m-a-q-l-n-I-a-m-b h-n-I-m-k-w t-\-S-p-¶ C-u L-«-¯-n k-z-´-a-m-b A-`-n-{-]-m-b-§-f-p-w X-o-c-p-a-m-\-§-f-p-w D-ï-m-t-b-¡-m-w. C-X-n-t-\-m-s-S-Ã-m-w c-£-n-X-m-¡Ä XÀ-¡-¯-n-t-eÀ-s-¸-S-p-¶-X-p-w A-h-K-W-\-m a-t-\-m-`-m-h-t-¯-m-s-S {-]-X-n-I-c-n-¡-p-¶-X-p-w I-p-«-n-I-f-p-s-S a-m-\-k-n-I-m-h-Ø X-IÀ-¡-m-t-\ D-]-I-c-n-¡-q. X-p-d-¶ NÀ-¨-I-f-n-e-q-s-S A-hÀ-¡-v k-z-´-a-m-b I-m-g-v-N-]-m-S-p-I-f-p-w A-`-n-{-]-m-b-§-f-p-w {-]-I-S-n-¸-n-¡-m-\-p-Å t-h-Z-n-b-p-w A-h-k-c-§-f-p-w \Â-I-p-I-b-m-W-v t-h-ï-X-v. B-h-i-y-a-m-b A-h-k-c-§-f-n I-p-ä-s-¸-S-p-¯-e-p-I-f-n-Ã-m-s-X X-n-c-p-¯-e-p-I-f-p-w a-mÀ-¤ \-nÀ-t-±-i-§-f-p-a-m-h-m-w.

c-£-m-IÀ-X-r-X-z-w

H-c-p I-e-b-m-W-v P-o-h-n-X-s-¯ I-q-S-p-XÂ AÀ-°-a-p-Å-X-m-¡-m-\-p-w

B-\-µ-I-c-a-m-I-m-\-p-w I-g-n-b-p-¶ ]-p-W-y IÀ-½-a-m-W-v c-£-m-IÀ-X-r-X-z-w. C-X-v A-k-z-Ø-X-t-b-m-s-S s-N-t-¿-ï-X-Ã. B-k-z-Z-n-¨-v s-N-t-¿-ï-X-m-W-v. ]-t-£ ]-m-câ-n-w-K-v B-k-z-m-Z-y-I-c-a-m-I-W-s-a-¦-n N-n-e I-m-c-y-§Ä A-d-n-ª-v s-I-m-ï-v X-s-¶ s-N-¿-W-w. e-£-y-t-_-m-[-h-p-w A-¨-S-¡-h-p-a-p-Å I-p-«-n-I-s-f h-fÀ-¯-n-s-b-S-p-¡-m-\-m-h-i-y-a-m-b I-m-c-y-§-f-m-W-v \-m-w ]T-n-t-¡-ï-X-v. I-p-«-n-I-s-f B-ß-mÀ-°-a-m-b-n k-v-t-\-l-n-¡-W-w. X-n-c-¡-v ]-n-S-n-¨ P-o-h-n-X-¯-n-\-n-

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S-b-n (A-½-b-p-w A-Ñ-\-p-w {-]-t-X-y-I-n-¨-v t-P-m-e-n-¡-m-c-m-h-p-t-¼-mÄ-) A-h-s-c k-v-t-\-l-n-¡-m-\-p-w e-m-f-n-¡-m-\-p-w \-m-w k-a-b-w I-s-ï-¯-W-w. k-v-t-\-l-w A-\-nÀ-h-N-\-o-b-a-m-b H-c-\-p-`-h-a-m-W-v. s-s-Z-h-w a-\-p-j-y-\-p t-h-ï-n k-zÀ-¤ t-e-m-I-¯-v k-r-j-v-S-n-¨-v `-q-a-n-b-n \Â-I-n-b k-½-m-\-w. F-Ã-m t-c-m-K-§-s-f-b-p-w k-p-J-s-¸-S-p-¯-m³ I-g-n-b-p-¶ Z-n-h-y-H-u-j-[-w. C-u H-u-j-[-¯-n \-n-¶-p-Å D-uÀ-Ö-w s-I-m-ï-v \-½-p-s-S I-p-«-n-I-f-p-s-S a-\-Ê-n-s-\ I-o-g-v-s-¸-S-p-¯-m³ I-g-n-b-W-w. A-X-n-\-\-p-t-b-m-P-y-a-m-I-p-w h-n-[-w k-w-h-n-[-m-\-n-¡-W-w \-½-p-s-S I-p-S-p-w-_-m-´-c-o-£-w.

\-½-p-s-S I-p-«-n-IÄ k-¦-S-s-¸-S-p-t-¼-mÄ \-m-w I-q-s-S-b-p-ï-m-h-W-w. A-hÀ t-Z-j-y-s-¸-S-p-t-¼-mÄ X-oÀ-¶-p t-]-m-h-p-¶-X-m-b-n-c-n-¡-c-p-X-v \-½-p-s-S k-v-t-\-l-w. A-I-¶-p \-nÂ-¡-m-\-p-w \-s-½ A-I-ä-n \-nÀ-¯-m-\-p-w I-g-n-b-m-¯ h-n-[-¯-n-e-p-Å H-c-p l-r-Z-b-_-Ô-a-m-b-n-c-n-¡-W-w \-a-p-¡-p-w A-hÀ-¡-p-a-n-S-b-n D-ï-m-t-h-ï-X-v. H-t-«-s-d P-o-h-n-X a-p-l-qÀ-¯-§Ä C-u _-Ô-¯-n-\-m-b-n \-m-w A-d-n-ª-v s-I-m-ï-v X-s-¶ A-e-¦-c-n-¨-p s-h-¡-W-w. I-p-«-n-I-f-p-s-S a-\-Ê-n \-½-p-s-S k-v-t-\-l-\-nÀ-`-c-a-m-b i-_-v-Z-§Ä k-q-£-n-¡-s-¸-S-W-w. A-X-p-t-]-m-s-e X-s-¶ \-n-d-a-p-Å N-n-{-X-§-f-p-w \-à t-X-m-¶-e-p-I-f-p-w. A-ѳ \-m-«-n h-c-p-¶-p-s-ï-¶-d-n-b-p-t-¼-mÄ X-e-b-n s-s-I s-h-¨-p s-I-m-ï-v C-\-n h-c-p-¶ c-ï-v a-m-k-¡-m-e-w \-½-p-s-S I-j-v-S-I-m-e-w F-¶-v A-½-t-b-m-S-v ]-d-b-p-¶ I-p-«-n-b-p-s-S a-\-k-n A-Ñ-s-\ I-p-d-n-¨-p-Å \-à N-n-{-X-§-f-n-s-Ã-¶-p a-m-{-X-a-à A-O-s-\-s-b-m-c-p ̀ -o-I-c P-o-h-n-b-m-b-m-W-v A-h³ a-\-Ê-n-e-m-¡-n-b-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-X-v. A-a-n-X-a-m-b I-p-S-p-w-_ ̀ -m-c-a-p-Å-h-c-p-w a-p³-t-I-m-]-n-I-f-p-w {-]-t-X-y-I-w {-i-²-n-¡-W-w. A-h-c-p-s-S s-]-c-p-a-m-ä-§Ä t-a-m-i-a-m-b-n t-]-m-h-p-¶-p-t-ï-m-s-b-¶-v F-t-¸-m-g-p-w h-n-e-b-n-c-p-t-¯-ï-X-m-W-v.

t-a-m-t-f/t-a-m-t-\ F-¶-v h-n-f-n-¨-v t-I-«-n-«-v \-m-f-p-IÄ G-s-d-b-m-s-b-¶-v ]-c-n-X-]-n-¡-p-¶ I-p-«-n-I-s-f ]-e-t-¸-m-g-p-w I-m-W-m-d-p-ï-v. a-\-k-n-\-v I-p-f-nÀ-a \Â-I-n-b H-c-p X-t-e-m-S H-mÀ-a-n-s-¨-S-p-¡-m³ I-g-n-b-m-¯ F-{-X-t-b-m I-p-«-n-IÄ-! C-h-n-s-S c-£-m-IÀ-X-r-X-z-w X-m-s-g h-o-W-p-S-ª ]-f-p-¦-v ]-m-{-X-w t-]-m-s-e-b-m-h-p-¶-p. k-v-t-\-l-w-, _-l-p-a-m-\-w-, k-z-o-I-m-c-y-X \-½-p-s-S P-o-h-n-X-¯-n A-hÀ-¡-p-Å {-]-m-[-m-\-y-w C-h-s-b-Ã-m-w a-\-Ê-n-e-m-¡-m³ I-g-n-b-p-w h-n-[-w A-h-c-p-a-m-b-n k-w-`-m-j-W-¯-n-t-eÀ-s-]-S-m³ \-a-p-¡-v I-g-n-b-W-w. C-X-n-\-p ]-I-c-w I-p-ä-s-]-S-p-¯-e-p-I-f-p-w Z-pÀ-h-m-i-n-b-p-w t-a-m-i-w h-m-¡-p-I-f-p-w I-p-«-n-I-s-f a-m-\-k-n-I-a-m-b-n X-IÀ-¯-p I-f-b-p-w X-oÀ-¨-! F-s-´-¦-n-e-p-w I-p-d-t-h-m ]-n-g-t-h-m I-m-W-p-t-¼-mÄ A-t-¸-mÄ X-s-¶ i-c-n-b-m-¡-m-\-p-Å I-S-p-w-]-n-S-p-¯-a-à t-h-ï-X-v-, a-d-n-¨-v A-X-n \-n-¶-p-w A-h-s-\/ A-h-s-f a-m-ä-n N-n-´-n-¡-m³ F-§-s-\ I-g-n-b-p-w F-¶-v a-\-Ê-n-e-m-¡-n s-I-m-ï-p-Å C-S-s-]-S-e-p-I-f-m-W-v t-h-ï-X-v.

F-S-m \-m-b-n-s-â t-a-m-t-\ C-u h-o-«-n I-m-e-p I-p-¯-n t-]-m-I-c-p-X-v.’ k-z-´-w a-I-s-â t-\À-¡-v C-u h-n-[-w B-t-{-I-i-n-¨-X-v a-I³ I-q-S-n ]T-n-¡-p-¶ k-v-I-q-f-n-s-e {-]-[-m-\-[-y-m-]-I-\-m-b c-£-n-X-m-h-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p.

C-t-±-l-¯-n-s-â l-r-Z-b-w a-p-d-n-¡-p-¶ h-m-¡-p-IÄ t-I-«-v R-m³ N-n-´-n-¨-n-«-p-Å-X-m-W-v C-u ]-d-b-p-¶ h-m-¡-p-I-s-f {-]-X-n-\-n-[-o-I-c-n-¡-p-¶ H-c-m-f-m-h-m-t-\ A-h-\-p I-g-n-b-q F-¶-v. A-X-v-t-]-m-s-e X-s-¶ k-w-`-h-n-¨-p. C-s-X-m-c-p a-\:i-m-k-v-{-X k-X-y-a-m-W-v. a-ï³-, t-I-m-a-m-f-n-, h-g-¡-m-f-n-, I-g-n-h-p-s-I-«-h³-, h-j-f³ X-p-S-§-n N-o-¯ h-m-¡-p-IÄ I-p-«-n-I-f-p-s-S h-y-à-n-X-z-s-¯ X-IÀ-¯-p I-f-b-p-¶-p. X-s-¶-¡-p-d-n-¨-v X-m³ t-IÄ-¡-p-¶-X-v F-´-m-t-W-m A-X-n \-n-¶-p-w k-z-´-s-¯-¡-p-d-n-¨-p-Å N-n-{-X-w A-h³ c-q-]-s-]-S-p-¯-p-¶-p. C-X-v A-h-s-â s-]-c-p-a-m-ä-¯-n-e-p-w k-z-`-m-h-¯-n-e-p-w \-n-c-´-c-w C-S-s-]-«-p s-I-m-ï-n-c-n-¡-p-w. A-a-n-X-a-m-b \-n-b-{-´-W-§Ä I-p-«-n-I-f-p-s-S h-fÀ-¨-¡-v h-n-e-§-v k-r-j-v-S-n-¡-p-I-t-b D-Å-q. A-a-n-X \-n-b-{-´-W-§-f-p-w A-h-K-W-\-I-f-p-w G-X-p a-\-p-j-y-t-\-b-p-w N-o-¯ k-z-`-m-h-¡-m-c-\-m-¡-p-¶-p. G-X-v {-I-n-a-n-\-e-p-I-f-p-s-S ]-Ý-m-X-e-w {-i-²-n-¨-m-e-p-w C-X-v t-_-m-[-y-a-m-h-p-w. ̀ À-¯-m-h-n-s-â/ ̀ -m-c-y-b-p-s-S t-d-m-f-n-t-e-¡-v h-c-p-t-¼-mÄ H-c-m-f-p-s-S P-o-h-n-X-¯-n H-t-«-s-d a-m-ä-§Ä k-w-`-h-n-¡-p-¶-X-p t-]-m-s-e H-c-mÄ A-½-b-m-b-m A-Ñ-\-m-b-m H-t-«-s-d a-m-ä-§Ä A-\-n-h-m-c-y-a-m-W-v. ]-n-s-¶ G-ä-h-p-w {-]-[-m-\-s-¸-« t-d-mÄ A-ѳ/A-½ F-¶-X-p X-s-¶-b-m-W-v. I-p-S-p-w-_-m-´-c-o-£-w I-p-«-n-I-f-p-s-S k-z-´-a-m-b-n a-m-d-W-w. h-o-S-v I-p-«-n-IÄ-¡-v h-fÀ-¶-v h-e-p-X-m-h-m-\-p-Å N-p-ä-p-]-m-S-m-b-n H-c-p-¡-n-s-b-S-p-¡-W-w. I-f-n-¸-m-«-§Ä a-p-X Ì-U-n t-S-_-nÄ h-s-c A-X-m-X-v k-a-b-§-f-n I-p-«-n-IÄ-¡-v k-½-m-\-n-¡-m-h-p-¶-X-m-W-v. h-y-X-y-k-v-X h-n-j-b-§Ä DÄ-s-¡-m-Å-p-¶ _-p-¡-p-IÄ-, k-n-U-n-IÄ-, I-¼-y-q-«À-, K-t-h-j-W D-]-I-c-W-§Ä X-p-S-§-n ]T-\ k-w-h-n-[-m-\-§Ä k-m-¼-¯-n-I I-g-n-h-\-p-k-c-n-¨-v I-p-«-n-IÄ-¡-v \Â-I-m-h-p-¶-X-m-W-v. C-h-s-b-Ã-m-w D-N-n-X-a-m-b-n X-s-¶-b-m-W-v D-]-t-b-m-K-n-¡-p-¶-s-X-¶-v \-m-w D-d-¸-v h-c-p-¯-W-w. s-N-d-n-b s-N-d-n-b h-n-P-b-§Ä t-]-m-e-p-w h-e-n-b B-t-L-m-j-§-f-m-b-n a-m-d-W-w. A-¡-m-Z-a-n-I h-n-j-b-§-f-n-e-p-Å I-g-n-h-p-I-f-n a-m-{-X-w {-i-²-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-p ]-I-c-w I-p-«-n-I-f-p-s-S _-l-p-a-p-J I-g-n-h-p-I-s-f h-fÀ-¯-n-s-b-S-p-¡-m-\-p-Å {-i-a-§-f-m-W-v D-ï-m-t-h-ï-X-v. H-¶-m-a-\-m-h-W-w F-¶ \-nÀ-_-Ô-_-p-²-n-¡-p ]-I-c-w I-g-n-h-n-s-â ]-c-a-m-h-[-n I-g-n-h-p-Å t-a-J-e-I-f-n h-f-c-m-\-p-Å t-{-]-m-Õ-m-l-\-§-f-p-w ]-n-´-p-W-b-p-a-m-W-v c-£-n-X-m-¡Ä \Â-t-I-ï-X-v. h-m-t-X-m-c-m-s-X-b-p-Å D-]-t-Z-i-§-f-p-w A-\-m-h-i-y-a-m-b X-m-c-X-a-y-s-¸-S-p-¯-e-p-I-f-p-w I-p-«-n-I-f-n A-\-m-t-c-m-K-y-I-c-a-m-b N-n-´-I-t-f h-fÀ-¯-p-I-b-p-Å-q. P-o-h-n-X ]-c-m-P-b-§-s-f A-`-n-a-p-J-o-I-c-n-¡-m-\-p-Å I-c-p-¯-m-W-v I-p-S-p-w-_-m-´-c-o-£-¯-n \-n-¶-p-w A-hÀ-¡-p e-`-n-t-¡-ï-X-v. I-p-«-n-I-f-p-s-S X-mÂ-]-c-y-§Ä-¡-p-w A-`-n-c-p-N-n-¡-p-w h-y-à-n-X-z k-h-n-t-i-j-X-IÄ-¡-p-w A-\-p-K-p-W-a-m-b I-c-n-bÀ t-a-J-e s-X-c-s-ª-S-p-¡-m³ A-h-s-c k-l-m-b-n-¡-p-I-b-m-W-v t-h-ï-X-v. \-½-p-s-S X-mÂ-]-c-y-§Ä-¡-\-p-k-c-n-¨-v A-h-s-c h-fÀ-¯-n-s-b-S-p-¡-p-¶ c-o-X-n H-c-n-¡-e-p-a-p-ï-m-h-c-p-X-v. h-y-à-n-X-z k-h-n-t-i-j-X-IÄ i-m-k-v-{-X-o-b-a-m-b-n D-]-t-b-m-K-s-¸-S-p-¯-n-b-p-Å ]T-\-þ-A-[-y-m-]-\ c-o-X-n I-p-«-n-I-f-p-s-S h-fÀ-¨-¡-p-w h-n-I-m-k-¯-n-\-p-w G-s-d {-]-t-b-m-P-\-s-¸-S-p-w.

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h-nZ-y-m-`-y-mk-w s-I-mï-p a-m{-Xt-a Hc-p a\-p-j-ys-\ k-wk-vI-c-n-¡-m-\-mh-q F¶X-v Hc-p b-mY-mÀ°-y-a-m-W-v. Hc-p Ie-m-eb-w

X-pd-¡-s-¸-S-p-t-¼-mÄ Bb-nc-w I-mc-m-K-r-l-§Ä AS-¡-s-¸-S-ps-a¶ al-m-ß-m-K-mÔ-n-b-ps-S h-m¡-p-IÄ {-]k-à-a-m-h-p-¶X-v Ch-n-s-S-b-m-W-v. a-qe-ya-pÅ h-nZ-y-m-`-y-mk-w s-I-mï-p a-m{-Xt-a t-aÂ]-dª a-mä-§-f-p-w h-n¹-h-§f-p-w k-m[-y-a-m-h-p-I-b-p-Å-q. Ie-m-e-b-§f-p-w h-nZ-y-m`-y-mk Ø-m]-\-§f-p-w a-pg¯-n\-p a-pg-w a-pf¨-p s-]-m´-p¶ \½-ps-S \-mS-p-I-f-n t-]-me-p-w Ie-m-e-b-§Ä A[-mÀa-n-I-X-b-ps-S I-q¯-c§-mb-n a-md-m³ I-mcW-w a-qe-y-h-n-Z-y-m-`-y-m-k-¯-ns-â A`-m-h-a-m-W-v.

\à \-ms-f-b-ps-S {-kj-vS-m-h-mW-v h-nZ-y-mÀ°-n. hc-p-w Xe-a-p-d¡-v Ú-m\¯-ns-â s-hf-n¨-w s-I-mS-p-t-¡-ï-h³. k-wk-v-I-m-c-¯-ns-âb-p-w [-mÀa-n-I-X-b-p-s-Sb-p-w P-oh-nX h-yh-l-m-c-§Ä ]I-p¯-p \Ât-I-ï-h³. Ahs-â Bß-ob P-oh-n-X-¯-ns-â \-nd-h-mÀ¶ ]-pk-vXI-w h-mb-n-¨-n«-p t-hW-w ]-pX-nb ka-q-l-¯-n\-v P-oh-n-¡-m³. I-meh-p-w N-pä-p-]-m-S-p-If-p-w X-n·-IÄ¡-v \-ne-h-nf-n I-q«-pt-¼-mÄ k-wi-p-²-a-mb P-oh-nX k-wh-n-[-m-\-§s-f s-I-mï-v X-nc-p-¯-p I-p-d-n-t-¡-ïX-v Hc-p h-nZ-y-mÀ°-n-b-ps-S _-m[-y-X-b-m-W-v. Bß-m-h-n\-p-w ka-q-l-¯-n\-p-w Ahs-â Ú-m\-¯-ns-â {-]I-mi-w \ÂI-p-t-¼-m-g-mW-v Hc-p \à ]-uc³ c-q]-s-¸-S-p-¶-X-v. Ad-nh-p-w Ad-nh-p \ÂI-p¶ ]-mTh-p-w X-pSÀ¶-pÅ Ahs-â P-oh-nX \S-¸-p-If-p-w \à c-mj-v{-S-¯-nt-âb-p-w ka-r-²-a-mb \-ms-f-b-p-s-Sb-p-w k-rj-vS-n-¸-n\-p \-nZ-m-\-a-m-W-v.

Ag-n-a-X-nb-p-w ]-oU-\-§f-p-w A{-Ia {-]hÀ¯-

h‑nZ‑y‑mh‑nf‑¡‑Wb‑p‑w a‑p¼‑vkÂa-m³ t-X-m«-p-s-]-m-b-nÂ

Ú-m-\ k-¼-m-Z-\-¯-n-\-v {-]-m-]-v-X-nb-p-w I-g-nh-p-w k-z-mb-¯-a-m-¡-p-¶-X-ne-p-w k-a-q-l-¯-n-\-v s-s-I-a-m-d-p-¶-X-ne-p-w \-hI-m-e h-n-Z-y-m-À-°-n-I-Ä ]-c-m-P-b-s-¸-S-p-¶-X-n-s-âb-p-w ]-n-¶-n-Â

\-ã-s-¸-« K-p-c-p-þi-n-j-y _Ô-s-¯ \-a-p-¡-v h-m-b-n-s-¨-S-p-¡-m-\-m-h-p-w.

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\-§-f-p-a-n-Ã-m¯ Hc-p c-mP-y-w P\-n-¡Ws-a¦-n \½-ps-S Ie-m-e-b-§-f-ns-e h-nZ-y-mÀ°-n-I-f-ps-S Bß-mÀ°a-mb Hc-p a\Ê-p-w Ah\-p P-oh-n¡-p¶ ka-q-l-¯-ns-â ]-n´-p-Wb-p-w a-m{-X-w aX-n. I-mcW-w h-nZ-y-mÀ°-n-IÄ \-ms-fb-ps-S ]-uc-·-m-c-m-W-v. c-mj-v{-S-ob {-]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡-p-w k-ma-q-l-nI k-m-wk-vI-m-c-nI D¶-a-\-§Ä¡-p-w Cd§-n \S-t-¡-ïX-v C-u ]-uc³a-m-c-m-W-v. F¶-m FÃ-m t-aJ-e-I-f-ne-p-w k-w`-h-n¨ a-qe-y-N-y-pX-n \½-ps-S Ie-m-e-b-§-f-n-t-e¡-p-w ]SÀ¶-p ]-nS-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w k-m-wk-vI-m-c-nI XIÀ¨-¡-pÅ ]-pX-nb hg-n-IÄ Ad-n-b-ms-X X-pd-¡-s-¸-S-p-Ib-p-w s-Nb-vX-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-p.

Ie-m-e-b-§-f-n \-n¶-v ]-uc t-_-m[h-p-w P\-m-[-n-]-X-yh-p-w \j-vS-s-¸-«-ps-I-mï-nc-n-¡-p-I-b-mW-v. a\-p-j-y-X-zs-¯ AX-ns-â ka-r-²-n-b-n-t-e¡-v \b-n-¡-p¶ k-m-wk-vI-m-c-nI k-uµc-y-w ]-ms-S Ah-K-W-n-¡-s-¸-«-p-s-I-m-ï-n-c-n-¡-p-I-b-m-W-v. k-z´-w AÂ]-X-z-¯-n-s-\-X-ns-c aÕ-c-n-¡-ms-X {-`-m-´a-mb aÕc c-wK-§Ä h-nZ-y-mÀ°-ns-b CÃ-mb-va s-N¿-p-I-b-m-W-v s-N¿-p-¶X-v. kl-P-o-h-ns-b aeÀ¯-n-b-S-n-¡-p¶ Xc-¯-n-t-e¡-v a-md-n ad-nª aÕ-c-§Ä A\-m-hi-y`-oX-nb-p-w Ac-£-n-X-m-h-Øb-p-w Dï-m-¡-n-b-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-p. k-ul-r-Zh-p-w k-v-t-\-lh-p-w a-m-\-h-n-I-Xb-p-w {-]-X-nk-Ô-n t-\-c-n-S-p-¶-X-n-s-â I-m-c-W-h-p-a-n-X-mW-v. a-s-ä-m-c-p c-q-]-¯-n- h-n-e-b-n-c-p-¯-n-b-m- \-n-c-£-

cc-m-b {-K-m-a-h-m-k-n-I-f-n-Â H-X-p-§-n-\-n-Â-I-p-¶ X-n-·-I-Ä \-½-p-s-S I-e-m-e-b-§-f-n-t-e¡-p-w C-c-¨-p I-b-d-n-b-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-p F-¶-X-v h-y-à-a-m-h-p-w. k-n-\-n-a-m X-m-c-§-f-ps-Sb-p-w I-mb-n-I X-m-c-§-f-ps-Sb-p-w ^-m³k-v k-{-¼-Z-m-b-§-Ä I-m-¼-k-p-I-f-n-Â \-nd-ª-p \-n-Â-¡-p-¶-pï-v.

aZ-yh-p-w a-b-¡-p-a-c-p¶-p-w I-e-m-e-b-§-f-p-s-S A-¶-a-m-b-n I-g-n-ª ]-pX-n-b I-me-¯-v h-n-Z-y-m-À-°-nX-z-w A-c-£-n-X-m-h-Ø-b-p-s-S \-n-g-e-n-e-m-W-v ]-p-X-¨-p-d-§-p-¶X-v. "k-À-Æ X-n-·-I-f-p-s-Sb-p-w X-m-t-¡-m-e-m-W-v a-Z-y-'-s-a-¶-v ]-c-m-a-À-i-n-¨ h-n-i-p-²-a-X-¯-n-s-â k-l-N-m-c-n-IÄ t-]-m-e-p-w e-l-c-n \-pW-ª-v I-m-¼-k-p-I-f-n-Â P-o-h-n-X-w X-p-e-¡-p-I-b-mW-v. aZ-y-w A-I-¯-m-¡-n k-z-´-w s-]¬-a¡-s-f s-s-e-w-K-n-I Z-ml-¯-n\-v C-c-b-m-¡-p-Ib-p-w I-p-S-p-w_-s-¯ a-p-g-p-h³ X-s-â s-s-I-I-f-n-Â I-nS-¯-n s-R¡-n-s-¡-m-Ã-p-Ib-p-w s-N-¿-p-¶ \-hI-m-e I-p-S-n-b-·-m-c-p-s-S a-m-X-rX-z-w A-h-I-m-i-s-¸-S-m³ I-e-m-e-b-§-Ä P-m{-K-X ]-p-e-À-¯-p-¶-p F-¶-m-W-v ]-e-t-¸-mg-p-w \-a-p-¡-v t-X-m-¶-p¶X-v. _-p²-nb-p-w h-n-t-h-Ih-p-w \-i-n-¸-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w P-o-h-n-X-¯-n-t-e-¡-v X-n-c-n-¨-p-h-c-m³ I-g-n-b-m-¯ h-n-[a-pÅ t-c-m-K-§-Ä¡-v I-mc-W-a-mI-p-Ib-p-w s-N-¿-p-¶ el-c-n h-k-v-X-p-¡-Ä F-´-n-\-m-W-v \-½-p-s-S I-e-m-e-b h-n-Z-y-m-À-°-n-I-Ä C§-s-\ D-]-t-b-m-K-n-¡-p-¶X-v F-¶-X-n-\-v C-t-¸-mg-p-w h-y-àa-m-b a-d-p]-S-n \-½-p-s-S s-s-I-I-f-n-e-n-Ã. el-c-n \-pW-ª-v A-`-y-k-n-¡-p¶X-v -'h-n-Z-y-'b-Ã F-¶ X-n-c-n-¨-d-n-h-n-t-e-¡-v h-n-Z-y-m-À-°-n-I-Ä h-fÀ-¶-p h-t-c-ï-X-v A-\-n-h-m-c-y-X-b-mW-v.

]-mÞ-n-X-y-a-p-Å K-p-c--p-¡·-mc-p-s-S X-W-e-n- D-¯-c-h-m-Z-n-X-z-]-ca-m-b k-p-c-£-n-X-X-z-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p t-]-m-b-I-me-s-¯ h-n-Z-y-m-À-°-n-X-z-s-a-¦-n- h-À-¯a-m-\ I-me-s-¯ h-n-Z-y-m-À-°-n-¡-v A-X-v \-ã-s-¸-«-n-c-n-¡-p¶-p. Xs-â A-[-y-m-]I-s-\ Lc-mt-h-m s-N-¿-p-h-m³ {-i-a-n-¡-p-¶ h-n-Z-y-m-À-°-n-I-f-m-W-v ]-pX-n-b \-q-ä-m-ï-n-s-â D-Â-]-¶-§-Ä. H-m-À-¡-m\-p-w ]-d-b-m\-p-w H-c-p ]-m-S-v N-c-n-{-X-§-Ä D-d-§-n-¡-n-S-¡-p-¶ K-pc-p-þi-n-j-y-_-Ô-¯-n-s-â _-m-¡-n ]{-X-w I-m-W-m³ \-½-p-s-S I-m-¼-k-p-I-Ä k-µ-À-i-n-¨-m- aX-n. X-s-â A-[-y-m-]-nI-s-b s-s-e-wK-n-I ]-o-U-\-§Ä-¡-v D-]-t-b-m-K-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶ h-n-Z-y-m-À-°-nb-p-w h-n-Z-y-m-À-°-n-\-n-s-b _-e-m-Â-I-m-c-w \-S-¯-p-¶ A-[-y-m-]-Ic-p-w \-n-d-ª-p-\-n-Â-¡-p-¶ K-p-c-p-þi-n-j-y _-Ô-¯-n-s-â N-n-{-X-§-f-m-W-v \-½-p-s-S I-e-m-e-b§-Ä. k-¼-q-À-®-a-m-

aZ-yh-p-w a-b-¡-p-a-c-p¶-p-w I-e-m-e-b-§-

f-p-s-S A-¶-a-m-b-n I-g-n-ª ]-pX-n-b I-me-¯-v h-n-Z-y-m-À-°-nX-z-w A-c-£-n-X-m-h-Ø-b-p-s-S

\-n-g-e-n-e-m-W-v ]-p-X-¨-p-d-§-p-¶X-v. "k-À-Æ X-n-·-I-f-p-s-Sb-p-w

X-m-t-¡-m-e-m-W-v a-Z-y-'-s-a-¶-v ]-c-m-a-À-i-n-¨ h-n-i-p-²-a-X-¯-n-

s-â k-l-N-m-c-n-IÄ t-]-m-e-p-w e-l-c-n

\-pW-ª-v I-m-¼-k-p-I-f-n-Â P-o-h-n-X-w X-p-e-¡-p-I-b-mW-v.

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b-n h-n-Z-y-b-p-s-S s-I-m-S-p-¡-Â h-m-§-Â {-]-{-I-n-b-IÄ-¡-v h-n-L-m-X-w k-r-ã-n-¡-p-¶ a-p-Ä-t-h-e-n-I-f-m-W-v ]-nb-mt-\-m S-o-¨-À-a-m-s-c c-q-]-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶ X-I-À-¶-S-n-ª K-pc-p-þi-n-j-y-_Ô-w. k-À-Æ-m-Z-c-§f-p-w \-Â-I-s-¸-« a-l\-o-b h-y-à-n-X-z-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p a-p³-I-m-e-§-f-n-s-e K-p-c-p. Xs-â h-n-Z-y-m-À-°-n-s-b A-£-c-Ú-m-\-¯-n-s-â t-e-m-I-t-¯-¡-v s-s-I-I-m-W-n-¡-m\-p-w I-®-p-I-Ä s-h-f-p-¸-n-¨-v h-n-Z-y-b-p-s-S a-[-p \-p-IÀ-¶-p \-Â-I-m-\-p-w B-ß-mÀ-°-X I-m-W-n-¨-n-c-p-¶ a-l\-o-b h-y-à-n-I-f-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p A-h-À. A-h-c-p-s-S Ú-m-\-¯-n-s-â N-n-d-I-n-t-e-d-n ]d-¶-, N-c-n{-X-w c-N-n-¨ a-l\-o-b h-y-à-n-X-z-§-Ä ]-q-À-ÆI-m-e I-e-m-e-b-§-f-p-s-S ]-p-j-v-]-§-f-m-b-n-c-p¶-p. \-nd-ª-p \-n-Â-¡-p-¶ b-p-h-X-z-¯-n-Â {-]-k-c-n-¸-p-Å h-n-Z-y-m-À-°-n-X-z-s-¯ k-r-ã-n¡-p-I F¶-X-v H-c-p K-p-c-p-h-n-s-â k-h-n-t-i-j-X-b-mW-v. B h-n-Z-y-m-À-°-n-X-z-¯-n-\-v k-w-k-v-I-m-c- t-_-m-[-¯-n-s-âb-p-w k-m-a-ql-n-I t-k-h-\-§-f-p-s-Sb-p-w X-nf-¡-w e-`-n-¡-p¶-X-v K-p-c-ph-n-t-\-m-S-pÅ BZc-h-n-s-âb-p-w _-l-p-a-m-\-¯-n-s-âb-p-w t-l-X-p-h-m-b-n-«-mW-v. \-h-I-m-e-¯-v ]-q-À-®-a-mb-p-w h-n-k-v-a-c-n-¡-s-¸-« Ú-m-\-¯-n-s-â _-l-p-a-X-n-I-f-m-W-v C-h -c-ï-p-w. Ú-m-\ k-¼-m-Z-\-¯-n-\-v {-]-m-]-v-X-nb-p-w I-g-nh-p-w k-z-mb-¯-a-m-¡-p-¶-X-ne-p-w k-a-q-l-¯-n-\-v s-s-I-a-m-d-p-¶-X-ne-p-w \-hI-m-e h-n-Z-y-m-À-°-n-I-Ä ]-c-m-P-b-s-¸-S-p-¶-X-n-s-âb-p-w ]-n-¶-n-Â \-ã-s-¸-« K-p-c-p-þi-n-j-y _Ô-s-¯ \-a-p-¡-v h-m-b-n-s-¨-S-p-¡-m-\-m-h-p-w.

s-s-e-w-K-n-I-m-k-z-m-Z-\-§-Ä-¡-p-Å C-S-¯-m-h-f-a-m-¡-n h-n-Z-y-mÀ-°-n P-o-h-n-X-w ]-c-n-h-À-¯-n-¡-s-¸-«-p F-¶-X-m-W-v ]-p-X-n-b-I-me-s-¯ I-e-m-e-b-§-f-n-s-e A-X-n-`-o-I-ca-m-b a-s-ä-m-c-p {-]-i-v\-w. I-p-¯-g-n-ª s-s-e-w-K-n-I-X-¡-v A-h-kc-§-s-f-m-c-p-¡-p-¶ X-o-{-h-{-]-W-b-§-f-p-s-S I-c-p-¼-n-¨ a-p-J-a-m-W-v \-½-p-s-S I-e-m-e-b-§-Ä-¡-p-ÅX-v. I-m¼-k-v N-p-h-c-p-I-f-n- I-p-d-n-¨-p s-h-¨ I-]-S {-]-W-b-§-f-p-s-S N-o-ª-p-\-m-d-p-¶ c-àh-p-w N-e-h-p-a-m-W-v I-e-m-e-b-§-f-n-s-e s-s-e-w-K-n-I-X. I-e-m-e-b-§-f-n-s-e {-]-W-b-§-Ä X-n-·-b-m-s-W-¶-X-n-e-¸-p-d-w k-l-N-m-c-n-b-m-b-n s-X-c-s-ª-S-p-¯ X-s-â t-{-]-b-k-n-s-b h-nI-m-c i-a-\-§Ä-¡-v D-]-t-b-m-Ks-¸-S-p¯-p-I F-¶ s-\-d-n-s-I-« s-s-]-i-m-N-n-I-X I-q-«-n h-m-b-n-¡-p-t-¼-m-t-g {-]-W-bh-p-w s-s-e-w-K-n-I-X-b-p-w X-½-n-e-p-Å A-\-n-h-À-N-\-o-ba-m-b _-Ô-w t-_-m-[-y-s-¸-S-p-I-b-pÅ-q. H-f-n-t-¨-m-«h-p-w a-X-k-¦-e-\h-p-w

c-q-]-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶-X-ne-p-w I-m¼-k-v {-]-W-b-§Ä-¡-v he-n-b k-z-m-[-o-\-a-pï-v. I-p-S-p-w-_-s-¯b-p-w k-z´-s-¯b-p-w ad-¶-v A-\-n-b-{-´-n-X-a-m-b P-oh-n-X k-w-h-n-[-m-\-¯-n-t-e-¡-v X-Å-n-h-n-S-p-¶ H-f-n-¨-p I-f-n-¡-p-¶ {-]-W-b-§-Ä A-X-n-c-p-h-n-S-p-¶ I-m¼-k-v P-o-h-n-X-s-¯-b-mW-v H-m-À-½-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶X-v. s-I-m-e-¡-b-À H-c-p-¡-p-I F-¶-X-m-W-v {-]-W-b-¯-n-s-â a-s-ä-m-c-p Z-u-X-y-w. _-me-n-ia-m-b {-]-W-b-§-f-n- P-o-h-n-X-w k-a-À-¸-n-¨-v I®-p-w \-«-n-c-n-¡-p-¶ I-m-a-p-I-o I-m-a-p-I-·-m-À Ú-m\-s-¯ A-h-t-l-f-n-¨-v H-c-p I-j-W-w I-b-d-n-t-e-¡-v N-p-c-p-§-n-¡-q-S-p-I-b-mW-v. k¦S-§f-p-w k-t-µ-l-§-f-p-a-d-n-b-m-¯ t-e-m-I-t-¯-¡-v t-]-m-h-p-I-b-m-W-t-{-X Ah-À. k-z-h-À-Kc-X-n A-S-¡-a-p-Å c-X-n-{-I-o-U-§-f-p-s-S X-m-h-fa-m-b I-e-m-e-b-§-Ä d-m-K-n-§-n-s-âb-p-w t-I-{-µa-mW-v. kl]-mT-n-s-b X-s-â A-[-n-I-m-c h-e-b-¯-n- s-a-c-p-¡-n \-n-À-¯-p-¶ A-l-¦-m-c-¯-n-s-â _-e-{-]-t-b-m-K-§-f-m-W-v d-m-K-n-§-pI-Ä. s-I-m-e h-n-f-n D-bÀ-¯-n I-e-m-e-b a-p-ä-§-Ä ̀ -o-I-c-X-b-p-s-S h-S-n-h-m-f-p-I-Ä k-r-ã-n-¡-p¶-X-v A-c-m-{-ã-o-bh-X-v-I-c-n-¡-s-¸-« I-e-m-e-b-§-f-p-s-S ]-p-X-n-b N-n-{-X-§-f-mW-v. t-a-[-m-h-nX-z-w B-{-K-l-n-¡-p-¶-h-À A-c-m-{-ã-o-b-X B-{-K-l-n-¡-p-¶-h-c-mW-v. K-m§-p-I-f-m-b-n h-n-L-S-n-¨-v c-m-P-mh-p-w {-]-P-b-p-a-m-b-n

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\-mS-I-w I-f-n-¡-p¶-X-v A-c-m-{-ã-o-bh-X-v-I-c-n-¡-s-¸-« I-m-¼-k-p-IÄ t-i-m-j-n-¨-v t-i-m-j-n-¨-v C-Ã-m-X-m-h-p-¶-p F-¶-X-n-s-â h-y-àa-m-b D-Z-m-l-c-W-a-mW-v.

t-Ic-f-¯-n-s-â k-m-a-ql-n-I h-f-À-¨-b-ne-p-w I-y-m-¼-k-p-I-Ä s-N-e-p-¯-n-b k-z-m-[-o-\-w s-N-d-pX-Ã. c-m-P-y-¯-p-S \-o-f-w k-m-t-h-i-w a-p-t-¶d-n-b k-z-m-X-´-y-{-]-Ø-m-\-¯-n-s-â N-p-h-s-S-m-¸-n-¨-v t-I-c-f-¯-ne-p-w k-P-o-ha-m-b k-w-LS-\-m {-]-h-À-¯-\-§f-p-w k-a-c-a-p-t-¶-ä-§f-p-w D-ï-m-b-n-«-pï-v. {-]-X-n-I-c-W-¯-n-s-âb-p-w {-]-X-n-I-m-c-¯-n-s-âb-p-w N-n-{-X-a-m-W-v t-I-c-f-¯-n-s-â I-m¼-k-v c-m-{-ã-o-b-¯-ns-â N-c-n-{-X-w. 1882s-e H-c-p h-n-i-nj-vT k-Ô-yb-n- a-l-m-c-m-P-m-k-v t-I-m-t-f-P-n-s-â h-n-i-m-e-a-m-b a-pä-s-¯ a-l-mK-W-n a-c-§f-n-s-e-m-¶-n-s-â N-p-h-«-n-e-n-c-p-¶-v a-q-¶-v [-o-cb-p-h-m-¡-Ä \-S¯-n-b I-q-S-n-b-m-t-e-m-N-\b-p-w X-p-S-À- \-S-]-S-n-b-p-a-m-W-v ]-n-Â-¡-me-s-¯ A-k-wJ-y-w k-a-c-a-p-t-¶-ä-§-f-p-s-S A-d-n-b-s-¸« X-p-S¡-w. F-¶-m- C-u k-a-c-m-t-h-i-§-Ä I-m-¼-k-p-I-f-p-s-S a-p-ä-§-f-n- \-n-¶-v F-S-p-s-¯-d-n-b-s-¸-« C-c-p-ï b-p-K-¯-n-e-m-W-v \-m-w P-o-h-n-¡-p-¶-X-v. "I-m¼-k-v A-c-m-P-I-X-z-w-' s-s-[-j-W-n-Ih-p-w A-¡-m-Z-a-o-b-h-pa-m-b {-]-i-v-\-§-Ä-¡-¸-pd-¯-v I-S-p-¯ k-m-a-ql-n-I {-]-X-n-k-Ô-n-I-f-p-s-S a-X-n-e-p-If-p-w K-À-¯-§f-p-w k-r-ã-n-¨-v I-e-m-

e-b P-o-h-n-X-§-Ä F-®h-ä-n I-c-n´-nc-n I-¯-p-I-b-mW-v.

F´-p-s-I-m-ï-m-W-v \-½-p-s-S I-e-m-e-b P-o-h-n-X-§-Ä C-{-X-a-m{-X-w P-o-À-®-n-¨-n-c-n-¡-p¶-X-v? A-X-n-s-â I-m-c-W-§-f-t-\-z-j-n-¨-v X-n-c-p-¯-v I-p-d-n-¡- \½-ps-S _-m-[-y-X-b-m-W-v. H-¶-m-a-X-m-b-n X-p-S-¡-¯-n- ]-c-m-a-À-i-n-¨ a-q-e-y-§-f-n- \-n-¶-p-Å h-y-X-n-b-m-\-a-m-W-v I-m-cW-w. h-k-v-X-p-XI-s-f s-h-S-n-ª-v \-n-g-e-pI-s-f {-]-W-b-n-¡-p-¶ {-]-h-W-X-b-mW-v C-u ]-p-d-w- X-n-c-n-ª-n-c-n¡-Â. c-ï-ma-s-¯ I-m-cW-w-, h-n-Z-y-`-y-m-k-w I-t-¼-m-f-h-Â-¡-c-n-¡-s-¸-«-p-s-h-¶-X-mW-v. h-n-Z-y-`-y-m-k-w I-¨-h-S-¨-c-¡-m-¡-p-Ib-p-w k-z-I-m-c-y k-z-¯-m-b-n s-I-m-ï-p \-S-¡-p-Ib-p-w s-N-¿-p-¶-h-À A-[-ah-n-N-m-c-§Ä-¡-v h-g-n-X-p-d-¡-p-I-b-mW-v. D-d-¨ c-m-P-y-k-v-t-\-l-t-¯b-p-w ]-m-c-¼-c-y-t-¯b-p-w ]-m-s-S h-n-k-v-a-c-n-¡--p-I-b-mW-v. I¨hS t-e-m-_-n-IÄ-¡-v I-f-n-¡-f-h-p-w h-n-¯-n-d-¡-m-\-p-Å I-r-j-n-b-n-S-h-p-a-m-b-n h-n-Z-y-`-y-mk-s-¯ a-m-ä-n-¯-p-S-§-n-b-X-p a-p-X-e-m-W-v h-n-Z-y-m-À-°-n-I-f-n- k-m-a-q-l-nI {-]-X-n-_-²X a-§-n-t-¸-m-bX-v. I-¨-h-S-¡-m-c-n- \-n-¶-v s-]-m-Å-p-¶ h-ne s-I-m-S-p-¯-v h-m-§-p-Ib-p-w a-d-n-¨-v h-n-Â-¡-p-Ib-p-w s-N¿-p-I F-¶-X-n-e-¸-p-d-w he-n-b I-m-c-y-§-s-f-m¶-p-w C-X-n-e-n-s-Ã-¶-v h-n-Z-y-m-À-°-n-I-Ä X-n-c-n-¨-d-nª-X-v a-p-X-e-m-W-v C-u Z-p-c-´-N-c-n{-X-w B-c-w-`-n-¡-p-¶X-v.

a-q¶-m-as-¯ I-mc-W-w t-P-m_-v H-m-d-n-bâ-U-v F-P-y-p-t-¡-j-\-mW-v. H-c-p h-n-Z-y-m-À-°-n-s-b \-à a-\-p-j-y-\-m¡-p-I F¶-X-v h-n-Z-y-`-y-m-k-¯-ns-â e-£-y-a-mW-v. A-h-c-p-s-S k-z-]-v-\-§Ä-¡-v \-n-d-w \-Â-I-p-I-, B-Z-À-i-§-Ä-¡-v a-q-À-¨ \-Â-I-p-I-, a-\-p-j-y _Ô-s-¯ Z-r-V-a-m-¡-p-I-, a-\-p-j-y-m-`-n-a-p-J-y-s-¯ \-n-c´-c-w k-P-o-h-a-m¡-p-I X-p-S-§-n-b-h-s-bÃ-m-w h-n-Z-y-`-y-m-k-¯-n-s-â `-m-K-a-m-b-n k-m-[-y-a-m-t-¡-ï-X-mW-v. C§-s-\ h-y-X-yk-v-X e-£-y§-s-f s-F-I-y-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-¶ a-u-e-n-Ia-m-b H-c-p e-£-y-a-pï-v. A-X-v k-m-w-k-v-I-mc-n-I {-]-_-p-²-a-m-b k-a-ql-s-¯ k-r-ã-n¡-p-I F-¶-X-m-W-v. k-m-w-k-v-I-mc-n-I {-]-_-p²-X-t-b-m-S-v I-o-g-v-s-¸-«-m-W-v a-s-ä-Ã-m I-m-c-y-§-t-fb-p-w \-m-w I-m-t-W-ïX-v. A-X-n-\-p ]I-c-w k-m-w-k-v-I-mc-n-I {-]-_-p-²-X X-p-e-b-s-«-, a-\-p-j-y _-Ô-§-Ä \-i-n-¡s-«-, F-t-â-X-p a-m-{-X-a-m-b B-U-w-_-c P-o-h-n-X-w F-¶ I-m-g-v-¨-¸-m-S-v c-q-]-s-¸-S-p-¶-X-n- t-P-m-e-n t-I-{-µ-oI-r-X h-n-Z-y-`-y-m-k-¯-n-\-v he-n-b k-z-m-[-o-\-a-pï-v. C-h-I-s-f-s-b-Ã-m-w s-N-d-p-¯-p t-X-m-Â-]-n-t-¨ a-X-n-b-m-h-q...

I¨hS t-e-m-_-n-IÄ-¡-v I-f-n-¡-f-h-p-w

h-n-¯-n-d-¡-m-\-p-Å I-r-j-n-b-n-S-h-p-a-m-b-n h-n-Z-y-m`-y-mk-s-¯ a-m-ä-n-¯-p-S-§-n-

b-X-p a-p-X-e-m-W-v h-n-Z-y-m-À-°-n-I-f-n-Â

k-m-a-q-l-nI {-]-X-n-_-²X a-§-n-t-¸-m-bX-v.

I-¨-h-S-¡-m-c-n-Â \-n-¶-v s-]-m-Å-p-¶ h-ne s-I-m-S-p-¯-v

h-m-§-p-Ib-p-w a-d-n-¨-v h-n-Â-¡-p-Ib-p-w

s-N¿-p-I F-¶-X-n-e-¸-p-d-w he-n-b

I-m-c-y-§-s-f-m¶-p-w C-X-n-e-n-s-Ã-¶-v h-n-Z-y-m-À-°-n-I-Ä X-n-c-n-¨-

d-nª-X-v a-p-X-e-m-W-v C-u Z-p-c-´-N-c-n{-X-w B-c-w-`-n-¡-p-¶X-v.

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tZiw/H¶v

shfn¨w sImfp-¯n-b-hÀ

tZi-¯nsâ CkvemanI kwkvIr-Xnsb Úm-\shfn-¨-¯mÂ{]`m-]q-cn-X-am-¡nb ]Þn-X-a-l-¯p-¡-fpsS Ncn{Xw tXSn-....

N-p-¦-¯-v ^-c-o-Z-v a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ

N-p-¦-¯-v X-d-h-m-«-n-s-e {-]-K-Û-\-m-b ]-Þ-n-X-·-m-c-n H-c-m-f-m-W-v a-l-m-\-m-b ̂ -c-o-Z-v a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ. h-n-h-n-[ ]-Þ-n-X-·-m-c-nÂ

\-n-¶-v A-d-n-h-v \-p-IÀ-¶ ̂ -c-o-Z-v a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ X-s-â {-K-m-a-¯-n H-c-p ]-Å-n ]-W-n-b-p-¶-X-n-s-\ I-p-d-n-¨-v B-t-e-m-N-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-p. A-X-n-s-â ^-e-a-m-b-n-«-m-W-v A-d-¡Â P-p-a-p-A-¯-v ]-Å-n c-q-]-s-¸-S-p-¶-X-v. ]-f-f-n-b-p-s-S \-nÀ-a-m-W {-]-hÀ-¯-\-¯-n a-p³-\-n-c-b-n \-n-¶-n-c-p-¶-X-v A-t-±-l-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p.

a-m-c-m-b-w-I-p-¶-v ]-Å-n-b-n-s-e J-¯-o-_-m-b-n t-k-h-\-w s-N-b-v-X-n-c-p-¶ ^-c-o-Z-v a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ {-K-m-a-¯-n H-c-p ]-Å-n D-bÀ-¶-t-¸-mÄ A-h-n-S-p-s-¯-b-p-w J-¯-o-_-p-w-, a-p-X-h-Ã-n-b-p-a-m-b-n t-k-h-\-w s-N-b-v-X-p. a-c-W-s-¸-S-p-¶-X-v h-s-c a-l-m-\-hÀ-IÄ X-s-¶-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p C-u t-k-h-\ c-w-K-¯-v.

I-p-ª-n-a-c-¡-mÀ a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ F-¶ A-d-¡Â a-q-¸À-, I-p-ª--m-a-p l-m-P-n-, G-\-p a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ F-¶ s-s-k-\-p-²-o³ a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ-, I-p-ª-n a-q-k-, B-C-i-, J-Z-o-P F-¶-n-h-c-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p ̂ -c-o-Z-v a-p-k-v-e-n-b-m-c-p-s-S a-¡Ä. A-d-¡Â ]-Å-n-b-n-e-m-W-v A-t-±-l-¯-n-s-â a-J-v-_-d.

s-s-i-J-p-\-m A-d-¡Â a-q-¸À P-o-h-n-X-w a-p-g-p-s-¡ C-k-v-e-m-a-n-I h-n-Ú-m-\ k-¼-m-

Z-\-¯-n-\-p-w {-]-t-_-m-[-\-¯-n-\-p-w C-e-m-l-o k-m-a-o-]-y-¯-n-\-p-a-m-b-n a-m-ä-n-s-h-¨ H-c-p a-l-m-a-\-o-j-n-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p s-s-i-J-p-\-m A-d-¡Â a-q-¸À. X-y-m-K ]-qÀ-W-a-m-b B P-o-h-n-X-¯-n-s-e s-]-m-Å-p-¶ H-mÀ-a-IÄ ]-p-X-n-b-k-a-q-l-¯-n-\-v H-c-p h-g-n-¯-n-c-n-h-m-I-p-s-a-¶-X-n k-t-µ-l-a-n-Ã.

N-p-¦-¯-v ^-c-o-Z-v a-p-k-v-e-n-b-m-c-p-s-S-b-p-w t-I-m-¡-qÀ s-X-t-¡-I-c- ]-p-¯³ ]-p-c-¡Â F-¶ a-l-m ]-Þ-n-X I-p-S-p-w-_-¯-n P-\-n-¨ ^-m-X-z-n-a F-¶ a-l-X-n-b-p-s-S-b-p-w a-I-\-m-b-n l-n-P-v-d 1295 ]-S-n-ª-m-d-§-m-S-n ]-Å-n-b-p-s-S A-S-p-¯-p-Å h-o-«-n-e-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p s-s-i-J-p-\-b-p-s-S

P-\-\-w. s-s-i-J-p-\ A-´-y-h-n-{-i-a-w s-I-m-Å-p-¶ A-d-¡Â ]-Å-n-b-p-s-S h-S-¡-p `-m-K-¯-v Ø-n-X-n -s-N-¿-p-¶ s-s-i-J-p-\-b-p-s-S h-o-S-v C-t-¸-m-g-p-w ]-g-a-b-p-s-S {-]-u-V-n-t-b-m-s-S \-n-e-\-nÂ-¡-p-¶-p.

I-p-ª-m-a-p l-m-P-n-, s-s-k-\-p-²-o³ F-¶ G-\-p a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ-, I-p-ª-n a-q-k F-¶-o k-t-l-m-Z-c-·-m-c-p-w B-b-n-i-, J-Z-o-P F-¶-o k-t-l-m-Z-c-n-a-m-c-p-w s-s-i-J-p-\-m-¡-v D-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. C-X-n G-\-p a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ F-¶-hÀ s-s-i-J-p-\-m-b-p-s-S s-X-m-«-S-p-¯-v A-´-y h-n-{-i-a-w s-I-m-Å-p-¶-p.

s-N-d-p {-]-m-b-¯-n X-s-¶ k-I-e X-n-·-I-f-n \-n-¶-p-w h-n-«-p \-n-¶-v I-q-«-p-I-m-c-n \-n-¶-v h-n-X-y-Ø-a-m-b P-o-h-n-X-c-o-X-n-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p s-s-i-J-p-\-b-p-t-S-X-v. s-N-d-p {-]-m-b-¯-n-t-e ]-n-X-m-h-n-s-â ]-mT-i-m-e-b-n J-pÀ-B³ ]T-\-¯-n-\-v t-NÀ-¶ s-s-i-J-p-\ _-p-²-n I-qÀ-½-X-b-p-s-S {-]-X-o-I-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. J-pÀ-B³ ]T-\-¯-n-\-p-w C-_-m-Z-¯-n-\-p-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p a-l-m-\-hÀ-IÄ-¡-v I-q-S-p-X X-mÂ-]-c-y-w. A-X-p-s-I-m-ï-v X-s-¶ h-f-s-c s-N-d-p-¸-¯-n X-P-v-h-o-Z-v A-\-p-k-c-n-¨-v J-pÀ-B³ H-m-X-m-\-p-w J-pÀ-B-\-n-s-e h-e-n-s-b-m-c-p ̀ -m-K-w a-\-¸-m-T-a-m-¡-m-\-p-w a-l-m-\-hÀ-IÄ-¡-v k-m-[-n-¨-p. P-·-\-m-S-m-b A-d-¡-e-n X-s-¶-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p D-¸-b-p-s-S ]-mT-i-m-e. C-h-n-S-p-s-¯ {-]-m-Y-a-n-I ]T-\-¯-n-\-p t-i-j-w D-]-c-n ]T-\-mÀ-°-w s-s-i-J-v s-s-k-\-p-²-o³ a-J-v-Z-q-w X-§-f-p-s-S a-l-\-o-b k-m-\-n-[-y-w-s-I-m-ï-v A-\-p-{-K-l-o-X-a-m-b s-]-m-¶-m-\-n-b-p-s-S h-n-Ú-m-\ h-n-f-¡-n-\-c-n-I-n-t-e-¡-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p s-N-s-¶-¯-n-b-X-v.

s-]-m-¶-m-\-n-b-n-s-e H-«-t-\-I-w ]-Þ-n-X h-t-c-W-y-c-p-s-S i-n-j-y-X-z-w k-z-o-I-c-n-¡-m³ C-u I-m-e-b-f-h-n s-s-i-J-p-\-m-¡-v k-m-[-n-¨-p. J-m-Z-n-c-n-¿-, c-n-^-m-C-¿ X-p-S-§-n-b X-z-c-o-J-¯-p-IÄ k-z-o-I-c-n-¡-m-\-p-w A-h-c-p-s-S -'-c-n-b-m-f--' ]-qÀ-¯-o-I-c-n-¡-m-\-p-w C-k-v-e-m-a-n-s-â X-\-X-m-b c-q-]-w ]-¨-]-n-S-n-¨ s-]-m-¶-m-\-n-b-n \-n-¶-v A-h-s-b-m-s-¡ k-X-y-k-´-a-m-b-p-w k-q-£-v-a-a-m-b-p-w H-¸-n-s-b-S-p-¡-m-\-p-w I-g-n-ª-p.

h-n-Ú-m-\-t-¯-m-S-p-Å A-S-§-m-¯ B-t-h-i-w I-m-c-

X-¿-m-d-m-¡-n-b-X-v : D-s-s-\-k-v I-q-S-Ã-qÀ

P-o-h-n-X-w a-p-g-p-s-¡ C-k-v-e-m-a-n-I h-n-Ú-m-\ k-¼-m-Z-\-¯-n-\-p-w {-]-t-_-m-[-\-¯-n-\-p-w C-e-m-l-o k-m-a-o-]-y-¯-n-\-p-a-m-b-n a-m-ä-n-s-h-¨ H-c-p a-l-m-a-\-o-j-n-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p s-s-i-J-p-\-m A-d-¡Â a-q-¸À. X-y-m-K ]-qÀ-W-a-m-b B P-o-h-n-X-¯-n-s-e s-]-m-Å-p-¶ H-mÀ-a-IÄ ]pXp-X-e-apd-¡v h-gn-

sh-«-am-Ip-sa-¶-Xn k-t-µ-l-a-n-Ã.

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W-w kÀ-h-w X-y-P-n-¨-v h-n-Ú-m-\ k-¼-m-Z-\-¯-n-\-v F-´-p X-y-m-K-w k-l-n-¡-m-\-p-w X-¿-m-d-m-b-n. B D-d-h t-X-S-n-b-p-Å b-m-{-X-b-n A-t-\-I-w a-l-m a-]-Þ-n-X-·-m-s-c K-p-c-p-\-m-Y-³-a-m-c-m-b-n e-`-n-¨-n-«-p-ï-v.

s-]-m-¶-m-\-n-b-n-s-e h-n-f-¡-¯-v c-m-¸-I-e-p-IÄ C-c-p-¶-v h-n-Ú-m-\-w t-\-S-n D-k-v-X-m-Z-p-a-m-c-p-s-S K-p-c-p-X-z-t-¯-m-S-p-w s-]-m-c-p-¯-t-¯-m-S-p-w I-q-S-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ ]-«-w N-q-S-n P-·-\-m-«-n-t-e-¡-v X-s-¶ X-n-c-n-¨-p. s-s-i-J-p-\-m t-I-h-e-w H-c-p \-m-«-p-I-m-c-\-m-b-n-«-à H-c-p \-m-S-n-s-â \-m-b-I-\-m-b-m-W-v X-n-c-n-¨-p h-¶-X-v. X-\-n-¡-v P-·-w \Â-I-n-b-, \-m-S-n-s-â t-\-X-r-X-z-w G-s-ä-S-p-¡-m³ I-g-n-ª-X-v s-s-i-J-p-\-b-p-s-S P-o-h-n-X-¯-n-s-e H-c-p h-g-n-¯-n-c-n-h-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. H-¸-w A-d-¡-e-n-t-â-b-p-w. D-k-v-X-m-Z-p-a-m-c-p-s-S C-P-m-k-t-¯-m-S-p I-q-S-n A-d-¡-e-n X-s-¶ ZÀ-k-v X-p-S-§-p-I-b-p-w \-mÄ-¡-p-\-mÄ D-bÀ-¨-b-p-s-S D-¨-n-b-n-t-e-¡-v I-p-X-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w {-]-k-n-²-n-b-mÀ-P-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w s-N-b-v-X-p.

l-r-k-z-a-m-b P-o-h-n-X-¯-n-s-â G-ä-h-p-w h-e-n-b a-p-X I-q-«-m-b-n-c-p-¶-X-v A-h-n-S-p-s-¯ i-n-j-y k-¼-¯-m-W-v. a-X h-n-Ú-m-\-¯-n-s-â \-n-J-n-e t-a-J-e-I-f-n-e-p-w A-K-m-[ ]-m-Þ-n-X-y-a-p-Å \-n-c-h-[-n {-]-K-Û ]-Þ-n-X-s-c-b-p-w-, B-ß-o-b t-e-m-I-s-¯ A-X-n-I-m-b-I-s-c-b-p-w h-mÀ-s-¯-S-p-¡-m³ X-s-â A-[-y-m-]-\ P-o-h-n-X-¯-n-e-q-s-S s-s-i-J-p-\-¡-v k-m-[-n-¨-p. B a-[-p-c-a-mÀ-¶ A-d-n-h-p-IÄ t-X-S-n t-I-c-f-¯-n-s-â a-p-¡-p-a-q-e-I-f-n \-n-¶-p-w \-q-d-p-I-W-¡-n-\-v h-n-Ú-m-\ I-p-c-p-I-n-IÄ H-g-p-I-n F-¯-n-b-n-c-p-¶-p. A-h-n-S-p-s-¯ i-n-j-y-k-¼-¯-n-s-e a-p³ \-n-c-b-n \-nÂ-¡-p-¶ a-l-m-\-m-W-v h-e-n-b-p-Å-m-l-n I-¡-n-S-n-¸-p-d-w A-_-q-_-¡À a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ t-I-c-f-¯-n-\-I-¯-p-w ]-p-d-¯-p-w I-¡-n-S-n-¸-p-d-w a-q-¸À F-¶ t-]-c-n-e-d-n-b-s-¸-«-n-c-p-¶ _-l-p-a-m-\-s-¸-«-hÀ Z-oÀ-L-a-m-b 13 hÀ-j-¡-m-e-w s-s-i-J-p-\-b-p-s-S a-l-\-o-b k-h-n-[-¯-n \-n-¶-v h-n-Ú-m-\-w \-p-I-c-p-I-b-p-w A-h-n-S-p-s-¯ kÀ-Æ N-e-\-§-f-p-w A-t-X-]-S-n ]-IÀ-¯-p-I-b-p-w s-N-b-v-X-h-c-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p.

B-ß-o-t-b-m-¶-X-n-b-p-s-S ]-S-h-p-IÄ X-m-ï-n-¡-b-d-n-b a-l-m-\-hÀ-IÄ \-n-c-h-[-n I-d-m-a-¯-p-IÄ-¡-p-S-a-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. t-I-c-f-¯-n-\-I-¯-p-w ]-p-d-¯-p-w a-l-m-\-hÀ-I-f-p-s-S \-m-a-w C-¶-v k-v-a-c-W-o-b-a-m-W-v. Z-e-m-C-u-e-p s-s-J-d-m-¯-n-\-v t-I-c-f-¡-c-b-n P-o-h³ \Â-I-n-b-X-n B a-l-m-a-\-p-j-y³ \Â-I-n-b ]-¦-v h-e-p-X-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. ]-eÀ-¡-p-w A-X-n-s-â

C-P-m-k-¯-p A-h-n-S-p-¶-v \Â-I-n-b-n-c-p-¶-p. A-h-c-p-s-S B-ß-o-b t-\-X-r--X-z-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-X-p-w s-s-i-J-p-\-m A-d-¡Â a-l-m-\-hÀ-IÄ X-s-¶-b-m-W-v. I-¡-n-S-n-¸-p-d-w A-_-q-_-¡À a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ-, h-e-n-b-p-Å-m-l-n I-m-c-¡-m-S-v A-_-q-_-¡À a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ-, I-m-¸-m-S-v I-p-ª-p-a-p-l-½-Z-v a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ-, s-h-f-n-b-t-¦-m-S-v I-p-ª-p-«-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ-, t-a-m-f-p-¡-m-c³ a-p-l-½-Z-v a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ N-f-h-d-, A-e-h-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ s-h-«-n-¡-m-«-n-c-n-, s-a-b-v-X-p-®-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ s-s-h-¡-¯-v h-f-¸-nÂ-, s-s-k-X-e-h-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ s-s-]-e-n-¸-p-d-w X-p-S-§-n-b-hÀ A-h-n-S-p-s-¯ {-]-[-m-\ i-n-j-y-·-m-c-m-W-v.

ZÀ-k-n-s-â ]-p-t-c-m-K-X-n-b-n {-i-² s-N-e-p-¯-p-¶-t-X-m-s-S-m-¸-w \-m-S-n-s-â \-·-¡-p-w ]-p-t-c-m-K-X-n-¡-p-w t-h-ï-n k-a-b-w I-s-ï-¯-m³ a-d-¶-n-c-p-¶-n-Ã. ]-Å-n a-n-l-v-d-m-_-n \-n-¶-v s-s-i-J-p-\ ]-d-b-p-¶-s-X-´-p-w \-S-¸-n h-c-p-¯-m³ P-\-§Ä c-w-K-¯-v C-d-§-n. l-n-µ-p-h-p-w a-p-kÂ-a-m-\-p-w t-X-m-t-f-m-S-p-t-X-m-f-p-c-p-½-n G-t-I-m-Z-c k-t-l-m-Z-c-§-f-m-b-n s-s-i-J-p-\-m-b-p-s-S t-\-X-r-X-z-w A-w-K-o-I-c-n-¨-v \-m-S-n-s-â ]-p-t-c-m-K-X-n-b-n ]-¦-m-f-n-I-f-m-b-n. s-s-i-J-p-\-m-b-p-s-S-X-m-b-n-c-p-

a-m-c-m-b-w-I-p-¶-v ]-Å-n-b-n-s-e J-¯-o-_-m-b-n t-k-h-\-w s-N-b-v-X-n-c-p-¶ ^-c-o-Z-v a-p-k-v-

e-n-b-mÀ {-K-m-a-¯-n H-c-p ]-Å-n D-bÀ-¶-

t-¸-mÄ A-h-n-S-p-s-¯-b‑p‑w J‑¯‑o‑_‑p‑w‑, a-p-X-h-Ã-n-b-p-a-m-b-n

t-k-h-\-w s-N-b-v-X-p. a-c-W-s-¸-S-p-¶-X-v

h-s-c a-l-m-\-hÀ-IÄ X-s-¶-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p C-u t-k-h-\ c-w-K-

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¶-p F-¶-p-w A-h-k-m-\ h-m-¡-v. A-i-c-WÀ-¡-p-w-, A-K-X-n-IÄ-¡-p-w-, A-h-i-X A-\-p-`-h-n-¡-p-¶-hÀ-¡-p-w F-¶-p-w X-m-§-p-w X-W-e-p-a-m-b-n hÀ-¯-n-¨-v a-l-m-\-hÀ-IÄ H-c-p a-m-X-r-I-b-m-h-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p.

\-o-ï hÀ-j-¡-m-e-w C-k-v-e-m-a-n-I h-n-Ú-m-\-¯-n-s-â k-w-Ø-m-]-\-¯-n-\-p-w h-y-m-]-\-¯-n-\-p-w s-s-Z-h {-]-o-X-n-¡-p-a-m-b-n P-o-h-n-X-w k-aÀ-¸-n-¨ a-l-m-\-hÀ-IÄ l-n-P-v-d 1369 ({-I-n-k-v-X-p hÀ-j-w 1949-) i-A-v-_-m³ 19þ-m-w X-n-¿-X-n i-\-n-b-m-g-v-N \-t-½-m-S-v h-n-S ]-d-ª-p.

G-\-p a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ

(s-s-k-\-p-²-o³ a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ-)C-u {-]-t-Z-i-s-¯ a-s-ä-m-c-p a-l-m-]-Þ-n-X {-]-X-n-

`-b-m-W-v G-\-p a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ. s-N-¼-e-§-m-S-v ZÀ-k-n \-n-¶-p-w A-d-n-h-v \-p-IÀ-¶ a-l-m³ ]-n-X-m-h-n-s-â ]-m-X-b-n-e-q-s-S X-s-¶-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p k-©-c-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-X-v. ]T-\ h-g-n-b-n k-t-l-m-Z-c³ A-d-¡Â a-q-¸-c-p-w A-h-s-c k-l-m-b-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-p.

\-m-«-n-s-e H-c-p {-]-a-m-W-n-b-p-w-, F-Ã-m-hÀ-¡-p-w t-h-ï-s-¸-«-h-c-p-a-m-b H-c-p h-y-à-n-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p A-t-²-l-w. \-s-Ã-m-c-p _-n-k-v-\-k-p-I-m-c-\-p-w I-q-S-n-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ. ]-e-b-n-S-§--f-n-e-p-w a-c-¡-¨-h-S-w \-S-¯-n-b-n-c-p-¶-p. a-m-c-m-b-w-I-p-¶-v P-p-a-p-A-¯-v ]-Å-n-b-n-e-p-w A-d-¡Â ]-Å-n-b-n-e-p-w J-¯-o-_-m-b-n t-k-h-\-w s-N-b-v-X-n-c-p-¶-p.

]-Þ-n-X³-a-m-c-m-b a-p-l-½-Z-v a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ F-¶ I-p-ª-m-¸-p a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ-, A-Ð-p-Å a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ F-¶-n-h-c-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p a-¡Ä.

G-\-p a-p-k-v-e-n-b-m-c-p-s-S J-_À A-d-¡Â ]-Å-n-b-n-s-e a-J-m-a-n-e--p-Å c-ï-m-a-s-¯ J-_-d-m-W-v.

h-m-¸-p-«-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀa-l-m-\-m-b A-d-¡Â a-q-¸-c-p-s-S a-I-

\-m-W-v h-m-¸-p-«-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ. {-]-m-Y-a-n-I ]T-\-w ]-n-X-m-h-n \-n-¶-p X-s-¶-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. G-g-p hÀ-j-t-¯-m-f-w ]-n-X-m-h-n \-n-¶-v A-d-n-h-v \-p-IÀ-¶-v a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ D-]-c-n ]T-\-¯-n-\-v t-h-ï-n s-h-Ã-qÀ _-m-J-n-b-m-¯-n t-]-m-h-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. \-o-ï I-m-e-s-¯ ]T-\-w ]-qÀ-¯-n-b-m-¡-n _-m-J-h-n _-n-c-p-Z-h-p-w t-\-S-n a-l-m-\-h-À-IÄ t-k-h-\ c-w-K-¯-n-d-§-n. h-f-m-t-©-c-n-, I-®-qÀ P-n-Ã-b-n-s-e X-f-n-¸-d-¼-n-e-p-w Z-oÀ-L-I-m-e-w ZÀ-k-v \-S-¯-n-b-n-c-p-¶-p.

1987  a-l-m-\-hÀ-IÄ C-u t-e-m-I-t-¯-m-S-v h-n-S-]-d-ª-p. A-d-¡Â a-J-m-a-n D-¸-b-p-t-S-b-p-w F-f-m-¸-b-p-t-S-b-p-w J-_-d-p-I-t-f-m-S-v t-NÀ-¶-v a-l-m-\-hÀ-I-t-f-b-p-w a-d-h-v s-N-b-v-X-p.

^-c-o-Z-v a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀh-Ã-n-¸-b-p-s-S t-]-c-m-W-v ̂ -c-o-Z-v a-p-k-v-

e-n-b-mÀ-¡-v A-d-¡Â a-q-¸À \Â-I-n-b-n-c-p-¶-p-¶-X-v. I-m-c-¡-m-S-v A-_-v-Z-p-d-Ò-m³ a-p-k-v-e-n-b-m-c-p-s-S A-S-p-¡Â \-n-¶-v Z-oÀ-L-I-m-e-w -ZÀ-k-v ]T-\-w \-S-¯-n. ]-n-X-m-h-m-b A-d-¡Â a-q-¸À B-ß-o-b h-g-n-b-n-t-e-¡-v \-o-§-n-b t-i-j-w k-m-¼-¯-n-I I-m-c-y-§-s-f-Ã-m-w s-N-d-n-b a-I-\-m-b ^-c-o-Z-v a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ B-b-n-c-p-¶-p s-s-I-I-m-c-y-w s-N-b-v-X-n-c-p-¶-X-v.

{-]-m-Y-a-n-I ]T-\-w ]-n-X-m-h-n \-n-¶-v X-s-¶ \-nÀ-h-l-n-¨ t-i-j-w I-¡-n-S-n-¸-p-d-w a-l-m-t-â-b-p-w N-m-t-W-b-n-e-I-¯-v A-_-v-Z-p-Å a-p-k-v-e-n-b-m-c-p-t-S-b-p-w i-n-j-y-X-z-w k-z-o-I-c-n-¨--n-c-p-¶-p. ]T-\-w I-g-n-ª a-l-m-\-hÀ-IÄ t-k-h-\ c-w-K-¯-n-d-§-n A-d-¡Â ]-Å-n-b-n 40 s-I-m-Ã-w J-¯-o-_-m-b-p-w-, ]-S-n-ª-m-d-§-m-S-n Z-o-\-p C-k-v-e-m-w a-{-Z-k-b-n k-z-ZÀ a-p-A-Ã-n-a-m-b-p-w

{-]-KÂ-` ]-Þ-n-X-\-p-w h-m-Ü-n-b-p-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶ a-l-m-\-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p H. A-_-v-Z-p-d-Ò-m³

a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ. k-a-k-v-X t-I-c-f P-w-C-¿-¯-p D-e-a-b-p-s-S s-k-{-I-«-d-n ]-Z-h-n A-e-¦-c-n-¨-n-c-p-¶

\-½-p-s-S \-m-«-p-I-m-c-\-m-W-v a-l-m³

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H-c-p-]-m-S-v I-m-e-w t-k-h-\-w s-N-b-v-X-p.s-]-c-p-¼-n-e-m-h-v A-c-o-e-¯-v h-m-¸-p-«-n

l-m-P-n F-¶-h-c-p-s-S a-IÄ B-a-n-\-I-p-«-n-s-b h-n-h-m-l-w I-g-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w A-X-n A-_-v-Z-p-d-Ò-m³-, a-p-l-½-Z-v a-p-s-s-e-J-m³-, ^-m-X-z-n-a-, J-Z-o-P-, B-b-n-j-, d-p-J-n-b F-¶-o a-¡-f-p-ï-m-b-n.

^-c-o-Z-v a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ \-m-«-p-I-mÀ-s-¡-Ã-m-w t-h-ï-s-¸-« h-y-à-n-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. A-¡-m-e-¯-v k-m-a-q-l-n-I-a-m-b A-t-²-l-¯-n-s-â P-o-h-n-X-h-p-w C-S-s-]-S-e-p-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p a-ä-p-Å-h-c-n \-n-¶-p-w A-t-²-l-s-¯ h-y-X-y-k-v-X-\-m-¡-n-b-n-c-p-¶-X-v. ]-m-h-s-¸-«-hÀ-¡-v X-p-W-b-m-b-p-w-, k-a-m-[-m-\-n-¸-n-¨-p-w-, k-m-´-z-\-n-¸-n-¨-p-w F-¶-p-w a-l-m-\-hÀ-IÄ {-]-t-_-m-[-\ h-o-Y-n-b-n \-n-d-ª-p \-n-¶-n-c-p-¶-p. A-X-n-e-p-]-c-n F-k-v.-s-s-h.-F-k-n-s-â-b-p-w k-a-k-v-X-b-p-s-S-b-p-w- h-n-P-b-¯-n-\-m-b-n F-¶-p-w a-p³-\-n-c-b-n \-n-¶-p. 1995 a-l-m-\-hÀ-IÄ C-u t-e-m-I-t-¯-m-S-v h-n-S-]-d-ª-p. A-d-¡Â ]-Å-n-b-p-s-S ]-S-n-ª-m-d-v `-m-K-¯-m-W-v A-t-²-l-¯-n-s-â J-_À.

a-p-l-½-Z-v F-¶

I-p-ª-m-¸-p a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ.G-\-p a-p-k-v-e-n-b-m-c-p-s-S a-q-¯-a-I-\-m-W-v I-p-ª-m-

¸-p a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ. A-S-p-¯-I-m-e-w h-s-c \-t-½-m-s-S-m-¸-w D-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶ a-l-m-{-]-X-n-`-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p A-t-²-l-w. I-¡-n-S-n-¸-p-d-w A-_-q-_-¡À a-p-k-v-e-n-b-m-c-p-s-S A-S-p-¡Â G-g-p hÀ-j-w ]T-\-w \-S-¯-n D-]-c-n ]T-\-mÀ-°-w _-m-J-n-b-m-¯-n-t-e-¡-v t-]-m-b-n. C.s-I D-a-d-p J-m-Z-n-c-n-b-p-w-, h-m-W-n-b-¼-e-w A-_-v-Z-p-d-Ò-m³ a-p-k-v-e-n-b-m-c-p-w A-S-¡-a-p-Å {-]-a-p-JÀ a-p-k-v-e-n-b-m-c-p-s-S A-S-p-¯ k-l-]-m-T-n-I-f-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p.

_-m-J-n-b-m-X-n \-n-¶-p-w h-¶-X-n-\-v t-i-j-w a-m-c-m-b-w-I-p-¶-p-w-, A-d-¡Â-]-Å-n-b-n-e-p-w J-¯-o-_-m-b-n t-k-h-\-w s-N-b-v-X-n-c-p-¶-p. s-]-c-p-¼-n-e-m-h-n a-\-¡-e h-f-¸-n D-aÀ l-m-P-n-b-p-s-S a-IÄ ^-m-X-z-n-a-s-b h-n-h-m-l-w s-N-b-v-X-p. s-s-k-\-p-²-o³-, C-{-_-m-l-o-w a-u-e-h-n-, D-aÀ-, D-½-p-I-pÂ-k-p-, D-½-p-B-b-n-i F-¶-n-h-c-m-W-v a-¡Ä.

a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ \-m-«-p-I-mÀ-s-¡-¶-p-w t-h-ï-s-¸-« h-y-à-n-X-z-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. \-m-«-n-s-e {-]-i-v-\-§-f-n C-S-s-]-«-v a-k-v-z-e-l-¯-v \-S-¯-n-b-n-c-p-¶-X-v a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ B-b-n-c-p-¶-p.

C-u {-]-t-Z-i-s-¯ a-s-ä-m-c-p a-l-m-]-

Þ-n-X {-]-X-n-`-b-m-W-v G-\-p a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ. s-N-¼-e-§-m-S-v ZÀ-

k-n \-n-¶-p-w A-d-n-h-v \-p-IÀ-¶ a-l-m³

]-n-X-m-h-n-s-â ]-m-X-b-n-e-q-s-S X-s-¶-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p k-©-c-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-X-v. ]T-\ h-g-n-b-n k-t-l-m-Z-c³ A-d-

¡Â a-q-¸-c-p-w A-h-s-c k-l-m-b-n-¨-n-c-p-

¶-p.

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2011þ-P-\-p-h-c-n 8\-v a-l-m-\-hÀ-IÄ i-z-m-k-w-a-p-«-v ]-n-S-n-s-]-«-v C-u t-e-m-I-t-¯-m-S-v h-n-S ]-d-ª-p. A-d-¡Â ]-Å-n-t-b-m-S-v t-NÀ-¶-v a-l-m-\-hÀ-I-s-f a-d-h-v s-N-b-v-X-p.

H. A-_-v-Z-p-d-Ò-m³

a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ

]-S-n-ª-m-d-§-m-S-n.{-]-KÂ-` ]-Þ-n-X-\-p-w h-m-Ü-n-b-p-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶ a-l-m-

\-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p H. A-_-v-Z-p-d-Ò-m³ a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ. k-a-k-v-X t-I-c-f P-w-C-¿-¯-p D-e-a-b-p-s-S s-k-{-I-«-d-n ]-Z-h-n A-e-¦-c-n-¨-n-c-p-¶ \-½-p-s-S \-m-«-p-I-m-c-\-m-W-v a-l-m³ .

s-s-l-ZÀ l-m-P-n-b-p-t-S-b-p-w-, ^-m-X-z-n-a-b-p-t-S-b-p-w a-I-\-m-W-v A-_-v-Z-p-d-Ò-m³ a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ. A-d-¡Â-a-q-¸-c-p-s-S a-q-¶-m-a-s-¯ a-IÄ ̂ -m-X-z-n-a F-¶-h-s-c-b-m-W-v A-t-²-l-w h-n-h-m-l-w s-N-b-v-X-X-v. {-]-m-Y-a-n-I ]T-\-w I-g-n-ª-v D-]-c-n-]-T-\-¯-n-\-m-b-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ _-m-J-n-b-m-¯-n-t-e-¡-v ]-p-d-s-¸-«-p. h-e-n-b ]-Þ-n-X-\-p-w h-m-Ü-n-b-p-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶ a-l-m-\-hÀ-IÄ A-¡-m-e-s-¯ k-w-h-m-Z t-h-Z-n-I-f-n X-n-f-§-n \-n-¶-n-c-p-¶-p.

P-o-h-n-X-w a-p-g-p-h³ ZÀ-k-o c-w-K-¯-v h-n-\-n-t-b-m-K-n-¨-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p a-l-m-\-hÀ-IÄ h-n-S ]-d-ª-X-v.

I-®-qÀ P-n-Ã-b-n-s-e a-m-¦-S-h-n A-©-p hÀ-j-h-p-w-, t-I-m-g-n-t-¡-m-S-v a-p-Z-m-¡-c ]-Å-n-b-n 18 hÀ-j-h-p-w ZÀ-k-v \-S-¯-n-b-n-c-p-¶-p. A-¶-s-¯ k-a-k-v-X-b-p-s-S a-o-ä-n-w-K-p-IÄ ]-e-t-¸-m-g-p-w \-S-¶-n-c-p-¶-X-v a-p-Z-m-¡-c ]-Å-n-b-n-e-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. I-®-qÀ X-f-n-¸-d-¼-v J-p-Æ-¯-n-e-p-w Z-o-\-p C-k-v-e-m-w k-`-b-n-e-p-w t-k-h-\-a-\-p-j-v-S-n-¨-n-«-p-ï-v. A-d-¡Â a-q-¸-c-n \-n-¶-v ]T-\-w \-S-¯-n-b t-i-j-w t-I-m-S-t-©-c-n _-m-¸-p-«-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-m-c-n \-n-¶-v ]T-\-w \-S-¯-p-I-b-p-w ]-n-¶-o-S-v _-m-J-n-b-m-¯-n-t-e-¡-v ]-p-d-s-¸-S-p-I-b-p-w s-N-b-v-X-p. A-_-v-Z-p-d-Ò-m³ l-k-v-d-¯-v-, B-Z-w l-k-v-d-¯-v-, N-p-¦-¯-v I-p-ª-m-e-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ F-¶-n-hÀ {-]-[-m-\ D-k-v-X-m-Z-p-a-m-c-m-W-v.

45þ-m-a-s-¯ h-b-Ê-n A-t-²-l-w C-u t-e-m-I-t-¯-m-S-v h-n-S ]-d-ª-p. A-d-¡Â ]-Å-n-b-p-s-S ]-c-n-k-c-¯-v X-s-¶-b-m-W-v J-_À.

N-n-b-m a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀX-r-¯-m-e t-a-J-e-b-n-s-e B-ß-o-b s-h-f-n-¨-

a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p N-n-b-m a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ. P-·-t-Z-i-h-p-w A-´-y-h-n-{-i-a Ø-e-h-p-w-C-h-n-s-S-b-s-Ã-¦-n-e-p-w P-o-h-n-X-w a-p-g-p-s-¡ N-n-e-h-g-n-¨-X-v C-u t-a-J-e-b-n-e-m-W-v. F-c-a-w-K-e-¯-v-I-m-c-\-m-b a-l-m³ H-u-e-n-b-m-¡-·-m-c-p-s-S I-q-s-S-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p c-m-h-p-w ]-I-e-p-w k-©-m-c-w \-S-¯-n-b-n-c-p-¶-X-v. H-c-p-]-m-S-v C-_-m-Z-¯-p-IÄ s-N-b-v-X-v A-Å-m-l-p-h-n-t-e-¡-v A-S-p-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-p t-h-ï-n H-g-n-ª Ø-e-h-p-w t-\-m-¡-n-s-I-m-ï-v Z-oÀ-L-Z-q-c-w \-S-¡-p-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. I-q-\-w-a-q-¨-n-, X-r-¯-m-e-, I-q-S-Ã-qÀ-, s-h-Å-n-b-m-w-I-Ã-v-, s-I-m-Å-\-q-c-v DÄ-¸-s-S-b-p-Å Ø-e-§-f-n-s-e-Ã-m-w ]-e-t-¸-m-g-p-w X-m-a-k-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w C-_-m-Z-¯-n-\-p-Å Ø-e-w I-s-ï-¯-n h-k-n-¡-p-I-

b-p-w s-N-b-v-X-n-c-p-¶-p. F-c-a-w-K-e-¯-m-W-v a-l-m-s-â a-J-v-_-d-b-p-Å-X-v.

a-½-n-¡-p-«-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀa-½-n-¡-p-«-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ F-¶-p-w k-v-

a-c-n-¡-s-¸-t-S-ï \-m-a-a-m-W-v. a-l-m-\-hÀ-I-f-p-s-S P-o-h-n-X-w a-m-X-r-I-m-t-b-m-K-y-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. A-d-¡Â ZÀ-k-n \-n-¶-p-w ]T-\-w ]-qÀ-¯-n-b-m-¡-n. I-q-«-n-e-§-m-S-n h-m-]-p a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ-, A-d-¡Â a-q-¸À-, s-s-i-J-v l-k³ a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ F-¶-n-h-c-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p D-k-v-X-m-Z-p-a-mÀ. D-]-c-n-]-T-\-mÀ-°-w _-m-J-n-b-m-¯-n-t-e-¡-v X-n-c-n-¨-p. a-l-m-\-m-b k-z-Z-J-¯-p-Å D-k-v-X-m-Z-n-s-â i-n-j-y-X-z-w k-z-o-I-c-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-p. _-m-J-n-b-m-¯-n a-l-m-\-m-b C.s-I l-k³ a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ k-l-]-mT-n-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p.

_-m-J-n-b-m-¯-n-s-e ]T-\-w I-g-n-ª-t-X-m-s-S I-®-qÀ P-n-Ã-b-n-s-e ]-m-¸-n-\-n-t-È-c-n-b-n ZÀ-k-v X-p-S-§-n. ]-n-¶-o-S-v s-N-d-p-I-p-¶-n Z-oÀ-L-I-m-e-w ZÀ-k-v \-S-¯-n. [-m-c-m-f-w i-n-j-y-·-m-s-c a-l-m-\-hÀ-IÄ-¡-v h-mÀ-s-¯-S-p-¡-m³ k-m-[-n-¨-n-«-p-ï-v. a-ª-\-m-S-n D-k-v-X-m-Z-v-, D-®-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ-, s-s-l-ZÀ a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ-, I-p-a-c-s-\-Ã-qÀ C-k-v-a-m-C-u a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ-, S-n.S-n. A-Ð-p-Å a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ F-¶-n-hÀ A-h-c-n N-n-eÀ a-m-{-X-w. t-I-c-f-¯-n-s-e ]-e h-e-n-b ]-Þ-n-X-c-p-w a-l-m-\-hÀ-I-f-p-s-S i-n-j-y³-a-m-c-m-W-v.

a-l-m-\-hÀ-I-f-p-s-S k-´-m-\-§-f-n {-]-K-Û-\-m-b ]-Þ-n-X-\-m-W-v ^-f-v-e-p d-Ò-m³ A-l-v-k-\-n. t-I-c-f-¯-n-s-e D-¶-X a-X-]-T-\-i-m-e-b-m-b C-l-v-b-m-D-Ê-p-¶-b-n A-[-y-m-]-I-\-m-b-n A-t-²-l-w t-k-h-\-w s-N-¿-p-¶-p. a-ä-p a-¡Ä k-A-v-Z-v-, l-w-k a-m-ÌÀ-, a-p-l-½-Z-m-e-n A-l-v-k-\-n F-¶-n-h-c-m-W-v.

H-X-f-qÀ a-q-k-l-m-P-nH-c-p ]-p-c-p-j-m-b-p-Ê-v a-p-g-p-h³ Z-o-\-n

Z-A-v-h-¯-n-\-v t-h-ï-n h-n-\-n-t-b-m-K-n-¨ a-l-m-{-]-X-n-`-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p a-q-k-l-m-P-n. s-N-d-p-{-]-m-b-¯-n X-s-¶ ]-n-X-m-h-v \-j-v-S-s-¸-« B I-p-ª-p _-m-e³ A-d-n-h-v \-p-I-c-p-¶-X-n-\-p t-h-ï-n h-f-s-c I-j-v-S-s-¸-t-S-ï-n h-¶-p. A-d-¡Â a-q-¸-c-p-s-S A-S-p-¡- \-n-¶-p-w-, I-¡-n-S-n-¸-p-d-w A-Ð-p d-l--n-a-m³-I-p-«-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-m-c-p-s-S A-S-p-¡- \-n-¶-p-w-, Bep-hm-bv A-_q-_¡À a-p-k-v-e-n-b-m-c-p-s-S A-S-p-¡- \-n-¶-p-w a-X h-n-Ú-m-\-w t-\-S-n-b-n-c-p-¶-p. I-¡-n-S-n-¸-p-d-w D-k-v-X-m-Z-p-w-, A-d-¡Â a-q-¸-c-p-s-a-Ã-m-w X-s-¶-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p a-l-m-\-hÀ-I-f-p-s-S B-ß-o-b _-Ô-§Ä.

Z-o-\-o {-]-t-_-m-[-\-¯-n-\-p-w-, {-]-hÀ-

h-Ã-n-¸-b-p-s-S t-]-c-m-W-v ^-c-o-Z-v a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ-¡-v A-d-¡Â a-q-¸À \Â-I-n-b-n-c-p-¶-p-¶-X-v. I-m-c-¡-m-S-v A-_-v-Z-p-d-Ò-m³ a-p-k-v-e-n-b-m-c-p-s-S A-S-p-¡Â \-n-¶-v

Z-oÀ-L-I-m-e-w -ZÀ-k-v ]T-\-w \-S-¯-n. ]-n-

X-m-h-m-b A-d-¡Â a-q-¸À B-ß-o-b h-

g-n-b-n-t-e-¡-v \-o-§-n-b t-i-j-w k-m-¼-¯-n-I I-m-c-y-§-s-f-Ã-m-w s-N-d-n-b a-I-\-m-b ^-c-o-Z-v a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ B-b-n-c-p-¶-p s-s-I-I-m-c-y-w

s-N-b-v-X-n-c-p-¶-X-v.

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¯-\-¯-n-\-p-w X-s-¶ \-m-«-n A-[-n-I I-m-e-w N-n-e-h-g-n-¡-m³ A-t-²-l-¯-n-\-v I-g-n-ª-n-«-n-Ã. s-X-¡³ t-I-c-f-¯-n-s-e a-n-¡ `-m-K-§-f-n-e-p-w B-ß-o-b s-h-f-n-¨-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p a-l-m³. F-¦-n-e-p-w \-m-«-p-I-mÀ-¡-n-S-b-n a-l-m-\-hÀ-IÄ-¡-v h-e-n-b Ø-m-\-a-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. A-K-X-n-IÄ-¡-p-w-, A-\-m-Y-IÄ-¡-p-w-, k-a-q-l-¯-n Z-m-c-n-{-Z-y-w A-\-p-`-h-n-¡-p-¶-hÀ-¡-p--w a-q-k-l-m-P-n F-¶-p-w X-m-§-p-w X-W-e-p-a-m-b-n {-]-hÀ-¯-n-¨-p.

I-p-ï-p-I-m-S-v-, I-m-b-w-I-p-f-w-, s-\-S-p-¦-ï-w-, B-d-m-«-p-]-p-g F-¶-n-h-n-S-§-f-n ZÀ-k-v \-S-¯-n-b-n-c-p-¶-p a-l-m³. ]-n-¶-o-S-v {-]-t-_-m-[-\-¯-n-\-v t-h-ï-n F-Ã-m k-p-J-h-p-w X-y-P-n-¨-v {-]-h-m-N-I-c-p-s-S ]-m-X-b-n-e-q-s-S C-S-p-¡-n-b-n-s-e {-K-m-a-§-f-n-t-e-¡-v C-d-§-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. C-k-v-e-m-a-n-s-\-¡-p-d-n-¨-v t-I-«-p-t-IÄ-h-n-b-n-Ã-m-¯ {-K-m-a-§Ä-, a-X-s-a-´-¶-d-n-b-m-¯ a-p-k-v-e-n-w \-m-a-[-m-c-n-IÄ A-hÀ-¡-n-S-b-n-t-e-¡-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p b-m-{-X. A-h-t-c-m-s-S-m-¸-w X-m-a-k-n-¨-v A-h-c-n H-c-m-f-m-b-n a-m-d-n. ]-n-¶-o-S-v ]-X-n-s-b ]-X-n-s-b A-h-s-c

b-Y-mÀ-° a-X h-n-i-z-m-k-n-I-f-m-¡-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. \-n-k-v-¡-c-n-¡-m-\-p-w-, t-\-m-¼-\-p-j-v-S-n-¡-m-\-p-s-a-Ã-m-w ]T-n-¸-n-¨-p. A-X-n-e-p-]-c-n A-Å-m-l-p-h-n-s-\-b-p-w {-]-h-m-N-I-s-c-b-p-w a-\-Ê-n-e-m-¡-n-s-¡-m-S-p-¯-p. C-§-n-s-\ \-n-c-h-[-n B-f-p-IÄ-¡-v Z-o-\-n-s-â s-h-f-n-¨-w ]-IÀ-¶-p. \-n-k-v-I-c-n-¡-m³ ]-Å-n-I-f-p-w-, I-p-«-n-IÄ-¡-v A-d-n-h-v \-p-I-c-m³ a-{-Z-k-I-f-p-w k-u-I-c-y-s-¸-S-p-¯-n. h-t-b-m-P-\-§Ä-¡-v t-h-ï-n {-]-t-X-y-I ¢-m-k-p-IÄ k-w-L-S-n-¸-n-¨-v A-h-s-c-b-p-w D-bÀ-¯-n-s-I-m-ï-p-h-c-p-h-m-\-p-Å {-i-a-§Ä \-S-¯-n. C-S-p-¡-n-b-n-s-e -'-s-\-S-p-¦-ï-w--' F-¶ {-K-m-a-¯-n-s-â C-k-v-e-m-a-n-I N-c-n-{-X-w H-X-f-qÀ a-q-k-l-m-P-n-s-b ]-c-m-aÀ-i-n-¡-m-s-X ]-qÀ-¯-o-I-c-n-¡-m-\-m-h-p-I-b-n-Ã.

B-e-p-h-m-b-v A-_-q-_-¡À a-p-k-v-e-n-b-m-c-p-s-S \-nÀ-t-Z-j-m-\-p-k-c-W-w a-l-m³ X-s-â 16þ-m-w h-b-Ê-n l-Ö-n-\-v ]-p-d-s-¸-«-p. ]-n-¶-o-S-v c-ï-v hÀ-j-w I-g-n-ª-X-n-\-v t-i-j-a-m-W-v X-n-c-n-s-¨-¯-p-¶-X-v. A-{-X-b-p-w I-m-e-w a-¡-b-n-s-e s-N-c-p-h-n J-pÀ-B³ ]T-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-X-n-\-v a-q-k-l-m-P-n-¡-v A-h-k-c-w e-`-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-p.

a-\-a-¡-m-h-n F-¶ X-d-h-m-«-n-s-e s-s-k-\-p-²-o³ a-p-k-v-e-n-b-m-c-p-s-S a-IÄ ^-m-X-n-a-s-b h-n-h-m-l-w I-g-n-¡-p-I-b-p-w A-X-n 12 a-¡Ä-¡-v P-·-w \Â-I-p-I-b-p-w s-N-b-v-X-p. B-b-n-i-, P-º-mÀ _-m-J-h-n-,

h-e-n-b D-k-v-X-m-Z-v C-u {-]-t-Z-i-¯-p-I-mÀ-¡-v

a-d-¡-m-\-m-I-m-¯ \-m-a-a-m-W-v. _-m-h a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ-¡-v \-m-«-p-I-m-c-p-s-S A-w-K-o-I-m-c-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p h-e-n-b D-k-v-X-m-Z-v F-¶- t-]-c-v. \-m-«-p-I-m-c-p-s-S a-p-g-p-h³ {-]-i-v-\-§-f-n-e-p-w ]‑¦‑m‑f‑n‑b‑m‑b‑n‑, ]‑c‑n‑l-m-c-w ]-d-ª-n-c-p-

¶-p A-t-²-l-w.

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B-k-n-b-, k-p-s-s-_À a-n-k-v-_-m-l-n-, C-k-v-a-m-C-u _-m-J-h-n-, k-p-s-s-l AÂ-l-k-\-n-, l-p-s-s-k³ k-A-v-Z-n F-¶-n-h-c-m-W-v a-¡Ä. l-ʳ a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ I-¡-n-S-n-¸-p-d-w-, l-w-k A J-m-k-n-a-n F-¶-n-hÀ a-c-p-a-¡-f-p-w. 2001P-\-p-h-c-n-b-n a-l-m-\-hÀ-IÄ C-u t-e-m-I-t-¯-m-S-v h-n-S-]-d-ª-p. H-X-f-qÀ P-p-a-m-a-k-v-P-n-Z-n-s-â a-p-ä-¯-v X-s-¶-b-m-W-v A-t-²-l-¯-n-s-â J-_À Ø-n-X-n-s-N-¿-p-¶-X-v.

s-\-¿-qÀ _-m-h a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀh-e-n-b D-k-v-X-m-Z-v C-u {-]-t-Z-i-¯-p-I-mÀ-¡-v a-d-

¡-m-\-m-I-m-¯ \-m-a-a-m-W-v. _-m-h a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ-¡-v \-m-«-p-I-m-c-p-s-S A-w-K-o-I-m-c-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p h-e-n-b D-k-v-X-m-Z-v F-¶- t-]-c-v. \-m-«-p-I-m-c-p-s-S a-p-g-p-h³ {-]-i-v-\-§-f-n-e-p-w ]-¦-m-f-n-b-m-b-n-, ]-c-n-l-m-c-w ]-d-ª-n-c-p-¶-p A-t-²-l-w. C-u {-]-t-Z-i-s-¯ a-p-k-v-e-n-w-IÄ-I-p-w-, A-a-p-k-v-e--n-w-IÄ-I-p-w C-¶-p-w h-e-n-b-p-k-v-X-m-Z-n-s-\ I-p-d-n-¨-v ]-d-b-m³ B-b-n-c-w \-m-h-p-I-f-m-W-v. a-l-m-\-hÀ-IÄ X-s-â P-o-h-n-X I-m-e-¯-v X-s-¶ P-\-a-\-§-f-n C-S--w-]-n-S-n-¨-p F-¶-X-v s-I-m-ï-m-W-X-v. X-\-n-¡-v a-m-{-X-a-m-b-n H-¶-p-w k-¼-m-Z-n-¨-n-«-n-Ã-m-¯ D-k-v-X-m-Z-v a-ä-p-Å-h-c-p-s-S _-p-²-n-a-p-«-p-I-f-p-w {-]-b-m-k-§-f-p-w I-m-W-p-t-¼-mÄ I-¿-n D-Å-X-v F-´-m-W-¦-n-e-p-w A-X-v Z-m-\-w s-N-¿-p-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. A-§-s-\ a-ä-p-Å-h-c-p-s-S {-]-b-m-k-§-f-n ]-¦-m-f-n-b-m-b-n P-o-h-n-¨-p. i-¼-f-w ]-ä-m-s-X ]-e-b-n-S-¯-p-w a-Z-v-d-k-I-f-n ]T-n-¸-n-¨-n-«-p-ï-v. s-\-¿-qÀ ]-Å-n-¡-v I-o-g-n-e-p-w-, a-\-a-¡-m-h-v H-m-¯-p-]-p-c-b-n-e-p-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p Z-oÀ-L-I-m-e-w t-k-h-\-w s-N-b-v-X-n-c-p-¶-X-v. B I-m-e-b-f-h-n k-z-`-h-\-¯-n \-n-¶-p-w Z-oÀ-L-Z-q-c-w \-S-¶-v s-I-m-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p a-\-a-¡-m-h-n-e-p-w s-\-¿-q-c-n-e-p-s-a-m-s-¡ F-¯-n-s-¸-«-n-c-p-¶-X-v. A-X-n-\-n-S-b-n h-g-n-b-c-n-I-n D-k-v-X-m-Z-n-s-\ I-m-W-p-¶ A-\-y-a-X-ØÀ t-]-m-e-p-w A-t-²-l-s-¯ _-l-p-a-m-\-n-¡-p-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. P-\-§Ä-¡-n-S-b-n-e-m-W-v h-e-n-b D-k-v-X-m-Z-v P-o-h-n-¨-X-v. I-p-«-n-I-f-p-s-S-b-p-w-, h-e-n-b-h-c-p-s-S-b-p-w-, k-v-{-X-o-I-f-p-s-S-b-p-w F-Ã-m-h-c-p-s-S-b-p-w {-]-n-b-s-¸-«-h-\-m-h-p-¶-X-v A-§-n-s-\-b-m-W-v. a-\-a-¡-m-h-n H-m-¯-p-]-p-c-b-n \-nÂ-¡-p-¶ I-m-e-¯-v H-c-p D-½ A-S-p-¯-v h-¶-p I-c-ª-v s-I-m-ï-p ]-d-ª-p-h-s-{-X: " D-k-v-X-m-s-Z s-â t-a-m³ b-¯-o-a-m-W-v H-m-t-\ k-w-c-£-n-¡-W-w." "-H-m-s-\ \-n-¡-v t-h-W-w R-m³ h-f-¯-n-t-¡-m-f-m-w " F-¶-v D-k-v-X-m-Z-v a-d-p-]-S-n-b-p-w ]-d-ª-p. 13 I-m-c-\-m-b B I-p-ª-n-s-\ D-k-v-X-m-Z-v G-s-ä-S-p-¯-p. I-p-ª-p-a-m-b-n h-o-«-n-s-e-¯-n-b h-e-n-b D-k-v-X-m-Z-v `-m-c-y-t-b-m-S-v ]-d-ª-p: "-\-½-s-f l-ʳ a-c-n-¨-X-t-Ã. H-m-s-â ]-I-c-w \-a-p-s-¡-m-c-p I-p-«-n-s-b I-n-«-n. C-\-n-a-p-X C-h³ \-½-p-s-S I-p-«-n-b-m-W-v."

]-n-¶-o-S-v D-k-v-X-m-Z-v B I-p-«-n-¡-v t-h-ï-s-X-Ã-m-w s-N-b-v-X-v s-I-m-S-p-¯-p. D-k-v-X-m-Z-n-s-â b-m-{-X-I-f-n-s-e-Ã-m-w I-q-s-S-I-q-«-n. k-z-´-w a-I-s-\ t-]-m-s-e k-w-c-£-n-¨-p. D-k-v-X-m-Z-n-s-â a-q-¯-a-I³ A-_-v-Z-p-t-a-m³ N-m-h-¡-m-S-v s-I-m-c-ª-q-c-n ZÀ-k-v ]T-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-p-ï-v. D-k-v-X-m-Z-v A-_-v-Z-p-t-a-m-s-â I-q-s-S ZÀ-k-n-e-p-w B I-p-ª-n-s-\ t-NÀ-¯-n. a-X h-n-Ú-m-\-h-p-w t-h-ï-X-v t-]-m-s-e s-I-m-S-p-¯-p. B I-p-ª-n-s-\ A-S-p-¯-v

h-n-f-n-¨-v a-q-¶-v D-]-t-Z-i-§-f-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p ]-d-ª-n-c-p-¶-X-v.

t-a-m-t-\... F-\-n-¡-v \-n-t-¶-m-S-v 3 I-m-c-y-§-f-m-W-v ]-d-b-m-\-p-Å-X-v. \-o \-n-k-v-I-m-c-w D-t-]-£-n-¡-c-p-X-v. \-n-t-¶-m-S-m-s-c-¦-n-e-p-w h-Ã-X-p-w t-N-m-Z-n-¨-m \-o a-S-¡-c-p-X-v. A-hÀ-¡-v s-I-m-S-p-¡-W-w. A-X-n-\-p-Å-s-X-Ã-m-w \-n-s-â-S-p-¯-p-ï-m-h-p-w. F-s-â t-a-m-s-\ B-c-v X-Ã-m³ h-¶-m-e-p-w s-]-m-b-v-t-¡-m-¶-v ]-d-ª-m a-X-n. \-o X-n-c-n-¨-v X-Ã-n \-n-s-â C-Ê-¯-v I-f-t-b-ï-". C-u D-]-t-Z-i-§Ä B I-p-ª-n-\-v a-m-{-X-a-p-Å-X-m-b-n-c-p-¶-n-Ã. h-e-n-b D-k-v-X-m-Z-v h-n-S ]-d-ª-p. A-¶-v D-k-v-X-m-Z-v h-fÀ-¯-n-b A I-p-ª-m-W-n-¶-v a-\-a-¡-m-h-n X-m-a-k-n-¡-p-¶ A-_-v-Z-p-d-Ò-m³ (I-p-ª-p-¡-m-k-v-). A-t-²-l-a-m-W-v k-z-e-m-l-p-²-o³ A-¿-q-_-n-b-p-s-S ]-p-X-n-b k-w-c-w-`-a-m-b k-m-´-z-\ `-h-\-¯-n-s-â k-v-t-]-m¬-kÀ.

X-r-¯-m-e-b-p-s-S B-ß-o-b a-p-t-¶-ä-¯-n-\-v t-\-X-r-X-z-w \Â-I-n-b \-n-c-h-[-n ]-Þ-n-X a-l-¯-p-¡Ä C-\-n-b-p-a-p-ï-v. s-N-d-n-b I-p-ª-m-e-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ I-p-a-c-s-\-Ã-qÀ-, B-f-¯-v a-m-a-p a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ \-o-e-n-b-m-S-v-, F.]-n I-p-ª-o-X-p a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ I-p-a-c-s-\-Ã-qÀ-, I-c-p-h-m-c-I-p-¶-¯-v a-m-\-p a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ-, c-m-b-n³ I-p-«-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ A-d-¡Â-, ]-q-f-I-p-¶-¯-v s-a-b-v-X-p-®-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ ]-S-n-ª-m-d-§-m-S-n-, a-\-a-¡-m-h-n a-p-l-½-Z-v F-¶ B-h-p a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ-, a-\-a-¡-m-h-n s-a-b-v-X-o³ I-p-«-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ A-d-¡Â-, s-I.h-n a-p-l-½-Z-v a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ I-q-ä-\-m-S-v-, s-I.h-n h-o-c-m-h-p-®-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ I-q-ä-\-m-S-v-, H. t-I-m-b I-p-«-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ A-§-m-S-n-, ]-d-¡-p-f-w a-c-¡-mÀ a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ-, B-\-¡-c c-n-k-m-e A-Ð-p-à I-p-«-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ-, h-n.]-n.F-w. s-s-^-k-n B-\-¡-c-, B-\-¡-c a-p-l-½-Z-v I-p-«-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ-, N-p-¦-¯-v I-p-ª-m-e-n a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ-, a-q-k a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ I-q-S-Ã-qÀ-, I-p-ª-m-¸-p a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ I-q-S-Ã-qÀ-, N-m-W-b-n-e-I-¯-v A-Ð-p-Å a-p-k-v-e-n-b-mÀ X-p-S-§-n-b-hÀ C-h-c-n {-]-a-p-J-c-m-W-v. C-u A-t-\-z-j-W-w ]-qÀ-W-a-Ã. N-p-c-p-§-n-b k-a-b-¯-n-\-p-Å-n I-n-«-m-h-p-¶-n-S-t-¯-m-f-w t-i-J-c-n-s-¨-g-p-X-n-b I-m-c-W-w k-w-`-h-n-¨ ]-n-g-h-p-IÄ X-n-c-p-¯-n h-m-b-n-¡-p-s-a-¶-v {-]-X-o-£-n-¡-p-¶-p.

H-c-p ]-p-c-p-j-m-b-p-Ê-v a-p-g-p-h³ Z-o-\-n Z-A-v-h-¯-n-\-v t-h-

ï-n h-n-\-n-t-b-m-K-n-¨ a-l-m-{-]-X-n-`-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p a-q-k-l-m-P-n. s-N-d-p-{-]-m-b-¯-n X-s-¶ ]-n-X-m-h-v \-j-v-S-s-¸-« B I-p-ª-p

_-m-e³ A-d-n-h-v \-p-I-c-p-¶-X-n-\-p

t-h-ï-n h-f-s-c I-j-v-S-s-¸-t-S-ï-n h-¶-p. A‑d‑¡Â a‑q‑¸À,

I-¡-n-S-n-¸-p-d-w A-Ð-p d-l--n-a-m³-I-p-«-n a-p-k-v-e‑n‑b‑m‑À, Bep‑hm‑bv A-_q-_¡À a-p-k-v-e-n-b-m-À F¶n-h-cn \-n-¶-p-w a-X h-n-Ú-m-

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k-©-cn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-¶n-«nÃ. hm¡pw h-cbpw XoÀ-¯ \mSpw \m-«p-Imcpw...

hÅ-p-h-\-m-S³ k-w-k-vI-r-X-n-b-ps-S l-rZ-b-t-c-J-b-mW-v \-nf. IÀ¡-n-S-I-¯-n I®-p-N-p-h-¸-n¨-v I-pX-n¨-v ]-mª-p-w aª-v s-]¿-p-t-¼-mÄ t-\

À¯ s-hÅ-n-\-q-e-mb-p-w a-o\¨-qS-n t-]S-n¨-v aW ]c-¸-n\S-nb-n-s-e-m-f-n¨-p-w i-oe-n¨ t-]c-m-s-d¶ \-nf \½-ps-S P-oht-cJ-b-m-I-p-¶-p. Hc-p k-wk-vI-r-X-n-b-ps-S l-rZ-b-t-cJ Hc-p P\-X-b-ps-S P-oh-t-c-J-b-m-I-p¶ A]-qÀÆX \s-½ ]T-n-¸-n-¨X-v s-s-N\-b-ns-e b-m§-vk-nb-p-w dj-y-b-ns-e t-k-m¬ \Z-n-b-p-s-a-m-s-¡-b-mW-v. ic-W-a-{-´-§-f-p-w _-ms-¦-m-e-nb-p-w k-n-w^-W-n- t-]-ms-e eb-n¨-v Ch-n-S-ps-¯ P\-X-b-ps-S l-rZ-b-X-m-f-a-m-I-p-¶X-v aX-\-n-j-vT-a-mb Hc-p k-wk-vI-mc-w \½-ps-S \-mS-n-\-p-s-ï-¶-X-ns-â kh-n-t-i-j-X-b-m-W-v. Ie-b-ps-S Zf§Ä h-nSÀ¯-nb-p-w k-ml-n-X-y-¯-ns-â Ú-m\-]-o-T-§Ä k-z´-a-m-¡-nb-p-w \-nf-b-ps-S aW¸c-¸-n \-m-w ̀ -mj-b-ps-S \-ne-m-s-h-m-g-p¡-n. N-pc-w hg-n ]Sb-p-w ]c-t-Z-i-nb-p-w Hg-p-I-n-h-¶-n-«-p-w k-wk-vI-m-c-¯-ns-â Xdh-mS-v Xd-I-f-n \-n¶-v Cd§-n \-n¡-m³ P\X X¿-m-d-m-b-n-Ã. ]-m«-ns-â N-nd-I-n ]-md-n \S¶ AX-pe-y k-wK-oX {-]X-n-`-If-p-w \-nf-b-ne-p-w \-ne-m-h-ne-p-w k-m[I-w s-Nb-vX-v X-mb-¼-I-b-p-s-S- s-]-c-pa Z-n¡-p-IÄ IS-¯-nb h-mZ-y-¡-mc-p-w \½-ps-S k-wk-vI-m-cs-¯ Z-o]-vX-a-m-¡-n. k-z-mX{-´-yka-c-¯-ns-â ]X-m-I-m-h-l-I-c-mb-n t-]-mc-m-S-nb k-z-mX{-´-ykac t-k\-m-\-n-I-f-ps-S Nc-n{-X-w ]-mS-n- \-nfs-b-m-g-p-I-p¶-p. hc-b-ps-S hc-w -s-I-mï-v Xe-hc a-mä-n hc-¨-hc-p-w I-mÀj-nI k-wk-vI-r-X-nb-ps-S h-n¯-p-IÄ I-p¯-n-b-p-®-ms-X ]-pX-p-X-e-a-p-d-¡-mb-n Ic-p-X-n-h-¨-hc-p-w \½-ps-S \-mS-ns-â I-oÀ¯-n- DbÀ¯-n.

Nc-n{-X-w ]d-b-p-t-¼-mÄHc-p \-mS-ns-â ]Y-§-f-n-e-qs-S \-m-w \S-¯-p¶ b-m{-X-

IÄ¡-v N-ne \-nÝ-nX -'h-mÀ¸-p a-mX-rI-IÄ -' t-hWs-a¶ a-p³[-m-c-W-b-p-ï-v. F¶-m Nc-n-{-X-¯-n-t-\-¡-mÄ a-p¼-v Ieb-p-w k-wk-vI-m-ch-p-w ]-nd¶-p h-oW \Z-oXS {-K-ma-k-©-b-§-f-ps-S hg-n-b-ne-qs-S \-m-w IS¶-p t-]-mI-p-t-¼-mÄ

]-qÀÆ k-qc-n-I-f-ps-S h-mÀ¸-p a-mX-rI-Is-f \a-p¡-v X-nIª _l-p-a-m-\-t-¯-ms-S Xs-¶ ad-n-I-S-t-¡-ï-X-p-ï-v. B\-¡-c-b-ps-S t-a¸-m-S¯-p-w s-]-m¶-¯-m³ \-nc-I-p-¶-p-I-f-n-e-p-a-mb-n \S¶ Nc-n-{-X-m-t-\-z-j-W-§Ä \-nf-m-X-S-¯-ns-e I-rj-n-t-bb-p-w \½-ps-S D¶X Ie-m-k-m-w-k-vI-m-c-nI P-oh-n-X-t-¯b-p-w I-pd-n-¨-pÅ k-qN-\-IÄ \ÂI-p-¶-p. If-n-a¬ ]e-I-b-n t-I-md-n-b-n« N-n{-X-§f-p-w X-oÀ¯-p-w Ie-m-c-q] a-mX-r-I-b-n-e-pÅ IÂa-p-¯-p-I-f-p-s-a-ms-¡ i-ne-m-b-p-K-I-m-es-¯ P-oh-nX t-ij-n-¸-p-I-f-mb-n \a-p¡-v e`-n-¨-n-«-p-ï-v. A£-c-§-t-f-mS-p-w Ie-t-b-m-S-p-a-pÅ \½-ps-S ]-qÀÆ-n-I-c-ps-S l-rZ-b-_Ô-w Xs-¶b-mI-m-w ̀ -mc-X-¯-ns-â D¶X k-ml-n-X-y-_-l-p-a-X-n-b-mb Ú-m\-]-o-T-]-p-c-k-vI-m-cs-¯ I-qS-Ã-q-c-n-t-e¡-v F¯-n-¨-X-v. \-nf-s-b¶ h-mÕ-e-y-¯-ns-â Rc-¼-p-I-f-n-e-qs-S s-I-mX-p-¼-p-h-Å-a-mb-n k-zb-s-a-m-g-p-I-nb F-w.S-n h-mk-p-t-Z-h³ \-mb-c-ps-S k-ml-n-X-y-h-m-b\ C-u \-mS-ns-â Hc-p I-me-L«s-¯ H-mÀs-¯-S-p-¡-m³ I-qS-n-b-m-I-p-¶-p.

F‑w.‑S‑n‑, I‑qS‑Ã‑qÀ‑, ]‑ns‑¶ \‑nfb‑p‑wIf-n-]-I-nt-S ]{-´-ï-v...If-n-]-I-nt-S ]d-b-n-s-]ä ]{-´-ï-v...If-n-]-I-nt-S \-md-m-Ws-¯ ]d-b-n-s-]ä ]{-´-ï-v...s-I-mS-v¡-p-¶-¯-½s-b [-y-m\-n¨-v ]I-n-S-s-b-d-n-b-p-I-

b-mW-v If-n-¡-mÀ. ]I-nS If-n-¡-m-c³ t-I-m´-p®-n \-mb-c-ps-S I-qS-Ã-q-c-n C-uc-md-v ]{-´-s-ï¶-v ]¼c-w Id§-n h-og-p-¶-pï-v ]I-n-S. AIs-e CS-t-È-c-n-b-ps-S ]-qX-¯-ns-â X-pS-n-s-I-m«-p-w I-pgÂh-n-f-n-b-p--w. s-Nï-b-n t-I-me-p-h-o-g-p-t-¼-mÄ ]-nS-ª-p-W-c-p¶ {-K-ma-l-r-Z-b-w. ]©-h-m-Z-y-¯-ns-â X-mf-s-¸-c-p-¡-§Äs-¡-m¯-v Xe-b-m-«-p-¶-pï-v Be-n³N-p-h-«-ns-e ]-qc-¡-m-ä-v. X-pÅ-ns-b-mg-p-I-p¶ \-nfb-p-w ]¨ ]-pX¨-p \-n¡-p¶ I-p¶-p-If-p-w ]-mS-§f-p-w. I-qS-Ã-qs-c hS-t-¡-I-c-b-n-e-pÅ t-I-m¸³a-m-j-ps-S I-pS-n-¸-Å-n-¡-q-S-¯-n-t-e¡-v G«³ I-p-«s-â I¿-n X-q§-n t-]-mI-p-w-hg-n

kX-oj-v B\-¡c

t‑]c‑m‑ä‑n³ X‑ocs‑¯ h‑nf¡‑pac‑§Ä

B\-¡-c-b-ps-S t-a¸-m-S¯-p-w s-]-m¶-¯-m³ \-nc-I-p-¶-p-I-f-n-e-p-a-mb-n \S¶ Nc-n-{-X-m-t-\-z-j-W-§Ä \-nf-m-X-S-¯-ns-e I-rj-n-t-bb-p-w \½-ps-S D¶X Ie-m-k-m-w-k-vI-m-c-nI P-oh-n-X-

t-¯b-p-w I-pd-n-¨-pÅ k-qN-\-IÄ \ÂI-p-¶-p.

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a-mS¯-v s-Xt-¡-]-m-«-ns-e h-mk-p-Iï I-qS-Ã-qÀ I-mg-vN-IÄ ]d-ª-me-p-w ]d-ª-me-p-w X-oc-n-Ã. \-nfb-ps-S [a-\-n-I-t-fb-p-w I-qS-Ã-q-c-ns-â h-c¼-pIt-fb-p-w `-mc-X-¯-ns-â k-ml-n-X-y-`-q-]-S-¯-n Fg-p-X-n-t-¨À¯ h-mk-p-, h-mk-p-t-Z-h³ \-mbc-mb-n Ú-m\-]-o-T-t-a-d-n. -a-g-b-n I-pc-p¯ ]-mg-v- hÅ-ns-b t-]-me-p-w ̀ -mh-\-b-m hc¨-p P-oh-q«-p¶ {-]X-n-`-b-ps-S ]I-n-S -h-og-p¶s-X¶-p-w ]{-´-ï--p-X-s-¶. -'N§-¼-pg R§Äs-¡-mc-p H-mS-¡-p-g X¶-p... AÚ-mX I-ma-n\-n k-pµ-c-c-m-K-a-mb-n AX-n h¶-v Hf-n-¨-n-c-n-¡-p-s-a¶-v Ic-pX-n R§-fX-v l-rZ-b-¯-n I-m¯-p-h-¨-p-'. Cs-X-g-pX-nb BÄ ]-n¶-oS-v ae-b-m-f-¯-ns-â KZ-y-I-h-n-b-mb-n. ca-W\-p t-ij-w -'a[-pc \-mc-§-t-]-ms-e h-nä-g-n-ªX-v -' F-w.-

S-n.-b-ps-S I-rX-n-I-f-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. I-qS-Ã-qs-c P-oh-n-X-¯-ns-â e-mh-W-y-¡-S ISª-v F-w.S-n h-m¡-p-I-s-f-S-p-¯-p-, Ahs-b ]-q¡-f-m¡-n. AX-n a[-p \-nd-¨-p. AX-v BZ-y-w s-I-mS-n-¡-p-¶-¯-½¡-p-w ]-ns-¶ kl-r-Z-b-\-p-a-mb-n \-nt-h-Z-n-¨-p. t-^-mI-v\À¡-v -'t-b-mI-v\-m ]«-m^-' t-]-ms-e a-mÀt-I-z-k-n\-v -'as-¡-mï-' s-]-ms-e-, BÀ.s-I \-mc-m-b-W\-v -'a-mÂK-pU-n-' t-]-ms-e F-w.S-n b-ps-S I-qS-Ã-qc-p-w t-e-mI k-ml-nX-y `-q]-S-¯-n CS-w t-\S-n. a-nk-n-k-n-¸-n¡-p-w b-m§-vk-n¡-p-w F¶ t-]-ms-e \-nf-m XS-¯-n\-p-w Hc-p k-wk-vI-m-c-a-p-ï-m-b-n-, k-ml-n-X-y-a-p-ï-m-b-n. I-qS-Ã-qÀ F-w.S-n b-ps-S -' a-pc-n-§-m--t-¨-m-S-m--'s-W¶-p-w lk-vX-n-\-]-p-cs-¯ `-oa³t-]-me-p-w I-qS-Ã-qs-c ̀ -oa-\-m-s-b¶-p-w ]c-n-l-k-n-¨-h-t-c-mS-v F-w.S-n ]dª-p-w " Fs-â k-ml-nX-y P-oh-n-X-¯-n as-ä-´-n-t-\-m-S-p-a-p-Å-X-n-e-[-nI-w R-m³ IS-s-¸-«-n-c-n-¡-p-¶X-v I-qS-Ã-q-c-n-t-\-m-S-mW-v.

t-he-m-b-p-t-[-«-t-âb-p-w t-K-mh-n-µ³I-p-«-n-b-p-t-Sb-p-w-, ]I-nS If-n-¡-m-c³ t-I-m´-p®-n A½-m-a-b-p-t-Sb-p-w I-mX-p-a-p-d-n¨ a-o\-m£-n GS-¯-n-b-p-t-Sb-p-w I-qS-Ã-q-c-n-t-\-mS-v... Ad-n-b-m¯ AÛ-p-X-§s-f KÀ`-¯-n hl-n-¡-p¶ al-m-k-a-p-{-Z-§-t-f-¡-mÄ-, Ad-n-b-p¶ Fs-â \-nf-m-\-Z-ns-b BW-v F\-n-¡-nj-vS-w."

IY-b-ns-e I-qS-Ã-qc-v AYh-m I-qS-Ã-q-c-ns-â IY

Hc-p I¨hS k-n\-n-a-¡-mb-n AW-n-b-n-s-¨-m-c-p-¡-nb ]gb A§-m-S-n-b-ps-S s-kä-v t-]-ms-eb-mW-n¶-p-w I-qS-Ã-q-c-v. \-nc-¸-e-I-b-n« ]-oS-n-I-a-p-d-n-If-p-w kÔ-y¡-v \-nc¯-v I-og-S-¡-p¶ {-K-ma-o-Wc-p-w t-d-mU-c-n-I-n BÀ¸-p h-nf-n-¡-p¶ aÕ-y I¨-h-S-¡-mc-p-w ]-m¼-m-«-n¡-v N-pä-p-w h«-a-n-S-p¶ {-K-ma-o-W-c-p-s-a-m-s-¡-b-mb-n ]-pd-w I-mg-vN-b-n I-qS-Ã-q-c-n\-v c-q]-t-`-Z-a-n-Ã. F¶-m I-qS-Ã-q-c-ns-â P-oh-nX-w ]d-n-¨-p-\«-v F-w.S-n h-nf-b-n¨ IY-If-p-w

BJ-y-m-b-n-I-If-p-w IS¶-v I-qS-Ã-q-c-n-t-e¡-v Cd-§-p-t-¼-mÄ Ic-f-n IS-¶Â I-pt-¯Â¡-p¶ t-hZ-\-t-b-ms-S \-m-w I-pt-d k¦-S-¡-m-g-vN-IÄ¡-v k-m£-n-b-m-h-p-¶-p. Bk-p-c-I-me-w IS-s-e-S-p-¯-p-s-I-m-ï-n-c-n-¡-p¶ k-vt-\l-¯-ns-â C-u ]¨-¯-p-c-p-¯-n \-n¶-mW-v AN-vO\-p-w-, A½-b-p-w-, t-Pj-vT-\-p-w-, A½-m-h-\-p-w-, A½-m-b-nb-pa-pÄs-¸-S-p¶ \-qd-p-I-W-¡-n\-v I-qS-Ã-qÀ¡-mÀ F-w.-S-n b-ps-S kÀK {-]]-©-¯-n-t-e¡-v \S¶-p Ib-d-n-b-X-v. --' I-qS-Ã-q-c-n--'s-â P-oh-nX-w ]IÀ¯-nb BZ-y-L« IY-I-f-n-e-q-s-Sb-p-w t-\-mh-e-p-I-f-n-e-q-s-Sb-p-w F-w.S-n ]d-ªX-v hÅ-p-h-\-m-S-ns-â k-pµc I-mes-¯I-pd-n-¨-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. l-rZ-b-¯-n \-n¶-v l-rZ-b-¯-n-t-e¡-v Hg-p-I-p¶ k-vt-\l-¯-ns-â \-nf-m {-]h-m-l-§-f-m-b-n-c-p¶-p Ah. ]-p¯-c-n-b-ps-S N-qc-p-w a-p´-n-c-n-b-ps-S a[-p-ch-p-w Cf-\-o-c-ns-â s-Xf-n-a-b-p-a-pÅ hÅ-p-h-\-m-S³ h-ms-a-m-g-nb-p-w hc-s-a-m-g-nb-p-w F-w.-S-n- b-ps-S h-mM-va-b-§s-f ka-I-m-e-nI k-rj-vS-n-I-f-n \-n¶-v `-n¶-a-m-¡-n. N-nX I-p¯-nb \-me-p s-I«-p-IÄ-, D¯-ch-p-w Ig-p-t-¡-me-p-w a-m{-X-w t-ij-n-¨ \-mbÀ Xd-h-m-S-p-IÄ-, Ah-ns-S XÀ¡-p-¯c-w ]dª-p-w

A£-c-§-t-f-mS-p-w Ie-t-b-m-S-p-a-pÅ \½-ps-S ]-qÀÆ-n-I-

c-ps-S l-rZ-b-_Ô-w Xs-¶b-mI-m-w `-mc-X-¯-ns-â D¶X

k-ml-n-X-y-_-l-p-a-X-n-b-mb Ú-m\-]-o-T-]-p-c-k-vI-m-cs-¯ I-qS-Ã-q-c-n-t-e¡-v

F¯-n-¨-X-v.

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X-mt-´-m-¶-n¯-w I-m«-nb-p-w P-oh-n-¡-p¶ I-p«-n-IÄ-, a\-Ê-ns-â a¬I-pS-§-f-n AS¡-w s-Nb-vX k¦-S-§-f-p-a-mb-n Ig-n-b-p¶ s-]¬s-I-m-S-n-IÄ-, Ic-f-n I®-oc-p-w I-pg-n-a-m-S-§-f-p-a-mb-n X§-f-n-t-e¡-v HX-p-§-p¶ {-]W-b-m-ß-m-¡-f-mb b-ph-m-¡Ä-, C§s-\ hÅ-p-h-\-m-S-ns-â ]c-n-t-O-Z-a-mb I-qS-Ã-q-c-n \-n¶-v `-mc-X-ob k-ml-n-X-y-¯-ns-â ]-qa-p-J¯-v k-z´-w t-hj-w s-I«-n BS-m-s-\-¯-n-b-hÀ \-nc-h-[-n-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. IÅ IÀ¡-n-S-I-¯-ns-e D{-X-«-m-X-n-b-ps-S Z-mc-n{-Z-w \-ndª ]-nd-¶-mÄ Z-n\-§-f-p-s-S H-mÀa-I-f-n \-n¶-mW-v ae-b-mf-w Gs-d s-\t-©ä-n e-mf-n¨ F-w.S-n b-ps-S (I-q-S-Ã-q-c-n-t-â-b-p-w-) I-p«-n-¡-Y-m-]-m-{-X-§Ä ]-nd-¡-p-¶-X-v. a-p¯-È-n-b-n \-n¶-p-w A½-m-b-n-b-n \-n¶-p-w t-X-m«-w a-pS-n-b-m³ I-mes-¯ a-p¨-oÀ¸³ F¶ _l-p-aX-n t-\S-p-¶-hÀ-, ]¸-Sh-p-w Ac-¨-p-I-e-¡-nb-p-w s-I-mï-m-«h-p-w I-qS-n A½-m-h\-p-w aI\-p-w D®-p-¶X-v ]-p¯-g-n-b-n-e-qs-S ]-mf-n-t-\-m-¡-p-¶-hÀ-, DS-¸-n-d-¶-hÄ Ae-¡-nb a-ps-ï-S-p-¡-m³ s-]«-n X-pd-¡-p-t-¼-mÄ I-m¨-nb F®-b-p-t-S-t-b-m-, a«-n-¸-j-b-p-t-St-b-m Nµ-\-¯-n-t-ât-b-m s-s-IX-¸-q-h-n-t-ât-b-m h-mk\ \-pI-c-m³ AS-p¯-v N-pä-n-¸ä-n \-nÂI-p-¶-hÀ-, a¨-ns-e `K-h-X-n-b-ps-S `-Þ-m-c-¯-n \-n¶-v I-meW I«-v ]S¡-w h-m§-n AX-ns-â `-mh-n-j-y-¯-p-I-t-f-mÀ¯-v `b-¡-p-¶-hÀ-,

X\-n¡-v k½-m-\-a-mb-n I-n«-nb eäÀ ]-mU-ns-e \-oe-¡-S-e-m-k-n If-n-¡-q-«-p-I-m-c-n¡-v Is-¯-g-pX-n AS-n-s-I-m-Å-p-¶-hÀ... C§s-\ I-qS-Ã-qc-ns-â {-]-mt-Z-i-nI P-oh-n-X-¯-n t-hc-m-g-v¯-n \-n¡-p¶ I-p«-n-I-f-ps-S he-nb \-nc Xs-¶b-pï-v I-qS-Ã-qÀ IY-I-f-nÂ. C-u I-p«-n-Is-f Iï-p-a-p-«-n-, C¶-v I-qS-Ã-q-c-n-t-e¡-v ({-K-m-a-§-f-n-t-e¡-v -) Cd-§-p-t-¼-m-g-mW-v s-s-S s-I«-n-, i-z-mk-wa-p«-n-, I-p«-n¯-w ac-n¨-v-, X-rÈ-q-c-ns-e d-m¦-v \-nÀa-mW t-^I-vS-d-n-IÄ¡-v a-p¼-n I-y-qh-n-s-e-¯-m-\-mb-n H-m«-w X-pS-§-nb ]-pX-nb Xe-a-p-d-b-ps-S \j-vS _-me-y-s-¯-I-p-d-n¨-v \-m-w Ad-n-b-p-¶-X-v.

X-m¶-n-¡-p-¶-ns-â X-mg-vhcb-n-e-pÅ Xc-p-W-c-ps-S {-]W-bh-p-w {-]X-n-I-m-ch-p-w k-z]-v\-h-p-w k-z]-v\ \-nc-m-kh-p-w s-I-mï-v F-w.S-n t-\-mh-e-ns-â \-me-p-s-I-«-p-IÄ X-oÀ¯-p. Ch-c-ps-S h-mÄI-n-e-p-¡-§f-p-w hf-I-n-e-p-¡-§f-p-w-, ]-me-I-f-ns-e a\-w ab-¡-p¶ b£-nIf-p-w t-\-mh-e-p-I-f-n \-nd-ª-p. ka-q-lh-p-w I-pS-p-w-_h-p-w Ah-K-W-n¨ b-phX-z-w ]g-a-b-ps-S

]-p¯-c-n-b-ps-S N-qc-p-w a-p´-n-c-n-

b-ps-S a[-p-ch-p-w Cf-\-o-c-ns-â s-Xf-n-a-b-p-a-pÅ hÅ-p-h-\-m-

S³ h-ms-a-m-g-nb-p-w hc-s-a-m-g-nb-p-w F-w.-S-n- b-ps-S h-mM-va-b-§s-f ka-I-m-e-nI k-rj-vS-n-I-f-n \-n¶-v

`-n¶-a-m-¡-n.

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i-nc-Ê-n Nh-n«-n {-]X-n-I-mc-w s-N¿-p-¶X-p-w ]-n¶-oS-v e£-yh-p-w AÀYh-p-w \j-vS-s-¸« k-z´-w P-oh-n-X-t-¯-mS-v Xs-¶ AS-c-mS-n Xf-c-p-¶X-p-w F-w.S-n I-qS-Ã-q-c-n t-\-m¡-n-s-b-g-p-X-n. Ch-ns-S \-n¶-p Xs-¶-b-mW-v F-w.S-n ¡-v t-K-mh-n-µ³I-p-«-ns-b I-n«-p-¶X-v. -' X«-p-w-]-p-d¯-v t-Id-n-b-n-c-p-t-¶-m-, Bb-n-c-ms-f I-mh-e-n\-v h-nf-n-t-¨-m-, ¶-me-p-w s-\s-â s-I-mSe-v R-m³ FS-p-¯-n-«-n-s-Ã-¦-n s-â t-]c-v X-mg-t-¯s-e t-K-mh-n-µ³ I-p«-o-¶Ã -' F¶-v CS-n-s-h«-n Ie-v]-n¨ C-u -' Ak-p-c-h-n¯-v -' ]-mX-n-c-m-{-X-n-b-m-b-m \S¸-p Z-o\-w h¶-p ac-n-¨-h-c-ps-S ih-i-c-o-c-§Ä P-mX-n- t-\-m¡-ms-X adh-v s-N¿-p-¶X-p-w F-w.-S-n.-b-ps-S t-\c-\-p-`-h-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. F-w.S-n ¡-v I-me-¯-ns-e -'t-kX-p--' h-ns-\ \ÂI-n-bX-p-w I-qS-Ã-qc-v Xs-¶-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. k-zb-w Ac¨-p t-NÀ¯-v F-w.S-n \-nÀa-n¨ C-u IY-m-]-m{-X-w I-qS-Ã-qÀI-mcs-â Ht-«s-d k-z`-mh h-nt-i-jW-§Ä {-]ZÀi-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-p-ï-v. {-]-nb-s-¸-«-hÀ¡-nS-b-n \-n¶-v \-nds-ª-mg-p-I-p¶ -'\-nf -' t-X-mW-n-b-n a-pd-n-¨-p-I-S¶-v t-]-mb t-kX-p P-oh-n-X-m-\-p-`-h-§-t-f-mS-v Gä-p-a-p«-n XfÀ¶-v X-nc-ns-I hc-p-t-¼-m \-nf hä-n hc-ï-n-c-p¶-p.

k-z´-w a\Ê-v t-]-ms-e. s-X-m«-p Is-®-g-p-X-m-\-mh-p-w h-n[-w Ic-n-a-j-n-t-]-ms-e Id-p¯ I-pt-«-y-S-¯-nb-p-w-, N-nXÂI-p-¯-nb X-qW-n \-n¶-v N§-e -s-]-m-«-n-t-¨-m-S-p¶ Cc-p-«-ns-â Bß-m-h-mb t-he-m-b-p-[-\-p-w-, I-qS-Ã-q-c-n \-n¶-pÅ F-w.-S-n.-b-ps-S {-]-nb-s-¸-«-h-c-m-W-v. -'aª-n-' s-e XS-m-I-¯-n t-X-mW-n-b-p-a-mb-n AN--vO-\-mb k-mb-n-¸-ns-\ I-m¯-n-c-n-¡-p¶ s-hÅ-m-c-w-I-Ã-pÅ IS-¯-p-I-m-c\-v t-]-me-p-w I-q«-¡-S-h-ns-e IS-¯-p-I-m-c³ _-m]-p-«-n-b-ps-S O-mb- Dï-v. b-p²-¯-n s-ab-v Xf-c-p-t-¼-mÄ \-ne¯-v h-oW-p I-nS¶-v `-qa-n-b-ps-S D-uÀP-w Bh-m-l-n¨-v t-\S-nb Ic-p-¯-p-a-mb-n ]S-s-h«-v X-pS-c-p¶ {-K-o¡-v t-b-m²-m-¡s-f t-]-ms-e-b-mW-v a\-h-p-w a-ng-nb-p-w \-nd-¡-m³ I-qS-Ã-qs-c¯-p¶s-X¶-v Ú-m\]-oT-w I-n«-n-b-t-¸-mÄ \-m«-p-I-mÀ Hc-p-¡-nb k-z-oI-cW NS-§-n F-w.S-n ]d-ª-n-c-p-¶-p. \-ne-mh-v X«-n-a-d-nª-v I-mÂ]-\-n-I-a-mb-n X-oÀ¶ C-u \-nf-m-XS-w F-w.S-n ¡-v s-s-I\-ndt-b IY-m-]-m-{-X-§s-f \ÂI-n. ]Ic-w F-w.S-n Xs-â D-uc-ns-\ I-qS-Ã-m-X-m-¡-n. C-u I-m©-\-¡-q-«-n \-n¶-v N{-I-h-m-f-¯-n-t-e¡-v ]d¶ ]©-hÀW-¡-nf-n h-ni-z-k-m-l-nX-y kZ-Ê-n Xs-¶ I-qS-Ã-q-c-ns-\ {-]X-nj-vT-n-¨-p.

I-qS-Ã-q-c-ns-â t-NX-§ÄI-qS-Ã-q-c-n\-v \-nf F¶-p-w Hc-p h-nI-m-c-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p.

A\-p\-na-nj-w h-nk-va-b-§-f-n-e-qs-S KX-n-a-m-d-p¶ hN\ [-mc-b-p-w. {-]I-r-X-ns-b Xg-pI-n X-mc-m-«-p¶

F-w.S-n ¡-v I-me-¯-ns-e -'t-kX-p--'

h-ns-\ \ÂI-n-bX-p-w I-qS-Ã-qc-v Xs-¶-b-m-

b-n-c-p-¶-p. k-zb-w Ac¨-p t-NÀ¯-v

F-w.S-n \-nÀa-n¨ C-u IY-m-]-m{-X-w I-qS-

Ã-qÀI-mcs-â Ht-«s-d k-z`-mh h-nt-i-jW-

§Ä {-]ZÀi-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-p-ï-v.

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A½-s-b-t-¸-ms-eb-mW-v F-w.S-n ]-pgs-b Iï-X-v. -'\-nf R§Ä¡-v s-hd-p-s-a-mc-p \Z-n-bÃ-m

k-m-wk-vI-m-c-nI t-{-k-mX-Ê-m-W-v-, A½-b-m-W-v.- X-p-e-ma-mk¯-n t-I-m]-m-I-p-e-b-mb-n s-hÅ-s-¸-m¡-w s-I-mï-v A½ R§s-f i-mk-n-¡-p-¶-p-, ac-y-mZ ]T-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-p. a-o\-¯-n ]¯-mb-w Hg-nª Zc-n-{-Z-b-mb A½. a-m\-w t-]-mb-m R§-f-ps-S s-]®-p-§Ä \-ndª ]-pg-b-n N-mS-n ac-n-¡-p-¶-p. A½ FÃ-m ]-m]-§f-p-w Z-pJ-§f-p-w Gä-p h-m§-p-¶-p. t-{-]a-w Xf-n-c-n-S-p¶ X-oc-a-m-W-n-X-v. R§-f-ps-S FÃ-m-a-m-W-nX-v -' t-\À¯ I-mä-m X-oÀY-w Xf-n-s-¨-¯-p¶ C-u ]-pg-b-ps-S hg-n-I-f-n k-m-wk-vI-m-c-nI s-s-]X-r-I-¯-ns-â C-uS-p-s-h-b-v]-p-ï-v. ]d-b-n-s-]ä ]´-n-c-n-I-p-e-¯-ns-â ]-n³X-pSÀ¨-b-mb-n I-p©³ \¼-y-mc-p-w-, CS-t-È-c-n-b-p-w-, ]-n b-p-w-, A¡-n-¯h-p-w AS-§-p¶ I-mh-y-]-c-¼-cs-b k-rj-vS-n¨ s-s-Ph`-qa-n-b-m-W-o-\-oÀ¯-S-w. ]s-£-, C¶-v \-nf I-qS-Ã-q-c-ns-â i-m]-a-m-W-v. \-mS³ ̀ -mj-b-ns-e ]c-p-¡³ h-m¡-n -' a-mcW-w -'. ]-pg-b-n \-n¶-v aW-e-p-I«-v t-e-md-n-b-n \-nd¨-p I-pX-n-¡-p-¶-hÀ I-qS-Ã-q-c-ns-â Id-p-¯-a-¡s-f \-nc-¯-n \-n¶-v CS-n¨-p s-Xd-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-p. ]-pg t-I-mg-n Nï-n a-pX a\-pj-y PU-w hs-c XÅ-m-\-pÅ CS-a-m-b-n. t-\c-w ]-pec-p-w hs-c aW h-mcÂ. I-q«-n\-v h-mä-p-N-m-c-m-b-w-, N-o«-p-I-f-n-, h-y`-nN-mc-w... C§s-\ s-N¿-c-p-X-m-¯-s-XÃ-m-w k-pc-£-n-X-a-mb-n s-N¿-m-\-pÅ CS-a-mW-v ]-pg. [\-p-a-m-k-¯-ns-e ]-pg hä-p-¶-p. ]-nX-r-¡Ä¡-v _e-n-b-n-S-m-s-\-¯-p-¶-hÀ ]-pg-b-n s-hÅ-¯-n-\-mb-n I-pg-n-I-p-¯-p-¶-p. aW \-nc¸-v I-pd-ª-X-n-\-m s-X-m«-S-p¯ s-X-mS-n-I-f-ns-e I-nW-d-p-If-p-w hä-p-¶-p. t-e-md-n-b-n s-hÅ-w hc-p-¶X-p-w I-m¯-v ]-pg-h-¡-n I-pS-§Ä \-nc-¡-p-¶-p. F-w.S-n ¡-v I-p«-n-¡-m-e¯-v Gs-d {-]-nb-¦-c-a-m-b-n-c-p-¶--pht-{-X \-nf-b-ns-e I-pf-n. \-nf-b-n F{-X If-n-¨-me-p-w X\-n¡-v aX-n-h-c-p-¶-n-s-ö-v F-w.S-n Xs-¶ I-pd-¨-n-«-p-ï-v. I-mS-v ]-nS-n¨-v aW I-pg-n-IÄ \-ndª-v-, IS-h-p-I-m-c\-v Ig-p-t-¡-m-e-q-¶-m-\-m-I-ms-X ISh-p-w IS¯-p-w \j-vS-s-¸«-v-, aWe-p \j-vS-s-¸«-v ]gb kÖ-e-b-mb \-nf F¶-v I-qS-Ã-q-c-n\-v A\-y-b-m-b-n-¡-g-n-ª-p. -'I-me-'¯-n \-n¶-p Xs-¶ IS-s-a-S-p-¡-p-I. -']-pg ]-n¶-n t-N-mc-h-mÀ¶-p t-]-mb ic-oc-w t-]-ms-e Ne-\-aä-p I-nS-¡-p¶-p.-'

I-mh-p-w

I-pfh-p-w I-p¶-p-w...I-mh-p-IÄ I-qS-Ã-q-c-ns-â s-s-Ph ka-r-²-n-b-m-

b-n-c-p-¶-p. ]¨-e-ns-â C-u H-ma X-pc-p-¯-p-I-f-n I-ua-mc {-]W-bh-p-w-, ]-nW-¡h-p-w CW-¡h-p-w D-ub-e-m-S-n. X¦-a-W-n-b-p-w-, k-pa-n-{-X-b-p-w-, e-oeb-p-w \-ne-¯-p-½-h-b-v¡-p¶ ]-mh-m-S-b-p-a-p-S-p¯-v-, s-\ä¯-v If-`-¡-pd-n N-mÀ¯-n-, a-pS-n-b-n X-pf-k-n-¸-q-N-q-S-n-, IÂh-n-f-¡-n X-nc-n-s-h¨-p s-X-mg-p-XX-v Ch-n-s-S-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. P-m\-I-n-¡-p-«-nb-p-w I-pª-m-t-¯-me-p-w IS-w-IY ]dª-v s-I-m¯-¦-Ã-m-S-n-bX-v Cg-n-s-S-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. X-na-nÀ¯-p s-]b-vX CS-a-g¡-v t-ij-w ac-w s-]¿-p-t-¼-mÄ \-mK-§Ä k-o¡-m-c-t-¯-ms-S

]-nW-b-S-n¨-p ca-n-¨-X-n-h-n-s-S-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. I-mh-p-IÄ ag-s-hÅ k-w`-c-W-n-I-f-mb-n-, s-]®-p-§Ä¡-v X-mf-n \ÂI-n-, D®-n-IÄ¡-v D-uª-m-s-e-m-c-p-¡-n-, a-p¯-È-n-a-mÀ¡-v a-pd-n ac-p-t-¶-I-n... \·-b-ps-S I-mh-e-m-f-mb-n \-mK-§Ä \-mS-p-I-m-¯-p-h-m-W-I-m-h-p-IÄ C¶-v \-mS-ns-â lc-n-X-k-v-a-r-X-n-I-f-n a-m{-X-w. Ce-¸-SÀ¸-p-IÄ¡-n-S-b-n-e-qs-S Cf-w-s-h-b-n s-hÅ-n \-mW-b-§-f-m-I-p¶X-p-w-, I-p¸-m-b-I-p-S-p-¡-p-IÄ¡-n-S-b-n-e-qs-S IS¶-v s-X¶-t-e-m-f-§Ä s-a¿-n C¡-nf-n I-q«-p-¶X-p-w C¶-v a-pX-nÀ¶-h-c-ps-S a-pd-p-¡-m³ I-q«-v aW-¡-p¶ IY-I-f-n HX-p-§-p-¶-p. I-mh-p X-oï-n-b-t-X-ms-S I-pfh-p-w hä-n. GX-v Aä t-h\-e-ne-p-w s-ae-n-b-m¯ ]¨-¡-p-f-§Ä F-w.-S-n.-b-ps-S X«-I¯-v \-nds-b Dï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. I-qS-Ã-q-c-p-w-, A\-¡-c-b-p-w-, I-pa-c-s-\-Ã-qc-p-w Hs-¡ I-pf-§-f-ps-S \-mS-m-W-v. \-qe-n IÃ-p-s-I«-n C«-m t-]-me-p-w Aä-w I-mW-m¯ A{-Xb-p-w Bg-a-pÅ I-pf-§-f-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p Ch-n-s-S. s-N¦-Ã-p-s-I-mï-v aX-n-e-p-s-I«-n-, Hä-¡-c-n-¦-Ã-p-s-I-mï-v ]S-n-s-b-m-c-p¡-n \-nÀa-n¨ I-pf-§-f-n s-Xf-n-\-oc-v X-pÅ-n¯-pf-p¼-n \-n¶-p. -']¨-' s-hÅ-w Xs-¶-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. s-X-m«-S-p¯ Ac-b-m s-I-m¼-n Ibd-n I-p«-n-¡-cW-w ad-nª-v I-pf-¯-n-t-e¡-v a-pX-e-¡-q-¸-p-I-p-¯-p¶ b-ph-m-¡Ä¡-v t-\s-c t-£{-X \S-b-n \-n¶-v Hf-n-I-s-®b-vX \-mS³ \X-m-w-K-n-a-m-c-ps-S \-mS-v. H-mt-c-m I-pf-¯-n \-n¶-p-w H-mt-c-m \-oÀ¨-m-e-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. AX-n-e-qs-S aIc-w hs-c Hg-p-I-p¶ s-hÅ-w ]-mS-§-f-n \-qd-p-t-a\-n h-nf-b-n-¨-p. C-u \-oÀ¨-m-e-p-I-f-ns-e Hä-¡-g-m-b-I-f-n k-vI-qf-n t-]-mI-p-w hg-n I-p«-n-IÄ DS-p-a-p-ï-p-c-nª-v he-b-m¡-n a-o³ a-nS-n-¨-p. ]c-e-p-w-, ]Å-¯-nb-p-w-, Ic-p-X-eb-p-w I®\-p-w Ah-c-ps-S he \-nd-¨-p. -'ca-W·-m-'À s-s-Is-h-S-n-b-p¶ \-mS³ -'N{-µ-nI-'a-mÀ¡-v k-z-m´-\-t-a-I-n-bX-v C-u I-pf-§-f-ps-S t-Nd-mï AS-n-¯-«-p-I-f-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. CS-t-È-c-n-b-ps-S s-]§Ä-, A¸-p-h-n-t-\-mS-v Ie¸-S-h-n -'N-nc-n¨-pN-nc-n-¨-nc-n-'¡-m³ Bh-i-y-s-¸«-v {-]-mW-\-m-b-I-t-\-mS-v ]I h-o«-m³ ]S-h-n-d§-n ad-ªX-v C-u I-pf-§-f-n-s-e-m-¶-n-e-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. F-w.-S-n. b-ps-S F{-X-s-b{-X \-mb-n-I-a-mÀ aª-n-e-e-nª \-ne-m-h-ns-â AS-c-p-I-f-n a-ng-n \«-v aIc-¡-p-f-n-c-n C-u I-pf-¸-S-h-p-I-f-n \-mb-Is-â aS-n-b-n Xe-s-h¨-v I-nS-¶-n-«-p-ï-v... ]-q\-ne-m-h-n Bd-m-S-p¶ [\-p-a-mk X-nc-p-h-m-X-n-c-b-ps-S ]-mX-n-c-a-p-XÂ

]‑pg, t‑I‑mg‑n¨ï‑n a-pX a\-pj-y

PU-w hs-c XÅ-m-\-pÅ CS-a-m-b-n.

t-\c-w ]-pec-p-w hs-c aWÂ h-mcÂ.

I-q«-n\-v h-mä-p-N-m-c‑m‑b‑w‑, N‑o«‑p‑I‑f‑n‑,

h-y`-nN-mc-w... C§s-\ s-N¿-c-p-X-m-¯-

s-XÃ-m-w k-pc-£-n-X-a-mb-n s-N¿-m-\-pÅ

CS-a-mW-v ]-p-g.

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]-m«-p-t-I«-v C-u I-pf-¡Â]¸S-h-p-IÄ t-I-mc-n-¯-c-n-¨-n-c-p-¶-p. h-ni-z-m-k-n-I-f-p-w-, Ah-n-i-z-m-k-n-If-p-w XÀ¡-n¨-p \S-¶-t-¸-mÄ A¼-e-¡-p-f-§Ä ]S-h-n-S-nª-v X-qÀ¶-p. ]S-h-p-IÄ s-]-mf-n¨-v h-nä-p-w I-pf-§Ä X-qÀ¯-p-w Bf-p-IÄ AX-n-\-p-t-a dºÀ \«-p. ]s-£ I-pS-n-s-h-Å-a-n-Ã-m-X-m-b-t-¸-mÄ ag-s-hÅ-w k-w`-c-n-¡-m³ \-m«-p-I-mÀ ag-¡-pg-n I-p¯-p-I-b-mW-v. GX-p ]-m]-¯-n\-p-w Hc-p ]c-nl-m-c-a-n-Ã-ms-X h¿t-Ã-m. Ad-_-n-¡-Se-p-w-, s-I-mS-n-¡-p-¶-¯-¼-e-h-p-w-, I-pä-n-¸-pd-w ]-meh-p-w I-mW-m³ A¸-p-®-nb-p-w A¸-ph-p-w Ibd-n \-n¶X-v X-m¶-n-¡-p-¶-ns-â s-\d-p-I-b-n-e-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. h-mk-p A¡-n-¯s-¯ I-mW-m\-p-w k-vI-qf-n-s-e-¯-m\-p-w \c-n-h-mf-w I-p¶-v Ib-d-n-b-n-d-§-n. X-p¼b-p-w-, a-p¡-p-ä-nb-p-w I®-n-´-f-nb-p-w t-XS-n-b-p-w-, I®-mc-w s-]-m¯-n-¡-f-n¨-p-w-, I-mS-p-I-m-«-n-b-p-w-, _-me-y-I-u-a-m-c-§Ä X-na-nÀ¯-p \S¶ I-p¶-n³ ]-pd-§Ä. I¶-p t-a¡-m³ I-p«-n-IÄ I-p¶-n³ ]-pd-s-¯-¯-n. R-mh ac-§-f-n t-Id-n R-mhÂ]g-w ]d-n-¨-p. s-X¨-n-¸-qh-v s-]-m«-n¨-v s-]¬I-p-«-n-IÄ a-me-t-I-mÀ¯-p-, s-X¨-n-¸g-w ]¦-n-s-«-S-p-¯-p. N-mc-mb-w h-mä-n-, I-pS-n-¡-m-s-\-¯-p¶ C®-o-c-ns-s-b I-p«-n-IÄ -'t-T-m-' ]dª-v {-]t-I-m-]-n-¸-n-¨-p. {-]-mb-w t-\-mI-ms-X a¡Ä¡-v ]-n¶-ms-e hS-n-b-p-a-mb-n ]-mª C®-oc-n Nc-e-n hg-p-¡-n-h-oW-p. ]-ns-¶ Ah-ns-S I-nS¶-p {-]-mI-n -']ï-m-c-§f-v -' h-me-m-«-n-¡-n-f-nb-p-w aª-¡-n-f-n-b-p-w-, a-pf-w X¯b-p-w-, Cf-w-I-n-f-nb-p-w t-Nt-¡-d-nb ac-§Ä -'h-nS-\-Jc ag-p-a-p-\-b-ps-S t-If-n-'b-n \j-vS-a-m-b-n. IÃ-p-s-h-«-p-a-S-b-ps-S h¡¯-v DW§-n \-n¡-p¶ R-mh-e-n-e-n-c-p¶-v Hä-¡-nf-n N-ne-¡-p¶-p-ï-v-, ad-p-s-a-mg-n I-pä-n-¨-q-f-ms-â I-qh a-m{-X-w. \-nf-b-n \-os-c-¯-n¨-p I-p¶-p-IÄ-, IY-b-ns-e I-p¶-p-IÄ IY-m-h-t-ija-mb-n-¡-g-n-ª-p... aä-p-t-I-c-f-ob {-K-ma-§Äs-¡-m¸-w I-qS-Ã-qc-p-w a-md-p-I-b-m-W-v. \·-I-f-m ka-r-²-a-mb \-m«-n³]-pd-w \-mS-y-{-]-[-m-\-a-mb \K-c-a-mb-n ]c-n-W-a-n-¡-p-I-b-m-W-v. -'\K-c-§s-f hf-b-p¶ {-K-ma-§Ä-'¡-v ]Ic-w \K-c-§-f-m-¡-p¶ {-K-ma-§Ä Nc-n-{-X-¯-ns-â h[-n h-n]-c-y-b-a-m-I-m-w. \-nf-b-ns-e XW-p-¯-I-m-ä-n\-p ]I-c-w h-oi-p-¶X-v Cj-vS-n-I-¨-q-f-I-f-ns-e N-pS-p-I-m-ä-m-W-v. hbÂ]-q-¡-f-ps-S KÔ-a-p-ï-m-b-n-c-p¶ I-mä-n-\-n-t-¸-mÄ t-I-mg-n-¨-ï-n-b-ps-S Z-pÀK-Ô-w. I-ng-¡³ ae-I-S¶-v X-oc-`-q-h-n hc-p¶ -'Id-p¯ s-N«-n-'¨-nIÄ a-n¶-n-¡e-p-w i_-vZ-t-L-m-jh-p-w \S¯-n

C-u X-oc-`-q-h-ns-\ \\-¡-ms-X t-]-mI-p-¶-p. {-K-ma-w \·-IÄ \-nd-ª-s-X¶ ]X-n-h-p-s-a-mg-n F-w.S-n t-]-me-p-w X-nc-p-¯-n-¡-g-n-ª-p.

-'{-K-ma-¯-ne-p-w X-n·-b-p-ï-v. CS¡-v R-m³ \-m«-n s-N¶-t-¸-m-g-mW-v Ad-n-ª-X-v-, Hc-p s-]¬I-p«-n D½-¯-n³I-mb-v X-n¶-p ac-n-¡-m-d-mb-n I-nS-¡-p-¶-p. Bc-p-w X-nc-nª-p t-\-m¡-n-b-n-Ã. Fs-â {-K-ma-¯-n \S-¶-X-m-W-v. Bk-w-`h-w Fs-¶ hÃ-ms-X t-\-mh-n-¨-p-'. \· hä-p-I-b-mW-v. C\-n -'t-kX-p-h-n\-v Cj-vS-w t-kX-p-h-n-t-\-mS-v a-m{-Xa-mb I-me-w-'. s-I«-I-m-e-¯-ns-â ]c-p-¡³ Xd-b-n a-pf-¡-p-¶X-v I-mc-p-W-y-a-n-Ã-m¯ IÅ-n-s-¨-S-n-I-f-m-W-v. {-]I-r-X-n-t-]-me-p-w -'EX-p-t-`Z--'§Ä s-Xä-n¨-v \t-½-mS-v Ie-l-n-¡-p-¶-pï-v. \-nh-r-¯-n-t-I-S-p-Iï-v \a-p¡-v F-w.S-n s-¡-m¸-w Gä-p ]db-m-w

-'I-pfh-p-w ]-pgb-p-w a-m{-X-aà Ft-¶ R§-f-ps-S l-rZ-b-§f-p-w hcï-p t-]-mbt-Ã-m a-p¯È-o.--'

k-z-mX-{-´-y-k-a-c-¯-d-h-mS-vk-z-mX-{-´-y-k-a-c-¯-ns-â X-o¡-\Â ]-mX-I-f-nÂ

k-z´-w P-oh-cà-w ]-mä-n \S¶ [-oc·-mc-ps-S h-oc-K-m-Y-IÄ \½-ps-S a\-Ê-p-IÄs-¡¶-p-w D-uÀP-Z-m-b-n-\-n-I-f-m-W-v. F.-h-n. A½-pA½-b-ps-S I-me-¯-mW-v B\-¡c hS-¡¯-v Xd-h-mS-v Nc-n-{-X-¯-n-t-e¡-v I-me-p \-o«-p-¶-X-v. Hc-p \-qä-m-t-ï-mf-w ]g-¡-a-pï-v C-u \-me-p-s-I-«-n-\-v. ]-pd¯-v X-os-h-b-n s-]¿-p-t-¼-mg-p-w AI¯-v I-pf-n-c-q-d-p¶ a-pd-n-I-f-p-a-mb-n Nc-n-{-Xs-¯ s-]ä-p-t-]-m-ä-n hfÀ¯-nb C-u Xd-h-m-S-n\-v H-mÀ¯-p-]-d-b-m³ Hc-p-]-m-S-p-ï-v. I-ma-c-m-P-v-, Ac-pW Bk-n-^-e-n-, _-me-K-w-K-m-Xc-X-neI³-, s-I. t-If-¸³-, kt-c-m-P-n\-n \-mb-nU-p X-pS§-n \-nc-h[-n c-mj-v{-S-ob {-]a-p-J-c-ps-S NÀ¨-IÄ¡-v C-u h-oS-v I-mt-X-mÀ¯-v \-n¶-n-«-p-ï-v.1894 BW-v A½-p F¶ \£{-X-w ]-nd-¡-p-¶-X-v. ]-me-¡-ms-« {-_-mÒ-WÀ ISÂI-S-¶-p-s-h¶ I-pä-¯-n\-v A{-K-l-m-c-¯-n \-n¶-v t-U-m: k-z-ma-n-\-m-Y³ A½-p-h-ns-\ t-hÄ¡-p¶t-X-ms-S hS-¡¯-v h-oS-ns-â Nc-n{-X-w C´-y³ k-z-mX{-´-ykac Nc-n-{-X-¯-ns-â X-mf-p-I-f-mb-n a-md-m³ X-pS-§-n. k-z-mX{-´-yka-c-¯-ns-â hg-n-I-f-n-e-qs-S k©-c-n¨-p X-pS-§-nb ChÀ K-mÔ-nP-n¡-p-w s-\l-v-d-p-h-n-\-ps-a-m¸-w C´-y-b-ps-S `-mh-n \-nÀW-b-n-¡-p¶ X-oc-p-a-m-\-§-f-n ]¦-m-f-n-b-m-b-n. a{-Z-m-k-n A½-p k-z-ma-n-\-m-Ys-â h-oS-m-b-n-c-p¶-p t-Zi-ob c-mj-v{-S-ob t-\X-m-¡³a-m-c-ps-S NÀ¨-m t-I{-µ-w. ]-mÀe-s-aâ-wK-w-, c-mP-y-k-`-m-w-K-w-, AJ-ne t-e-mI al-nf-m kt-½-f-\-¯-ns-â C´-y³ {-]X-n-\-n[-n-, `c-W-L-S-\-b-ps-S \I X¿-m-d-m-I-p¶ ka-n-X-n-b-ns-e A-wK-w-, aZ-nc-mi-n ^-ne-n-w s-k-ms-s-k-ä-n-b-ps-S A[-y£ X-pS-§-nb ]Z-h-n-IÄ ChÀ hl-n-¨-n-«-p-ï-v.

A½-p- k-z-m-a-n-\-m-Ys-â kt-l-m-Z-c-n-b-ps-S ]-p{-X-n-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p F.h-n I-p«-n-a-m-f-p-A½ F¶ H-m¸. 1905  Bb-n-c-p¶-p P\-\-w. B\-¡c hS-¡¯-v a-m[h-nA½-b-p-t-Sb-p-w s-]c-p-¼-n-e-m-h-n t-K-mh-n-µ-t-a-t-\-m-t-âb-p-w aI-f-mb-n P\-n¨ I-p«-n-a-m-f-p-A½

s-I«-I-m-e-¯-ns-â ]c-p-¡³ Xd-b-n a-pf-¡-p-¶X-v I-mc-p-W-y-a-n-Ã-m¯ IÅ-n-s-¨-S-n-I-f-m-W-v. {-]

I-r-X-n-t-]-me-p-w -'EX-p-t-`Z--'§Ä s-Xä-n¨-v \t-½-mS-v Ie-l-n-¡-p-

¶-pï-v. \-nh-r-¯-n-t-I-S-p-Iï-v \a-p¡-v

F-w.S-n s-¡-m¸-w Gä-p ]db-m-w

-'I-pfh-p-w ]-pgb-p-w a-m{-X-aà Ft-¶

R§-f-ps-S l-rZ-b-§f-p-w

hcï-p t-]-mbt-Ã-m a-p¯È-o.--'

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t-I-mg-n-¸-p-d¯-v a-m[-h-t-a-t-\-ms-\ h-nh-ml-w Ig-n-¨-p. \-nb-a-e-w-L\ ka-c-I-m-e¯-v cï-p-a-mk-w {-]-mb-a-mb aIÄ a-o\-m-£-n-b-p-a-mb-n AhÀ Pb-n hc-n-¨-p. 1940s-e h-yà-n kX-y-m-{-K-l-¯-ne-p-w 1942s-e I-z-nä-v C´-y-m ka-c-¯-ne-p-w ]s-¦-S-p¯-v AhÀ XS-h-p-i-n£ A\-p-`-h-n-¨-p. 1936e-p-w 1946e-p-w AhÀ aZ-n-c-m-i-n- \-nb-a-k-`-b-n-t-e¡-v s-Xc-s-ª-S-p-¡-s-¸-«-p. aZ-n-c-mi-n s-k\ä-v A-wK-w-, t-I-m¬{-Kk-v {-]hÀ¯-I-k-a-nX-n A-wK-w F¶-o \-ne-I-f-n {-]hÀ¯-n-¨-n-«-p-ï-v. 1937 BW-v AhÀ t-I-mg-n-t-¡-m«-v A\-m-Y-a-µ-nc ka-mP-w Bc-w-`-n-¨-X-v. b-mN-Is-c ]-p\-c-[-n-h-k-n-¸-n-¨-p-w-, I-pj-vT-t-c-m-K-n-Is-f N-nI-nÕ-n-¨-p-w-, t-X-m«-n-IÄ ]W-n-a-p-S-¡-n-b-t-¸-mÄ h-oS-p-I-f-n s-I«-n-¡-n-S¶ ae-w \-o¡-w s-Nb-vX-p-w k-zP-o-h-nX-w \-mS-n\-v kaÀ¸-n¨ a\-k-z-n-\-n-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p I-p«-n-a-m-f-p-A-½. 1985  Bb-n-c-p¶-p ac-W-w.

I-p«-n-a-mf-pA½-b-ps-S P\-\-¯-n\-p t-ij-w H¼X-p hÀj-w Ig-n-ª-mW-v I-y-m]-vä³ e£-va-n ]-nd-¡-p-¶-X-v. A½-p-k-z-m-a-n-\-m-Ys-â ]-p{-X-n-b-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p-A-hÀ. I½-y-q-W-nÌ-v {-]k-vY-m-\-h-p-a-m-b-mW-v e£-va-n t-NÀ¶-p \-n¶-X-v. k-p`-m-j-vN-{-µ-t-_-mk-v Ø-m]-n¨ s-F.-F³.F s-dP-n--s-aâ-ns-â h\-nX-m h-n`-mK-w Xe-h-\-m-b-n. s-F.-F³.F ]-nc-n-¨-p-h-n-«-t-¸-mÄ t-U-m: e£-va-n I-m¬]-q-c-n Bk-v]{-X-n Ø-m]-n¨-v s-X-mg-n-e-m-f-n-IÄ¡-v k-uP\-y N-nI-nÕ e`-y-a-m-¡-n. F.-]-n.s-P A_-vZ-pÂI-e-m-a-n-s-\-X-ns-c CSX-p ]£-¯-ns-â {-]k-n-Uâ-v Ø-m\-mÀ°-n-b-mb-p-w aÕ-c-n-¨-p. a-q¶-p hÀj-§Ä¡-p a-p¼-mW-v AhÀ \t-½-mS-v h-nS-]-d-ª-X-v. B\-¡c hS-¡¯-v h-o«-n Ct-¸-mÄ k-z-mX-{-´-y-k-ac I-me-L-«-¯-ns-â {-]X-n-\-n-[-n-b-mb-n P-n. k-pi--oe-b-p-ï-v. 1921 BW-v P\-\-w. F.h-n t-K-m]-m-e-t-a-t-\-m-t-âb-p-w s-]c-p-¼-n-e-m-h-n I-pª-n e£-va-n-b-½-b-p-t-Sb-p-w aI-f-m-W-v. k-z-mX-{-´-y-k-ac t-k\-m\-n ]t-c-X-\-mb S-n.h-n

I-pª-p-I-r-j-vW-\-m-b-n-c-p¶-p `À¯-m-h-v. I-z-nä-v C´-y ka-c-¯-n\-v s-X-m«-p-a-p-¼-pÅ I-me-w. a{-Z-m-k-n _-nc-p-Z-h-n-Z-y-mÀ°-n-\-n-b-mb-n Ig-n-b-p-t-¼-m-g-mW-v K-mÔ-n-P-ns-b I-mW-m³ ̀ -mK-y-a-p-ï-m-b-X-v. k-z´-w s-s-Is-I-mï-v \-qs-ä-S-p¯ \-qe-p-a-m-b-mW-v K-mÔ-n-P-ns-b I-mW-m³ s-I-mg-n-t-¡-m-s-«-¯-p-¶-X-v. I-mW-m-\-m-h-pt-a-m F¶ i¦-n¨-p \-n¡-p-t-¼-mÄ Xs-â s-s-Is-I-mï-v \-qä I-mX-n \-qe-v K-mÔ-n-P-n¡-v \ÂI-m³ Ah-kc-w e`-n-¨-p. A©-p-Z-n-hk-w {-]-mÀ°-\-m-t-b-m-K-§-f-n K-mÔ-n-P-n¡-v H¸-w Ig-n-b-m\-p-w Ah-k-c-a-p-ï-m-b-n. t-e-mU-n-s-h-Ã-n-M-vS¬ t-I-mt-f-P-n _-n.S-n ¡-v ]T-n-¡-p-t-¼-m-g-mW-v I-z-nä-v C´-y-m ka-c-¯-n ]s-¦-S-p-¡-p-¶X-p-w s-hÃ-qÀ Pb-n AS-¡-s-¸-S-p-¶-X-p-w. Pb-n t-a-mN-n-X-b-m-b-t-¸-mÄ \-m«-n-s-e¯-n J-mZ-n-{-]-hÀ¯-\-§-f-n a-pg-p-I-n. h\-nX-m {-]hÀ¯-Is-c k-wL-S-n-¸-¡-m\-p-w Ahs-c J-mZ-n-b-n-e-qs-S k-z´-w I-me-n \-n¡-m³ i-oe-n-¸-n-¡-m-\-p-a-mb-n Gs-d I-me-w {-]b-X-v\-n-¨-p.

B\-¡-c-b-n C¶-p X-nIª BZÀi-\-n-j-vT-t-b-ms-S P-oh-n-¡-p¶ as-ä-mc-p k-z-mX{-´-y ka-c-t-k-\-m-\-n-b-mW-v ]-qt-I-m«-p ]Å-n-b-m-e-n A¸-p-\-m-bÀ. k-p`-m-j-vN-{-µ-t-_-m-k-ns-â s-F.-F³.F b-n A-wK-a-m-b-n. {-_-n«-oj-v s-s-k\-n-I-t-c-mS-v P¸-m-\-n Gä-p-a-p-«-n. ]c-n-t-¡ä-v h-nc \j-vS-a-m-b-n. s-F.-F³.F ]-nc-n-¨-p-h-n-«-t-i-j-a-mW-v A¸-p-\-m-bÀ \-m«-n kP-o-h-a-m-I-p-¶-

]-me-¡-ms-« {-_-mÒ-WÀ ISÂI-S-¶-p-s-h¶ I-pä-¯-n\-v A{-K-l-m-c-¯-n \-n¶-v t-U-m: k-z-ma-n-

\-m-Y³ A½-p-h-ns-\ t-hÄ¡-p¶t-X-ms-S hS-¡¯-v h-oS-ns-â Nc-n{-X-w C´-y³

k-z-mX{-´-ykac Nc-n-{-X-¯-ns-â X-mf-p-I-f-mb-n a-md-m³ X-pS-

§-n.

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X-v. c-mj-v{-S-ob {-]hÀ¯-\-§-t-f-mS-v X-mÂ]-c-y-a-n-Ã-m-¯-X-n-\-m Ct-¸-mÄ k-p`-m-j-vN-{-µ-t-_-m-k-ns-â BZÀi-§Ä A\-p-k-c-n¨-v P-o-h-n-¡-p-I-b-mW-v C-u hÔ-yht-b-m-[-n-I³.

IÀjI ka-c-§Ä¡-v t-\X-rX-z-w \ÂI-nb ]-n.S-n c-ma³\-m-bÀ-, S-n A_-vZ-p X-pS-§-nb \-nc-h[-n {-]a-p-Jc-p-w \½-ps-S t-aJ-e-b-ns-e k-ma-q-l-n-I-a-m-ä-§Ä¡-v hg-n-s-h-«-n-b-h-c-m-W-v.

Ie-b-ps-S t-Zi-m-´c b-m{-X-n-IÀ

Ie¡-v I-met-a-m t-Zit-a-m AX-nÀ¯-n \-nÝ-b-n-¡-m-d-n-Ã. Ah-ns-S AS-n-ab-p-w DS-a-b-p-w-, s-hf-p¸-p-w-, Id-p-¸-p-s-a¶-pa-pÅ h-n`-m-K-o-b-X-I-f-p-a-nÃ. AX-p a\-p-j-ys-c H¶-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-p-, ]-ns-¶ t-\c-p-I-f-n-t-e¡-v \b-n-¡-p-¶-p.

hc-If-p-w hÀ®-¡-q-«-p-If-p-w s-I-mï-v `-mc-Xs-¯ t-Zi-m-X-nÀ¯-n-IÄ IS-¯-n-b-h-c-mW-v A¨-p-X³ I-qS-Ã-qc-p-w A¡-n¯-w \-mc-m-b-W\-p-w. `-mc-X-ob N-n{-X-I-e-b-ps-S s-s-]X-r-Ih-p-w ]-mc-¼-c-yh-p-w h-nt-Z-i-n-IÄ¡-v ]d-ª-p-s-I-m-S-p-¡-m³ ChÀ¡-p Ig-n-ª-p. ]-mc-ok-v t-I{-µ-a-m-¡-n-b-mW-v A¡-n¯-w \-mc-m-b-W³ N-n{-X-§Ä Hc-p-¡-p-¶-X-v. X-m{-´-nI-v s-]-mb-vâ-n-§-p-I-f-n-e-qs-S ̀ -mc-X-¯-ns-â t-hZ-]-m-c-¼-c-yh-p-w N-n{-X-I-e-m-]-m-c-¼-c-yh-p-w At-²l-w I-q«-n-b-n-W-¡-p-¶-p. \-qd-p-I-W-¡-n\-v N-n{-X-{-]-ZÀi-\-§Ä At-²l-w h-nt-Z-i-c-m-P-y-§-f-n \S¯-n-b-n-«-p-ï-v. t-Ic-f-¯-n s-I-m¨-n-b-n-e-mW-v At-²-l-¯-ns-â N-n{-X-{-]-ZÀi\-w \S-¶-X-v.

A¨-p-X³ I-qS-Ã-qÀ h-nt-Z-i-c-m-P-y-§f-n C´-y³ N-n{-X-I-e-b-ps-S ià-n-s-b-s-´¶-v h-nf-n¨-p ]d-ª-n-«-p-ï-v. k-wk-m-c-n-¡-p¶ N-n{-X-§-f-n-e-qs-S A¨-y-p-X³ I-qS-Ã-qÀ ̀ -mc-X-ob ]-mc-¼-c-y-¯-n-s-â-, k-wk-vI-r-X-n-b-ps-S ]-pX-p-b-p-à-n-IÄ Ah-X-c-n-¸-n-¡-p-¶-p. \-nX-y-P-o-h-nX b-mY-mÀY-y-§s-f `-mc-X-ob ]Ý-m-¯-e-¯-n ]IÀ¯-n AX-n\-v k-mÀÆ-I-m-e-n-I {-]kà-n \-ne-\-nÀ¯-p-I-b-mW-v AN-y-q-X³ I-qS-Ã-qÀ s-N¿-p-¶-X-v.

\-mS-y-I-e-b-ps-S Ia-e-Z-f-a-p-{-Z-h-n-SÀ¯-nb a-rW-m-f-n-\-n-, aÃ-n-I-m-k-m-c-m-`-m-b-va-ms-c \a-p¡-v Hg-n¨-p \-nÀ¯-m-\-m-h-n-Ã. Al-½-Z-m-_-m-Z-n ZÀ¸W F¶ t-]c-n Z-ri-y-I-e-IÄ¡-v t-hï-n H-mc-p Ø-m]\-w \S-¯-p¶ C-u A½b-p-w aIf-p-w B\-¡c hS-¡¯-v Xd-h-m-«-p-I-m-c-m-W-v. I-y-m]-vä³ e£-va-n-b-ps-S

kt-l-m-Zc-nI-qS-n-b-mW-v a-rW-m-f-n\-n k-mc-m-`-mb-v. t-Icf \-r¯c-q]-§s-f h-nt-Z-i-n-IÄ¡-v ]c-n-N-b-s-¸-S-p-¯-p-h-m³ ChÀ FS-p¯ X-mÂ]c-y-w FS-p¯-p ]d-t-b-ï-X-m-W-v. IYI-f-n-b-n I-qS-n ]c-n-Ú-m-\-a-pÅ a-rW-m-f-n\-n k-mc-m-`-mb-v t-Ic-f-¯-ns-â \-mS-y \-r¯ ]-mc-¼-c-ys-¯ IY-I-f-n-b-p-a-mb-n t-I-mÀ¯-n-W¡-n ]-pX-nb \-r¯ c-q]-§Ä N-n«-s-¸-S-p-¯-n. \-r¯ i-ne-v]-§s-f k-v{-X-oI-f-ps-S s-Nd-p¯-p \-nÂ]-n\-p-w ̀ cW-I-q-S-`-o-I-c-X¡-v FX-n-c-mb-p-w F§s-\ D]-t-b-m-K-s-¸-S-p-¯-m-s-a¶-v ChÀ \a-p¡-v I-m«-n-X-¶-p. ]ß-`-q-j¬ ]-pc-k-vI-mc-w e`-n¨ a-rW-m-f-n\-n k-mc-m-`-m-b-ns-b t-XS-n t-Zi-o-bh-p-w h-nt-Z-i-o-b-h-p-a-mb \-r¯-h-p-a-mb-n _Ô-s-¸« H«-p-a-n¡ ]-pc-k-vI-m-c-§f-p-w F¯-n-b-n-«-p-ï-v.

\-nf-m-X-S-¯-ns-â

s-s-hZ-y k-wl-nXI-qS-Ã-q-c-n s-]c-n-§-m-«-p-s-X-m-S-n-b-ps-S s-s-hZ-y-

]-m-c-¼-c-y-h-p-a-mb-n F¯-nb X-n¯-n½-p D½s-b H-mÀ¡-ms-X \a-p¡-v \½-ps-S Bb-pÀt-ÆZ ]-mc-¼-c-ys-¯ I-pd-n¨-v ]d-b-m-\-m-h-n-Ã. ̀ -mc-X-¸-p-gb-p-w X-qX-¸-p-gb-p-w t-Nc-p¶ I-qS D-uc-v I-qS-n-b-mW-v I-qS-Ã-qÀ. Ch-nS-w AX-p-s-I-mï-v Xs-¶ H-uj-[-k-k-y-§-f-m k¼-¶-a-m-W-v. CX-v Is-ï¯-n N-nI-Õ-¡-mb-n {-]t-b-m-P-\-s-¸-S-p-¯-m³ X-n¯-n½-p D½¡-v Ig-n-ª-p. X-n¯-n½-p D½-b-ps-S aI³ t-U-m: l-ps-s-dÀI-p«-n C¶-v t-Ic-f-¯-ns-e {-]a-pJ Bb-p-t-hZ t-U-mI-vSÀa-m-c-n Hc-m-f-m-W-v.Bb-p-Àt-ÆZ s-s-hZ-y-i-m-k-v{-X-¯-n\-v DbÀ¨ \ÂI-nb s-s-hZ-y-aT-w he-nb \-mc-m-b-W³ \¼-q-X-n-c-n¡-p a-p¶-nÂ

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I-me-w t-]-me-p-w \a-n-¡-p-¶-p. k-zc-w hä-nb s-Ns-s-¼ F¶ al-m-k-w-K-o-X-Ús-\ k-zc-w X-nc-n¨-p \ÂI-n A\-p-{-K-l-n¨ A]-mc s-s-hZ-y]-pW-y-a-m-b-n-c-p¶-p At-²-l-¯-n-t-âX-v. s-Nd-nb \-mc-m-b-W³ \¼-q-X-n-c-nb-p-w i-mk-v{-X-¯-ne-p-w {-]t-b-m-K-¯-ne-p-w at-l-m-Z[-n F¶-d-n-b-p¶ Ú-m\-k-¼-¶-\-mW-v At-²-l-w.

N-m¯Àa-T-¯-ns-â A[-n-]³ N-m¯³ \-mb-c-ps-S i-nj-y³ K-wK-m-[-c³ s-s-hZ-yÀ t-ag-¯-q-c-ns-â A`-n-a-m-\-a-m-W-v. -'s-]-mÅ-p¶ D®-n-Is-f -' N-nI-n-Õ-n¨-v k-pJ-s-¸-S-p-¯-nb s-s-hZ-yÀ _-me-N-n-I-n-Õ-b-n-e-mW-v t-Ia³. s-s-hZ-y-c-ps-S aI³ aW-n-I-W-vT³. aIÄ bt-i-mZ-m aW-nb-p-w s-s-hZ-y-c-ps-S ]-mX ]-n³X-p-S-c-p-¶-p.

kX-y-w -Xs-¶ a\-p-j-y³hÀ¯-a-m\ I-me-¯-n\-v k¦Â]-n-¡-m³ t-]-me-p-w

Ig-n-b-m¯ A{-Xb-p-w Db-c-¯-n-e-mW-v s-hÅ-n-¯-n-c-p¯-n X-mg¯-v c-ma³ `«-X-n-c-n-¸-mS-v F¶ h-n.S-n `«-X-n-c-n-¸-m-S-v. kX-y-s-a-¶X-v a\-p-j-y-\-m-I-p¶-p F¶-v At-²l-w Dd¨-p h-ni-z-k-n-¨-p. I®-p-\-o-c-ns-â D¸-p-s-I-mï-v h-ni¸-p-w s-hÅ-s-I-mï-v Z-mlh-p-w AI-ä-m³ h-n[-n-¡s-¸« A´ÀP-\-§s-f ad-¡-p-S-IÄ XIÀ¯-v-, a-pJ-]S-w N-o´-n-s-b-d-nª-v AS-p-¡-f-b-n \-n¶-p-w Ac-§-t-¯¡-v B\-b-n-¡-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p h-n.-S-n. _-me-yI-me-yh-n-h-m-l-§Äs-¡-X-ns-c {-]X-n-I-c-n¨-p-w h-n[h-m h-nh-m-l-§Ä t-{-]-mÕ-m-l-n-¸-n¨-p-w At-²l-w k-z´-w ka-p-Z-m-b-¯-n a-mä-¯-ns-â s-I-mS-p-¦-m-ä-m-b-n. F{-X t-hf-nb-p-w \S-¯-m³ X¿-m-d-mb-n \S-¶-n-c-p¶ \¼-q-X-n-c-n-a-ms-c t-\Àh-g-n¡-v s-I-mï-p-h-c-m³ h-n.-S-n¡-p Ig-n-ª-p. t-£{-X-§s-f AÔh-n-i-z-m-k-§-f-n \-n¶-p-w A\-m-N-m-c-§-f-n \-n¶-p-w t-a-mN-n-¸-n-s-¨-S-p-¡-m³ h-n.S-n ]c-n-{-i-a-n-¨-p. A£c-w t-]-me-p-w Ad-n-b-m-X-n-c-p¶ Hc-p \¼-q-X-nc-n b-ph-mh-v ]-n¡-m-e¯-v A£-c-§-f-n-e-qs-S ka-q-ls-¯ t-\Àh-g-n-b-n-t-e¡-v \b-n¨ IY Nc-n-{-X-¯-ns-e X-nf-§-p¶ H-mÀ½-IÄ Xs-¶-b-m-W-v.

k-ml-n-X-y-h-g-nt-b \S-¶-hÀ\-nf-t-b-m-c¯-p \-n¶-v s-hÅh-p-w s-hf-n-¨h-p-w

t-\S-n ]-n¶-oS-v Fg-p-¯-ns-â al-mI-me-§Ä I-og-S-¡-nb \-nc-h[-n {-]X-n-`-I-f-p-ï-v. C¯c-w h³a-c-§Ä¡-v I-og-n s-]«-p-t-]-m-b-X-n-\-m a-m{-X-w ]SÀ¶-p ]´-e-n-¡-m³ Ig-n-b-ms-X t-]-mb k-ml-n-X-y-h-g-n-b-ns-e N-nes-c h-nk-va-c-n-¡-m³ h¿. _-me-k-m-l-nX-y t-e-mI¯-v a-mb-m-a-p{-Z ]X-n-¸-n-¨-h-c-mW-v Ch-c-n A[-n-I-h-p-w. hk-o-de-n I-qS-Ã-qÀ-, F-w.S-n ch-o-{-µ³-, S-n. Bc-y³ I®-¶-qÀ-, F-w.-Fk-v I-pa-m-À-, Dj I-p¼-nS-n X-pS§-n c-ma-I-r-j-vW³ I-pa-c-s-\-Ã-q-c-n F¯-n-\-n¡-p-I-b-mW-v Fg-p-¯-ns-â s-Nd-p-]-m-X-IÄ. I-p«-n-I-f-ps-S a\-Ê-d-nª-v l-rZ-b-§Ä I-og-S¡-n Ahs-c \·-b-ps-S ]£-t-¯-mS-v t-NÀ¯-p \-nÀ¯-m³ C-u Fg-p-¯-p-I-mÀ¡-v Ig-n-ª-n-«-p-ï-v. h-mb-\-b-n \-n¶-I-e-p¶ ]-pX-p Xe-a-p-ds-b h-mb-\-b-ps-S hg-n-b-n-t-e¡-v X-nc-n¨-p h-n«-h-c-mW-v C-u {-]

a-pJ Fg-p-¯-p-I-m-s-c-Ã-m-w.

I-rj-n-b-p-w- _-m-h¸b-p-w\-nf-t-b-mc§-f-n I-rj-n-s-b¶-p-w

X-nf-nÀ¯-v \-qd-p-t-a\-n h-nf-ª-p. I-mÀj-nI c-wK¯-v h¶ FÃ-m ]c-o-£-W-§f-p-w B\-¡-c-b-ps-S I-pg-n ̀ -qa-n-I-f-ne-p-w \S-¶-p. X-pï-v `-qa-n-I-f-n-t-e¡-v I-pg-nb-p-w {-It-aW hg-n-a-m-d-n-b-t-X-ms-S \-nf-m XS-¯-ne-p-w I-rj-n \j-vS-s-a¶ ]c-n-t-Z-h-\-§Ä DbÀ¶-p. F¶-m Hc-n-¡e-p-w \j-vS-a-n-Ã-ms-X I-rj-n s-N¿-p-Ib-p-w s-N¿-m³ ]T-n-¸-n-¡-p-Ib-p-w s-Nb-vX Hc-mÄ \½-ps-S {-K-ma-§-f-n Dï-m-b-n-c-p-¶-p. I¸-qÀ I-mc-q¯-v hS-t-¡-Ic s-s-kX-m-e-n-¡-p«-n l-mP-n-b-ps-S aI³ t-U-m: Al-½-Z-v _-m-h¸ F¶ I-rj-n i-mk-v{-X-Ú-\-m-b-n-c-p¶-p a®-ns-â aÀa-a-d-nª B IÀjI t-{-ij-vT³. 1930 P\-p-hc-n 12\-v P\-\-w. X-pSÀ¶-v I-rj-n-b-n _-nc-p-Z-m-\-´-c-_-n-c-p-Zh-p-w kk-y-i-m-k-v{-X-¯-n t-U-mI-vS-t-dä-p-w t-\S-nb Ct-²l-w I-mkÀt-I-mS-v I-mÀj-nI Kt-h-jW C³Ì-n-ä-y-q-«-ns-â Ub-d-I-vS-d-mb-n. d-nkÀ¨-v At-k-m-k-n-t-b-ä-v-, At-{-K-m-W-a-n-Ì-v-, t-_-m«-\-nÌ-v F¶-o \-ne-I-f-ne-p-w s-FI-y-c-mj-v{-S k`-b-ps-S ̂ -pU-v Gâ-v A{-K-n-IĨ-d H-mÀK-s-s-\-t-k-js-â {-]X-n-\-n-[-n-b-mb-p-w h-nt-Z-i-c-m-P-y-§-f-n t-kh-\-a-\-p-j-vS-n-¨-p. C´-y³ P\-ä-nI-vk-v Gâ-v ¹-mâ-v {-_-ok-n§-v s-k-ms-s-k-ä-n-b-ps-S s-^Ã-m-j-n¸-v DÄs-¸s-S h-nc-h[-n k-zt-Z-i-, h-nt-Zi _l-p-a-X-n-IÄ At-²-ls-¯ t-XS-n-s-b-¯-n-b-n-«-ï-v.

ae-b-m-f-¯-ns-â A¡-n¯-wC¶-p t-Ic-f-¯-n al-m-I-h-n-b-mb-n

s-c-mt-f DÅ-q. AX-v A¡-n¯-w A¨-p-X³ \¼-q-X-n-c-n-b-m-W-v. F¬]X-v hÀj-t-¯-m-f-a-mb-n ae-b-mf Ih-n-X-b-n \-nX-yk-m\-n-[-y-a-mb Ih-ns-b \a-p¡-v al-m-I-h-n-s-b¶ Hc-p h-nf-n-t-¸-c-n HX-p-¡-m-\-m-I-n-s-Ã-¦-ne-p-w ̀ -mj-b-ps-S ]c-n-a-n-X-n-b-m A§s-\ h-nf-n-¡-ms-\ Ig-n-b-p. A¡-n¯-w h-mk-p-t-Z-h³ \¼-q-X-n-c-n-b-p-t-Sb-p-w t-XI-qÀ ]-mÀÆX-n A´ÀP-\-¯-n-t-âb-p-w aI-\-mb-n 1926  P\-n-¨-p. Cc-p-]X-m-w \-qä-m-ï-ns-â CX-n-l-mk-w F¶ \-ne-b-n-e-d-n-bs-¸S-p¶ A¡-n¯-w _e-n-ZÀi-\-w-, [Àa-k-q-c-y³-, {-i-oa-Z-v`-m-K-hX-w XÀÖa F¶-n-h-b-n-e-qs-S ae-b-mf-n h-mb-\-¡-m-cs-â DÅ-ns-e \-nX-y k-m¶-n-[-y-a-m-b-n. Ah-mÀU-p-IÄ e`-n-¡-m-¯-X-mb-n H¶-p-a-nà F¶-p ]d-b-p-I-b-mW-v At-²-ls-¯ k-w_-Ô-n-¨-S-t-¯-mf-w Ff-p-¸-w. l-nµ-n-b-n-t-e¡-p-w CXc `-mj-I-f-n-t-e¡-p-w A¡-n¯-w Ih-n-X-IÄ s-a-mg-n-a-mä-w s-N¿-s-¸-«-n-«-pa-pï-v. I-pa-c-s-\-Ã-qÀ At-a-ä-n-¡-c-b-n-s-e -' t-Zh-m-b\-'¯-ne-mW-v X-ma-k-w.

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kzem-lp-±o³ A¿q_n FPyp-t¡-j-\Â tImw¹Ivkv

Øm]‑\‑¯n‑sâ {]‑hÀ‑¯‑\‑§fpw ]‑²‑Xn‑Ifpw ]‑cn‑N‑b‑s¸‑Sp‑¯p¶p.

kpIrX§‑fpsSCcp‑]XphÀj‑§Ä

s-I ]-n s-a-mb-vX-o³I-p«-n l-mP-n(P\-d s-k{-I-«d-n-)

t-Ic-f-¯-ns-e a-pk-ve-n-w ka-p-Z-mbs-¯ k-w_-Ô-n-¨-n-S-t-¯-mf-w h-nZ-y-m-`-y-m-k-]-c-

a-m-s-b-mc-p DWÀÆ-ns-â I-me-a-m-b-n-c-p¶-p Ig-nª \-qä-m-ï-ns-â Ah-k-m-\-Z-i-I-§Ä. a-pk-ve-n-w ]Þ-n-X-c-p-s-Sb-p-w k-wL-S-\-I-f-p-s-Sb-p-w t-\X-r-X-z-¯-n [-mc-mf-w aX-`-u-X-nI Ø-m]-\-§-f-mW-v C¡-m-e¯-v X-pS¡-wI-pd-n-¨-X-v. kak-vX t-Icf P-wC-¿¯-p De-a-b-ps-S t-\X-r-X-z-¯-n-e-pÅ Fk-v.-s-s-h.-F-k-v-, Fk-v.-F-k-v.-F^-v X-pS-§-nb k-wL-S-\-I-f-mW-v C-u a-pt-¶-ä-¯-ns-â N-me-I-i-à-n-b-mb-n hÀ¯-n-¨-X-v. aX þ ̀ -uX-nI ka-\-zb h-nZ-y-m-`-y-mk¯-ns-â \h-b-p-K-¯-n-\-mW-v Ct-X-ms-S X-pS¡-w I-pd-n-¨-X-v. I-mkÀt-K-mU-v P-ma-nA kA-Z-n-¿b-p-w t-I-mg-n-t-¡-mS-v P-ma-nA aÀIk-p-w C-u s-s-hÚ-m-\-n-I-a-p-t-¶-ä-¯-n\-v Z-ni-m-t-_-m[-w \ÂI-n. P-nÃ-IÄ t-X-md-p-w aÀIk-v t-a-mU Ø-m]-\-§Ä X-pS-§-p-I-s-b¶ 1989 s-e Fk-v.-s-s-h.-Fk-v Fd-W-m-I-pf-w kt-½-f\-ml-z-m\-w \-mS-ms-I Gs-ä-S-p-¯-p. t-Ic-f-¯-n-e-t-§-m-f-a-n-t-§-mf-w \-qd-p-I-W-¡-n\-v ka-\-zb h-nZ-y-m-`-y-mk t-I{-µ-§Ä Ø-m]-n-Xa-m-b-n. XZ-v^-e-a-mb-n

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t-Ic-f-¯-n h-nZ-y-m-`-y-mk c-wK¯-v h-n¹-h-I-c-a-mb a-mä-§Ä {-]I-S-a-m-b-n. Hc-p Zi-m_-vZ-w ]-n¶-n-S-p-¶-X-n\-v a-p³]-v Xs-¶ {-]K-Û-c-mb ]Þ-n-X-s-cb-p-w s-{-]-m^-j-\-e-p-I-s-fb-p-w ka-q-l-¯-n\-v kaÀ¸-n-¡-m³ k-wL-{-i-a-§Ä¡-v Ig-n-ª-p. X-mP-p Dea-m DÅ-mÄ X§f-p-w \-qd-p Cea-m F-w.F Dk-vX-m-Z-p-w Ja-d-p Dea F. ]-n Dk-vX-mZ-p-w t-\X-rX-z-w s-I-mS-p¯ C-u [-mÀa-nI a-pt-¶-ä-¯-ns-â Aes-b-me-n-IÄ c-mP-y-m-´c Xe-¯-ne-p-w A\-p-Z-n\-w h-y-m]-n-¨-p-s-I-m-ï-n-c-n-¡-p-I-b-m-W-v.

]-me-¡-mS-v P-nÃ-b-ns-e X-r¯-m-e-b-ps-S h-nZ-y-m-`-y-mk k-z]-v\-§Ä¡-v N-nd-I-p-\ÂI-p-I-b-m-b-n-c-p¶-p k-ze-m-l-p-±-o³ A¿-q-_-n FP-y-p-t-¡-j-\ t-I-m-w¹-I-vk-v. s-s-hÚ-m-\-n-I-c-w-K¯-v AÂ]-w ]-ndI-n-e-m-b-n-c-p¶ P-nÃ-b-n Ck-ve-ma-nI \t-h-m-°-m\-w e£-y-a-m¡-n ]S-n-ª-m-d-§-mS-n b-q\-nä-v Fk-v.-F-k-v.-F^-v {-]hÀ¯-I-c-ps-S a-p³s-s-I-b-n A¼-X-n X-ms-g h-nZ-y-mÀ°-n-I-f-p-a-mb-n Hc-p H-me s-jU-ne-mb-n-c-p¶-p A¿-q-_-n-b-ps-S X-pS-¡-w. ]-n¶-oS-v X-r¯-me t-aJ-e-b-ns-e k-p¶-o k-wL-S-\-I-f-ps-S k-wb-pà-m`-n-a-p-J-y-¯-n 1995 P\-p-h-c-n-b-n ]S-n-ª-m-d-§-mS-n ]d-¡-pf-w ]Å-n-b-n s-h¨-v I½-nä-n

c-q]-w-s-I-m-ï-p. Ja-d-p Dea-m I-m´-]-pc-w Dk-vX-mZ-v s-NbÀa-m\-p-w l\-o^ s-s-^k-n {-]k-n-Uï-p-w a-pl-½Z-v a-ueh-n s-k{-I-«-d-nb-p-w lʳI-p«-n l-mP-n JP-m-©-n-b-p-a-mb-nc-p-¶-p. 1996 P\-p-hc-n a-q¶-n\-v {-]Ø-m\ _Ô-p-¡-f-p-s-Sb-p-w ]Þ-nX t-\X-m-¡-f-p-s-Sb-p-w k-m¶-n-²-y-¯-n Ja-d-p Dea I-m´-]-pc-w Dk-vX-mZ-v ]d-¡-pf¯-v k-ze-m-l-p-²-o³ A¿-q_-n FP-p-t-¡-j-W t-I-m-w¹-I-vk-ns-â i-ne-m-Ø-m-]\-w \-nÀh-l-n-¨-p.

{-]Ya Ø-m]-\-a-mb-n C-w¥-oj-v a-oU-nb-w k-vI-qÄ X-pS-§-n. AÃ-m-l-p-h-ns-â A\-p-{-K-lh-p-w DZ-m-c-a-X-n-I-f-mb Z-o\-o k-vt-\l-n-I-f-ps-S \-nÀt-e-m-`-a-mb kl-mb kl-I-c-Wh-p-w s-I-mï-v Ø-m]\-w hfÀ¶-v s-I-mï-n-c-n-¡-p-¶-p. 1500 h-nZ-y-mÀ°-n-IÄ ]T-n-¡-p¶ C-w¥-oj-v a-oU-nb-w k-vI-qÄ

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Bß-obþ-`-u-X-nI h-nZ-y-m-`-y-m-k-I-m-c-y-¯-ne-p-w A¨-S-¡-¯-ne-p-w \à \-ne-h-mc-w ]-peÀ¯-p¶-p.

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