Phn 1. M U1.1. t vn Bnh tiu ng hin ang l mt thch thc ln i vi vn sc khe cng ng. Mi nm c thm hng triu ngi mc bnh tiu ng. Theo t chc y t th gii (WHO), t l mc bnh tiu ng Chu 10 - 12%, cc quc o Thi Bnh Dng l 30 - 40%. y l cn bnh c th gy ra khng hong y t th gii trong th k 21, v n c th gim tui th ca ngi dn trong vng 200 nm ti. c tnh ti nm 2025 th gii c 333 triu ngi mc bnh chim 6% dn s. T l tng ln cc nc pht trin l 40%, cn cc nc ang pht trin l 70%[2]. nc ta c khong 2 - 2,5 triu ngi mc l mc bnh tiu ng. Trong c on c ti 1,3 triu ngi tui di 30 - y l iu ng lo ngi. Theo s liu iu tra mi nht ti 4 thnh ph ln H Ni, Hu, H Ch Minh, Hi Phng, t l ngi mc bnh tiu ng l 7-8% trong khi t l mc bnh tiu ng la tui 30 - 64 l 4,2% [2]. Trc thc trng trn c nhiu t chc v c nhn tham gia nghin cu tm ra thuc iu tr cn bnh nguy him ny. c nhiu loi thuc ha dc c nghin cu thnh cng, v c hiu qu iu tr cao, nhng khi s dng lu di li mang ti nhiu bt li vi c th, v vy vic nghin cu cc loi thuc c ngun gc thin nhin c h s an ton cao hn khi iu tr lu di l xu hng tt yu. Theo nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc Nht Bn, n , Hn Quc trong l du tm c hp cht alkaloit tn gi l 1 deoxynojimycin (DNJ) cu to tng t nh D - Glucoza c kh nng c ch cc ezim trong h tiu ha nh - amylaza lm thay i s trao i glucoza cng nh tnh trng ng mu cao. Cho n nay, l du tm l ngun thc vt duy nht pht hin c cha DNJ - hot cht c vai tr quan trng trong vic h ng huyt. Do vic nghin cu ch bin cc sn phm giu DNJ t l du phc v cho vic phng chng bnh tiu ng ang c quan tm c bit cc quc gia Chu ni c din tch trng du tm ln.

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Vit Nam c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v tc dng ca DNJ trong l du tm i vi bnh tiu ng. Tuy nhin cc nghin cu ny mi ch dng li bc thm d m cha a ra c quy trnh c h thng c th p dng vo sn xut. Mt khc c nhiu loi thc phm chc nng chuyn bit c ngun gc t thc vt nh: Diabetna, tiu ng nam dc, NADIAdng cho ngi b bnh tiu ng. Tuy nhin cc sn phm ny phn ln c nhp khu nn gi thnh kh cao. Trc nhng yu cu trn chng ti tin hnh ti: Nghin cu quy trnh ch bin tr t l du tm. 1.2. Mc ch yu cu 1.2.1. Mc ch Xc nh quy trnh ch bin tr t l du tm c hm lng DNJ cao dng trong vic h tr iu tr v phng chng bnh tiu ng. 1.2.2. Yu cu - Xc nh nguyn liu thch hp cho ch bin tr - Xc nh c phng php tch chit v thu nhn cao l du ph hp vi iu kin thit b nc ta. - a ra c quy trnh ch bin tr t l du c hm lng DNJ cao

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Phn 2. TNG QUAN TI LIU

2.1. Tng quan v cy du tm 2.1.1. Ngun gc, phn loi v c im hnh thi ca cy du 2.1.1.1. Ngun gc, phn loi Cy du tm: Tn khoa hc: Morus alba L Ngnh: Spermatophyta Lp: Angiospermae Lp ph: Dicotyledoneae B: Urticales H: Moraceae Chi: Morus Loi: Alba

Hnh2.1. Cy du tm Cy du c tn chung l Mulberry, mc nhiu ni trn th gii, v c phn chia thnh ba loi ln. - Morus alba L. (du trng): Mc ch yu chu , qu mu trng hoc , l c s dng chn nui tm. - Morus rubra L. (du ): Mc vng Bc M, qu c mu ta. - Morus nigra L. (du en): Mc ch yu chu u, qu c mu en. Cy du c tc sinh trng nhanh va sng vng n i va sng vng nhit i. Chng c th cao t 10 15m, l mc so le hnh bu dc, hnh tim hay chia thy. u l nhn phn cung l bu mp l c hnh rng ca, qu c th n c. 3

Theo FAO trn th gii hin c khong 30 nc trng cy du tm, ch yu l cc nc thuc Chu (chim 60%), trong Trung Quc chim gn 60% lng du c sn xut, H Bc l mt trong nhng vng trng du ln Trung Quc vi trn 23.000 ha. Vit Nam, hin nay (ti thi im 5/2010) nc ta c 31 tnh tham gia sn xut du tm vi tng din tch du l 17.653ha, chim 0,17% din tch t nng nghip. 2.1.1.2. Mt s ging du chnh c trng Vit Nam Nc ta c khong 165 ging du, bao gm c du a phng, ging mi lai to trong nc v ging nhp ni, ang c trng khp ni trn c nc, nhng qua la chn hin nay ph bin trng cc ging du sau: a) Ging du H Bc Thu thp c H Bc, hin nay c trng nhiu Hng H, V Th Thi Bnh, ging gc c lu gi trung tm ging du tm Vit Hng. Thi gian sinh trng 280 - 290 ngy. L c hnh tim trn, kch thc 15x11cm, mu xanh nht, t cnh tm, cho nng xut cao vo v xun v v h. Nng sut trung bnh 20 - 25 tn/ha. C kh nng chng chu tt vi bnh g st, vi khun, vi rt. Ging thng c trng bng hom nhng vng ngho dinh dng. a) Ging du Qu Ch yu trng t ct ven bin Nam nh, Thi Bnh, l c kch thc thuc loi trung bnh, l dy nhn, mu xanh m. Nng sut l t 35-40 tn/ha. d) Ging du ngi Trng ph bin Vnh Phc, Ha Bnh, H Ty c L to, phng, nhn khng chia thy, thng c mu xanh vng. Nng sut c th t 15 20 tn/ha. e) Ging du lai tam bi th y l ging du lai to, trong iu kin thm canh tt c th cho nng sut rt cao (t trn 40 tn/ha. Cc ging du tam bi th c trng ph bin hin nay - Ging du lai VH13: L to kch thc trung bnh 18,5x15 cm, dy bng v phng, mu xanh m. VH13 hu nh khng c qu nn rt thun li cho thu hi l. Nng sut cao, t trn 40 tn/ha/nm.

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- Ging du VH15: Chiu cao cy trung bnh 2,6m, thn mu xanh nht, cnh nhiu, tn gn, l mu dy mu xanh m, thch nghi vi vng i ni trung du pha bc. Nng sut l n nh t 25-30 tn l/ha - Ging du VH1: Nng sut n nh vi trn 35 tn l/ha f) Ging du VH9 L ging mi lai to, l to, dy, mu xanh m, gi nc tt, thch ng c vi nhiu loi t trng k c vng i, trung du, Ty Nguyn v vng b nhim mn. Cho nng xut l kh cao c bit l v thu, nng sut ti a c th ti 50 tn/ha. g) Ging du Sa nh lun L ging du mi nhp t Trung Quc, hin nay c trng nhiu ti Sn La, Lm ng, Qung Ngi, Bnh nh v ng Nam B. Nng sut rt cao t trn 35 tn/ha. 2.1.2. Tnh hnh trng trt v s dng l du mt s tnh ca Vit Nam hin nay Vit Nam l nc giu truyn thng vi ngh trng du nui tm, tuy cng c nguy c thu nh dn do ngi dn khng khng th duy tr thu nhp n nh t ngh ny nhng vi chin lc pht trin ca nh nc nhng nm gn y v nhng nm ti trong c nh hng thc y s pht trin ngnh du tm t th trong tng lai sn lng l du tm ca Vt Nam s rt di do. Theo s liu thng k nm 2008 ca Cc Trng trt - B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn th c th thy l cy du tm c trng trn hu khp cc min ca t nc ta, t min Bc, min Trung n min Nam, trong sn lng tp trung ch yu ti min Bc, min Trung v Ty Nguyn vi din tch trn 16 nghn ha.

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Bng 2.1. Din tch du tm chia theo vng sinh thi(Tnh n thng 12 nm 2008)

TT I II III IV V VI VII

Vng Sinh thi ng bng sng Hng ng Bc Ty Bc Bc Trung B Duyn Hi Nam Trung B Ty Nguyn ng Nam B

Din tch du (ha) 4.597 726 386 2.999 1.388 7.137 410 10 17.653

T l (%) 26,04 4,11 2,19 16,99 7,86 40,43 2,32 0,06 100,00

VIII ng bng sng Cu Long Tng cng

(Ngun : Tng cc thng k; S nng nghip v PTNT cc tnh)

Qua bng chng ta nhn thy cy du tm c trng khp ni trn c nc, tuy nhin c 4 vng trng du tp trung l : ng bng Sng Hng, Bc Trung B, Duyn hi Nam Trung b v Ty nguyn. Trong Ty nguyn l vng sn xut tp trung ln nht c nc vi 7.137ha chim 40,43% din tch. Vng c din tch t nht l ng bng Sng Cu long, ch c 10ha ti Tnh An giang. Do vy, ngoi vic s dng l du cho ngh nui tm th vic pht trin cc sn phm mi c li cho sc khe cng ng t ngun nguyn liu l du tm s l mt ng lc thc y s pht trin ca ngnh trng du, mang li nhng gi tr kinh t cao hn cho ngi trng du. 2.1.3. c im, thnh phn ho hc ca l du Trong thnh phn ca cy du ni chung v l du ni ring c cha mt lng ln cc thnh phn dinh dng nh saccarit v cc axit amin, vitamin v cc nguyn t vi lng v cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc. 6

2.1.3.1. Flavon v flavon glycozit L du cha cc thnh phn: rutin, quercetin, izoquercitin v quercetin-3triglucozit... 2.1.3.2. Steroit Bao gm -sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, -sitosteryl, -Dglucozit, mezoinositol v mt s hoocmon metamorphic c th l inokosteron v ecdysteron. 2.1.3.3. Cc cht bay hi Axit axetic, axit propionic, axit butyric, axit izobutyric, axit valeric, axit izovaleric, axit caproic, axit izocaproic, methyl salicylate, guaiacol, phenol, ocresol, m-cresol, eugenol. Ngoi ra cn c axit oxalic, fumarat, axit tartaric, axit xitric, axit succinic, axit palmitic, ethyl palmitat, henthriacontan v hydroxycoumarin. 2.1.3.4. Saccarit v cc axit amin Bao gm sacaroza, fructoza, glucoza v 17 loi axit amin nh axit aspartic, axit glutamic. Hm lng cc axit amin chim 10,1 mg/100g l du kh, axit khng 2.1.3.5. Vitamin v cc nguyn t vi lng L du cha mt s vitamin nh A, B1 (0,59 mg/100g l kh), B2 (1,35 mg/100g l kh), C (31,6 mg/100 g l kh), axit nicotinic, caroten (7,4 mg/100g l kh), cht x thc phm chim 52,9% trong x ha tan l 7,9%. N rt giu canxi, kali, photpho, ngoi ra cn gm cc kim loi nng vt nh km, ng, boron, mangan, magie, st. 2.1.3.6. Cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc Trong l du cn cha nhiu cht alkaloid, c bit quan trng trong s l DNJ (1-deoxynojirimycin).

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Bng 2. 2. Thnh phn ha hc chnh ca l du (% cht kh) Thnh phn Protein (%) Cht bo (%) Cht x (%) ng ha tan (%) Nhm amino axit (mg/100g) Vitamin B1 (mg/100g) Caroten (mg/100g) Chlorophyl (%) Alkaloid (%) Amyloza (%) Sterol (%) DNJ (%) Fkavibe (%) Hm lng 32,8 2,56 52,9 9,6 20,96 0,59 7,4 0,01 0,42 1,86 0,05 0,1 3,3

2.1.4. Alkaloid trong l du tm 2.1.4.1. Khi nim Alkaloid l nhng hp cht hu c c cha d vng nit, c tnh baz. c bit, alkaloid c hot tnh sinh l rt cao i vi c th con ngi v ng vt, nht l i vi h thn kinh. Vi mt lng nh c alkaloid l cht c gy cht ngi nhng li c khi n l thn dc tr bnh c hiu. 2.1.4.2. Tnh cht ca alkaloid a)Tnh cht vt l - Khi lng phn t: khong t 100 900 - Th cht: Phn ln alkaloid trong cng thc cu to c oxy thng th rn nhit thng. Cc alkaloid th rn thng kt tinh c v c im

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chy r rng, nhng cng c mt s alkaloid khng c im chy v b phn hy nhit trc khi chy. Nhng alkaloid th lng bay hi c v thng bn vng, khng b phn hy nhit si nn c ly ra khi dc liu bng bay hi nc. - Mi v: a s cc alkaloid khng c mi, c v ng v s t c v cay. - Mu sc: Hu ht cc alkaloid u khng mu tr mt s t c mu vng. - tan: Ni chung cc alkaloid dng baz gn nh khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong cc dung mi hu c nh eter, cloform, benzen, metanolMt s alkaloid do c thm nhm phn cc nh OH, nn tan c mt phn trong nc hoc trong kim ( Morphin, Cephalin). Ngc li vi baz, cc mui alkaloid ni chung tan c trong nc v cn, hu nh khng tan trong dung mi hu c t phn cc. C mt s ngoi l nh Ephedrin, Colchixin, Ecgovonin cc base ca chng tan c trong nc, ng thi cng kh tan trong dung mi hu c, cn cc mui ca chng th ngc li. Da vo tan khc nhau ca alkaloid dng baz v dng mui m ngu ta s dng dung mi thch hp chit sut, phn lp v tinh ch alkaloid. b)Tnh cht ha hc * Alkaloid ni chung c tnh kim yu l do trong phn t c nit. Ngi ta c th tnh c kim ca cc cht v chia thnh: + Alkaloid c kim mnh th gi tr pKB