ვლადიმერ (ვალო) ღუნაშვილი

ქართლის (იბერიის) სამეფოს

პოლიტიკური ორიენტაცია

ძვ.წ. IV-I საუკუნეებში

saqarTvelos erovnuli akademia

vladimer (valo) RunaSvili

qarTlis (iberiis) samefos

politikuri orientacia Zv.w. IV-I

saukuneebSi

Tbilisi 2018

2

UDC(uak.).94(395.4)+327(395.4)

R-97

redaqtori - profesori merab ZnelaZe

teqnikuri redaqtori - nora TigiSvili

wignze muSaobis dros gaweuli uangaro daxma-

rebisTvis madlobas vuxdiT maia ColoyaSvils.

wigni samecniero-popularuli xasiaTis naS-

romia da saqarTvelos politikuri warsuliT

dainteresebul specialistTa da farTo sazo-

gadoebisTvisaa gankuTvnili.

ISBN 978-9941-473-50-0

3

politikuri orientacia da qarTuli

saxelmwifos Seqmna farnavazis xanaSi

zesaxelmwifoTa mier msoflios gadanawi-

lebis procesi saqarTvelosaviT patara qvey-

nebze yovelTvis mtkivneulad aisaxeboda. Tu

saqarTvelos xelisufleba zustad ver gan-

sazRvravda Tavis politikur orientacias,

naCqarevad an nagvianebad Secvlida, imav-

droulad, mpyrobeli imperiis ZalisxmeviT,

qveynis daqucmaceba da ZmaTa sisxlismRvreli

omebi iwyeboda.

xSirad, ukve ganwiruli zesaxelmwifo,

ramdenime weliwadSi, kvlav Zalas ikrebda,

politikur orientaciaSecvlil saqarTvelos

xelisuflebas da masTan erTad mTel qveya-

nasac, rogorc moRalates, sastikad sjida.

4

aseT SemTxvevaSi xelisufali an unda gas-

cloda samSoblos da TavSesafari epova im qve-

yanaSi, romlis politikuri orientaciac gai-

ziara, an borkildadebuli uzenaesis gadawyve-

tilebas dalodeboda.

xdeboda isic, rom qveynis politikuri ori-

entaciis cvlis dro zustad isazRvreboda da

garkveuli sirTuleebis gadalaxvis Semdgom,

qveyana mainc did warmatebebs aRwevda. ase

moxda farnavazis SemTxvevaSic.

msoflios gadanawilebisTvis brZolaSi,

gansakuTrebiT imZlavra aqemenianTa sparseTma,

romelmac wina aziis bevri qveyana daimorCila

da zemZlavr saxelmwifod Camoyalibda. spar-

seTma qristes welTaRricxvamde V s-is meore

naxevarSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelo daipyro.

`warmogzavna erisTavi TÂsi spiTa didiTa,

5

romelsa saxeli erqua ardam,... movida qarTlad

da Semusrna yovelni qalaqni da cixeni qarT-

lisani~ [qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili

yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCi-

Svilis mier, t. I, 1955. gv. 13]. faqtobrivad, Zv.w.

V s-is meore naxevarSi, aRmosavleT saqarTve-

loSi, aqemeniduri sparseTis monawileobiT,

tomobrivi gaerTianebis sistema, qarTvelTa sa-

xelmwifoebrivi erTianobis safuZvlis CayriT

Seicvala.

qarTvelTa mier sparselebisadmi winaaRmde-

gobis gawevis miuxedavad, sparselebma qarTli

mTlianad daimorCiles da iq TavianTi mmarT-

veloba daamyares.

saxelmwifos warmoSobis sakiTxebis kvle-

visas batoni guram mamulia saxelmwifos Seqm-

nis eqvsi winapirobis arsebobis aucileblobas

6

miuTiTebs. kerZod: 1. mosaxleobis ricxovnebis

swrafi zrda, anu demografiuli afeTqeba; 2.

omis saSiSroeba; 3. dapyroba; 4. Warbi, namati

produqciis arseboba; 5. ideologia (`armazi

omisa da nayofierebis RvTaeba iyo~); 6. arse-

bul did saxelmwifoTa gavlena [g. mamulia,

klasobrivi sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos

Camoyalibeba Zvel qarTlSi, Tb., 1979, gv. 166-

167]. yvela es winapiroba im periodis qarTlSi

ukve arsebobda.

leonti mrovelis mier aRwerili zesaxel-

mwifoebis brZola saqarTveloze gavlenis mo-

povebisaTvis, asaxulia im periodis artefaq-

tebze, romelnic uxvadaa aRmoCenili rogorc

aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi.

kerZod: 1908 wels axalgoris municipalitetis

sof. saZegurSi (aRmosavleT saqarTvelo) SemT-

7

xveviT aRmoCnda ganZi, romelic axalgoris gan-

Zis saxeliT aris cnobili _ `axalgoris sasa-

feTqleebs atyvia aqemeniduri xelovnebis erT-

gvari gavlena (cxenis Tavebis damuSavebis mane-

ra, dakbiluli qongurebi cxenebis sadgarze),

xolo mrgvali sayuris saerTo forma warmo-

SobiT iranulia, stilisturad, rogorc erTi,

ise meore nivTi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sakuTriv

sparsul-aqemeniduri nawarmisagan da udavod

adgilobrivi, qarTuli naxelavia. amaze, upirve-

les yovlisa gavarsis uxvi gamoyeneba miu-

TiTebs~ [i. gagoSiZe, qarTveli qalis samkauli,

1981, gv.8].

aqemenianTa sparseTis batonoba didxans ar

gagrZelebula. Zv.w. 334 wels aleqsandre make-

donelis TaosnobiT daiwyo msoflios axali

gadanawilebis procesi. male aqemenianTa spar-

8

seTi aleqsandre makedonelis daqvemdebarebaSi

aRmoCnda. aqedan gamomdinare, makedonelTa

mflobelobaSi gadavida saqarTvelos im-

droindel teritoriaze mcxovrebi qarTveluri

modgmis tomobrivi gaerTianebebi, romlebic

emorCileboda aqemenianTa sparseTs. `daipyra

aleqsandre yoveli qarTli,... dauteva qarTls

erisTavad azon da mis Tana spani igi, mpyro-

belad qarTlisa~ [q. cx. I. gv. 18].

imave faqts meore wyaro _ `moqcevaÁ qarT-

lisaÁ~ Semdegnairad gadmogvcems: `Tana-hyvanda

aleqsandres mefesa azoÁ, ZÀ arian qarTlisa

mefisaÁ, da mas miuboZa mcxeTaÁ sajdomad da

sazRvari daudva mas hereTi da egriswyali da

somxiTi da mTaÁ crolisaÁ da warvida.

xolo ese azoÁ warvida arian qarTlad,

mamisa TÂsisa, da warmoiyvana rvaÁ saxli da

9

aTni saxlni, mama-mZuZuTani, da dajda Zuel

mcxeTas da Tana hyvandes kerpni RmerTad _

gaci da gaiam.

da ese iyo pirveli mefÀ mcxeTas Sina,

azoÁ arian qarTvelTa mefisaÁ, da mokuda~ [Zve-

li qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeg-

lebi, w. I. Tb., 1964, gv. 81-82].

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mematiane azos uwo-

debs mefes _ `ese iyo pirveli mefÀ mcxeTas Si-

na, azoÁ arian qarTvelTa mefisaÁ~ [Zveli qar-

Tuli agiografiul-literaturis Zeglebi,

wigni I, gv. 82]. `arian qarTli~, specialistebis

mier ganmartebulia, rogorc iranis qarTli.

qarTlis cxovrebis mematiane, leonti mro-

veli azos mefed ar miiCnevs. arc `moqcevaÁ

qarTlisaÁ~ da arc qarTlis cxovreba azos

qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi mSeneblobis arc

10

erT reformas ar icnobs da Sesabamisad ar

asaxelebs.

qarTvel istorikosTa didi nawili, ucxour

wyaroebze dayrdnobiT miiCnevs, rom aleqsan-

dre makedonels qarTlSi ar ulaSqria. Cven

nawilobriv veTanxmebiT am Teziss da aRvniS-

navT, rom aleqsandre makedonels uSualod ar

miuRia monawileoba qarTlis dapyrobaSi. qarT-

li daimorCila aleqsandres daqvemdebarebaSi

myofma SeiaraRebulma Zalebma da maTve daniS-

nes azo qarTlis mmarTvelad.

aleqsandre makedonelis mier Seqmnilma

imperiam didxans ver iarseba. makedonelis gar-

dacvalebis [Zv.w. 323 w.] Semdeg, Zalian male

daiwyo axali omebi msoflios gadanawilebi-

saTvis. Zv.w. III s-is Sua wlebSi Camoyalibdnen

axali saxelmwifoebi, romelTagan gansakuT-

11

rebulad saSiSi iyo pontosa da selevkianTa

(asurastani) samefoebi, anu aleqsandre makedon-

elis sardlis selevkis daqvemdebarebaSi aRmo-

Cnda: midia, sparseTi, elami, baqtria, parTia,

mesopotamia, Crd. siria, Zv.w. 301 wlisTvis ki

somxeTis didi nawilic. selevkis memkvidreebi

iyvnen: antioqios I (280-260), antioqios II (260-

247), selevki II (247-226). samefo dedaqalaqi gax-

ldaT q. antioqia md. orontze (siria) [saq.

istoriis narkvevebi, tomi I, 1970, gv. 442].

mcire aziis CrdiloeT raionebSi Camoyali-

bda pontos samefo. `masSi miTridatidebis

dinastia damkvidrda. dinastiis damfuZnebeli

iyo sparseTis ukanaskneli mefis darios III-is

satrapi miTridate~ (saq. istoriis narkvevebi,

t. I. 1970, gv. 442), romlis sikvdilis Semdeg

12

gamefda am miTridates Svili, aseve miTridated

wodebuli (iqve).

qarTlisTvis brZolaSi erTmaneTs daupiris-

pirda pontosa da selevkianTa samefoebi. Tav-

dapirvelad, es iyo faruli dapirispireba.

cnobilia, rom mZlavri saxelmwifos xelmZ-

Rvaneloba yovelTvis mosurnea mis sazRvarTan

axlos, momijnaved ar iyos mowinaaRmdege mZla-

vri saxelmwifos sazRvari. anu mowinaaRmdege

mZlavr saxelmwifoebs Soris sasurvelia iyos

butaforuli patara saxelmwifo, romelic ama

Tu im mZlavri saxelmwifos interesebis gamta-

rebeli iqneba, ueWvelia, iuridiulad es patara

saxelmwifo iqneba damoukidebeli samefo. mag.

XIII s. dasawyisSi saqarTvelom, Tamar mefis

iniciativiT, aseT buferul saxelmwifod Seqmna

13

trapizonis imperia, aleqsandre komnenosis

xelmZRvanelobiT.

selevkidebi qarTlis mmarTvel azos moiaz-

rebdnen pontos samefos interesebis gamta-

reblad. rogorc Cans, azos gandevna qarTli-

dan kargad dagegmes selevkianTa samefos mesve-

urebma. upirveles yovlisa, SeirCa Sesaferisi

pirovneba, romelic Tavisi warmomavlobiTa da

pirovnuli TvisebebiT misaRebi iyo selevkiane-

bisaTvis. amgvar pirovnebad farnavazi cnes.

farnavazis winaprebi aqemenianTa _ sparseTis

mmarTvelTa mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen.

farnavazi yofila `naTesavi uflos mcxeTosis

Zisa, da Zmiswuli samara mamasaxlisisa~ [q. cx.

I. gv. 22]. im periodSi mamasaxlisis funqcia

amgvarad moiazreboda: `mazavebeli da msajuli

yovelTa qarTlosianTa~ [q. cx. I. gv. 11].

14

leonti mrovelis Tanaxmad, farnavazis

deda gaxldaT `sparsi aspaneli~ [q. cx. I, gv.

20]. savaraudoa, rom selevkianTa samefos mmar-

Tvelebma kavSiri daamyares farnavazis dedas-

Tan da misi saSualebiT, deda-Svilis devnilo-

bis periodSi, farnavazs samefos Seqmnisa da

marTvisTvis Sesaferisi ganaTleba miaRebines.

qarTlSi ki am dros uaRresad daZabuli vi-

Tareba iyo. azo `iyo kaci Zneli da mesisxle,

da ese daawesa da amcno spaTa misTa, viTarmed:

`yovelman qarTvelTaganman romelman povos sa-

Wurveli, mokalT igi da hyofdes hromni igi

esreT qarTvelTa zeda, da vinca-vin gamoCndis

qarTvelTagani qmnul-keTili da asakovani, mok-

lan igi. da iyo Wiri didi naTesavsa zeda qar-

TvelTasa. da ese azon maT hromTaca, zeda iyo

15

mesisxle da moesrnes mravalni maTganni~ [q. cx.

I, gv. 20].

azos mmarTveloba qarTlSi daaxloebiT 24

wlis ganmavlobaSi gagrZelda. farnavazi dedam

qarTlidan waiyvana maSin, rodesac is sami

wlis iyo, dabrunebisas ki `farnavaz iyo kaci

gonieri, mÃedari SemmarTebeli da monadire

Ãelovani. da imalvida igi sikeTesa TÂssa azo-

nis SiSisagan~ [q. cx. I, gv. 21].

miuxedavad imisa, rom farnavazi frTxilob-

da da arasdros warmoaCenda Tavis fizikur Tu

gonebriv upiratesobebs, azosTvis mainc cno-

bili gaxda, rom farnavazi saukeTeso mebrZoli

da monadire iyo. amitom deda mudam sifrTxi-

lisken mouwodebda farnavazs, raTa `ar moekv-

levinebina~ azos. `iyo SiSi da Zrwola mas

zeda. da viTar ganmravlda SiSi azonisi maT

16

zeda, rqua farnavazs dedaman misman: `Svilo

Cemo dauteve sayofeli mamaTa SenTa da warmi-

yvane mamulsa Cemsa aspans, ZmaTa CemTa Tana, da

ganere Sen cocxali Ãelisagan azonisa~ [q. cx.

I. gv. 21]. rogorc Cans, es is periodia, rodesac

azos winaaRmdeg ajanyebisaTvis gacxovelebuli

samzadisi TiTqmis dasrulda, saWiro iyo mxo-

lod saTanado Tanxebi, magram dafinanseba

igvianebda. azo da misi momxreebi, bunebrivia,

grZnobdnen, rom qveyanaSi raRac xdeboda da

mowinaaRmdegeebis dasaTrgunad azos brZola

terorSi gadaizarda. amis gamo farnavazma da

dedamisma gadawyvites (savaraudoa, Tanamoazre-

ebTan erTad) gasclodnen qarTls, anu, arse-

buli xelisuflebis mowinaaRmdegeni unda ga-

dasuliyvnen brZolaze iatakqveSeTSi. `daamtki-

ces ganzraxva ese, warsvla aspanisa. Wir uCnda

17

farnavazs dateveba sayofelsa mamaTa misTasa,

aramed SiSisagan didisa daamtkica warsvla~ [q.

cx. I. gv. 21].

am uaRresad rTul periodSi farnavazi

naxulobs winaswarmetyvelur sizmars `maSin

ixila farnavaz sizmari, reca iyo igi saxlsa

Sina ukacursa, da egulveboda gansvla da ver

ganvida. maSin Semovida sarkumelsa missa Suqi

mzisa da moertya welTa misTa, da ganizida da

ganiyvana sarkumelsa mas, da viTar ganvida

velad, ixila mze quemdablad, mihyo Ãeli misi,

mohÃoca cuari pirsa mzisasa da icxo pirsa

missa. ganiRviZa farnavaz da ganukÂrda, da

Tqua: `sizmari igi, ese ars, me warval aspans,

da mun keTilsa mivecemi~ (q.cx. I. gv. .21). sizm-

ris mixedviT farnavazi Caketilia ukacriel

SenobaSi, romlidanac unda gamosvla, magram

18

ver gamodis, anu farnavazi sxvisi daxmarebis

gareSe ver SesZlebs warmatebis miRwevas. maSin

sarkmelSi Semodis mzis Suqi (sxivi), Semoert-

ymeba farnavazs welze, gamoiyvans sarkmlidan

da gaiyvans velad, anu didi pirovnebis, didi

saxelmwifos daxmarebiT (mzis Suqi) farnavazi

SesZlebs warmatebis mopovebas. sizmris mixed-

viT farnavazi mowmends mzes cvars da waisvams

saxeze, anu selevkianTa samefos mesveurTagan

(visi daxmarebiTac gamovida ukacrieli Senobi-

dan da gavida velad) miiRebs qarTlis samefo

gvirgvins _ RvTivkurTxevas da imefebs didxans

da bednierad. Tumca farnavazs Tavidanve am

winaswarmetyveluri sizmris TviTonac ar

sjera da ambobs: `me warval aspans, da mun

keTilsa mivecemi~ [q. cx. I, gv. 21]. (farnavazis

sizmris axsnisas gamoyenebulia cnobili medi-

19

umis mis-hases, wigni, Zili da sizmari. 1990 w.).

Semdgom leonti mroveli aRwers farnavazis

sanadirod wasvlas, sadac farnavazi daWris

irems, SemoaRamdeba, mova wvima. farnavazi ipo-

vis gamoqvabuls da iq naxulobs uamrav simdid-

res, aq leonti mroveli selevkidTa samefos

xelmZRvanelTa mier farnavazisTvis farulad

gadacemuli Tanxis SefuTvas eweva, iremze na-

dirobisa da mRvimeSi ganZis povnis miTologi-

uri saburveliT, anu farnavazma azos (pontos

samefos) sawinaaRmdego qmedebebis organizebis-

Tvis saWiro Tanxa miiRo. Tanxis miRebis Semdeg

farnavazma malulad gadaitana Zvirfaseuloba

saimedo adgilas da daiwyo moqmedeba. pirvel

rigSi Tavisi warmomadgeneli gagzavna mosala-

parakeblad egrisis mmarTvel qujisTan; quji

nawyeni iyo pontos samefos mesveurebze. ponto

20

omobda egrisTan da garkveul warmatebebsac

aRwevda `azon... daipyra qarTlsa zeda egri-

sica~ [q. cx. I, gv. 19]. Cveni varaudiT, qujis

maleve unda moexerxebina egrisis didi nawilis

gaTavisufleba azos mxedrobisagan. da amaSi

qujis daexmarebodnen selevkidebi. amdenad,

qujic da farnavazic, CarTulni iqnebodnen im

periodis saerTaSoriso cxovrebaSi da mzad

iyvnen selevkiduri politikuri orientaciis

gasatareblad. sxva SemTxvevaSi, egrisi rom

mTlianad dapyrobili hqonoda azos, quji ver

SeuerTdeboda farnavazs da ver Seqmnida koa-

liciuri jaris Sesakreb-gasawvrTnel banaks,

azos winaaRmdeg sabrZolo qmedebebis Casata-

reblad, radgan azo `iyo kaci Zneli da me-

sisxle da ese daawesa da amcno spaTa misTa,

viTarmed: `yovelman qarTvelTaganman romelman

21

povos saWurveli, mokalT igi~ da hyofdes hro-

mni igi esreT qarTvelTa zeda...~ [q. cx. I. gv. 20].

_ egriss waarTva Crdilo-dasavleT Savi zRvis-

pireTi. amdenad farnavazs SesaniSnavi niadagi

daxvda egrisSi: qujis mxardaWeriT SeeZlo See-

qmna azos sawinaaRmdego gaerTianeba. molapara-

keba warmatebiT dasrulda, ris Sedegadac far-

navazi (Tanxis garkveuli nawiliT) gadavida

qujisTan. qujis sarezidencio centris siax-

loves mokavSireebma (farnavazi da quji) moawy-

ves samxedro banaki da daiwyes zrunva jaris

Sekreba-aRWurvaze. rogorc aRvniSneT, quji da-

pirispirebuli iyo azosTan, ar eqvemdebareboda

mas, amitom azosTvis SedarebiT miuwvdomel te-

ritoriaze gamarTa samxedro banaki. gaerTiane-

bis xelmZRvanelobam qujis daqvemdebarebaSi

myofi mebrZolebis Sekrebis paralelurad dai-

22

qirava `uricxuni spani da momarTes azons~ [q.

cx. I. gv. 23], anu selevkiduri politikuri ori-

entaciis farnavazi, romelic politikur kav-

SirSi imyofeboda egrisis mmarTvel qujisTan,

didi sabrZolo ZaliT aRWurvili daupiris-

pirda pontos samefos daqvemdebarebaSi myof

azos. farnavazi, rogorc Cans, paralelurad

molaparakebas awarmoebda azos mebrZoleb-

Tanac. `maSin aTasi mÃedari rCeuli ... ganudges

azons da movides winaSe farnavazisa ... maSin

yovelni qarTvelni ganudges azons~ [q.cx. I. gv.

23]. rogorc Cans, azos SeiaraRebul pirebTan

molaparakebas farnavazma warmatebiT gaarTva

Tavi. darCenili mcirericxovani jariT ki azom

veRar gabeda farnavazisTvis winaaRmdegobis

gaweva: `warvida azon da mivida klarjeTs, da

23

gamagrda igi simagreTa Sina klarjeTisaTa~

[q.cx. I. gv. 23].

selevkiduri politikuri orientaciis far-

navazma, faqtiurad, sisxliani dapirispirebis

gareSe, daamarcxa qarTlSi pontos samefos

mmarTveloba, aiZula azo ubrZolvelad gasc-

loda mcxeTas da klarjeTSi gamagrebuliyo.

farnavazis mier azosa da pontos jarebis

qarTlis centraluri nawilebidan gaZevebis

Semdeg, uaRresad didi politikuri mniSvnelo-

bis movlenebi ganviTarda. kerZod, saxelisuf-

lo politikuri Zalauflebis mwvervalze myo-

fma farnavazma, uecrad, TiTqosda, yovelgvari

winapirobis gareSe, uari ganacxada qveynis da-

moukidebel marTvaze da iTxova selevkianTa

samefo xelisuflebisagan qarTlis selevkianTa

samefos SemadgenlobaSi miReba. `farnavaz wara-

24

vlinna mociqulni winaSe mefisa antioqos asu-

rastanisa, da warsca ZRueni didZali. da aRu-

Tqua mas msaxureba, da iTxova misgan Sewevna

berZenTa zeda. xolo antioqos Seiwynara ZRu-

eni misi, da uwoda Svilad TÂsad, da warmosca

gÂrgÂni. da ubrZana erisTavTa somxeTisaTa,

raTa Seeweodian farnavazs~ [q. cx. I. gv. 23].

amdenad, pontos samefos politikuri orien-

taciis mqone azos damarcxebis Semdeg, farna-

vazma uaryo qarTlis ganviTarebis pontos same-

fos politikuri orientiri, Seecada qveyana ga-

daeyvana axal _ selevkianTa samefos politi-

kur orbitaze. didZali ZRvniT aRWurvili mo-

ciquli gagzavna selevkianTa samefos xeli-

sufalTan, aRuTqva morCileba da iTxova daxma-

reba pontos samefos winaaRmdeg samomavlo

brZolebSi. selevkianTa samefo karze elodnen

25

farnavazis mociquls, kmayofilebiTa da zar-

zeimiT miiRes Suamavali. uboZes farnavazs

selevkianTa mefis Zis tituli, riTic faqtob-

rivad moxda farnavazis cnoba-aRiareba saerTa-

Soriso doneze, mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi

qarTlis teritoria ki selevkianTa samefo

mmarTvelTa mzrunvelobis qveS moeqca. farna-

vazs gadasces qarTlis samefo gvirgvini da

somxeTis xelisuflebas gaugzavnes brZaneba _

daxmareboda farnavazs pontos samefos Seiara-

Rebuli Zalebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.

mTeli es politikuri qmedeba gvafiqrebin-

ebs, rom farnavazis mier wamowyebuli brZola

azos mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg iyo selevkideb-

is samefo karze kargad mofiqrebul-dagegmili,

dafinansebuli gegma, romelic iTvaliswinebda

pontos samefos gavlenis sferodan qarTlis

26

gamoyvanas, qarTlze Tavisi gavlenis mopovebas.

amitomac vfiqrobT, rom leonti mroveli, siu-

JetiT _ farnavazis mier mRvimeSi ganZis povnis

Sesaxeb, fuTavs im faqts, rom selevkidebis

samefo karma qarTlze zegavlenis mopovebis-

Tvis Tanxa gaiRo. am hipoTezas amyarebs mrove-

lis kidev erTi winadadeba _ `msaxurebda igi

[farnavazi. v.R.] antioqoss, mefesa asurastanisa-

sa~ [selevkianTa samefo, v.R.] [q. cx. I. gv. 25]

sicocxlis bolomde.

davubrundeT farnavazisa da azos urTier-

Tobebs. rogorc aRvniSneT, mcxeTidan azos gan-

devnis Semdeg, is gamagrda klarjeTSi da

daiwyo mzadeba qarTlis dakarguli terito-

riebis dasabruneblad. brZolisaTvis mzadebas

ganagrZobda farnavazic.

27

azos, pontos samefodan moeSvela Zlieri

jari. `welsa meoresa azon moirTna spani sa-

berZneTiT [pontodan. v.R.], ganZlierda friad

da momarTa farnavazs~ [q. cx. I. gv. 23].

farnavazma daasrula sabrZolo samzadisi.

misi droSis qveS gaerTiandnen: `mÃedarni qarT-

lisani. ..., uÃmo qujis da ovsTa ... moerTnes

erisTavni antioqozisni [selevkianTa samefos

mxedroba, v.R.] somxiTiT~ [q. cx.1. gv. 23].

rogorc Cans, orive dapirispirebuli mxare

kargad momzadebula, orivem (pontosa da sele-

vkidTa samefom) daiviwya faruli SuRli da Ta-

vianTi jarebi erTmaneTs daupirispires. sabr-

Zolo moqmedebebi ganviTarda `naqalaqevsa Ta-

na artanisasa, romelsa erqua maSin qajTa

qalaqi, romeli ars huri~ [q. cx. I. gv. 23].

28

qarTlze gabatonebisTvis pontos samefos

SeiaraRebuli Zalebi daupirispirda selev-

kidTa samefos armias. samwuxarod, qarTlis mo-

saxleobis didi nawili Cabmuli iyo am ZmaTa-

mkvlel omSi. savalaloa, rom qarTli gadaiqca

pontos samefosa da selevkidTa samefoebs

Soris gamarTuli omebis poligonad. `moswdes

orgniTve uricxÂ. xolo iZlivnes berZenni [pon-

tos mebrZolebi. v.R.] farnavazisgan. ivltoda

banaki maTi da mokles azon, da uricxuni spani

maTni mosrnes da tyue qmnnes~ [q. cx. I. gv. 23]. am

brZolis Semdeg farnavazis xelisufleba kidev

ufro ganmtkicda. farnavazma qarTls Semo-

uerTa klarjeTi.

rogorc Cans, gansxvavebulad moazrovne

socialurad da ekonomikurad dawinaurebuli

pirebi farnavazs ar udevnia. amas gvafiq-

29

rebinebs farnavazis mier azos sagvareulo sa-

kulto Zeglebis _ gacisa da gaiamis da Tavisi

_ armazis sakulto Zeglis erT panTeonSi gaer-

Tianeba. am mxriv sruliad gansxvavebuli poli-

tika gaatara farnavazis memkvidre _ saurmagma,

amis Sesaxeb qvemoT.

pontos samefos jarebis damarcxebisa da

azos sikvdilis Semdeg, farnavazma gaaerTiana

qarTli da egrisi da gaatara qarTuli saxelm-

wifos mSeneblobis reformebi. am reformebis

politikuri orientiri selevkidebis samefo,

ufro zustad, selevkidebis samefoSi gaerTia-

nebuli sparseTi gaxldaT. farnavazma ganaxor-

ciela saqarTvelos administraciul-terito-

riuli mowyobis reforma _ `mimsgavsebulad sa-

mefosa sparsTasa~ [q. cx. I. gv. 25]. Seqmna cxra

administraciuli erTeuli _ amaTgan erTi sas-

30

paspeto da 8 saerisTavo. farnavazma xelisuf-

lebaSi `iSvila~, daawinaura im periodis adgi-

lobrivi cnobili da gamorCeuli gvaris

Svilebi, tomobrivi gaerTianebebis xelmZRvane-

lebi, beladebi, romlebsac xelmZRvanelobis

gamocdileba hqondaT.

saxelmwifos administraciuli struqtura

ki Semdegnairad iyo warmodgenili:

mefe

spaspeti

erisTavebi

spasalarni

aTasis Tavni.

`erisTavTa queSe, adgilTa da adgilTa,

ganaCinna spasalarni da aTasisTavni, da maT

yovelTagan movidoda xarki sameufo da saeris-

Tavo~ [q. cx. I. gv. 25].

31

savaraudod, mmarTvelobis adgilobriv sis-

temaSi, saerisTavoSi monawileobas iRebdnen

xevisTavebi. cxrazmis (qsnis) saerisTavoSi sxva-

dasxva dros sxvadasxva odenobis saxevisTavo-

ebi (mcire administraciul-teritoriuli erTe-

uli) erTiandeboda. `maSin miuboZa [iustine II-m,

v.R.] SÂdni ese Ãevni gansagebelni eklesiisani

da yovelni aznaurni mkÂdrni mas Sina da

uwoda erisTav cxrazmisÃevisa~ [Zegli eris-

TavTa, qsnis erisTavTa sagvareulo matiane,

teqsti gamosca, leqsikoni da saZiebeli

daurTo S.mesxiam. wignSi: masalebi saqarT-

velos da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis 1954, gv. 346.

xazgasma Cemia _ v.R.].

farnavazma qarTlis saxelmwifo enad gamoa-

cxada qarTuli ena _ `ese farnavaz iyo pir-

veli mefe qarTlsa Sina qarTlosisa naTesavTa-

32

gani. aman ganavrco ena qarTuli, da arRara

izraxeboda sxua ena qarTlsa Sina TÂnier qar-

Tulisa da aman Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli~

[q. cx. I. gv. 26]. rodesac farnavazi ocdaSvidi

wlis gaxda is selevkidTa daxmarebiT gamefda

da Semdgom politikuri orientacia ar Seucv-

lia _ `msaxurebda igi antioqoss, mefesa asura-

stanisasa. [selevkianTa, v.R.] da yovelni dReni

misni, raÁ dajda, mSvidobiT dayvna, da aRaSena

da ganavso qarTli~ [q. cx. I. gv. 25].

amdenad, reformebis ganxorcielebiT, sa-

xelmwifosTvis Sesabamisi infrastruqturis

SeqmniTa da qveynis sagareo politikuri orien-

tiris zustad gansazRvra-warmarTvis Sedegad,

farnavazma Seqmna qarTlis saxelmwifo. amito-

mac moixseniebs leonti mroveli farnavazs

33

qarTlis pirvel mefed. farnavazi mefobda

daaxloebiT Zv.w. 328-263 wlebSi.

azos daRupvis Semdeg pontos samefos gark-

veuli drois ganmavlobaSi aRar uwarmoebia

brZolebi qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg. `verRara

iZies Suri berZenTa [pontos samefo, v.R.] mis

[farnavazi, v.R.] zeda, rameTu ucalo iyvnen ber-

Zenni brZolisagan hromTasa~ [q. cx. I. gv. 25].

erisTavTa gamosvla mefe

saurmagis winaaRmdeg

farnavazis gardacvalebis Semdeg (daasaf-

laves qarTlis mTaze armazis kerpis win) sa-

mefo taxtze avida misi Svili saurmagi _ `amis

wil mefe iqmna Ze misi saurmag~ [q. cx. I. gv. 26].

34

saurmagis gamefebisTanave qarTlSi misi sa-

winaaRmdego faruli qmedebebi dawyebula. ajan-

yebisTvis mzadeba Cumad mimdinareobda da masSi

administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulebis

xelmZRvaneli erisTavebi yofilan Cabmulni.

bunebrivia, vifiqroT, rom erisTavebTan erTad,

saurmagis mowinaaRmdegeni iyvnen is adgilob-

rivi mcxovrebni, romlebzec erisTavebi gavle-

nas axdendnen da romelTa sacxovrisSic mefe

saurmagma gamarjvebis Semdeg Camoasaxla

Crdilo kavkasielebi (ix. qvemoT). leonti mro-

velis mixedviT am SeTqmulebis mizani farna-

vazis mier Seqmnili saxelmwifoebrivi mow-

yobis damxoba da, savaraudod, azos mmarTve-

lobis periodis dabruneba iyo.

amdenad, qarTlSi uaRresad rTuli situ-

acia Seiqmna, mosaxleoba polarizebuli gaxl-

35

daT. misi SedarebiT mcire nawili, `hromTa igi

aznaurni~ [q. cx. 1. gv. 26], anu azos yofili Ta-

nagundelebi, romelnic ganudgnen azos, kmayo-

filni iyvnen saurmagis mier gatarebuli pro-

selevkiduri politikiT. xolo meore, sakmaod

mravalricxovani nawili, erisTavebi da maT da-

qvemdebarebaSi myofni, ukmayofiloni brZande-

bodnen da moiTxovdnen qveyana dabruneboda

Zvel dros, anu politikuri ganviTarebis kursi

saurmags pontos samefosken unda miemarTa. `mas

Jamsa Sina zraxva yves erisTavTa qarTlisaTa

da Tques: ara keTil ars Cuenda, raiTamca vmsa-

xurebdeT naTesavsa Cuensa, aramed viyoT erTad

da movklaT Cuen saurmag. da viyvneT Cuen Tavi-

sufal, viTarca viyveniT pirvel, da mivscem-

deT xarksa vinca-vin gamoCndes mZle. rameTu

esreT yofiTa ufro ganvisuenebT~. ganamtkices

36

ganzraxva da moklva saurmagisi~ [q. cx. I. gv.

26]. savaraudod, pontos samefos xelisufalTa

dapirispireba romTan am periodisTvis dasru-

lebuli iyo _ `ucalo iyvnen berZenni brZoli-

sagan hromTasa~ [q. cx. I. gv. 25] _ da elodebod-

nen Sesaferis dros, raTa qarTli kvlav aRmo-

Ceniliyo pontos samefos xelisufalTa daqvem-

debarebaSi. rogorc Cans, saurmagis gamefebis

dro CaTvales saukeTeso periodad ajanyebis

mosawyobad da daiwyes saTanado mzadeba.

magram SeTqmuleba gamJRavnda. saurmagi fa-

rulad gaecala mcxeTas, waiyvana deda da gada-

vida durZukeTSi _ CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi dedis

ZmasTan. sadac daiwyo aqtiuri moqmedeba SeTq-

mul erisTavTa winaaRmdeg. SemarTebulma qmede-

bebma Sesabamisi Sedegi gamoiRo. male saur-

magis droSis qveS gaerTiandnen misi momxre

37

mebrZolebi qarTlidan. `hromTa igi aznaurni...

rques saurmags... varT Cuen mtkice erTgulebasa

Sensa... gavixsenoT: `ese azon maT hromTaca

zeda iyo mesisxle da moesrnes mravalni maT-

ganni~ [q. cx. I. gv. 20]. saurmag ezraxa ovsTa

mefesa... saurmag Sekriba durZukeTica, da war-

moemarTa qarTvelTa zeda. da veravin wina-

aRudga mas. da daipyra qarTli, da mosrna gan-

dgomilni misni~ [q. cx. I. gv. 26-27]). mefe saur-

magma SeTqmulni dasaja, `daamdablna qarTlo-

sianni da warCinebul yvna aznaurni~ [q.cx. I. gv.

27].

samwuxarod, qarTlisTvis saxelmwifoTa

urTierTbrZola-Widils Seewira mosaxleobis

didi nawili. mefem zogierTi mowinaaRmdege Se-

iwyala da Semoiriga, ufro metad gaamagra

mcxeTa.ä`umata yovelTa simagreTa mcxeTisa da

38

qarTlisaTa~ [q. cx. I. gv. 27]. CrdiloeT kavkasi-

idan mosaxleobis didi nawili Camoasaxla.

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi durZukebi am

periodSi metad gamravlebuli (sakmaod Zlier-

ni) yofilan. `xolo ganmravlebul yvna durZuk-

ni, naTesavni kavkasisni... da verRara itevda

durZukeTi~ [q.cx. I. gv. 27], romelnic Semdgom

adgilobriv qarTul tomebs Seeria. `romelnime

maTgani warCinebul yvna da sxuani dasxna mTiu-

leTs, didoeTiTgan vidre egrisamde, romeli

ars suaneTi~ [q. cx. I. gv. 27]. bunebrivia, vifiq-

roT, rom mefe dasjida gansxvavebuli politi-

kuri Sexedulebebis pirovnebebs, anu maT, visac

qarTlis samefos pontos samefosTan kavSirSi

moiazrebda, maTsave saganmgeblo teritoriebze

ki, Crdilo-kavkasielebs Camoasaxlebda. es

teritoriebi sakmaod vrceli Cans. leonti

39

mrovelis aRweriT, Seqmnili viTareba amgvaria:

qarTlis mTianeTis sakmaod did alagze mcxov-

rebni mefe saurmagis winaaRmdeg erisTavebis

xelmZRvanelobiT ajanyebulan. ajanyebul mTi-

elebs, rogorc Cans, surdaT, Zveli (azos mmar-

Tvelobis) drois restavracia. maTi lozungi

unda yofiliyo _ meti Tavisufleba, naklebi

gadasaxadi. ajanyebis meTauri erisTavebis

mizani ki yofila saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelTa

mier arCeuli selevkiduri politikuri kursis

Secvla pontos samefos politikuri orien-

taciiT. amdenad, erisTavebis TaosnobiT mosax-

leobis amboxi, savaraudod, dakavSirebuli iyo

gadasaxadebis gadaxda argadaxdasTan. azos

mmarTvelobis dros mosaxleoba Zalian mcire

odenobis gadasaxadebs ixdida, farnavazma ki es

odenoba gazarda. Cans, mefe saurmagma qarTlis

40

mTianeTis amboxebuli mosaxleoba (mTis mosax-

leoba xasiaTdeba konservatiulobiT) cecx-

liTa da maxviliT gaanadgura da gansxvave-

bulad moazrovneTa sisxlis mdinareebi adina,

xolo maT adgilas durZukeTis mcxovrebTa

nawili Camoasaxla. e.i. daurbeviaT adgilob-

rivi mcxovreblebi, daungreviaT dasaxlebuli

teritoriebi, gauRiaT uamravi msxverpli, mSvi-

dobiani mosaxleoba sakuTar samSobloSi dev-

nilad qceula. amdenad, erisTavTa SeTqmuleba

mefe saurmagis winaaRmdeg pontos samefos

xelisufalTa mier mowyobili saxelmwifo

gadatrialebis mcdeloba iyo, romlis gamarj-

vebis SemTxvevaSi qarTlis xelisufleba Seicv-

lida politikur orientacias da moeqceoda

pontos samefos gavlenis qveS. magram, SeTqmu-

lebis gamJRavnebis gamo es ver ganxorcielda.

41

amdenad, erisTavTa gamosvla mefe saurmagis

winaaRmdeg iyo ori didi saxelmwifos (ponto-

sa da selevkidTa) Sefarul-SeniRbuli brZola

msoflioSi gavlenis sferoebis ganawilebis-

Tvis. saurmagma `Seqmna orni kerpni, ainina da

danana, da amarTna gzasa zeda mcxeTisasa.

da msaxurebda igi mefesa asurastanisasa~

[selevkidebis samefo, v.R.] [q. cx. I. gv. 27]. saur-

magi mefobda daaxl. Zv.w. 263-230 wlebSi.

saurmagis meuRle iyo sparsi, bardavis

erisTavis asuli, bardavis saerisTavos ki, aqe-

menidebi ganagebdnen. maSasadame, es qorwili

iTvaliswinebda qarTlisa da sparseTis mefeTa

kavSirebis kidev ufro ganmtkicebas. `moiyvana

coli sparsi, asuli bardavelis erisTvisa~

[q.cx. I. gv. 27]. mefe saurmags vaJi (memkvidre), ar

hyavda `esxnes mis Tana orni asulni, da ara

42

esua Ze~ [q. cx. I. gv. 27]. memkvidris aryolas,

savaraudod, ganicdidnen, rogorc qarTlis ise,

sparseTis (selevkidTa) mefeTa karze. ris Semd-

gomac qarTlisa da sparseTis mmarTveli

elitis kidev ufro metad politikuri dakavSi-

rebis mizniT, saurmagma Tavisi erT-erTi asuli

daaqorwina colis axloblis vaJze, aRiara mem-

kvidred da gadasca saufliswulod qalaqi

gaCiani da samSvildis saerisTavo. `moiyvana

sparseTiT Svili nebroTisi, naTesaviTgan

colisa misisa, dedis diswuli, da daiWira

igi Svilad, romelsa erqua saxeli mirvan, da

misca asuli TÂsi colad, qalaqi gaCiani da

saerisTao samSÂldisa~ [q. cx. I. gv. 27]. meore

asuli ki miaTxova qujis Svils. `erTi asuli

misca Zesa qujissa, mamis diswulsa TÂssa.~ [q.

cx. I. gv. 27].

43

am gadawyvetilebas SemdgomSi didi vnebaTa-

Relva mohyva (ix. qvemoT).

qarTlis (iberiisa da kolxeTis) xelisu-

falTa axlo urTierToba Tanadroul aqemeni-

dur iranTan da antikur samyarosTan sarkise-

burad airekla qarTul kulturaze. `vanSi

[dasavleT saqarTvelo, v.R.] napovni oqros dia-

dema,... Tavisi formiT wminda kolxuria, magram

misi morTuloba metad rTulia...

vanis diadema ... adgilobrivi ostatis naxe-

lavia, igi [ostati, v.R.] aRzrdili iyo Zvel

winaaziur tradiciebze, magram ganicdida Tana-

medrove iranuli da, agreTve, ramdenadme berZ-

nuli xelovnebis gavlenas... vanSi napovni...

oqros sayureebi etlze mdgari cxenosnebis ga-

mosaxulebiT, mogvagonebs axalgoris sasa-

feTqleebs da maTTan erTad sruliad uyoy-

44

manod adgilobriv nawarmad unda miviCnioT...

vanis mdidrul samarxebSi napovnia, agreTve,

oqros samajurebi, romelTa boloebi Semkulia

cxovelTa Tavebis skulpturuli gamosaxule-

bebiT. maTgan erTi nawili, sruliad aSkarad

Sesrulebulia aqemeniduri stiliT da ime-

orebs Zv.w. V-IV ss. farTod gavrcelebul cxo-

velsaxovan samajurebs~ [oT. lorTqifaniZe,

vanis naqalaqari, wignSi: vani I, arqeologiuri

gaTxrebi, 1972, gv. 14-18].

farnavazis mier qarTlisTvis sworad gansa-

zRvrulma qveynis politikurma orientirma,

zogierTi uaryofiTi Sedegis miuxedavad, dade-

biTi gavlena moaxdina qveyanaze. selevkidebma,

TavianTi interesebidan gamomdinare, qarTlis

gaZlierebasa da saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebas

Seuwyves xeli. mefeebi _ farnavazi da saurmagi

45

msaxurebdnen `mefesa asurastanisasa~, ... `mefob-

da saurmag bednierad mravalTa welTa~ [q. cx.

I. gv. 27].

mirvan nebroTianis mefoba

(Zv.w. 230-180 ww.)

saurmagis Semdeg qarTlis mefe gaxda misi

memkvidre _ mirvan nebroTiani. gamefebisTanave

mirvan mefes Seeqmna CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxo-

vreb durZukebisgan garkveuli sirTuleebi.

durZukebma SeZles mobilizeba. daesxnen Tavs

da daarbies kaxeTi da bazaleTi, ris Semdgo-

mac durZukebi da maTTan gaerTianebulni dab-

rundnen ukan. durZukTa damarbeveli laSqrob-

is aRsakveTad mirvan mefem moawyo sapasuxo

46

laSqroba. mefis am laSqrobaSi monawileoba

miuRia qarTlis yvela administraciul-teri-

toriul erTeuls, saerisTavoebs. mematiane gan-

sakuTrebulad asaxelebs saurmag mefis mier

gadmosaxlebul durZukebs, romlebic damorCi-

lebian mefe mirvanis brZanebas. `maSin mirvan

mefeman mouwoda yovelTa erisTavTa qarTli-

saTa, da Semokribna yovelni spani, mÃedari da

queiTi, da yovelni kavkasianni iyvnes sarwmu-

nod morCilebasa zeda mirvanissa, romelni gar-

damovlinebul iyvnes saurmag mefisagan, TÂnier

WarTalTasa. Semokribna ese yovelni da ware-

marTa durZukeTs~ [q. cx. I. gv. 28]. mefe mirvanis

sabZolo samzadisis Sesaxeb adreve gaugiaT

durZukebs da, Sesabamisad, dauwyiaT samzadisi,

gaumagrebiaT sazRvrebi. `Sekrbes durZukni da

47

daudges simagreTa zeda gardasavalTa gzasa

mas~ [q. cx. I. gv. 28].

durZukebTan brZolis aRwerisas leonti

gansakuTrebulad aqebda mirvan mefis gmirobas.

`viTarca vefxi simÃniTa, viTarca lomi zaxi-

liTa, iqmna maT Soris brZola Zlieri. xolo

mirvans ver hkueTda maxÂli durZukTa, viTarca

kldesa sipsa, da dga uZravad, viTarca koSki

mtkice. da gagrZelda maT Soris brZola, da

moswyda orgniTve uricxÂ, xolo iZlivnes dur-

Zukni da ivltodes~ [q. cx. I, gv. 28]. durZukTa

jaris didi nawilis ganadgurebis Semdeg qarT-

velTa SeiaraRebulma Zalebma moaoxres durZu-

keTi da WarTali, ukan wamosvlisas ki gadmosa-

svleli gza-bilikebi qvitkiris kedliT Caketes

da amiT qarTlSi gadmomavali gza-bilikebi

mirvanma Tavis kontrols dauqvemdebara.

48

`moaoÃra durZukeTi da WarTali. da Seabna

karni qvitkiriTa, da uwoda saxelad darubal.

da dajda mirvan mcxeTas, mefobda nebierad da

uSiSad~ [q.cx. gv. I, 28]. mirvans qarTlSi umefia

daaxloebiT Zv.w. 230-180 wlebSi. mas qveynis gan-

viTarebis politikuri gezi ar Seucvlia

`mefobda nebierad da uSiSad... da msaxurebda

igi mefesa asurastanelTasa~ [q. cx. I. gv. 28].

aqve Zalian mniSvnelovania leontis kidev

erTi miniSneba: `xolo mirvans ver hkueTda

maxÂli durZukTa, viTarca kldesa sipsa da dga

uZravad, viTarca koSki mtkice~ [q. cx. I. gv. 28].

aq, Cemi azriT, leonti migvaniSnebs, rom qarT-

velebs liTonis mopoveba-damuSavebis teqnolo-

gia ukve aTvisebuli hqondaT. xolo durZukebs,

iseve rogorc am periodis bevr sxva xalxs, li-

Tonis damuSavebis teqnologia ar SeeZloT.

49

axali teqnologiiT liTonis, rkinisgan damza-

debuli maxvilebiT SeiaraRebul meomrebs, bri-

njaos maxvilebiT SeiaraRebuli mebrZolebi

realur winaaRmdegobas ver uwevdnen, rac

aisaxa durZukTa da qarTvelTa brZolis Sedeg-

ze (radgan liTonis, rkinis mopoveba, damuSa-

veba scildeba Cveni interesis sferos, aRar

ganvixilavT).

qarTlis samefo iyo selevkidebis saxel-

mwifos SemadgenlobaSi manam, sanam istoriis

scenaze ar gamoCnda axali zemZlavri saxel-

mwifo _ romis imperia, romelmac Zv.w. 190 wels

q. magneziasTan sastikad daamarcxa selevkideb-

is samefo, rasac am samefos saxelmwifoebrivi

gaqroba mohyva. selevkidebis samefos nangreveb-

ze warmoiSva ramdenime patara, damoukidebeli

saxelmwifo, maT Soris, qarTlis samefo.

50

axlad warmoSobili damoukidebeli samefoebi

erTmaneTs ebrZodnen da amis gamo xan Zlier-

debodnen, xan sustdebodnen.

Zv.w. III saukunis Sua xanebSi daiwyo selev-

kidTa samefos TandaTanobiTi dasusteba. jer

Camoscilda Sua aziuri provinciebi (baqtria),

Semdgom parTia, sadac xelisufleba arSakianTa

gvarma Caigdo xelSi `es samefo TandaTan gaZ-

lierda da Zv.w. II s. bolos wina aziis uZlier-

es saxelmwifod iqca~ [saq. ist. narkv. I, gv. 465].

vanis tbis midamoebSi Camoyalibda ori som-

xuri samefo _ didi da mcire. amaTgan gansa-

kuTrebiT gaZlierda didi somxeTis samefo,

romelic did interess iCenda qarTlis anu

iberiis samefos mimarT, xolo mcire somxiTis

samefo iswrafoda dasavleT qarTuli anu kol-

xuri gaerTianebebis winaaRmdeg. didi somxeTis

51

samefos artaSesi marTavda. `mas Jamsa Sina mefe

iqmna somxiTs romelsa erqua arSak~ [q. cx. I. gv.

28].

rogorc aRvniSne, qarTlis samefom selev-

kidTa samefos damarcxeba-daSlis Semdeg sxva

samefoebTan erTad miiRo damoukidebloba. sam-

wuxarod, qarTlis samefos mmarTveli elita

moumzadebeli Sexvda qveynis damoukideblobas.

alRo ver auRo, ver gaanaliza damoukidebeli,

Tavisufali qveynis xelmZRvanelobis win mdgo-

mi rTuli amocanebi, ver gaatara Rirseuli

politikuri qmedebebi, ris Sedegadac didi som-

xeTis samefos xelmZRvanelobam, romlebmac

swored Seafases da kargad gaanalizes Seqmni-

li viTareba, aiZula qarTlis mmarTveloba

somxeTis samefos sasargeblod daeTmo qvemo

qarTlis da sxva teritoriebi. kerZod, `pari-

52

adres kalTebi, xorzene da gogarene, romelic

mtkvris gadaRma aris~, xalibebs da mosinikebs

ki kareniti da qserqsene, romlebic mcire

armeniis mezoblad arian, Tu misi nawilebi

arian, da a.S.~ [saq. ist. narkv. I. gv. 446]. anu,

somxeTma daiqvemdebara Semdgomi periodis

speri, tao, kola,...

qarTlisaTvis CamoWrili teritoriebi som-

xeTma sxvadasxvanairad daiqvemdebara. kerZod:

qveynis nawili pirdapir miierTes, darCenili

teritoria ki, mag.: gogarene-gugarqSi _ sapi-

tiaxSos damoukidebel administraciul erTe-

ulad gaaerTianes. vfiqrob, am qmedebebiT som-

xeTi cdilobda zewolas qarTlis xelisuf-

lebaze, raTa qarTlis xelisuflebas uareyo

damoukidebloba da Sesuliyo mTlianad didi

somxeTis samefos SemadgenlobaSi. axlad Seqm-

53

nili sapitiaxSos, romelic mTlianad did som-

xeTze daqvemdebarebuli administraciuli

erTeuli iyo, dauniSnes qarTuli warmomav-

lobis pitiaxSi, rogorc damoukidebeli mmarT-

veli _ mihrdati. `amas mowmobs somexi istori-

kosis movses xorenacis cnoba, rom artaSesma

`qarTvelTa did pitiaxSs mihrdats miando

CrdiloeTis mTebisa da pontos zRvis gamgeb-

loba~ [z. abaSiZe, v. vaSakiZe, n. mirianaSvili,

g.WeiSvili, yoveli saqarTvelo (qarTuli saxe-

lmwifos istoriuli sazRvrebi uZvelesi droi-

dan dRemde, Tb., 2014, gv. 48]. rogorc Cans, didi

somxeTis samefo, mezoblad mdebare qarTlis

saxelmwifos damoukideblobas ver egueboda.

ganuwyveteli provokaciebiTa da qarTlis xe-

lisuflebaze zewoliT cdilobda qarTlis

mmarTvel elitas, Tavisi nebiT eTqva uari qvey-

54

nis damoukideblobaze da politikuri orienti-

ri didi somxeTis saxelmwifosken aeRo.

imisTvis rom, rogorme SeeCerebina didi so-

mxeTis agresiuli politika, qarTlis samefo

elitam gadawyvita dinastiuri qorwinebiT eiZu-

lebina somxeTi wasuliyo garkveul daTmobebze

da pativi eca qarTlis samefos teritoriuli

mTlianobisTvis. mefe mirvanma didi somxeTis

mefe arSaks SesTavaza, rom somxeTis ufliswu-

li daqorwinebuliyo qarTlis mefis asulze

da asec moxda. `ezraxa mirvan arSaks, da misca

asuli TÂsi Zesa arSakissa, arSaks~ [q. cx. I. gv.

28]. magram qarTlis samefo karis am qmedebam

mSvidoba ar moitana, piriqiT, garkveuli perio-

dis Semdeg axali sirTuleebi da daZabuloba

Seqmna.

55

mefe mirvanis gardacvalebis Semdeg qarT-

lis mefed ekurTxa misi Svili farnajomi [q.

cx. I. gv. 28].

farnajomi da qarTlis politikuri

orientacia (Zv.w. - 180-170 ww.)

mefed kurTxevisTanave farnajomma gada-

wyvita qarTlis damoukideblobis ganmtkiceba.

man daiwyo zrunva ekonomikuri da politikuri

mdgomareobis gasaZliereblad, risTvisac sa-

Tanado RonisZiebebi gaatara. `aman farnajom

mefeman umata yovelTa cixe-qalaqTa Seneba, da

aman aRaSena cixe zadeni, da Seqmna kerpi saxe-

liT zaden, da amarTa zadens. da iwyo Senebad

kaxeTs qalaqsa nelqarissa, romeli ars nekre-

56

si~ [q. cx. I. gv. 29]. magram, savaraudod, qarTl-

is samefo karze, maleve gaiges, rom damoukide-

beli politikis warmoebas ver SeZlebdnen,

radgan qarTlis qveyanas didi somxeTis qveynis-

Tvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis resursi ar gaaCn-

da. rogorc Cans, amis Semdeg qarTlis samefo

karma gadawyvita somxeTisTvis diplomatiuri

meTodebiT daepirispirebina parTiis samefo,

romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sedioda sparseTis

yofili samefos teritoriebi. gavixsenoT: mefe

farnajomis mama iyo mirvan nebroTiani, rome-

lic Tavis droze iSvila qarTlis mefe saurma-

gma. mirvani iyo mamis mxriv sparseTis administ-

raciul-teritoriuli erTeulis bardavis sae-

risTavos erisTavis Svili, xolo dedis mxriv

mefe saurmagis Svili. pontos samefos xelisu-

fleba siamovnebiT Rebulobda qarTls Tavis

57

gavlenis sferoSi, oRond qarTlis xelisufle-

bas unda daemtkicebina, rom qarTlis politi-

kuri elita cvlida politikur orientirs da

mtkiced iRebda pontos samefos, anu sparseTis

politikur orientirs, qarTuli saxelmwifos

momavali ganviTarebisTvis. amisTvis ki, ro-

gorc Cans, qarTlis saxelmwifos mmarTvel

elitas oficialurad unda uareyo kerpTayvan-

ismcemloba anu farnavazis (armazis) kulti da

mieRo sparsuli suliereba _ cecxlTayvanis-

mcemloba. `Seiyuara (farnajomma, v.R.) sjuli

sparsTa, cecxlis msaxureba, moiyvanna sparseT-

iT cecxlismsaxurni da moguni, da dasxna igini

mcxeTas, adgilsa mas, romelsa aw hqÂn moguTa,

da iwyo cxadad gmobad kerpTa~ [q. cx. I. gv. 29].

mefe farnajomis mier politikuri orienti-

ris _ ponto-sparseTisken mkveTr Setrialebas,

58

didi somxeTis xelisufalni mSvidad ar Sexve-

drian, gaabes intrigebis didi qseli da daiwy-

es qarTlis erisTavebis momzadeba qarTlis sa-

mefo karTan dasapirispireblad. mravalricxo-

vani agentebis da didi fulis saSualebiT som-

xeTis samefo karma qarTlis qveyanaSi male gaa-

vrcela mosazreba, rom qarTlis samefo karma,

da piradad mefe farnajomma, uRalata mama-

papur sjuls, uaryo farnavazis kerpi. `iwyo

cxadad gmobad kerpTa~ [q. cx. I. gv. 29]. rogorc

Cans, didi somxeTis saxelmwifos agentebi Tavi-

suflad dadiodnen qarTlSi da mouwodebdnen

mosaxleobas gamosuliyvnen qarTuli suliere-

bis anu farnavazis kerpis da saerTod, kerp-

Tayvanismcemlobis gadasarCenad. `amisTÂs moi-

Zules igi (farnajomi, v.R.) mkÂdrTa qarTlisa-

Ta, rameTu didi sasoeba aqunda kerpTa mimarT,

59

maSin SeiTqunes erisTavni qarTlisani umravle-

sni, da waravlines mociquli winaSe somexTa

mefisa da rques: `mefe Cueni gardaÃda sjulsa

mamaTa CuenTasa, arRara msaxurebs RmerTTa

mpyrobelTa qarTlisaTa, SemoiRo sjuli mamu-

li da dauteva sjuli deduli. aw arRara Rirs

ars igi mefed Cuenda. moguec Ze Seni arSak, ro-

melsa uzis colad naTesavi farnavazianTa, me-

feTa CuenTa. guaSuele Zali Seni, da vaotoT

farnajom, SemomRebeli axlisa sjulisa, da

iyos mefed Cuenda Ze Seni arSak da dedoflad

Cuenda coli misi, Svili mefeTa CuenTa~ [q. cx.

I. gv. 29].

amdenad, didi somxeTis samefo karma, miuxe-

davad qarTlis mefe farnajomis, winaaRmdego-

bisa, SeZlo didi somxeTis samefos Seyvana

Tavisi samefos gavlenis sferoSi. aiRo mkveTr-

60

ad gansxvavebuli antisomxuri kursi; didma so-

mxeTis xelmZRvanelobam ar datova yuradRebis

gareSe da qarTlis samefo karis, somxeTis sa-

winaaRmdego qmedebebs daupirispira qarTlis

samefos Sida ganxeTqileba, anu qarTlis eris-

TavTa gamosvla samefo karis da TviT mefe

farnajomis winaaRmdeg. amdenad, didi somxeTis

xelmZRvanelobam qarTlis samefo kars daupi-

rispira adgilobrivi xelisufalni _ erisTave-

bi TavianT xelmZRvanelobas _ qarTlis samefo

kars. qarTlis erisTavTa didi nawili, samwu-

xarod, ahyva didi somxeTis xelisufalTa pro-

vokacias da somxeTis samefo karze gagzavnes

mociqulni TxovniT, romelic SeiZleba sulac

didi somxeTis samefo karze iyo Sedgenili _

`arRara Rirs ars igi (farnajomi, v.R.) mefed

Cuenda. moguec Ze Seni arSak, romelsa uzis

61

colad naTesavi farnavazianTa, mefeTa CuenTa.

guaSuele Zali Seni, da vaotoT farnajom~ [q.

cx. I. gv. 29].

somxeTis xelisuflebam SeZlo da TavianTi

saxelmwifos sasargeblod ganawyo da mokavSi-

red gaixada egrisis mefe ake, Zv.w. 180-160 ww.

qarTlis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.

ake somxeTis daxmarebiT garkveulwilad gaZli-

erda, argveTi da klarjeTi SeierTa, moWra

sakuTari oqros moneta. Semdgom qarTlze Se-

teva kidev ufro gaafarTova da dasustebul

qarTls waarTva `qarTlis samefos zena sof-

lis nawili qalaq ufliscixiTurT~ [T. beraZe,

m. sanaZe, saqarTvelos istoria, wigni I, 2003, gv.

57]. Semdgom didi somxeTis samefo karma, mimar-

Ta erTgvar diplomatiur TamaSs, raTa saerTa-

62

Soriso azri Tavis sasargeblod ganewyo da es

teqnikuri sakiTxic swrafad moagvara.

`maSin erisTavTa qarTlisaTa umravlesTa

misces mZevlebi (somxeTis mefes, v.R.) da ganac-

xades gandgoma farnajomisi, maSin somexTa

mefe yovliTa ZaliTa misiTa warmoemarTa

qarTls. xolo farnajom mefeman mouwoda spar-

sTa da moiyvanna sparsni Zlierni (xazgasma

Cemia, v.R.) da romelnime darComodes Semokribna

qarTvelnica. xolo erisTavni qarTlisani gan-

dgomilni miegebnes somexTa mefesa taSirs, da

mun Sekrba simravle somexTa da qarTvelTa.

xolo farnajom miegeba munve taSirs~ [q. cx. I.

gv. 29].

qarTlis samefoze gavlenis mopovebisTvis

iaraRiT xelSi kvlav daupirispirda erTmaneTs

agresiulad ganwyobili ori didi mezobeli:

63

didi somxeTisa da parTiis (sparseTis) samefo-

ebi. kvlav da kvlav sxvaTa saxelmwifo intere-

sebis dacvas, viTomda, qarTuli saxelmwifos

gadarCenisTvis, ewirebodnen qarTveli mamuli-

Svilebi.

movlenebi ki amgvarad ganviTarda: `iqmna

maT Soris brZola Zlieri, moswyda orgniTve

uricÂ, rameTu iZlia farnajom somexTa da qar-

TvelTagan. da moikla farnajom da mosres spa

misi. xolo Ze farnajomisi mirvan, wlisa

erTisa yrma, wariyvana mamamZuZeman misman, da

ivltoda sparseTs. xolo somexTa mefeman mo-

sca Ze TÂsi arSak~ [q. cx. I. gv. 30]. amdenad,

brZola qarTlze gavlenis mopovebisTvis or

did mezobel agresiul saxelmwifos Soris

Zv.w. 170 w. damTavrda didi somxeTis gamarj-

vebiT. Tumca, leonti mroveli aqve gvitovebs

64

erTgvar intrigas _ didxans gastans didi som-

xeTis gavlena, batonoba qarTlze? _ `Ze farna-

jomisi mirvan wlisa erTisa yrma, wariyvana

mamamZuZeman misman, da ivltoda sparseTs~ [q.cx.

I. gv. 30]. diax, Zv.w. 170 wels somxuri poli-

tikuri orientaciis qarTvelebma daamarcxes

sparsuli (parTuli) politikuri orientaciis

qarTvelebi, da ai am dros ganviTarda uaRre-

sad mniSvnelovani movlena: erTi wlis mirvan

farnajomis Ze waiyvanes sparseTSi (parTiaSi),

raTa iq gaezardaT sparsuli politikuri orie-

ntaciis politikosad da srulwlovanebis Sem-

deg daebrunebinaT qarTlis mmarTvelad. es ki

imas niSnavs, rom parTiis xelisufleba ar fiq-

robda, rom momavalSi qarTli misi gavlenis

sferoSi aRar iqneboda.

65

mefe arSaki (Zv.w. 170-145 ww.)

farnajomis sikvdilis Semdeg qarTlis

mefed dajda somxeTis mefis Ze arSak `dajda

mefed arSak, da daipyra yoveli qarTli~ [q. cx.

I. gv. 30]. aq, rogorc Cans, arSaks garkveuli

winaaRmdegobebi dauZlevia. albaT, farnajomis

momxreebi uqmnidnen garkveul problemebs da

amitomac wers mematiane `daipyra yoveli qarT-

lio~ [q. cx. I. iqve]. farnajomis momxreebis da-

marcxebis Semdgom, arSak mefes didi politiku-

ri uflebamosileba auRia, ris gamoc mematiane

wers `mefobda igi nebierad~ [q. cx. I. gv. 30].

anu, mefobda arSaki Tavis nebazeo, yovelgvari

wesisa da tradiciebis dacvis gareSe. miuxe-

davad amisa, arSaki mainc eloda safrTxes sam-

xreTidan _ sparseTidan da amitomac amagrebda

66

qarTls da qveynis samxreT sazRvars. `umata

yovelTa simagreTa qarTlisaTa. da umetes moa-

mtkicna zRudeni javaxeTs qalaqsa wundas~

[q.cx. I. gv. 30]. aqve mematiane arafers gveubneba

Tu rogor ganviTarda qarTlis teritoriuli

mTlianobis aRdgenis problema. daubruna Tu

ara adre warTmeuli teritoriebi, an ra gadaw-

yvetileba miiRo somxeTma qarTlis terito-

riebze Seqmnili damoukidebeli administra-

ciuli erTeulis gogarenas sapitiaxSosTan mi-

marTebiT. savaraudod, qarTlisTvis warTme-

uli teritoriebi somxeTs, miuxedavad imisa,

rom qarTli mTlianad Sevida somxeTis gavle-

nis sferoSi, ar daubrunebia, ar aRudgenia qar-

Tlis teritoriuli mTlianoba.

mezobeli mZlavri saxelmwifos mier, Seda-

rebiT susti saxelmwifosTvis teritoriis war-

67

Tmeva da iq axali administraciul-terito-

riuli erTeulis (am SemTxvevaSi gogarenes -

gugarqSis sapitiaxSo) Seqmna da am formiT mie-

rTeba mZlavri saxelmwifos mier, an sulac

axali buferuli saxelmwifos Seqmna da daqvem-

debareba, yovelTvis iyo mZlavri qveynis inte-

resebSi. am formiT warTmeuli teritoriis

ukan dabruneba ki, susti qveynisTvis advili

arasdros iyo da arc axla gaxlavT. am SemTx-

vevaSi, an Seni saxelmwifo unda gaxdes mezo-

bel mZlavr saxelmwifoze Zlieri, an zemZ-

lavrma saxelmwifom _ romelic mfarvelobs

sust saxelmwifos, unda aiZulos dampyrobeli

mezobeli, daTmos mitacebuli teritoria. am

procesSi ki _ teritoriis dasabruneblad

Zalzed mniSvnelovania sadavo teritoriaze

mcxovreb moqalaqeTa survili. albaT

68

gogarenes-gogarqSis teritoriaze ZiriTadad

qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen da bunebrivia surdaT

qarTul saxelmwifoSi cxovreba. qarTlis

xelisufleba ki droebiT dakargul teri-

toriaze qarTulenovani mosaxleobis adgilze

damkvidrebas, savaraudod, ekonomikuri piro-

bebis gaumjobesebiT uwyobda xels.

mkvlevari anri bogveraZe wers: `gogarena,

romelic strabonis cnobiT, mtkvris gadaRma

(marjvniv) iyo, somxeTma iberias CamoaWra Zv.w. II

sSi, amis Semdeg karga xans sadavoa am or mezo-

bels Soris, roca iberia Zlierdeboda da saga-

reo viTarebac xels uwyobda, albaT axerxebda

am mxaris dabrunebas (farsman I, farsman II...),

magram Semdeg, Cans, isev kargavda~ (anri bogve-

raZe, qarTlis (iberiis) samefos 369 wlis gayo-

fis sakiTxisaTvis, wignSi, Ziebani saqarTvelo-

69

sa da kavkasiis istoriidan, Tb., 1976, gv. 88-97,

SeniSvna 28) Semdgom mecnieri wers: `safiqrebe-

lia, rom qarTlma is (gugarene, v.R.) daibruna

jer kidev III s. bolos iran-romis omis dros

da Semdeg nizibinis zavis axlo xanebSi, roma-

elTa SuamdgomlobiT sabolood Semoimtkica~

[iqve, gv. 98].

arSaki mefobda Zv.w. 170-145 ww.

mefe artagi (Zv.w. 145-143 ww.)

qarTlis mefe arSakis gardacvalebis Sem-

deg samefo taxtze avida misi Svili artagi.

artagis gamefebis meore wels qarTlis same-

fos Tavs daesxnen parTelebi (sparselebi).

`meoresa welsa mefobisa misisasa movides eris-

70

Tavni sparsTani, spiTa didiTa~ [q. cx. I. gv. 30].

rogorc Cans, Tavdamsxmelebs surdaT qarTlis

xelisuflebis Secvla da qarTlisTvis poli-

tikuri orientaciis cvla, anu qarTlis dabru-

neba parTiis (sparseTis) gavlenis sferoSi.

somxeTma ver SeZlo samxedro ZaliT daxmareba,

mefe artags ki saTanado resursi ar gaaCnda,

amitom qarTlis samefo karze gadawyda: momx-

durebisTvis generaluri brZolis gamarTvis

nacvlad gamagrebuliyvnen cixe-qalaqebSi da

ase gaewiaT winaaRmdegoba. `ver winaaRudga maT

artag, mefe qarTvelTa, rameTu didi iyo Zali

sparsTa, aramed ganamagrna cixeni da qalaqni~

[q. cx. I. gv. 30]. brZolebi gaiwela, es ki sparse-

lTa gegmaSi ar Sedioda. `movles sparsTa yo-

veli qarTli, da moaoÃrnes velni, aramed cixe-

qalaqni vera-romeli wariRes, da warvides~

71

[q.cx. I. gv. 30]. amdenad,, sparselTa mcdelobis

miuxedavad, qarTlis xelisufleba ver Sec-

vales da ver aiZules qarTlis samefo kari ga-

dasuliyo sparseTis politikuri gavlenis

sferoSi. mefe artagi sul ori weli mefobda _

Zv.w. 145-143 ww.

mefe bartomi (Zv.w. 143-125 ww.)

mefe artagis gardacvalebis Semdeg qarT-

lis samefo taxtze adis misi Svili bartomi _

Zv.w. 143-125 ww. samefo taxtze asvlisTanave bar-

tomma, romelic grZnobda sparselTa axali

Semotevis saSiSroebas, daiwyo qalaq mcxeTis

galavnis gaZliereba da, imavdroulad, qarT-

lis sxva cixesimagreTa damcavi zRudeebis gan-

72

mtkiceba. `mefeman bartom umata zRudeTa mcxe-

TisaTa da yovelTa simagreTa qarTlisaTa~

[q.cx. I. gv. 30]. sparseTic ar iyo gulxeldakre-

fili. rogorc Cans, sparseTis samefo karze

kargad gaanalizes wina, Zv.w. 143 w. marcxi da

sabrZolo taqtika Secvales. pirvel rigSi,

qarTlel ufliswuls mirvan farnajomis Zes,

romelic erTi wlis asakidan izrdeboda spar-

seTSi misces kargi, mefisTvis Sesaferisi gana-

Tleba, aswavles qveyis marTvisaTvis yvela sa-

Wiro Cveva da daaufles samxedro xelovnebas.

`aRzardes sparsTa Ze farnajomisi mirvan, ...,

iyo kaci queli, mÃne, mÃedari, da mravalgzis

gamoicada igi brZolasa TurqTa da arabTasa~

[q. cx. I. gv. 30-31], ris Semdgomac sparseTis

xelisufalni gadavidnen aqtiur qmedebebze.

ufliswul mirvans dauqvemdebares kargad Seia-

73

raRebuli da gawvrTnili jari. magram saqmes

iseTi rakursiT warmoaCendnen TiTqosda, spar-

seTi ki ar cdilobda qarTlis dabrunebas

Tavis gavlenis sferoSi, aramed mefoba-warTme-

uli ufliswuli ibrZoda kanonieri uflebis

aRdgenisTvis, `mirvan Sekribna spani Zlierni

sparseTs, waremarTa qarTls~ [q. cx. I. gv. 31],

rom sparseTis samefo xelisuflebam ki ar Sek-

riba jari, aramed ufliswulma mirvanma qarT-

lSi mefobis dabrunebisTvis Sekriba moxalise-

ni da samxedro ZaliT Semovida qarTlis same-

fos sazRvrebSi. mirvanma gagzavna mociqulebi

qarTlis erisTavebTan. man daiwyo aqtiuri agi-

tacia qarTlSi. mirvanma dagmo mamis saqcieli

(qarTuli tradiciebis uaryofa) da yvelas dah-

pirda mitevebasa da keTildReobas. `mamaman Cem-

man SemoiRo sjuli ucxo Tquen Soris,... samar-

74

Tlad moikla mama Cemi,.... aw nu ars sauravi da

SiSi gulsa Tquensa sikudilisaTÂs mamisa

Cemisa,...warmarTebul var Ziebad mamulisa Cemi-

sa, aw iTualeT Cemgan dideba da keTili~ [q.cx.

I. gv. 31].

ufliswul mirvanis saagitacio muSaobas

sasurveli Sedegi swrafad ar gamouRia. `eris-

TavTa qarTlisaTa ara Seiwynares brZaneba mir-

vanisi, aramed yovelni mivides winaSe bartom

mefisa. xolo mciredni vinme qarTvelni, ara

warCinebulni, warvides da mierTnes mirvans~

[q.cx. I. gv. 31].

amdenad, qarTlis Tavisi gavlenis sferoSi

moqcevisTvis, kvlav mimdinareobda brZola or

did mezobel saxelmwifos Soris, erTi mxriv

ibrZoda somxeTi, raTa SeenarCunebina arsebuli

realoba, xolo meore mxriv parTia, romlis

75

SemadgenlobaSic sparseTis didi nawili iyo.

samwuxaro is aris, rom rogorc erT ise, meore

mxares mebrZolTa didi nawili qarTvelebi iyv-

nen. `mefeman bartom Semoikribna yovelni spani

qarTlisani, da moirTo Zali somxiTiT, da mie-

geba igi xunans,... movida mirvan da dadga mdi-

naresa berdujisasa. da iwyes brZolad~ [q. cx.

I. gv. 31].

qarTlze gavlenis mopovebisTvis or dapi-

rispirebul mxares Soris xunanis midamoebSi

generaluri brZola imTaviTve ar gamarTula.

brZolebi mimdinareobda erTi Tvis ganmavlo-

baSi, e.w. goliaTTa, bumberazTa Soris `gamoC-

ndes orTave Soris mun bumberazni. iyvnes

yovelTa dReTa bumberazTa brZolani Tuesa

erTsa: odes maT sZlian, da odesme amaT

sZlian~ [q. cx. I. gv. 31].

76

goliaTTa Soris brZolebSi gansakuTrebiT

isaxela Tavi mirvan ufliswulma `mirvan Tavis-

TaviTa mokla cameti bumberazi qarTvelTa da

somexTagani~ [q. cx. I. gv. 32]. bartom mefe xedav-

da, rom goliaTTa brZolebSi misi gamarjvebis

Sansi klebulobda. Sesabamisad, mis daqvemdeba-

rebul jarSi sabrZolo suliskveTeba yovel-

dRiurad ecemoda da cdilobda generaluri

brZoliT gamoesworebina dasamarcxeblad gan-

wiruli situacia. `maSin bartom mefeman ganaw-

yvna spani TÂsni, da mimarTa yovliTa spiTa

mirvans, da muniT mirvan moegeba spiTa yovliTa

da iqmna brZola Zlieri maT Soris. moswyda

orgniTve uricxÂ. da iZlivnes somexni da qarT-

velni sparsTagan, da mokles bartom, mefe

qarTvelTa~ [q. cx. I. gv. 32].

77

amdenad, parTelTa (sparselTa) kargad da-

gegmil brZolas, qarTlis kvlav dasabruneb-

lad parTiis politikuri gavlenis sferoSi,

Sedegic Sesabamisi mohyva. parTiam aRadgina

qarTlze politikuri gavlena.

mefe bartomTan erTad mokles misi Svilo-

bili, memkvidre qarTam. `ese qarTam, Zed Svile-

buli bartom mefisa, masve wyobasa moikla bar-

tomis Tana. xolo coli misi, asuli bartomisi,

uZlebi darCa, ivltoda da warvida somxiTs, da

mun Sva yrma, da uwoda saxelad aderki, da

izrdeboda igi mun~ [q. cx. I. gv. 32]. aq leonti

mroveli gvamzadebs momavali intrigebisTvis

somxeTis mxridan.

78

mefe mirvani (Zv.w. 125-110 ww.)

taxtze asvlis Semdeg mirvans ar dauwyia

gansxvavebuli politikuri orientaciis mqone

qarTlis didebulebis devna.

is adgilobrivi qarTlis xelisufalni,

romelnic sxvadasxva mizeziT ar imyofebodnen

brZolis velze da TavianT daqvemdebarebaSi

arsebul cixesimagreebSi iyvnen gamagrebulni,

gamoiyvana da yvela Semoiriga. `misca maT fici

da aRTqma~ [q. cx. I. gv. 33]. mirvani gamoirCeoda

tolerantobiT.

leonti mrovelis Tanaxmad, mirvanma kidev

erTi politikuri aqti Seasrula. qarTlis me-

fis (bartomi Tavadve mokla) coli, romelic

samSvildeSi iyo gamagrebuli, iZulebiT gamoiy-

vana da masze iqorwina. radgan dedofali war-

79

momavlobiT somexTa samefo saxlis Svili iyo

`mZlavrobiT gamoiyvana coli bartomisi

samSÂldiT da SeirTo colad, romeli Svili

iyo arSakunianTave~ [q. cx. I. gv. 33]. amiT mirvan-

ma ganacxada Tavisi ganzraxva _ keTilmezob-

luri urTierTobis damyarebisa somxeTis same-

fosTan.

mirvanis samefo qalaqi iyo mcxeTa. mas did-

xans ar umefia da misi gardacvalebis Semdeg

qarTlis mefe gaxda misi Ze arSaki `nebierad

mefobda mciredJam da mokuda da dajda mis

wil Ze misi arSak~ [q. cx. I. gv. 33].

mirvani mefobda Zv.w. 125-110 ww.

80

mefe arSaki (Zv.w. 110-95 ww.)

mefe mirvanis gardacvalebis Semdgom Zv.w.

110 w. qarTlis mefed ekurTxa misi Ze arSaki.

arSaki mamiT nebroTiani _ farnavaziani, xolo

dediT arSakuniani iyo. mefe arSakis saxelTan

aris dakavSirebuli kaxeTSi qalaq nekresis

kidev ufro galamazeba da gaSeneba `aman arSak

ganaSuena nelqar, qalaqi kaxeTisa, romeli ars

nekresi~ [q. cx. I. gv. 33]. nekresis aSeneba jer

kidev mefe farnajomma daiwyo `iwyo Senebad

kaxeTs qalaqsa nelqarissa, romel ars nekresi~

[q. cx. I. gv. 29].

am periodSi kidev ufro Zlierdeba pontos

samefo miTridate VI-is xelmZRvanelobiT. pon-

tos samefo xelisuflebam, romelic poli-

tikur kavSirSi iyo qarTlis samefo xelisuf-

81

lebasTan, erToblivi ZalebiT Seutia kolxeTs.

kolxeTze Seteva mokavSireTa gamarjvebiT dam-

Tavrda. qarTlma daibruna kolxebis mier warT-

meuli Sida qarTlis nawili ufliscixiTurT.

kolxeTis didi nawili pontos samefom uSua-

lod SeierTa. mefe arSakma ufliscixeSi Tavda-

cviTi mSeneblobebi gaamagra `hmata simagresa

ufliscixisasa~ [q.cx. I. gv. 33].

male saerTaSoriso arenaze kvlav wari-

marTa ZalTa gadajgufebis procesi. Zv.w. 95

wels somxeTis samefo taxtze adis tigran II.

miuxedavad imisa, rom pontos samefosa da

somxeTis samefoebs Soris megobruli kavSiris

gamo qarTlma daibruna egrisis mier warT-

meuli teritoriebi, dinastiuri qorwinebiT

ganmtkicebuli kavSiri somxeTsa da pontos

Sorisac arsebobda, somxeTis mefe tigran II,

82

somxeTis samefos Semdgomi gaZlierebis mizniT,

qarTlis samefos saSinao saqmeebSi aqtiurad

Caeria; kerZod: somxeTSi aRzrdili mefe bar-

tomis SviliSvili aderki, romelmac aiTvisa

mefisTvis saWiro Cvevebi da gaiwvrTna rogorc

samxedro piri, gamoemarTa jariT qarTlis

winaaRmdeg bartomisTvis warTmeuli samefo

xelisuflebis dasabruneblad. `aderki moiT-

xovna spani somexTa mefisagan da moscna mas, da

warmoemarTa arSaks qarTvelTa mefesa zeda,

dedis Zmasa TÂssa~ [q. cx. I. gv. 33]. qarTlis

mefed ki am dros aris somxeTidan wamosuli

aderkis dedis Zma arSak mirvanis Ze. mefe

arSakmac Caatara Sesabamisi samxedro samza-

disi: `arSak Semoikribna yovelni erisTavni

qarTlisani, moirTo Zali sparseTiT da miegeba

wina~ [q. cx. I. gv. 33]. rogorc Cans, aq aRwerili

83

ambavi is tipuri SemTxvevaa, roca didi saxelm-

wifos xelmZRvanelni TavianT saxelmwifoTa

interesebidan gamomdinare, arad dagideven ara-

fers da aravis, Tundac maTi qmedebebi mezo-

bel, partnior saxelmwifos interesebs ewina-

aRmdegebodes; anu laparakoben erTs, xolo

sinamdvileSi ki akeTeben meores _ naTqvamis sa-

winaaRmdegos, oRond saqme usaTuod unda gan-

xorcieldes mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi qveynis

interesebis Sesabamisad.

somxeTis mZlavri saxelmwifo tigran II

xelmZRvanelobiT, qarTlze politikuri gav-

lenis aRdgenisTvis upirispirdeba Tavis mokav-

Sires pontos mZlavri saxelmwifos xelmZRva-

nels miTridate VI-es. brZola kvlav farulia,

oficialurad somxeTSi gazrdili aderki Txo-

ulobda, rom qarTlis mefe arSaks, rogorc

84

ukanonod xelisuflebis mimtacebels, daeTmo

samefo xelisufleba aderkis sasargeblod.

amdenad, qarTlze politikuri gavlenisTvis

erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen mezobeli didi

saxelmwifoebi: erTi mxriv, somxeTi, qarTlSi

mefobis kandidat aderkis xelmZRvanelobiT da,

meore mxriv, pontos samefo qarTlis moqmedi

mefis arSakis winamZRolobiT. `Sekrbes ornive

spani TrialeTs da daibanakes maxloblad erT-

manerTisa~ [q. cx. I. gv. 34]. brZolaSi, romelic

sakmaod mxatvrul ferebSi aRuweria leonti

mrovels, gamarjvebuli gamodis aderki. `hkra

aderki isari mkerdsa arSakissa da verRara uf-

ara simagreman saWurvelisaman; ganvarda zurg-

iT, da Camovarda arSak cxenisagan~ [q. cx. I. gv.

34].

85

mefe arSakis mokvlis Semdgom aderki swra-

fad dabrunda ZiriTad laSqarTan da moiTxova

ar ebrZolaT qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg, radgan

mefe arSakis sikvdilis Semdeg qarTvelTa laS-

qari ukve aRar iyo misi mowinaaRmdege; axla

qarTli ukve misi samarTavi qveyana gamxdariyo,

qarTlis jarebi ki _ misi SeiaraRebuli Za-

lebis nawili. aderki `mivida spaTa Tana somxi-

TisaTa, da rqua maT: gafuceb RmerTTa TquenTa,

nu ganmartebT maxÂlTa TquenTa qarTvelTa

zeda, rameTu mamulni arian Cemni, da aw me var

mefe maTi, ZaliTa da SewevniTa TqueniTa~.

ismines somexTa vedreba misi da daadgres

adgilsa zeda~ [q. cx. I. gv. 34].

mas Semdeg, rac aderkma daasrula sityviT

gamosvla somxebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

winaSe da dainaxa, rogor daemorCilnen som-

86

xebi, swrafad datova isini. mivida qarTvelTa

SeiaraRebul dajgufebasTan da mimarTa sity-

viT: `me var Svili mefeTa TquenTa, da suesa

Cemsa moucemia mefoba Cemda. aw miiReT Cemgan

keTili da sixaruli. aha esera aRara mouSvne

spani somexni Tquen zeda~ [q. cx. I. gv. 34-35.]

rogorc Cans, winaswari mosamzadebeli

samuSaoebi, aderkis mociqulebs, qarTvelTa

samxedro dajgufebaSi Catarebuli hqondaT.

qarTvelebi emorCilebodnen aderkis sityvas.

ufro metic, erTgvari aRfrTovanebiTac ki Sex-

vdnen aderks. `Sen xar mefe Cueni; da vmadlobT

suesa Cuensa, rameTu mogueca sazRvarad mefisa

amis Cuenisa Svilive mefeTa CuenTa, goliaTi

da saxelovani~... moiRes qarTvelTa gÂrgÂni

arSakisi, da daadges aderkis da warmoiyvanes~

[q. cx. I. gv. 35]. amdenad, qarTlis mefe gaxda

87

somxeTSi gazrdili, somxuri politikuri

orientaciis mqone piri, mefe aderki, Ze barto-

misi arSakuniani.

zemoT aRwerili politikuri intrigebi mxo-

lod qarTlSi ar viTardeboda. ama Tu im qvey-

nis saxelisuflo vertikalis saTaveSi myofi

piris, Tavisi gavlenis qveS moqceva didi

saxelmwifoebisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo,

aris da iqneba. xdeboda imgvaradac, rodesac

didi saxelmwifos meTauris Svili sxvadasxva

intrigebis gamo (mag., fuladi resursis gamoye-

nebiT) axerxebda patara qveynis xelisuflebis

saTaveSi mosvlas, raTa am saxelmwifos xeli-

sufleba eqcia erTgvar winapirobad didi saxe-

lmwifos saxelisuflo vertikalSi mosasvle-

lad.

88

Zveli berZeni mwerali apiane, miTridates

omebis istoriaSi, mogviTxrobs: `miTridatem...

pontoSi rom dabrunda, gamdgar kolxebsa da

bosforelebs gaumarTa omi. amaTgan kolxebi

mas Svils sTxovdnen miTridates, raTa mieca

maTTvis mefed da [rogorc ki] miiRes, maSinve

damorCildnen. magram mefem ieWva, rom es [yove-

live] moawyo misma Svilma, romelsac mefoba

surda, moayvanina igi, daado oqros borkilebi

da Semdeg didxans ar gauvlia, rom mohkla

[kidevac], Tumca, igi didad sasargeblo iyo mi-

sTvis~ [apiane, miTridates omebis istoria,

1959w. gv. 135].

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, Zv.w. 190 wels q. mag-

neziasTan msoflio saWadrako dafaze gamoCnda

axali zemZlavri saxelmwifo romi, romelic

nel-nela afarToebda Tavis saxelmwifoebriv

89

sazRvrebs da aqtiurad ereoda mezobel saxel-

mwifoTa saqmeebSi.

`Zv.w. 66 w. pontos mefe miTridatesa da som-

xeTis mefe tigranis winaaRmdeg omis warmoeba

romis senatma gneus pompeuss daavala da igi

aRmosavleTis provinciebSi ganusazRvreli uf-

lebebiT aRWurva~ [saqarTvelos istoria, uZve-

lesi droidan axali welTaRricxvis IV sauku-

nemde; redaqtori akad. d. musxeliSvili, 2012 w.

gv. 185]. pontosa da didi somxeTis samxedro

Zalebi, romelTa rigebSi qarTlis samefos Se-

iaraRebuli Zalebic iyo, erTiani ZaliT ewina-

aRmdegebodnen romaelTa Semosvlas. romae-

lebma sastikad daamarcxes mokavSireebi, Zv.w. 65

wels pompeusi qarTlSi SemoiWra. male damar-

cxebul qarTlis mefes romaelebma uboZes sta-

tusi _ `romaelTa megobari da mokavSire~, rac

90

faqtobrivad romauli politikuri orientaciis

mqone, romis daqvemdebarebaSi myof qveyanas

niSnavda.

qarTlis damorCilebis Semdeg, pompeusi

gadavida kolxeTSi da isic daimorCila. Semd-

gomSi pompeusis romSi triumfaluri svlaSi,

kolxeTis mmarTvel olTakes sxva dapyrobili

teritoriebis mmarTvel didebulebTan erTad

miaRebines monawileoba. pompeusma kolxeTis

mmarTvelad daadgina aristarqe, romlis sa-

xeliT moWrilma monetam Cvenamde moaRwia,

Tumca, aristarqe monetaze mefed ar moixse-

nieba [saqarTvelos istoria, t. I.. akad. d. mus-

xeliSvilis redaqtorobiT, Tb., 2012 w., gv. 188].

qarTlis (iberiis) mmarTveli elitis poli-

tikuri orientaciis Sesaxeb arsebuli wyaro-

ebis simciris gamo, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom

91

ukve SemdgomSi, qarTlis (iberiis) mefe artags

maleve unda uareyo romauli politikuri

orientacia, xolo misi memkvidre farnavaz II,

antiromauli politikuri orientaciis unda

yofiliyo.

msoflios gadanawilebisTvis brZolis pro-

cesi Zv.w. IV-I ss. xSirad qarTul saxelmwifoze

gadioda da qarTuli saxelmwifos teritoria

iyo moZalade imperiaTa brZolis poligoni.

mpyrobeli imperiisgan Tavis daRwevas ki,

qarTli (iberia) ZiriTadad am imperiis daSlis

Semdeg aRwevda.

***

92

Sinaarsi

politikuri orientacia da qarTuli

saxelmwifos Seqmna farnavazis xanaSi ....................... 3

erisTavTa gamosvla saurmagis winaaRmdeg ........... 33

mirvan nebroTianis mefoba .................................................... 45

farnajomi da qarTlis politikuri

orientacia (Zv.w. 180-170 ww.) .....................................................55

mefe arSaki - I ( Zv.w. 170-145 ww.) ...................................... 65

mefe artagi (Zv.w. 145-143 ww.) ................................................ 69

mefe bartomi (Zv.w. 143-125 ww.) .............................................. 71

mefe mirvani (Zv.w. 125-110 ww.) ................................................ 78

mefe arSaki - II (Zv.w. 110-95 ww.). ........................................ 80

garekanis pirvel gverdze: axalgoris ganZi,

sasafeTqleebi, Zv.w. IV s.

misi xelmZRvanelobiT 1982 wels, maSindel

leningorSi, gaixsna mxareTmcodneobis

muzeumi, romelic 1985 wels gadavida qsnis

erisTavebis sasaxleSi. 1989 wlidan gadakeTda

istoriis, arqeologiisa da arqiteqturis

muzeum-nakrZalad.

vladimer (valo) RunaSvili

ist. mecnierebaTa doqtori

valo RunaSvilma qsnis saerisTavos da mTlianad saqarTvelos

istoriis Seswavlas ToTxmeti samecniero naSromi da ramdenime

monografia miuZRvna: narkvevebi qsnis xeobis warsulidan I; publikaciebi

(1997 w.); narkvevebi qsnis xeobis warsulidan II (2001 w.); qsnis saerisTavos

politikuri istoria (2005 w.) da meore gamocema (2007 w.); vaxtang

gorgasali, politikuri orientacia da separatizmi (2013 w.). warmatebiT

muSaobs qarTlis (iberiis) saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebasa da politikuri

orientaciis sakiTxebze.