scaffolding & access (mod 06)

7/26/2019 Scaffolding & Access (Mod 06)

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H S E S T A N D A R D

M O D U L E 0 6S C A F F O L D I N G A N D

A C C E S S

T H I S D O C U M E N T C O N T A I N SO N E

M O D U L E I N A S E TC O M P R I S I N G

H S E S T A N D A R D SF O R T H E

B R U N E I S H E L L J O I N TV E N T U R E C O M P A N I E S

BSP-02-Standard-1644

Revision3.1

Approved:

Document Author:

Mohd-Bayzuie B. Abd-Razaksidi, SCO/4

Mohd Hasyim Bin Abdullah, SCO/4x


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BSP Scaffolding and Access Module 06

Scaffolding and Access - Rev 3.1 Page 2 of 42

Document Control

DOCUMENT TYPE DOCUMENT OWNER SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

Standard SCO/4 Unclassified

DOCUMENT REFERENCE AUTHOR APPROVED BY

TMS 1644 SCO/4x SCO/4

KEY WORDS

Scaffolding, inspection, SCAFFTAG, procedure

Revision Record

REV REVISION DESCRIPTION DATE

1.0 1stIssue

2.0 2nd

Issue May 1997

3.0 No material changes changed to newly assigned doct owner post transitionMarch 2001; converted from PageMaker to MS-Word; Updated to include detailson scaffolders job descriptions & capabilities at various levels

June 2001

3.1 Incorporate recommendation from incident

2.8.8 change incorporating prior discussion between scaffold and requestor wrtthe number of ladder access required .

Incorporate minor comments from BLNG-EME.

May 2003

Distribution Control

Distribution of this document is controlled by the Document Owner. The document is made availableon the BSP Intranet> Homepage>Corporate>HSE> HSE Documents

Notice and Warning

Copyright 2001, Brunei Shell Petroleum Company Sendirian Berhad

This document is the property of Brunei Shell Petroleum Sendirian Berhad (BSP), KB3534, NegaraBrunei Darussalam. Circulation is restricted to BSP and its designated associates, contractors andconsultants. It must not be copied or used for any other purpose other than which it is supplied,without the expressed written authority of BSP.

Except where provided for purposes of contractual requirements, BSP disclaims any responsibility orliability for any use or misuse of the document by any person and makes no warranty as to theaccuracy or suitability of the information to any third party. Any misuse of the document isredressable by BSP.

This module is one of a series produced by the Brunei Shell JV Companies, which represent minimumacceptable HSE standards for a wide variety of operations. Individual operating procedures and/ortask specifications should reflect these minimum standards and should be consulted, whereappropriate, prior to start of work.

Comment and feedback from users of this module is encouraged, in order that the series may beupdated as appropriate to reflect current requirements.


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Contents

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION......................................................................................5

CHAPTER 2 REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................................6

2.1 Scaffolder Personnel ................................................................................... ............................................... 62.1.1 Scaffolders.......................... .................................................................................... ............................... 6

2.1.2 Personnel Records ........................................................................... ...................................................... 6

2.2 Requests for Scaffolding ...................................................................... ...................................................... 7

2.3 Materials ................................................................................................ ...................................................... 9

2.4 Design.................................................................................................... ..................................................... 10

2.4.1 Design Requirements .................................................................................... ...................................... 102.4.2 Design Types............................................................................................... ........................................ 11

2.5 General Access Scaffold.......................................................................................... ................................. 11

2.6 System Scaffold ......................................................................................... ................................................ 13

2.7 Ancillary Equipment................................................................................... ............................................. 13

2.7.1 Gin Blocks....................................................................................... .................................................... 13

2.7.2 Safety Chairs ................................................................................... .................................................... 132.7.3 Cradles............................................................................... .................................................................. 13

2.8 Tower Scaffolds .................................................................................... .................................................... 142.8.1 Loading............................................................................................ .................................................... 14

2.8.2 Foundations ............................................................... .......................................................................... 14

2.8.3 Vertical and Horizontal Members ................................................................................... ................... 152.8.4 Ties and Stability ......................................................................... ....................................................... 15

2.8.5 Working Platforms ................................................................................... ........................................... 16

2.8.6 Guard Rails............................... ....................................................................................... .................... 16

2.8.7 Toe Boards ............................................................................ .............................................................. 162.8.8 Access.............................................................................................. .................................................... 17

2.9 Activity Controls........ ....................................................................................... ........................................ 172.9.1 Inspections................................. ...................................................................................... .................... 17

2.9.2 SCAFFTAG System .......................................................................................... ................................. 17

2.9.3 Handover ............................................................................................................. ................................ 182.9.4 Modifications ........................................................................................ .............................................. 18

2.9.5 Protection from Falls................. ....................................................................................... ................... 21

2.10 Working Over Water ................................................................................................ ........................... 212.10.1 Lifelines and Flotation Devices .................................................................. .................................... 21

2.10.2 Standby Boats ............................................................................. ..................................................... 21

2.10.3 Work during Hours of Darkness ............................................................... ...................................... 21

2.11 Ladders ..................................................................................................... ............................................. 222.11.1 Securing a Ladder..................................................................... ....................................................... 22

2.11.2 Safe Use of Ladders ............................................................................... ......................................... 23

2.11.3 Care and Maintenance........................................................................ ............................................. 242.11.4 Inspection and Colour Coding ........................................................................ ................................ 25

2.12 Power-operated Mobile Work Platforms ..................................................................................... ..... 25

2.12.1 Operators .............................................................................. ........................................................... 25

2.12.2 Work Areas...................................................................................... ................................................ 262.12.3 Work Platforms .............................................................................................. ................................. 26

2.12.4 WP Controls ....................................................................................... ............................................. 27

2.12.5 Control of WP Use ...................................................................... .................................................... 27


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2.12.6 WP Hazards ........................................................................................ ............................................. 28

2.12.7 WP Operations......................................................................................... ........................................ 28

2.12.8 Maintenance ........................................................................................... ......................................... 292.12.8 Maintenance ........................................................................................... ......................................... 30

REFERENCES............................................................................................... ......................................................... 31

APPENDIX 1 - EXAMPLE JOB SPECIFICATIONS..................................................32

1.1 Trainee Scaffolder .................................................................................... ................................................ 32

1.2 Basic Scaffolder ........................................................................................... ............................................. 32

1.3 Advanced Scaffolder ............................................................................................... ................................. 33

1.4 Scaffold Inspector............. .................................................................................................... .................... 34

2.1 Scaffolds....................................................................................................... .............................................. 35

2.2 Towers ................................................................................... ......................................................................... 37

APPENDIX 3 - GLOSSARY OF TERMS ...................................................................38

3.1 Types and Dimensions of Scaffolds ..................................................................................... ................... 38

3.2 Tubular Members and Beams ...................................................................................... .......................... 38

3.3 Scaffold Couplers and Fittings...... ....................................................................................... ................... 40

3.4 Other Terms in General Use ......................................................................................... .......................... 40

APPENDIX 4 - CHECKLIST FOR EXAMINATION OF LADDERS...........................42


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C H A P T E R 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N

In day to day operations, there are many occasions when otherwise inaccessible places orequipment have to be reached to carry out work and it would be impossible to carry out someconstruction and maintenance work without providing a suitable means of access.

Access equipment comes in a variety of types and is often the place from which work is carried

out and not just the means of gaining access to the work place. The simplest type is theladder which is often the cheapest and quickest way to get a job done. More complex is ascaffold which can be constructed using conventional tube, fittings and boards, or by usingproprietary systems based on prefabricated frames. Another type is the powered mobile workplatform that is becoming a more and more common feature in activities such as themaintenance of street lighting.

Regardless of the type of equipment and what it is used for, there are inherent risksassociated with it and it is essential that access systems are both provided and used safely.The contents of this document address these risks and their application will ensureappropriate controls are in place to ensure safe operations.

This standard covers all aspects of scaffolding and access, both onshore and offshore, andfollows the basic structure shown below:

the people involved

the materials used

design and construction

use of equipment

activity controls

special situations

Note:

Contractors wishing to use scaffolding for their own purposes, to facilitate painting works, etc. mustadhere to all regulations, specifications and protocols specified within this HSE Standard wheneverthe work is performed on-site.


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C H A P T E R 2 R E Q U I R E M E N T S

2.1 Scaffolder Personnel

2.1.1 Scaffolders

Only competent scaffolders employed by a scaffolding company on contract to BRUNEI SHELLJV COMPANIES shall normally carry out scaffolding work on behalf of BRUNEI SHELL JVCOMPANIES.

Training shall be carried out to standards approved by BRUNEI SHELL JV COMPANIES.

All personnel employed for the purpose of erecting, modifying or dismantling scaffolding onBRUNEI SHELL JV COMPANIES assets will belong to one of the categories listed in Table 1which details the requirements for those personnel.

Exceptions to the above requirements, e.g. the erection of proprietary system scaffold by

JOB CATEGORY QUALIFICATIONS EXPERIENCE

Scaffold Inspector NVQ LEVEL-2 or

NVQ LEVEL-3

Certificate of Competency.

Additional Credit Unit AR-18

Certificate of Competency

(Inspection)

Must have at least five years

Experience in the Scaffolding

Industry.

Advanced Scaffolder NVQ Level 3

Certificate of Competency

Levels 1-2-3

Plus two additional

Untis of Credit

Minimum 12 months on-siteexperience as a Basic Scaffolder

Level-2.

Working towards Level-3

Basic Scaffolder NVQ Level 2

Certificates of Competency

Levels -1-2

Plus one additional

Unit of Credit

Minimum 12 months on-site

Experience as a Basic ScaffodlerLevel-1.

Working towards Level-2.

Trainee Scaffolder NVQ Level 1

Certificate of Competency Level-1

NVQ Registration

Minimum 6 months on-siteexperience under the Supervisionof a Level-2 Scaffolder with aCertificate Of Competency.

Working towards Level-1.

unqualified personnel, etc. are identified at the relevant places in the document.

Table 1 - Personnel Requirements

Outline Job Specifications for Scaffold Inspectors, Advanced Scaffolders, Basic Scaffolders andTrainee Scaffolders and the requirements for supervision are contained in Appendix 1.

Note, the concession in the September 1995 version of this module whereby scaffolders mayhave been assessed for competence by a BRUNEI SHELL JV COMPANIES Scaffold Advisor or a

BRUNEI SHELL JV COMPANIES-approved independent assessor has been withdrawn.Scaffolders assessed and appointed under the concession may continue to carry outscaffolding activities until December 1997 but from 1st January 1998, compliance with therequirements above shall be mandatory.

2.1.2 Personnel Records

Personnel records of scaffolders shall be maintained and kept up to date by the contractor andbe available for inspection by BRUNEI SHELL JV COMPANIES Contract Holders. They shallshow:

Full Name of Employee

Date of Birth

Job Category


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Training Record (original certificates or certified copies thereof)

NVQ Registration Number

Brunei IC or Passport Number

Offshore Pass Number (if relevant)

2.2 Requests for Scaffolding

A BRUNEI SHELL JV COMPANIES engineer or relevant operating authority shall raise requestsfor erection, modification or dismantling of scaffolding. Requests for scaffolding works shall bemade on a Scaffold Request Sheet (Figure 1) and will accompany any Engineering Work Order.Scaffold Request Sheets are available from the HSE forms warehouse. Note that these requestsheets are not used in BLNG, as scaffolding is organized though the electronic MaintenanceManagement System, however, a safety certificate is also required for scaffold erection within allBLNG live process, utilities, storage and jetty areas.

Note: Contractors wishing to use scaffolding for their own purposes, e.g. to facilitate paintingworks on a drilling tender, are expected to follow a similar process.

The requester shall clearly describe the intended purpose, use and loading requirements of thescaffold or proposed modification and the Scaffold Request Sheet is the basis of the agreementbetween BRUNEI SHELL JV COMPANIES and the Scaffolding Contractor in this respect.

When a scaffold of unusual or particular design is required and one of the standard scaffoldtypes (see Table 3) is not appropriate, the requester shall ensure complete and specific details of

the BRUNEI SHELL JV COMPANIES user requirements are entered on the Scaffold Request. Insuch cases, sufficient lead-time shall be given to the Scaffolding Contractor for preparation of asuitable design.


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Figure 1 - Scaffold Request Sheet


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2.3 Materials

In all cases access equipment, whether tube and fittings, proprietary systems or specialequipment, shall be suitable in all respects for its intended application. For the majority ofapplications this will entail the use of steel tube, fittings and board in accordance with Table 2.However, there are certain circumstances where the use of proprietary systems manufacturedfrom steel or aluminium or the use of special equipment is indicated.

Typical indications for the use of such systems and equipment are general access purposes forinspection or cleaning of street lights, high ceilings, guttering, etc. where the access is required

for a short period only or is required to be easily moveable and there is a firm footing. In thesecircumstances, the use of proprietary systems or special equipment may show substantial costsavings over conventional steel tube.

Before a decision is made on the type of access equipment to use, the nature of the intendedtask must be fully examined and the compatibility of the intended task and its location with theequipment application must be assessed.

Table 2 - Scaffold Material Standards

Material Standard Additional Requirements

Steel tube BS 1139

Parts 1 and 2

Only galvanised tube to be used. Used tubes tobe regularly inspected and cleaned. All tubes tobe checked before use for corrosion and generalcondition. Defective tubes to be discarded. Butt-

welded tubes may be used on condition that thewelding has been carried out to an approvedprocedure.

Fittings BS 1139

Parts 1 and 2

All fittings to be examined before use for damageand wear. Damaged or worn fittings to bediscarded. No heat to be applied to fittings.Moving parts to be lubricated.

Boards BS 2482 To be clean and free of nails, free of warping andsignificant cracks. Not to be painted.

When scaffolding is erected in areas where high levels of radiated heat are unavoidablyencountered, e.g. where high temperature pipework is in close proximity, timber scaffold boardsmay be exposed to the risk of burning or charring. In these circumstances, the use of pressedsteel staging boards is an acceptable alternative.

Note, aluminium tubes, fittings, components and proprietary system frames are vulnerable in

the case of fire and are potentially spark producing. If they are to be used where flammableatmospheres could be present during normal operations, or within the fenced boundaries of theBLNG site, their use shall be controlled under the work permit system and precautions specifiedto ensure a safe atmosphere is provided. If a safe atmosphere cannot be reliably provided,equipment manufactured from steel shall be used.


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2.4 Design

2.4.1 Design Requirements

The access and working scaffolds listed in Table 3, with their construction criteria, shall bedesigned by the contractor in accordance with appropriate British Standards.

All other scaffolds, and all scaffolds which are the subject of a specific user request outsidethe pre-specified format of Table 3, shall be designed by the contractor to the requirements set

out in BS 5973.

Table 3 - Loads and Dimensions for Tube and Fittings Scaffold

Type ofScaffold

Use of scaffold ScaffoldLoadingper m2

Maximumnumber ofworking

Platforms

Maximumspacingbetween

Standards

Typical load examples perbay

Very light duty

Independent

Inspection,

access and

painting

75 kg 1 working

platform

2.7 m 1 man +tools. No materials

Light dutyIndependent

Power cleaning,painting, light

engineering

150 kg 2 workingplatforms

2.4 m 2 men + tools. No materials

General

purpose

independent

Light

engineering,

e.g. welding

or electrical

200 kg 2 working

platforms +

1 at very

light duty

2.1 m 2 men + 175 kg of materials

Heavy duty

Independent

Heavy

engineering,e.g. large

pipework or

structural

250 kg 2 working

platforms +1 at very

light duty

2.0 m 2 men + 250 kg of materials

Special purpose To be stated on design drawings


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2.4.2 Design Types

In all cases, the following scaffold types are to be subject to specific design by the contractor,which BRUNEI SHELL JV COMPANIES may require to approve in detail prior to erection:

Offshore overside scaffolds.

Access scaffolds above 50m in height.

Hanging or slung scaffolds.

External freestanding scaffolds.

Scaffolds required to withstand wind speeds >39m/s.

Falsework and support scaffolds.

Extra heavy duty scaffolds in excess of the heavy duty specification in Table 3.

Loading platforms for loads exceeding 2.5 kN/m2.

Lifting gantries.

Public access scaffolds

Temporary roofs.

Note: Hanging or slung scaffolds for onshore application do not normally provide the facilityof conducting a lightning strike to earth and during the design of such scaffolds,consideration shall be given to suitable earthing arrangements. For further

information and details of earthing methods, refer to HSE Standard Module 13 -General Electrical Safety and BS 6651 - Code of practice for protection of structuresagainst lightning.

For scaffold of the types listed above, the contractor shall produce a work specificationtogether with all the necessary drawings for the proposed scaffold work, which BRUNEISHELL JV COMPANIES may require to approve prior to erection.

2.5 General Access Scaffold

General access, or conventional, scaffolding is constructed using steel tube, fittings and boards.The main elements of conventional scaffolding are shown in Figure 2 on the following page.

Construction requirements are as follows:

Foundations shall be adequate for the load imposed at each standard and for the weight of the

whole scaffold. Sole boards shall be used under steel base plates if there is any chance of theplate otherwise sinking into the surface or where baseplates are unavoidably located overgrating.

Standards shall be vertical and generally pitched on steel base plates not more than 2.7 mapart. Joints shall be staggered on adjacent standards so that they do not occur on the samelift.

Ledgers shall be horizontal, placed inside the standards and clamped to them with right anglecouplers. Joints shall be staggered so that in adjacent ledgers they do not occur in the samebay.

Transoms shall be spaced at no more than 1.5 m. They should be extended inwards andoutwards as necessary to create the necessary work platform support.

Ties shall be provided on all scaffolds to prevent inward and outward movement. Frequency ofties shall be to BS 5973 and they shall be evenly spread. The type of tie will depend on the

tying requirements and the nature of the structure. Only load bearing fittings shall be used forties.

Bracing shall be installed on all scaffolds to ensure rigidity. The following minimumrequirements apply:

Bracing shall be fixed as near as possible to node points.

Bracing shall be erected progressively with the scaffold.

Bracing must be at an angle of 45, or as near to that angle as possible.

All bracing shall start from base plate level.

Only load bearing fittings shall be used.


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Boards shall be securely fastened and be supported to meet the requirements set out in Table 4.

Table 4 - Maximum Span of Scaffold Boards

Nominal Thickness ofBoard (mm)

Maximum Span BetweenSupports (m)

Minimum Overhang

(mm)

Maximum Overhang

(mm)

38 1.5 50 150

50 2.6 50 200

63 3.25 50 250

Guardrails and Toeboards shall be fitted to all platforms of 2 m or higher. The upper guardrailshall be positioned at a level between 0.9 m and 1.15 m above the platform. Toeboards shall beat least 150 mm high, and the space between the toeboard and the guardrail shall not exceed0.75 m

Tube end-caps are recommended for all tubes on erected scaffolds where personnel may comeinto contact with tube ends and risk injury.

Figure 2 - Typical Independent Tied Scaffold


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2.6 System Scaffold

System scaffolds are proprietary systems fabricated from steel or aluminium alloy and comprisea complete set of unique components capable of assembly into a scaffold structure without theuse of any other equipment.

Using such systems, structures under 3.0 m in height and not exceeding 18 m3 in volume maybe erected by personnel not qualified as scaffolders. They are not be subject to the SCAFFTAGsystem (see 2.8.2)

Structures higher than 3.0 m or exceeding 18 m3 in volume shall be erected by qualifiedscaffolders and shall be subject to the SCAFFTAG system. In the case of wireline operationsaccess, structures may be erected and inspected by Advanced Scaffolders with at least one yearexperience in that category.

Personnel erecting system scaffold shall be able to read and fully understand themanufacturers instructions and shall follow these instructions at all times. If instructions arenot available, work shall not proceed unless under the supervision of a qualified person.

When using system scaffold, particular attention is drawn to the following:

Instructions shall be obtained from the system manufacturer when deviations outside thenormal system parameters are required, or when sheetings or fans are added, or other changesmade, which will affect the structural loading on the system. When manufacturers instructionsare not available, deviations shall be the subject of specific designs which BRUNEI SHELL JVCOMPANIES may require to approve prior to erection.

Many vertical joints have a minimum tensile capacity and may not be staggered.

NOTE: On occasion, conventional scaffolding and system scaffolds are used in combination,with one type interconnected with the other. In such cases, the permissible loading shall bethat of the lesser-rated structure, in most cases the load rating of the conventional scaffolding.

2.7 Ancillary Equipment

2.7.1 Gin Blocks

Gin blocks shall be used to lift materials only when the load to be lifted does not exceed 50kg.Gin blocks shall never be used for personnel transfer.

A gin block shall be mounted on a cantilever tube projecting outwards from the scaffold at amaximum distance that shall not exceed 750mm. This supporting tube shall be attached totwo standards.

Ring type gin blocks should be used when possible. If a hook type gin block is used it shouldbe wire lashed to the supporting tube and not hooked into a tube or into a fitting, and themouth of the hook is to be securely moused. A coupler should be placed on either side of thering or lashing to prevent movement (see Figure 3).

Ropes shall be of a size compatible with the gin block in use, and shall comply withappropriate British Standards (see References).

2.7.2 Safety Chairs

Safety chairs (Boatswains Chairs) shall be used only where it is impracticable to use a

suspended or other form of scaffold. Safety chairs must comply with BS 2830 and a safetyfactor of at least 4 is required.

2.7.3 Cradles

Cradles (or suspended scaffolds) can be raised or lowered on ropes or wires by means ofmanual or powered lifting appliances. Where powered lifting devices are required to be used,the user shall discuss with the operating authority, e.g. the Asset Holders representative, thesuitability of the proposed equipment for the intended area. Cradles shall comply with BS5974.


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Figure 3 - Gin Block Fixings

2.8 Tower Scaffolds

Tower scaffolds are 4-legged structures which may be tied to a building or be free-standingFree-standing towers may have vertically adjustable legs and may be mounted on castors to

make them mobile.

The various types of tower scaffold are grouped as follows:

prefabricated from aluminium alloy

prefabricated from steel

systems scaffolds made from steel

tube and fittings made from steel or aluminium

The different types of prefabricated tower available are erected in different ways and users shallensure that adequate manufacturers instruction manuals or guides are available beforeconstruction of a tower commences. Regardless of the type of tower to be erected, care shall betaken not to impede access and egress routes in the vicinity of the tower.

Simple tower scaffolds of the prefabricated or system type may be erected, altered or dismantledby persons not qualified as scaffolders and do not need to be inspected and certified under theSCAFFTAG system (see section 2.9.2). However, any tower structure more extensive andsophisticated than a simple, 4-legged layout or a tower constructed from tube and fittings shallonly be erected by qualified scaffolders and shall be subject to the SCAFFTAG system.

2.8.1 Loading

For prefabricated and systems towers the manufacturers instructions will specify themaximum permitted loads on the structure and these load restrictions shall be taken intoaccount when selecting the type to be used. For towers constructed from tube and fittings,the maximum loading is 75 kg/m2.

2.8.2 Foundations

The tower foundation shall be capable of sustaining the total load at all times during itserection and use so that a stable condition is maintained. Towers shall not be erected directlyon recently made up ground or on lightweight manhole covers and timber spanningexcavations. The legs of static towers shall always rest on metal baseplates or castors and theload spread by timber soleplates at least 225 mm wide by 40 mm deep and long enough toensure no undue ground settlement.

Castors on mobile towers shall be at least 125 mm in diameter and shall be stamped withtheir maximum permissible loading. They shall be capable of being locked in position so thetower cannot move while in use. Castors shall only be used on hard level surfaces or ontemporarily laid level bases or runways.


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Adjustable legs may be needed to ensure that the tower is vertical. These legs shall not beused to extend the height of the tower and the maximum extension specified by themanufacturer shall not be exceeded. Adjustable legs and castors shall be prevented fromfalling out of the vertical tubes and if locking devices are used, they shall be correctly engaged.

2.8.3 Vertical and Horizontal Members

The vertical members on system towers are normally joined by socket and spigot connections.These shall be properly seated and any locking pins correctly engaged. Vertical members shallbe maintained upright to prevent critical effects on stability and structural stresses.

Connections shall be properly tightened, latching hooks correctly seated and fittings correctlyapplied. All components shall be examined before use for damage that might adversely affecttheir load carrying ability. Prefabricated components shall be checked for broken welds,cracks, looseness of fit or other damage, and where members are connected by latching hooks,these shall be examined to ensure that the spring and release trigger are operating correctly.Non-compatible components shall not be used.

All towers, regardless of the type of component used, shall be adequately braced in all threedimensions. For prefabricated towers, this bracing may be provided by the interlockingarrangements of the frames but as each type may have different bracing arrangements,reference to manufacturers instructions shall always be made. Towers constructed from tubeand fittings need facade bracing on all four sides and plan bracing, and a similar approachshall be adopted for systems towers unless the manufacturer specifies otherwise.

2.8.4 Ties and Stability

Aluminium Alloy Prefabricated Towers

Alloy towers are very light in weight and their centre of gravity is near the top platform level.Care shall therefore be taken to ensure their stability and that they cannot overturn duringuse or be blown over when left unattended.

Manufacturers instructions normally specify either the maximum height to which the towershould be erected or the maximum height to smallest base ratio for free-standing towers.These limitations shall always be followed and in the absence of such information, the ratiosshown in Figure 4 shall apply.

Stabilisers or outriggers may be used to increase the effective base dimension so that moresections may be added to increase the tower height. Stabilisers (which have pad feet) andoutriggers (which have castors) shall be rigidly fitted to the tower and shall be in firm contactwith the ground or base. Adjustable stabilisers/outriggers shall be positioned to make theeffective base dimension as large as possible. Stabilisers shall normally only be used on static

towers; if they are used on a mobile tower, they need to be raised slightly before moving thetower or alternatively, the tower reduced to its free-standing height. Outriggers need planbraces, as specified by the manufacturer. Where scaffold tubes are used as rakers, the foot ofeach raker shall be tied back to the tower to ensure that the raker cannot slip.

Wherever possible, alloy towers shall be securely tied to the structure they serve. Ties shall beconnected at, or adjacent to, positions where standards join horizontal members and careshall be taken to ensure that the ties restrain the tower from moving in any direction. Wherethe tower cannot be tied to a structure, the use of guy ropes, ground anchors and ballastweights shall be considered.

Before a mobile tower is moved, its path shall be checked for ground obstructions, overheadpower lines, holes and soft areas. No personnel or materials shall be on the tower duringmovement and when the movement is complete, the tower shall be checked for verticality andthe castors locked.

Steel Towers

The requirements for alloy towers also apply to steel towers but stability considerations differbecause of the greater weight of steel. For prefabricated steel towers, manufacturersinstructions shall be followed whereas for tube and fittings towers using standard tube, thefree-standing height to smallest base ratios shown in Table 5 shall be applied.

Table 5 - Height to Smallest Base Ratios for Free-Standing Steel Towers

Tower Type Internal External

Static 4:1 3.5:1

Mobile 3.5:1 3:1


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2.8.5 Working Platforms

Platforms shall be at least 600 mm wide; full details of minimum widths for various types ofuse are shown in Table 6. Working platforms may be made from various materials such asplatform boards, scaffold boards or stagings. They shall be examined before use andprevented from tipping or sliding by being properly supported, of sufficient length and by theuse of cleats on the underside, or by the design of the system. Where 38 mm or 63 mm timberscaffold boards are used, they shall be supported at least every 1.5 m or 3.2 m respectively.Loads shall be evenly distributed on platforms.

Table 6 - Working Platform WidthsPurpose Minimum width Practical widths using 225 mm

nominal width boards

Working platform only (no deposit ofmaterials)

600 mm 3 boards

Passage of materials 600 mm 3 boards

Deposit of materials (a 430 mmpassageway must be maintained)

800 mm 4 boards

Scaffold boards, stagings or platform boards shall be used; loose laid plywood sheets are notpermitted.

Where platform boards are used, any trapdoor or hatch in the platform shall be closed whilethe platform is in use and any latching hooks connecting the platform board to the tower shallbe seated properly.

2.8.6 Guard Rails

Tower platforms from which a person could fall more than 2 m shall be fitted with guard railsbetween 1 m and 1.2 m above the platform level.

2.8.7 Toe Boards

Toe boards are required on all working platforms, gangways or runs from which a person ormaterials could fall more than 2 m. Toe boards shall normally be placed inside the standards,shall be fixed to prevent movement and shall be at least 150 mm high. The gap between toeboard and guard rail shall not exceed 750 mm.

Figure 4 - Height to Smallest Base Ratios Figure 5 - Tower Access


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2.8.8 Access

The platform shall have a safe means of access which shall always be on the narrowest side ofthe tower. Access may be achieved in the following ways:

By vertical ladders attached internally to the narrow side (see Figure 5) Clear hand andfoot holds shall be provided, by blocking pieces if necessary. Where vertical ladders risemore than 9 m, an intermediate landing shall be provided.

By internal stairways or inclined ladders.

By ladder sections integral with the frame members. These are to be climbed from insidethe tower. Rungs shall be no more than 300 mm apart and the stiles no more than 500mm apart.

Climbing the tower by using the horizontal members is not permitted.

With a prefabricated tower, access to a platform made of scaffold boards is difficult when thetower is climbed from the inside. Platform boards incorporating a trapdoor or hatch aretherefore preferred. With tube and fittings towers, scaffold boards may be used and theplatform constructed so that there is a permanent access opening adjacent to the ladder. Thisopening shall be as small as possible to allow safe access and provided there is adequatesupport, a loose cover may be used to protect the opening while people are on the platform.

With a tube and fittings steel tower, the ladder shall, where possible, be lashed to the inside.If it has to be lashed to the outside, the access opening in the guard rail shall be protected bya hinged section or some other equally effective means. With all other towers, the ladder shallbe fixed on the inside.

Ladders shall never be placed on the platform to extend the height of the tower, nor shall theybe leaned against the side of a tower.

Tools and heavy loads shall not be carried but hauled up or lowered down by a person on theplatform within the confines of the tower.

Note:

The scaffolder shall discuss with the requestor (user) to determine the number and type ofaccess required prior to the erectiion of scaffold.

2.9 Activity Controls

2.9.1 Inspections

It shall be the responsibility of the Scaffolding Contractor to inspect, record and maintainrecords of scaffolding and related equipment. BRUNEI SHELL JV COMPANIES retain the rightto audit scaffold and equipment inspection reports.

Inspections shall be carried out by Scaffold Inspectors who will either accept the scaffold orreject it and detail deficiencies to be corrected. In either case, the SCAFFTAG system will beused to visually indicate the result of inspection.

Inspections of scaffolds in regular service shall take place every 7 days, i.e. a scaffold approvedfor use on a Monday must be reinspected and recertified each subsequent Monday, orimmediately after severe or adverse weather. Both copies of the SCAFFTAG inserts shall besigned and dated after each inspection.

2.9.2 SCAFFTAG System

SCAFFTAGs allow an immediate visual indication of the condition of a scaffold structure (seeFigure 7).

The system comprises:

A holder which fits over a scaffold tube and displays DO NOT USE SCAFFOLD in red ona white background.

Insert for the holder, one side white on green to indicate, when showing, that the scaffoldis certified for use and giving details, the other side black on yellow to indicate, whenshowing, that the scaffold is under inspection and must not be used. An exact duplicateof the insert is retained in a SCAFFTAG rack in an appropriate location, e.g. AuthoritiesOffice, Control Room, etc.


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NOTE: The only person authorised to fix or change a SCAFFTAG is a Scaffold Inspectorappointed by the Scaffolding Contractor. Removal of a SCAFFTAG may be carried outby the Performing Authority where he is of the opinion that a scaffold is unsuitable forits intended application, in which case he shall remove the insert to display the DONOT USE SCAFFOLD message and request the Scaffolding Contractor and/orInspector to rectify/recertify the scaffold. A SCAFFTAG may also be removed by anyperson required to work off a scaffold which he considers unsafe; in such a case, theperson removing the tag should immediately inform his supervisor for remedial actionto be taken.

2.9.3 Handover

The Handover Procedure flowchart shown in Figure 6 shows graphically the responsibilities ofthe Scaffolding Contractor and Scaffold Inspector.

2.9.4 Modifications

Modifications to SCAFFTAG-certified scaffolds shall be undertaken only by a BRUNEI SHELLJV COMPANIES-approved scaffolding contractor with the authority of the worksite supervisor.After a modification has been made, inspection and recertification shall be carried out.

If unauthorised modifications are observed, they shall be reported to the worksite supervisorand the insert removed from the SCAFFTAG holder to reveal the DO NOT USE SCAFFOLDwarning.


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Figure 6 - Handover Procedure

SCAFFOLD CONTRACTOR SCAFFOLD INSPECTOR

2

Fit SCAFFTAG holders toscaffold at access points

showing

DO NOT USE

Complete green side of twoSCAFFTAGS for each holderand file in Control Room/Site

Office with yellow side out

Com leted scaffold

Inform authorised requester ofscaffold completion Ins ect scaffold

Rectification work Scaffoldacce ted

SCAFFTAG yellow sides signedand dated

SCAFFTAG remainsin Control Room/SiteOffice (green side out)

SCAFFTAG placedin holder on scaffold(green side out)

WEEKLY

Scaffoldaccepted

No Yes

Yes

No


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Figure 7 - SCAFFTAG System


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2.9.5 Protection from Falls

There are many activities which require riggers and scaffolders to work in positions where it isreasonably foreseeable that they may fall. In all such cases, suitable fall arrest or preventiondevices must be worn. It is strongly recommended that whenever it is necessary to use a fallarrest or prevention device, it is used in conjunction with a full body, parachute type harness.The use of single waistbelt type harnesses is not recommended.

For detailed information on fall arrest and prevention devices and harnesses, refer to HSEStandard Module 02 - Personal Protective Equipment.

2.10 Working Over Water

When scaffolding personnel are exposed to the possibility of falling into water, they areconsidered to be "working over water". This is obvious when their work location is offshore,either underneath or over the side of a structure, but can also apply onshore at harbour or riverlocations.

2.10.1 Lifelines and Flotation Devices

All personnel engaged in the erection, modification or demolition of scaffolding which requiresworking over water must wear a flotation device and a fall arrest or prevention device.

The harness is to be a full body parachute type equipped with a single tail type harness andused with an inertia reel. The use of single belt type harness is not recommended. At leastone member of the scaffold team must at all times be in radio contact with a control point

where the work is taking place.

Personnel engaged in abseiling operations must conform fully with previously approved safeoperating procedures, must wear a flotation device and be in visual contact with the TeamLeader. The Team Leader must remain in attendance at the abseiling operations at all timesand be in radio contact with a control point.

2.10.2 Standby Boats

In all cases of overside scaffolding or abseiling work offshore, a standby boat shall benominated to be the first response vessel. The standby boat shall remain in generalattendance and not engage in any duties which would interfere with its ability to respond andbe capable of performing rescue duties. The standby boat must be capable of responding andto render assistance within:

10 minutes for overside scaffolding operations where the scaffolders are wearing and

using full body harness and single tail safety lines.NOTE: a 10 minute response time means, in effect, a dedicated vessel

stationed in the immediate vicinity at all times while work is inprogress.

30 minutes for overside abseiling operations where the abseiling work conforms fullywith a previously approved safe operating procedure.

The standby boat may be the dedicated area standby vessel nominated by Services Transportand Logistics Department (STL) or alternatively may be another craft nominated by STL.Standby vessels which meet the above criteria will satisfy the Permit to Work AbseilingCertificate requirement for a safety boat.

2.10.3 Work during Hours of Darkness

Overside abseiling or erection and/or demolition of scaffolding during the hours of darkness is

only permitted in cases of extreme urgency and when no other practicable alternative can beidentified. In this context, financial expediency is not considered sufficient justification.

The worksite and the area of water below must be properly illuminated and offshore a standbyboat must be nominated and able to render immediate assistance.

Overside work during the hours of darkness which is carried out from properly erected andcertified scaffold, and where the workplace and the area of water below is properly illuminated,is not restricted.


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2.11 Ladders

A ladder is a simple, portable, versatile and relatively inexpensive piece of equipment which mayeither be used to gain access to a workplace or may itself be the workplace. Various types ofladder are available and they may be made of wood, steel, aluminium alloy or fibreglass.

There are three classes of wooden ladder, with only Class 1 ladders suitable for industrial use.From July 1997, all new wooden ladders purchased for or on behalf of BRUNEI SHELL JVCOMPANIES shall be Class 1 and from January 2000, the only wooden ladders permitted forindustrial use at BRUNEI SHELL JV COMPANIES locations shall be Class 1.

Note: aluminium ladders and their components are potentially spark producing and their usein hazardous areas is at the discretion of Asset Holders. If they are to be used whereflammable atmospheres could be present, their use shall be controlled under the workpermit system and precautions specified to ensure a safe atmosphere is provided. If asafe atmosphere cannot be reliably provided, ladders of different materials shall be used.

For use of scaffold ladders at BLNG, refer to BLNG Specific HSE Module (HSEQ-209)

A working platform, or staging, is inherently safer than a ladder and often ensures that work isdone more efficiently and quickly. Other factors which have a bearing on the appropriateness ofa ladder for doing work include:

whether the ladder can be securely fixed to prevent slipping outwards or sideways

the conditions at the worksite, e.g. exposure, weather, movement of people or vehicles

whether the user has a safe hand and foothold and is close enough to the work

whether the ladder is so long or flexible that sway or vibration could cause loss of balance

the ability, training and experience of the user

the strength, surface condition and type of structure against which the ladder is to rest

the nature of the work, the tools to be used and the weight of equipment involved

2.11.1 Securing a Ladder

The foot of the ladder shall be supported on a firm and level surface and shall not rest eitheron loose material, or on other equipment to gain additional height. Attachments for levelingthe feet on sloping surfaces shall be properly fixed and used. At no time shall the bottom rungof the ladder be placed so that the total weight is carried on the rung; only the stiles aredesigned for this purpose.

Care shall be taken to ensure that the ladder cannot slip and wherever practicable, the topshall be securely fixed. Slip may be prevented by the use of a lashing, strap or proprietary clipsecured to both stiles (see Figure 8) or where suitable by equipment such as tie restrainingstraps or tensioned guy ropes. On slippery floor surfaces, special care shall be taken toprevent the foot of the ladder from moving.

A ladder may be fitted with a proprietary spreader arm provided that:

the ladder is in good condition

the ladder is of suitable quality for industrial use

the ladder is fitted with non-slip feet

the inclination of the ladder conforms with the one out for four up rule (see Figure 8)

If the surface on which the foot of the ladder rests is not firm and level and does not provideadequate purchase for the non-slip feet, additional precautions shall be taken to prevent

outward movement at the foot of the ladder.

The head of the ladder shall rest against a solid surface capable of withstanding the imposedloads. Where the surface cannot stand such loads, equipment such as ladder stays shall besupplied and used.

Where securing at the top is impracticable, arrangements shall be made to prevent the ladderfrom slipping outwards or sideways. These arrangements include fixed blocks or cleats,sandbags or stakes driven into the ground and are in addition to pads, caps or sleeves whichare generally available.

Where fixing the ladder at the top and foot is impracticable, a person shall be stationed at thefoot with each hand gripping a stile and one foot on the bottom rung to prevent slipping. Note,however, that this is only effective with ladders up to 5 m in length.


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Figure 8 - Positioning and Security of a Ladder

2.11.2 Safe Use of Ladders

Leaning Ladders

Wherever practicable, a ladder shall be positioned so that the stepping off rung is level withthe platform against which it rests (see above). A ladder shall extend to a height of at least1.05 m above the landing place, or above the highest rung on which the user has to stand,unless there is a suitable handhold to provide equivalent support.

The ladder shall be placed at a suitable angle, ideally at 75o to the horizontal, i.e. 1 m out for

every 4 m in height, known as the one out for four up rule. The user shall face the ladderwhen climbing or descending. Ladders more than 4 m in length shall be braced atintermediate points to prevent sagging.

A ladder shall be used only for the load and purpose for which it is designed. For example, aladder shall not have scaffold boards laid on its rungs and shall not be used as an upright of aladder scaffold unless it is a special heavy duty ladder capable of carrying the loads imposed.Only one person at a time shall be on a ladder.

A ladder with wire reinforced stiles or rungs shall have the reinforcement on the undersidewhen in use. Alloy ladders, ladders with metal reinforcement and wet ladders shall not beused where any electrical hazard exists.


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Footwear shall be clean, i.e. no mud, oil or grease on the soles, before any attempt is made touse a ladder. Where ladders become contaminated they shall be taken out of service andcleaned. There shall be sufficient space behind rungs to provide a proper footing.

The user of a ladder shall always ensure that both hands are free when climbing ordescending. Light tools shall be carried in a belt holster or shoulder bag, other tools andmaterials shall be raised or lowered on a rope.

Extension Ladders

Sections of extension ladders shall overlap by the following minimum amounts:

up to 5 m closed length - 11/2 rungs

between 5 m and 6 m - 21/2 rungs

over 6 m closed length - 31/2 rungs

The user shall raise and lower the ladder from the base and ensure that the hooks areproperly engaged. The rung 1.05 m from the top of a single section or an extension ladder isthe highest to be used for climbing.

Long Ladders

Ladders greater than 11 m in length are extremely difficult to handle and careful considerationshall be given to the work location, the type of work and the physical efforts necessary beforedeciding to use a long ladder. Slipping or sliding of a long ladder cannot be prevented by asingle person footing the ladder and other safe methods such as guying or bracing shall beemployed.

Step Ladders

Step ladders and trestles are not designed to take side loads and imposing side loads shalltherefore be avoided. Step ladders and trestles shall be spread to their full extent, properlyleveled for stability and placed at right angles to the work, on a level surface. Work shall notbe carried out from the top platform of a step ladder, unless a handhold extension is a designfeature of the ladder, and work which requires overreaching shall be avoided. The rear partsof a step ladder shall not be used for foot support.

Step ladders are prevented from spreading too far by means of stays, chains or cords. Theseshall be of sufficient and equal length, kept in good order and renewed if found to be defective.

Only one person shall be on a step ladder at any one time and if steps are used in a doorway,the door shall be firmly wedged open.

Trestles

Trestles are made with a swing back similar to step ladders but both halves have heavy crossbearers to support a working platform. Platforms should be made of lightweight staging andaccess to them provided by means of a step ladder.

Roof Ladders

There are two types of roof ladder, described as follows:

single section timber or aluminium, fitted at the top with a ridge iron used to pass overthe roof ridge tile to give support. The top should be fitted with a pair of wheels so thatthe ladder may be pushed more easily up the roof.

timber or aluminium sections that can be socketed and locked together so that longerslopes can be tackled. This type is also fitted with a ridge iron.

Pads of resilient material shall be fitted to the underside of roof ladders to minimise damage tothe roofing material and prevent sudden movement.

Note: it is essential that the ridge hook is properly positioned over the roof ridge so that it issupported on the opposite slope and that ladders are of sufficient length for the slopeinvolved. Sections must be correctly engaged.

2.11.3 Care and Maintenance

All types of ladder shall be inspected before being put into service and only ladders which havea current colour code marking shall be used (see sub-section 2.11.4 below).

Ladders shall be treated carefully and not dropped or jarred. Timber ladders receiving a heavyblow may suffer compression damage, distortion, loosened rungs or cracked stiles.


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Ladders shall be stored in easily accessible areas and preferably on purpose-built racks whichwill prevent sagging. Ladders may be hung on their stiles with sufficient support pointsprovided to prevent sagging; they shall not be hung from the rungs. Storage areas should giveweather protection and be well ventilated.

Ladders carried on vehicles shall be properly supported to prevent sagging and tied to supportpoints to minimise rubbing and the effects of road shock. Other equipment shall be loadedcarefully to prevent shock and abrasion.

Timber ladders may be treated with a transparent non-conductive finish such as clearpreservative or varnish but not with paint. Aluminium ladders may be given a proprietaryprotective coating if they are to be exposed to the effects of strong acids, alkalis or corrosivesubstances.

After use, ladders shall be inspected for damage before being returned to storage. Any laddersuspected of being damaged shall be taken out of service, a thorough examination carried outand appropriate action taken to either arrange repair by a competent person or consign it toscrap.

2.11.4 Inspection and Colour Coding

All ladders shall have a means of individual identification and owners of ladders shall keepand maintain a register of their ladders.

All ladders used at BRUNEI SHELL JV COMPANIES locations shall be periodically inspectedand colour coded using the same procedure as for lifting equipment. This procedure isdescribed in the document BSP Procedures for In-Service Inspection and Certification of

Lifting Equipment Owned and Operated by BSP and Its Contractors, commonly referred to asthe PLI. To satisfy the intent of the PLI, ladders shall be examined every 6 months by acompetent person . This examination shall include checking rungs, treads, crossbars andstiles for defects (especially the presence of compression creases in timber), rung to stileconnections, ropes, cables and all fittings, locks, wheels, pulleys, rivets, screws and hinges. Asuggested checklist of examination items is set out in Appendix 4.

Ladders which are in acceptable condition shall be passed fit for use and given a currentcolour code (see HSE Standard Module 28 - Safety Signs and Colour Codes for details of thefour colour coding system used). The colour coding shall be applied by painting a band of theappropriate colour at the foot of one of the stiles.

Ladders which are found to be defective shall be suitably labelled or marked and withdrawnfrom service until repaired. A record of inspections, examinations and repair work carried outshall be kept in the ladder register.

2.12 Power-operated Mobile Work Platforms

Power-operated mobile work platforms (WPs) are used as temporary work places and give accessto localised areas both above and below ground level. They are known by a variety of nameswhich include: extending work platforms, powered access platforms, aerial work platforms,mobile access platforms, cherry pickers, tower wagons, hydraulic platforms and scissor lift workplatforms.

2.12.1 Operators

Only persons who have been authorised to do so shall work from a WP and only persons whohave been trained and authorised to do so shall operate a WP. Operators shall be trained tothe level of skill necessary to work a WP efficiently and with care for the safety of themselvesand others, and the appliance.

Training should be carried out in three stages:

Stage 1, covering the basic skill and knowledge required to operate a WP safely andefficiently, and carry out routine checks. Competence is to be established and thenecessary range of skills and knowledge built up gradually to contend with moredemanding operations. The training should ensure progression from learning to operatethe smaller, simpler type of WP to the operation of larger, more complex machines.

Stage 2, covering specific job training, which should include:

- knowledge of operating principles and controls of the WP to be used and routineinspection and servicing in accordance with the manufacturers instructions.

- training and practice in use of the WP in conditions the operator will encounter, e.g.sloping, uneven and soft ground, awkward areas, bad weather conditions, etc.


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- training and practice in the work to be undertaken.

Stage 3, after successful completion of the other stages, covering familiarisation at a placeof work under supervision.

2.12.2 Work Areas

The surfaces on which WPs are used should be level and firm and shall be within themanufacturers specifications. Some WPs are designed to operate on rough terrain but beforedoing so, checks shall be carried out to ensure the machine is suitable for the conditions.

When the ground is soft and the use of outriggers is required, manufacturers advice onminimum ground support requirements shall be followed. In these circumstances, suitablemetal or timber load spreaders shall be made available.

Special precautions shall be taken when WPs are used in the vicinity of live electricalconductors. Normally, these precautions will entail the isolation of the electrical supplies butwhere this is not possible or practicable, a detailed work plan with comprehensive safetycontrols shall be prepared and agreed with all persons involved before work is undertaken.

If the work area is traversed by other vehicles, arrangements shall be made to divert traffic ifpossible or alternatively erect temporary barriers, warning cones, lights or signs and arrangefor traffic to be diverted around them. Where necessary, other adjacent operations oractivities shall be stopped and if the worksite is accessible by the public, temporary barriersshall be erected.

Where the operating area is close to fixed obstructions such as buildings, stanchions and rooftrusses, the operator shall check that clearances are adequate and that there is no danger of

any part of the WP colliding with an obstruction. Alternative arrangements shall be made toensure stability if the WP is so close to a building or other structure that full use of theoutriggers cannot be made.

If operations are to be carried out during darkness, adequate illumination shall be providedand barriers or other warnings shall be of the flashing illuminated type.

2.12.3 Work Platforms

A WP consists of three distinct parts, namely:

a platform capable of supporting persons, tools and equipment

a structure which supports the platform and a powered mechanism which manoeuvres itrelative to the chassis

a mobile chassis on wheels which may be self-propelled

There are two types of WP. One type allows the platform to be manoeuvred universally relativeto the chassis and incorporates telescoping or articulating jibs or booms. The other typeusually has only vertical movement of the platform although the facility to rotate the platformor extend it horizontally is sometimes provided.

Before being put into service for the first time or following any major repair or alteration, a WPshall be tested over its range of duties with a proof load at least 1.5 times the safe workingload. During such testing, the machine shall be operated from ground level and no personshall be permitted to be on the platform of the machine. A certificate of test and thoroughexamination giving details of the results of the safe working load and range of duties of the WPshall be issued.

Periodic examination and certification of WPs shall generally be carried out in accordance withthe document BSP Procedures for In-Service Inspection and Certification of Lifting EquipmentOwned and Operated by BSP and its Contractors, usually referred to as the PLI, withparticular reference to PLI 004, section 3.5 on Mobile Cranes Onshore and Excavators.

The following information shall be conspicuously displayed on the platform of a WP:

the safe working load and the maximum number of persons allowed on the platform

the maximum permissible wind speed in which the platform may be operated or remainraised or extended

the maximum gradient on which the WP may operate

Inclinometers, spirit levels or other suitable devices with scales, bands or other markings shallbe provided so that the operator can easily see the tilt of the machine and whether it is withinspecified limits.

The floor of the platform shall be slip resistant and designed to prevent the accumulation ofwater.


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Safety devices shall be fitted to prevent the unwarranted movement of any part of the WP, forexample through failure of the powered mechanism which manoeuvres it and of mechanismscontrolling travel, steering or outriggers. Such safety devices shall fail to safety.

A suitable safety or limiting device shall be fitted, if necessary, on multi-jib WPs to prevent anover centre condition being reached. The design of the linkage arrangement which maintainsthe platform in a horizontal position shall not allow any part of the linkage to reach an overcentre position.

A safe means of access to the platform when at ground level shall be provided. This may be ashort fixed ladder, or control arrangements which allow the platform to be brought down toground level.

If structural members are made from special steels or other alloys, the specification of thematerials shall be marked on the platform to ensure that any repairs, especially welding or thereplacement of a member, are compatible with the materials.

All external power supplies, electric, hydraulic or pneumatic, shall be connected to the chassisand not taken directly to the platform. This reduces the risk of the weight of trailing cables orpipes affecting stability and being caught by passing vehicles with the consequent danger ofoverturning.

Provision shall be made for securing safety harnesses; properly secured guard rails providesuitable anchorages.

Outriggers shall only be secured in the stowed or fully extended position. Angular adjustmentof the outriggers which might affect the rated stability of the WP shall be avoided.

A captive wedge or block shall be fitted to hydraulically operated WPs where there is any riskof trapping in the event of hydraulic failure while servicing or maintenance is being carriedout. The wedge or block shall be capable of being inserted or removed without risk.

2.12.4 WP Controls

It is preferable for a person on the platform to be in control of all the movements of a WP.Where travelling controls are at ground level, as in the case of a road vehicle type chassis, asuitable system of communication between the person on the platform and the groundcontroller shall be used. If the controls are sophisticated, e.g. selectors to switch controlbetween the platform and chassis, it is preferable for only one station to be operable at anyone time and only the person operating that control station shall transfer control to thealternative station. However, this arrangement shall not be applied to controls for emergencylowering, outrigger positioning and under-bridge positioning but these controls at the groundlevel shall be encased or otherwise protected to prevent inadvertent operation.

Controls shall be:

clearly marked to indicate their function and mode of operation

of the dead mans handle type, i.e. operation stops when the handle is released

arranged so that inadvertent operation is prevented

such that movement of the controls is in the same direction as the intended movements ofthe platform

Where emergency lowering controls are not provided at ground level, other means shall beprovided, e.g. inertia reel devices, to enable persons on the platform to reach the groundsafely.

2.12.5 Control of WP Use

Wherever possible, WPs shall be parked in a designated secure area which denies access tounauthorised persons. Keys shall be kept in a secure place when WPs are not in use andshall only be issued to authorised operators and retained by them until the end of the workperiod.

On completion of work, WPs shall be parked in the designated area with the engine or motorswitched off, the platform lowered to its parking position and the brakes applied.


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2.12.6 WP Hazards

Some of the more common hazards associated with the use of WPs are as follows:

persons, tools or equipment falling from the platform

persons becoming trapped in the WP mechanism

persons becoming trapped between the platform and fixed obstructions

overturning due to:

- overloading

- gradients

- wind loading

- travelling over rough terrain with the platform raised

- outriggers not used

- the effects of acceleration forces

collision with buildings or other fixed objects, other appliances or vehicles

failure of the supporting structure or powered operating mechanism

inadvertent movement, e.g. misapplication of controls, brake failure, etc.

persons becoming stranded on a raised platform due to power or control circuit failure

contact with live electrical conductors

persons being struck by a moving WP or by the jib when sluing

hazards associated with use during darkness

2.12.7 WP Operations

The following rules shall be observed during the use of WPs:

Never exceed the safe working load (except for the purposes of testing).

Ensure that the WP is properly positioned and that outriggers (when fitted) are fullyextended with sole plates and spreaders as necessary to level the WP withinmanufacturers specified limits.

Ensure that all necessary arrangements to make the worksite safe have been made.

Never initiate travelling motions unless the way is clear.

Do not travel with the platform raised unless the WP has been designed to permit this.

If travel with a raised platform is permitted, ensure any safety interlocks are in place.

Do not use a WP as a prop or tie.

Do not tow another vehicle or item of plant unless the WP has been designed to do so.

Do not modify the WP with panels or sheeting which will affect wind loading andconsequently its stability.

If the platform is replaced by one of a different design, arrange proof load, stability anddynamic testing before putting it back in service.

Wherever possible, carry out work from within the area bounded by the guard rails; do not

lean out. Never use hydraulic emergency controls for lowering other than in an emergency.

Ensure that air is bled out of hydraulic systems.

Special Applications

1. If a WP is to be located on a vessel, the tilt of the vessel with the WP fitted, allowing forany necessary fixings, shall be determined by calculation. The calculated tilt shall notexceed the values contained within the following requirements:

The appliance shall be securely fixed to the vessel in the manner assumed in thecalculations.

The WP shall be subjected to proof load and stability tests on the vessel and the safeworking load specified in accordance with the following:


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- the list of the vessel shall not exceed 3o with the safe working load applied

- the list of the vessel shall not exceed 5o with the proof load applied

- the tests shall be made with the vessel in its least stable condition, i.e. no fuel andonly fixed ballast

- due regard shall be given to anticipated sea and weather conditions

- manufacturers advice should be obtained

2. WPs shall not be mounted in tandem or joined with a bridge unless:

the control mechanism is so arranged that the platforms and bridge remain horizontalat all times

each appliance is plumb and level

where a bridge is fitted, it is interlocked with both appliances

the appliances automatically correct for any misalignment between them

the WPs are de-rated by at least 25% over and above the de-rating necessary due tothe weight of the bridge

3. When a WP is to be operated in conjunction with a crane or some other appliance, it isimportant that before operations commence the work is properly planned, a safe system ofwork developed and that it is clearly understood by all persons involved in the operation.Each person shall be clearly aware of his individual duties and how to deal with anyforeseen emergencies. Arrangements shall be made to enable clear communicationsbetween operators.

2.12.8 Maintenance

Only qualified and authorised persons shall carry out adjustments and repairs to WPs. If anappliance is hired, the contractual arrangements shall include proper inspection, maintenanceand servicing in accordance with manufacturers instructions. The scope of periodic checks isgiven below.

At the beginning of each work period, the operator shall check:

pneumatic tyres are inflated to the correct pressure and tyres are free from cuts anddamage

the operation of the brakes

the operation of any lights

lubricant, coolant and fuel levels

the integrity of the supporting structure

for leaks in hydraulic/pneumatic systems

correct functioning of powered mechanisms, e.g. raising, sluing, etc.

correct functioning of communications systems between platform and ground

At weekly intervals (or every 50 operational hours/manufacturers recommended intervals) anauthorised maintenance person shall carry out:

all checks made at the beginning of each work period and a full operational check of theappliance

a check of the condition of the chassis, support structure, platform and powered

mechanisms

A written report shall be made on the condition of the appliance and any faults rectifiedimmediately or the appliance withdrawn from service. Copies of the report shall be retained.

At six monthly intervals (or 1000 operational hours/manufacturers recommended interval) athorough examination shall be carried out by an authorised person. This type of examinationshall also be carried out after an accident, major repair or modification. A certificate shall beissued by the persons involved in the operation. Each person shall be clearly aware of hisindividual duties and how to deal with any foreseen emergencies. Arrangements shall bemade to enable clear communications between operators.


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2.12.8 Maintenance

Only qualified and authorised persons shall carry out adjustments and repairs to WPs. If anappliance is hired, the contractual arrangements shall include proper inspection, maintenanceand servicing in accordance with manufacturers instructions. The scope of periodic checks isgiven below.

At the beginning of each work period, the operator shall check:

pneumatic tyres are inflated to the correct pressure and tyres are free from cuts anddamage

the operation of the brakes

the operation of any lights

lubricant, coolant and fuel levels

the integrity of the supporting structure

for leaks in hydraulic/pneumatic systems

correct functioning of powered mechanisms, e.g. raising, sluing, etc.

correct functioning of communications systems between platform and ground

At weekly intervals (or every 50 operational hours/manufacturers recommended intervals) anauthorised maintenance person shall carry out:

all checks made at the beginning of each work period and a full operational check of the

appliance

a check of the condition of the chassis, support structure, platform and poweredmechanisms

A written report shall be made on the condition of the appliance and any faults rectifiedimmediately or the appliance withdrawn from service. Copies of the report shall be retained.

At six monthly intervals (or 1000 operational hours/manufacturers recommended interval) athorough examination shall be carried out by an authorised person. This type of examinationshall also be carried out after an accident, major repair or modification. A certificate shall beissued by the authorised person stating that the WP is safe to continue in use and the date ofthe next thorough examination. Copies of the certificate shall be retained.


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REFERENCES

SIEP HSE Manual EP 95 - 0270 General Workplace Practices, Section 4 - Access to theWorkplace

Shell Safety and Health Committee publication Scaffolding Safety

UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE) publications

Guidance Note GS 15 General access scaffolds

Guidance Note GS 31 Safe use of ladders, step ladders and trestles

Guidance Note GS 42 Tower scaffolds

Guidance Note PM 30 Suspended access equipment

Booklet HS(G)19 Safety in working with power-operated mobile work platforms

British Standards Institution

BS EN series

131-1 Ladders: Specification for terms, types and functional sizes

131-2 Ladders: Specification for requirements, testing methods and performancerequirements

696 Fibre ropes for general service - polyamide

697 Fibre ropes for general service - polyester

698 Fibre ropes for general service - manila and sisal

699 Fibre ropes for general service - polypropylene

700 Fibre ropes for general service - polyethylene

701 Fibre ropes for general service - general specification

1261 Fibre ropes for general service - hemp

BS series

1139 Metal Scaffolding Parts I to 5

2482 Specification for timber scaffold boards

5973 Code of practice for access and working scaffolds and special scaffold structures insteel

5974 Code of practice for temporarily installed suspended scaffolds and access equipment

1692 Specification for gin blocks

2830 Specification for suspended access equipment, etc.

BRUNEI SHELL JV COMPANIES HSE Standard Modules

02 - Personal Protective Equipment

28 - Safety Signs and Colour Codes


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A P P E N D I X 1 - E X A M P L E J O B S P E C I F I C A T I O N S

NOTE: Scaffolding Contractors are responsible for development of their own job specificationswhich should at least meet the standard outlined below.

1.1 Trainee / Basic Scaffolder NVQ Level -1

Responsible for carrying out his duties in a manner conducive to that laid down in BRUNEISHELL JV COMPANIES HSE Standards and BSP Scaffolding Guidelines.

His duties are to assist in the erection of scaffolds under the supervision of basic or advancedqualified scaffolders and to assist the labourer in his duties when necessary.

He must attend Safety Meetings pertaining to his function and take part in any trainingnecessary.

He must be trained in the following duties:

Identify the requirement for General accessing equipment.

Assembling General Access equipment.

Removing of General accessing equipment..

Prepare power tools and equipment for use.

Run and operate power tools.

Shut down and carry out post stop checks on power tools and equipment.

Operating safely in the work place.

Responding to emergencies.

Assistance in the security of the work place.

Maintenance of a clean and tidy work station.

Maintenance of tools and equipment.

Organisation of own work and maintenance of standards.

Install, maintain and remove protection and safety equipment for the work area.

Prepare and sling loads for lifting.

Signal, direct and control the movement and placing of loads.

A trainee scaffolder must not under any circumstances be permitted to work unsupervised whileerecting, modifying or dismantling a scaffold.

1.2 Basic Scaffolder NVQ Level-2

Responsible for carrying out his duties in a manner conducive to that laid down in BRUNEISHELL JV COMPANIES HSE Standards and BSP Scaffolding Guidelines.

His duties are to assist the Advanced Scaffolder in erection, dismantling and alteration ofscaffolds.

He is to assist with the ongoing site training of Trainee Scaffolders and labourers whenever

possible.

He must attend Safety Meetings pertaining to his function and take part in any trainingnecessary.

He must be capable of carrying out and may work unsupervised on all work listed in traineeoperations plus:

Setting up and securing and removing lifting and suspension apparatus.

Developing and maintaining effective working relationships.

Organising his own work maintaining all relevant standards.

Erection and dismantling of Basic access Indepedants/support scaffolds.


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Erection and dismantling of Basic access Birdcages/support scaffolds.

Erection and dismantling of Basic access Towers/support scaffolds.

Erection and dsimantling of Basic access Cantilevers/support scaffolds.

Erection and dismantling of Baisc Pavement/Roof/support scaffolds.

Identifying operational safeguards and environmental protection requirements forscaffolding.

Fitting, securing and removing the safeguards for environmental protection to scaffolding.

Interpreting the requirements for the proteciton and safety of the work and surroundingenvironment.

Establishing and maintaining the protection and safety of the work and surroundingenvironment.

Dismantling and removing all protection and safety arrangements for the work and thesurrounding environment.

Determine the requirements for using cradle access.

Set up erect and dismantle cradle access arrangements.

Preparation for the inspection of the Scaffolding.

Inspection, maintenance, safety and security of the scaffolding.

A Basic Scaffolder shall not be allowed to work on scaffolds other than those listed above unlessan advanced scaffolder is in attendance.

A Basic Scaffolder will not have more than one Trainee Scaffolder working with him whileperforming the tasks listed above.

1.3 Advanced Scaffolder NVQ Level -3

Responsible for carrying out his duties in a manner conducive to that laid down in BRUNEISHELL JV COMPANIES HSE Standards and BSP Scaffolding