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„Study on organic aquaculture in East Africa“ Commissioned by IFOAM / OSEA II Project

IFOAM OSEA Project II

Scoping study on organic aquaculture

in 5 East African countries

Study conducted by Udo Censkowsky and Albert Altena

Organic Services/AquaDc Blue

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§  Assessment of the development potenDal for organic aquaculture in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda.

§  Assessment to what extent exisDng standards and cerDficaDon requirements for organic aquaculture are applicable in East African countries.

Main objecDves of the scoping study


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What is organic aquaculture? §  Private standards for aquaculture developed by

organic food standard seSng organizaDons: like Naturland, Soil AssociaDon, Debio, Biosuisse etc.

§  NaDonal regulaDons for organic aquaculture exist in the following countries: in Brazil, Canada, China, European Union, Hong Kong, India…

§  Scope: finfish, crustacean (shrimp), algae/seaweed, bivalve mollusks


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Major principles of organic aquaculture §  Careful choice of farm sites and species §  ProtecDon of water quality and surrounding eco-‐

systems due to site appropriate management §  Low stocking densiDes, animal welfare aspects §  CerDfied organic feed, only organic ferDlizer (no

chem.-‐synth. ferDlizer like urea or highly solulable phosphate)

§  Origin and quanDty of fish meal and fish oil §  ProhibDon of geneDc engineering §  No growth sDmulants, hormones, anDbioDcs §  Limited number of disinfectants §  Uninterrupted monitoring and inspecDon of supply

and processing chain


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Global organic aquaculture produc9on in 2009 (in t/a)*

Data from Organic Services and Naturland Associa7on

In 2010 world‘s aquaculture produc5on is 59.9 million tons thereof about 0,167 % organic


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Global Organic Aquaculture Produc9on 2012/2013

§  Global producDon approximately 150.000 tons §  Comercially most important: salmon and shrimp §  Shrimp (Penaid shrimp and Macrobrachium): around 25.000 tons (increasing trend) §  Carp, trout, sea bream, sea bass, pangasius, sturgeon, Dlapia §  New trend: organic mussels §  One shrimp project in Africa (Madagascar) §  Average Price Premium (between 20% to 40% on retail price) §  Global turnover (retail prices) is esDmated to have exceeded > 1 billion EUR in 2012 § EU-‐27 is largest importer of organic seafood, Germany biggest single market for organic seafood


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Development of organic aquaculture in La9n America, Africa and Asia §  Export driven

§  European buyers (e.g. COOP Switzerland), development organizaDons and private cerDficaDon bodies iniDated first organic aquaculture projects in LaDn America, Asia and Africa

§  InternaDonal development organizaDons like SECO, GIZ, CFC/Infofish, FAO and others wanted to open premium markets for small scale fish farmers and their low input aquaculture systems with organic cerDficaDon.


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OSO Organic Shrimps (P. monodon) from Madagascar

Focus on Gastronomy / R&O Seafood Company


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Aquaculture in East Africa Situation in Burundi Ø  Main waterbodies

ü  Lake Tanganyika (95%) ü  Lake Rweru, Lake Cohoa, Rivers

Ø  Total fish production 14,000 tonnes ü  Aquaculture production 200 tonnes ü  Tilapia and African catfish are the main products

Ø  Infrastructure for aquaculture insufficient ü  No Feed production ü  Hatchery for Tilapia and Catfish fingerlings is planned

Ø  Per capita consumption is 2 kg per year only! ü  Export??


Aquaculture in East Africa Situation in Kenya Ø  Main waterbodies

ü  Lake Turkana, Lake Victoria, ü  Tana River (with hydroelectric power dams) ü  Athi/Galana River

Ø  Total fish production 149,000 tonnes ü  Aquaculture production 22,000 tonnes ü  Tilapia and African catfish are the main products

Ø  Infrastructure for aquaculture insufficient but improving ü  Due to Economic Stimulus Program (since 2009) ü  Feed production limited

•  1 – 2 commercial feed producers (very expensive) ü  Several hatcheries for Tilapia and Catfish, but not sufficient

Ø  Per capita consumption decreasing from 7 to 3.5 kg p. a.! ü  Demand for fish 132,000 t p.a.


Aquaculture in East Africa Situation in Rwanda Ø  Main waterbodies

ü  Lake Kivu, Lake Burera, Lake Ruhondo ü  Other Lakes and Dams ü  River Mwogo

Ø  Total fish production 12,600 tonnes ü  Aquaculture production 600 (4,000?) tonnes ü  Tilapia and African catfish are the main products

•  Tilapia cage culture has been established! Ø  Infrastructure for aquaculture insufficient

ü  No Feed production, but community pellet production ü  5 hatcheries for Tilapia and catfish fingerlings

Ø  Per capita consumption is 1.5 kg per year only! ü  Export??


Aquaculture in East Africa Situation in Tanzania Ø  Main waterbodies

ü  Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, ü  Lake Malawi , ü  Dams: Nyumba ya Mungu & Mtera ü  Rivers

Ø  Total fish production 350,000 tonnes ü  Aquaculture production 1,200 (1,891?) tonnes

•  Macro-algae (651 t) •  Tilapia and African catfish (1,240 t), main “food fish” products

Ø  Infrastructure for aquaculture insufficient ü  No commercial feeds, but “home made” feed production ü  6 hatcheries for Tilapia and catfish, 3 hatcheries for shrimp

Ø  Per capita consumption is 6 – 8 kg per year. ü  Demand for 70,000 to 100,000 t of fish


Aquaculture in East Africa Situation in Uganda Ø  Main waterbodies

ü  Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga ü  River Nile

Ø  Total fish production >600,000 tonnes ü  Aquaculture production 85,000 (!?) tonnes ü  Tilapia & Catfish (domestically preferred) main products (90 %)

•  Tilapia cage culture has been established! •  1 intensive cage farming operation in LV, 100 small scale cage operations

Ø  Infrastructure for aquaculture is improving ü  Commercial feed available (but expensive) ü  50 hatcheries for Tilapia and Catfish but supply still insufficient

Ø  Per capita consumption is 5.7 kg per year only! ü  Deficiency for fish of about 150,000 t


Aquaculture in East Africa General aspects

Dominated by Tilapia and African catfish production 1.  Semi intensive Tilapia production in monoculture

Ø  Use of external fertilizer (inorganic or livestock manure) Ø  Use of (supplemental) feed Ø  Use of all male or mixed sex tilapia

2.  Extensive Tilapia production in monoculture Ø  No feeding

3.  Extensive Tilapia & African catfish production Ø  Use of African catfish as predator to control tilapia population

4.  Semi-intensive & intensive (?) Catfish production Ø  Use of feed


Extensive Tilapia Production in Monoculture

Ø  System relies on: ü  Use of fertilizers

•  Manure from extensive rural livestock à status in organic aquaculture? ü  Use of all male fingerlings

•  Normally produced through hormones à not allowed in organic aquaculture!

Ø  Possibilities ü  If use of manure from extensive livestock can be allowed in organic

aquaculture than organic production is technically feasible ü  Production of all male fingerlings through hand sexing possible

•  But expensive (labour intensive) and not fully reliable

Perspectives for organic aquaculture


Extensive Tilapia & Catfish in Polyculture

Ø  System relies on: ü  Use of fertilizers

•  Manure from extensive rural livestock à status in organic aquaculture? ü  Use of mixed sex tilapia fingerlings ü  “Population control” through the use of African catfish (predator)

•  Induced spawning through hormones in female catfish à Problematic in organic aquaculture

Ø  Possibilities ü  If induced spawning with pituitary-gland-hormone from African

catfish is used? •  Alternatively only tilapia gets organic status (Catfish remains “conventional”)

ü  If manure from extensive rural livestock can be used?

Perspectives for organic Aquaculture


Intensive Tilapia Production in Cages Ø  System relies on:

ü  Use of external feeds •  Commercial, high class, extruded, pelletized tilapia feed •  Organic quality feed has to be imported (Israel, UK, Norway)

ü  Use of all male fingerlings •  But mixed sex tilapia in cages possible

Ø  Possibilities ü  If use of imported, high class feed is possible and economic feasible ü  All male tilapia not necessary

•  But use of mixed sex will add up production cost



Seaweed Production in Tanzania & Kenya

Ø  System relies on: ü  Use of algae offshoots

•  From the wild •  Branches from previous plant

ü  Use of ropes to fix algae offshoots •  Normally plastic ropes are used

Ø  Possibilities ü  If algae from the wild are not used ü  If the use of ropes can be changed from plastic to sisal ü  But export market has to be found as local market might be too small



Conclusions Ø  The following systems are possible:

ü  Extensive Tilapia production in monoculture ü  Extensive Tilapia and catfish production in polyculture ü  Intensive tilapia production in cages

Ø  Under the pre-condition that an East African standard for organic aquaculture allows the use of ü  Use of conventional manure from extensive rural livestock production ü  Use of species own pituitary-gland-hormone to induce spawning in

African catfish

Ø  Organic Algae production might be possible immediately ü  Without any changes or adjustment of organic regulations


„Study on organic aquaculture in East Africa“ Commissioned by IFOAM / OSEA II Project 22

SWOT Analyses: potenDal for OA in East Africa


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