Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 1

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation上海合作组织

Шанхайская организациясотрудничества

(SCO)

Logo of the SCO

Formation 26 April 1996

Type Mutual-security organisation

Headquarters Beijing China

Membership

Official languages ChineseRussian

Secretary General Muratbek Sansyzbayevich Imanaliyev

Deputy Secretary Generals Mikhail Alekseyevich KonarovskiyAnvar Djamaletdinovich NasyrovJuyin HongParviz Davlatkhodjayevich Dodov

Website sectscoorg [1]

The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation or SCO (Chinese 上海合作组织 Russian Шанхайская организациясотрудничества) is an intergovernmental mutual-security organisation which was founded in 2001 in Shanghai bythe leaders of China Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan and Uzbekistan Except for Uzbekistan the othercountries had been members of the Shanghai Five founded in 1996 after the inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001 themembers renamed the organisation

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 2

Official namesThe official working languages of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation are Chinese and Russian The officialnames of the organisation in the two languages abbreviations in parentheses areChinese

bull Simplified Chinese 上海合作组织 [ Listen ] (上合组织)bull Romanisation Shagravenghǎi Heacutezuograve Zǔzhī (Shagraveng Heacute Zǔzhī)bull Cyrillisation Шанхай Хэцзо Цзучжи (Шанхэ Цзучжи)Russian

bull Cyrillic Шанхайская организация сотрудничества (ШОС)bull Romanisation Shankhaacuteyskaya organizaacutetsiya sotruacutednichestva (ShOS)

Membership

Member States

bull Chinabull Kazakhstanbull Kyrgyzstanbull Russiabull Tajikistanbull Uzbekistan

Observer States

bull Indiabull Iranbull Mongoliabull Pakistan

Dialogue Partners

bull Belarusbull Sri Lanka

Guest Attendances

bull Afghanistanbull ASEANbull CISbull Turkmenistan

Origins

Former Russian President Vladimir Putin Kazakh PresidentNursultan Nazarbayev Former Chinese President Jiang ZeminFormer Kyrgyz President Askar Akayev and Tajik President

Emomali Rakhmonov at one time the leaders of the Shanghai Five

The Shanghai Five grouping was originally createdApril 26 1996 with the signing of the Treaty onDeepening Military Trust in Border Regions inShanghai by the heads of states of Kazakhstan thePeoples Republic of China Kyrgyzstan Russia andTajikistan April 24 1997 the same countries signed theTreaty on Reduction of Military Forces in BorderRegions in a meeting in Moscow

Subsequent annual summits of the Shanghai Five groupoccurred in Almaty (Kazakhstan) in 1998 in Bishkek(Kyrgyzstan) in 1999 and in Dushanbe (Tajikistan) in2000

In 2001 the annual summit returned to ShanghaiChina There the five member nations first admitted

Uzbekistan in the Shanghai Five mechanism (thus transforming it into the Shanghai Six) Then all six heads of statesigned on June 15 2001 the Declaration of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation praising the role played thus far bythe Shanghai Five mechanism and aiming to transform it to a higher level of cooperation In July 2001 Russia andthe PRC the organisations two leading nations signed the Treaty of Good-Neighbourliness and FriendlyCooperation

In June 2002 the heads of the SCO member states met in Saint Petersburg Russia There they signed the SCOCharter which expounded on the organisations purposes principles structures and form of operation andestablished it officially from the point of view of international law

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 3

Its six full members account for 60 of the land mass of Eurasia and its population is a quarter of the worldrsquos Withobserver states included its affiliates account for half of the human raceAt its fifth and watershed summit in the capital of Kazakhstan Astana in June 2005 when representatives of IndiaIran Mongolia and Pakistan attended an SCO summit for the first time the president of the country hosting thesummit Nursultan Nazarbayev greeted the guests in words that had never before been used in any context ldquoTheleaders of the states sitting at this negotiation table are representatives of half of humanityrdquo [2]

By 2007 the SCO had initiated over twenty large-scale projects related to transportation energy andtelecommunications and held regular meetings of security military defence foreign affairs economic culturalbanking and other officials from its member states No multinational organisation with such far-ranging andcomprehensive mutual interests and activities has ever existed on this scale before[3]

The SCO has now established relations with the United Nations where it is an observer in the General Assembly theEuropean Union ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) the Commonwealth of Independent States andthe Organisation of Islamic Conference

Structure

The Council of Heads of State is thetop decision-making body in the SCOThis council meets at the SCOsummits which are held each year inone of the member states capital citiesThe current Council of Heads of Stateconsists ofbull Roza Otunbaeva (acting head of

state) (Kyrgyzstan)bull Hu Jintao (Peoples Republic of

China)bull Islom Karimov (Uzbekistan)bull Nursultan Nazarbayev (Kazakhstan)bull Dmitry Medvedev (Russia)bull Emomalii Rahmon (Tajikistan)The Council of Heads of Government is the second-highest council in the organisation This council also holdsannual summits at which time members discuss issues of multilateral cooperation The council also approves theorganisations budgetThe council of Foreign Ministers also hold regular meetings where they discuss the current international situationand the SCOs interaction with other international organisations[4]

As the name suggests the Council of National Coordinators coordinates the multilateral cooperation of memberstates within the framework of the SCOs charterThe Secretariat of the SCO is the primary executive body of the organisation It serves to implement organisationaldecisions and decrees drafts proposed documents (such as declarations and agendas) function as a documentdepository for the organisation arranges specific activities within the SCO framework and promotes anddisseminates information about the SCO It is located in Beijing The current SCO Secretary-General is MuratbekImanaliev of Kyrgyzstan a former Kyrgyz Minister of Foreign Affairs and professor at the American University ofCentral Asia[5]

The Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) headquartered in Tashkent Uzbekistan is a permanent organ of the SCO which serves to promote cooperation of member states against the three evils of terrorism separatism and

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 4

extremism The Head of RATS is elected to a three-year term Each member state also sends a permanentrepresentative to RATS[6]

Activities

SCO leaders at Peace Mission 2007 Hu Jintao Vladimir PutinNursultan Nazarbayev and Islam Karimov

Cooperation on security

The SCO is primarily centered on its member nationsCentral Asian security-related concerns oftendescribing the main threats it confronts as beingterrorism separatism and extremism Howeverevidence is growing that its activities in the area ofsocial development of its member states is increasingfast

At the June 16ndash17 2004 SCO summit held inTashkent Uzbekistan the Regional AntiterrorismStructure (RATS) was established On April 21 2006the SCO announced plans to fight cross-border drugcrimes under the counter-terrorism rubric[7]

Grigory Logninov claimed in April 2006 that the SCO has no plans to become a military bloc nonetheless he arguedthat the increased threats of terrorism extremism and separatism make necessary a full-scale involvement of armedforces[8]

In October 2007 the SCO signed an agreement with the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) in theTajik capital Dushanbe to broaden cooperation on issues such as security crime and drug trafficking[9] Joint actionplans between the two organisations are planned to be signed by early 2008 in Beijing[10]

The organisation is also redefining cyberwarfare saying that the dissemination of information harmful to thespiritual moral and cultural spheres of other states should be considered a security threat An accord adopted in2009 defined information war in part as an effort by a state to undermine anothers political economic andsocial systems[11]

Military activitiesOver the past few years the organisations activities have expanded to include increased military cooperationintelligence sharing and counterterrorism[12]

There have been a number of SCO joint military exercises The first of these was held in 2003 with the first phasetaking place in Kazakhstan and the second in China Since then China and Russia have teamed up for large-scale wargames in 2005 (Peace Mission 2005) 2007 and 2009 under the auspices of the Shanghai Cooperation OrganisationAt the joint military exercises in 2007 (known as Peace Mission 2007) which took place in Chelyabinsk Russianear the Ural Mountains and close to Central Asia as was agreed upon in April 2006 at a meeting of SCO DefenceMinisters more than 4000 Chinese soldiers participated Air forces and precision-guided weapons were also likelyto be used Russian Defence Minister Sergei Ivanov said that the exercises would be transparent and open to mediaand the public Following the war games successful completion Russian officials began speaking of India joiningsuch exercises in the future and the SCO taking on a military role Peace Mission 2010 conducted September 9ndash25at Kazakhstans Matybulak training area saw over 5000 personnel from China Russia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan andTajikistan conduct joint planning and operational maneuvers[13]

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 5

The SCO has served as a platform for larger military announcements by members During the 2007 war games inRussia with leaders of SCO member states in attendance including Chinese President Hu Jintao Russias PrimeMinister Vladimir Putin used the occasion to take advantage of a captive audience Russian strategic bombers hesaid would resume regular long-range patrols for the first time since the Cold War Starting today such tours ofduty will be conducted regularly and on the strategic scale Putin said Our pilots have been grounded for too longThey are happy to start a new life

Economic cooperationAll SCO members but China are also members of the Eurasian Economic Community A Framework Agreement toenhance economic cooperation was signed by the SCO member states on September 23 2003 At the same meetingthe PRCs Premier Wen Jiabao proposed a long-term objective to establish a free trade area in the SCO while othermore immediate measures would be taken to improve the flow of goods in the region[14] [15] A follow up plan with100 specific actions was signed one year later on September 23 2004[16]

On October 26 2005 during the Moscow Summit of the SCO the Secretary General of the Organisation said thatthe SCO will prioritise joint energy projects such will include the oil and gas sector the exploration of newhydrocarbon reserves and joint use of water resources The creation of an Inter-bank SCO Council was also agreedupon at that summit in order to fund future joint projects The first meeting of the SCO Interbank Association washeld in Beijing on February 21ndash22 2006[17] [18] On November 30 2006 at The SCO Results and Perspectives aninternational conference held in Almaty the representative of the Russian Foreign Ministry announced that Russia isdeveloping plans for an SCO Energy Club[19] The need for this club was reiterated by Moscow at an SCOsummit in November 2007 Other SCO members however have not committed themselves to the idea[20] Howeveron August 28 2008 summit it was stated that Against the backdrop of a slowdown in the growth of world economypursuing a responsible currency and financial policy control over the capital flowing ensuring food and energysecurity have been gaining special significance[21]

On June 16 2009 at the Yekaterinburg Summit China announced plans to provide a US$10 billion loan to SCOmember states to shore up the struggling economies of its members amid the global financial crisis[22] [23] Thesummit was held together with the first BRIC summit and the China-Russia joint statement said that they want abigger quota in the IMF[24]

At the 2007 SCO summit Iranian Vice President Parviz Davudi addressed an initiative that has been garneringgreater interest and assuming a heightened sense of urgency when he said ldquoThe Shanghai Cooperation Organisationis a good venue for designing a new banking system which is independent from international banking systemsrdquo [25]

The address by Russiarsquos Putin also included these comments ldquoWe now clearly see the defectiveness of the monopolyin world finance and the policy of economic selfishness To solve the current problem Russia will take part inchanging the global financial structure so that it will be able to guarantee stability and prosperity in the world and toensure progressrdquoldquoThe world is seeing the emergence of a qualitatively different geo-political situation with the emergence of newcenters of economic growth and political influenceldquoWe will witness and take part in the transformation of the global and regional security and developmentarchitectures adapted to new realities of the 21st century when stability and prosperity are becoming inseparablenotionsrdquo [26]

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 6

Cultural cooperationCultural cooperation also occurs in the SCO framework Culture ministers of the SCO met for the first time inBeijing on April 12 2002 signing a joint statement for continued cooperation The third meeting of the CultureMinisters took place in Tashkent Uzbekistan on April 27ndash28 2006[27] [28]

An SCO Arts Festival and Exhibition was held for the first time during the Astana Summit in 2005 Kazakhstan hasalso suggested an SCO folk dance festival to take place in 2008 in Astana[29]

Summits

Summit of Bishkek (Kirghizistan) in 2007

According to the Charter of the SCO summits of theCouncil of Heads of State shall be held annually atalternating venues The locations of these summitsfollow the alphabetical order of the member statesname in Russian[30] The charter also dictates that theCouncil of Heads of Government (that is the PrimeMinisters) shall meet annually in a place previouslydecided upon by the council members The Council ofForeign Ministers is supposed to hold a summit onemonth before the annual summit of Heads of StateExtraordinary meetings of the Council of ForeignMinisters can be called by any two member states[30]

List of Summits

Heads of State

Date Country Location

2001 China Shanghai

2002 Russia Saint Petersburg

2003 Russia Moscow

2004 Uzbekistan Tashkent

2005 Kazakhstan Astana

2006 China Shanghai

2007 Kyrgyzstan Bishkek

2008 Tajikistan Dushanbe

2009 Russia Yekaterinburg

2010 Uzbekistan Tashkent[31]

2011 Kazakhstan Astana[32]

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 7

Heads of Government

Date Country Location

2001 Kazakhstan Almaty

2002 Russia Saint Petersburg

2003 China Beijing

2004 Kyrgyzstan Bishkek

2005 Russia Moscow

2006 Tajikistan Dushanbe

2007 Uzbekistan Tashkent

2008 Kazakhstan Astana

2009 China Beijing[33]

2010 Tajikistan Dushanbe[34]

2011 Iran Tehran

Future membership possibilitiesIn June 2010 the SCO approved the procedure of admitting new members though new members have yet to beadmitted[35] Several states however participate as observers some of whom have expressed interest in becomingfull members in the future The implications of Iran joining the organisation have garnered both media and academicattention[36]

Current observers

Leaders present at the SCO summit in Yekaterinburg Russia in2009

bull India currently has observer status in the SCORussia has encouraged India to join the organisationas a full-time member because they see it as acrucial future strategic partner[37] [38] Factorsworking against India joining the SCO is its longrivalry with Pakistan and its close ties to Chinawhich has also troubled ties with India resulting inthe Sino-Indian War of 1962

Additional factors working in favour of India joiningthe SCO are its major military presence in CentralAsia[39] [40] its close military ties with several CentralAsian countries (especially Tajikistan and Russia) andalso its deep interest in the regions energyresources[41] [42] In 2010 India showed a keen interest in joining the group ldquoWe are interested in SCO membershipIt is a very important organisation concerning the regionrdquo sources within the Indian government said[43]

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 8

Putin with representatives from Iran and Mongolia observers in theSCO at a meeting of the Council of Heads of Government in 2005

Afghan President Hamid Karzai at an SCO summit in 2004

bull Iran currently has observer status in theorganisation and applied for full membership onMarch 24 2008[44] However because of ongoingsanctions levied by the United Nations it is blockedfrom admission as a new member The SCO statedthat any country under UN sanctions cannot beadmitted[35]

bull Mongolia became the first country to receiveobserver status at the 2004 Tashkent SummitPakistan India and Iran received observer status atthe 2005 SCO summit in Astana Kazakhstan onJuly 5 2005

bull Pakistan currently has observer status in theSCO Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharrafargued in favour of Pakistans qualification to jointhe organisation as a full member during a jointsummit with China in 2006 Factors working againstPakistans joining the SCO as a member include itspersistent military rivalry with fellow SCO-observerIndia and strained relation with Russia because ofthe latters strong relations with India China has saidthat it would convey Pakistanrsquos desire to all SCOmember states In turn Musharraf was formallyinvited to the sixth summit of the SCO to take placein Shanghai in June The Prime Minister of PakistanYousaf Raza Gillani once again argued in favour ofPakistans qualification to join the organisation as a full member[45]

Dialogue PartnerThe position of Dialogue Partner was created in 2008 in accordance with Article 14 of the SCO Charter of June 72002 This article regards Dialogue Partner as a state or an organisation who shares the goals and principles of theSCO and wishes to establish relations of equal mutually beneficial partnership with the Organisation[46]

bull Belarus was granted dialogue partner status in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) at the grouprsquos2009 summit in Yekaterinburg[47] Belarus applied for observer status in the organisation and was promisedKazakhstans support towards that goal However Russian Defence Minister Sergei Ivanov voiced doubt on theprobability of Belarus membership saying that Belarus was a purely European country[48] Despite this Belaruswas accepted as a Dialogue Partner at the 2009 SCO Summit

bull Sri Lanka was granted dialogue partner status in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) at the grouprsquos2009 summit in Yekaterinburg[47] Sri Lanka is located in an extremely strategically valued location in the worldChina is currently building a harbour in the Sri Lankan town of Hambantota widely seen as a naval base Chineseships re-fueling and protecting its naval interests Sri Lanka recently defeated the separatist LTTE with thecooperation of Shanghai Cooperation Members China and Russia[49]

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 9

Other countriesbull Afghanistan while not an observer is currently part of the SCO-Afghanistan Contact Group The contact

group was established in November 2005 and serves as a mechanism for SCO member states to jointly contributeto reconstruction and stability in Afghanistan[50]

Relations with the WestAlthough the declaration on the establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation contained a statement thatit is not an alliance directed against other states and regions and it adheres to the principle of openness manyobservers believe that one of the original purposes of the SCO was to serve as a counterbalance to NATO and theUnited States and in particular to avoid conflicts that would allow the United States to intervene in areas borderingboth Russia and China[51] [52] And although not a member state President of the Islamic Republic of Iran MahmoudAhmadinejad has used his speeches at the SCO to make verbal attacks against the United States[53]

The United States applied for observer status in the SCO but was rejected in 2005[54]

At the Astana summit in July 2005 with the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq foreshadowing an indefinite presence ofUS forces in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan the SCO urged the US to set a timetable for withdrawing its troops fromSCO member states Shortly afterwards Uzbekistan asked the US to leave the K-2 air base[55]

Recently the SCO has made no direct comments against the US or its military presence in the region Howeverseveral indirect statements at the past summits including the 2007 summit in Bishkek have been viewed by some asthinly veiled swipes at Washington[56]

Geopolitical aspects of the SCOThere have been many discussions and commentaries about the geopolitical nature of the Shanghai CooperationOrganisationMatthew Brummer in the Journal of International Affairs tracks the implications of SCO expansion into the PersianGulf[57]

Iranian writerHamid Golpira had this to say on the topic ldquoAccording to [Zbigniew] Brzezinskirsquos theory control ofthe Eurasian landmass is the key to global domination and control of Central Asia is the key to control of theEurasian landmassRussia and China have been paying attention to Brzezinskirsquos theory since they formed theShanghai Cooperation Organisation in 2001 ostensibly to curb extremism in the region and enhance border securitybut most probably with the real objective of counterbalancing the activities of the United States and NATO inCentral Asiardquo[58]

At a 2005 summit in Kazakhstan the SCI issued a Declaration of Heads of Member States of the ShanghaiCooperation Organisation which addressed their concerns and contained an elaboration of the organisationrsquosprinciples It included ldquoThe heads of the member states point out that against the backdrop of a contradictoryprocess of globalisation multilateral cooperation which is based on the principles of equal right and mutual respectnon-intervention in internal affairs of sovereign states non-confrontational way of thinking and consecutivemovement towards democratisation of international relations contributes to overall peace and security and call uponthe international community irrespective of its differences in ideology and social structure to form a new concept ofsecurity based on mutual trust mutual benefit equality and interaction[59]

In November 2005 Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov reiterated that the ldquoShanghai Cooperation Organisation(SCO) is working to establish a rational and just world orderrdquo and that ldquoThe Shanghai Cooperation Organisationprovides us with a unique opportunity to take part in the process of forming a fundamentally new model ofgeopolitical integrationrdquo [60]

A Chinese daily expressed the matter in these terms ldquoThe Declaration points out that the SCO member countries have the ability and responsibility to safeguard the security of the Central Asian region and calls on Western

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 10

countries to leave Central Asia That is the most noticeable signal given by the Summit to the worldrdquo[61]

Validating that same school of thought a study published by Chinarsquos Academy of Military Science criticisesWashingtonrsquos ldquooverbearing strategy of encirclement and suffocationrdquoThat may not be Washingtonrsquos intent But from Beijingrsquos vantage point the United States is arrayed along Chinarsquosperiphery with a long-term presence in Japan and South Korea strong ties with Thailand and the Philippines ablossoming partnership with India and a growing role in Central AsiaChinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao has concluded that the United States is manoeuvring ldquoto preserve its status as theworldrsquos sole superpower and will not allow any country the chance to pose a challenge to itrdquo [62]

Russia is not a fan or supporter of NATO or of any of its former Soviet states joining it as seen in this explicitstatement made in 2006 by Russian Ambassador to Ukraine Viktor Chernomyrdin ldquowhen a neighbouring countrybecomes a member of the North-Atlantic Military bloc then Irsquom sorrymdashthen this strategic partnership [with Russia]should be viewed from a different angle and [it should be reviewed] whether this strategic partnership relationshipshould continue to exist at allrdquoAn article in The Washington Post in early 2008 reported that President Vladimir Putin stated that Russia could aimnuclear missiles at Ukraine if Russiarsquos neighbour and former fraternal republic in the Soviet Union joins the NATOalliance and hosts elements of a US missile defence system It is horrible to say and even horrible to think that inresponse to the deployment of such facilities in Ukrainian territory which cannot theoretically be ruled out Russiacould target its missile systems at Ukraine Putin said at a joint news conference with Ukrainian President ViktorYushchenko who was visiting the Kremlin ldquoImagine this just for a secondrdquo[63] [64]

References[1] http www sectsco org[2] Kazinform July 5 2005[3] http rickrozoff wordpress com 2009 08 29 150[4] Session of the Council of Foreign Ministers from Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (http www malaysia mid ru

press2007 e_22 html) Embassy of the Russian Federation in Malaysia[5] SCO Secretariat in Brief (http www sectsco org EN secretary asp) SCO Website[6] Information on Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (http www sectsco org fk-03 html) SCO

Website[7] SCO to intensify fight against cross-border drug crimes (http news xinhuanet com english 2006-04 22 content_4459199 htm)

Xinhuanet[8] SCO gets ready for joint military exercise (http www studentpa info spip phparticle248) World Student Press Agency[9] Security alliances led by Russia China link up (http www dailytimes com pk default asppage=20071006story_6-10-2007_pg4_3)

Daily Times[10] Kazakhstan Notes Afghanistans Emerging Security Agenda (http jamestown org edm article phparticle_id=2372661) Eurasia Daily

Monitor[11] Tom Gjelten (September 23 2010) Seeing The Internet As An Information Weapon (http www npr org templates story story

phpstoryId=130052701) National Public Radio Retrieved September 23 2010[12] http www cfr org publication 10883[13] Boland Julie Learning From The Shanghai Cooperation Organizations Peace Mission-2010 Exercise (http www brookings edu

opinions 2010 1029_asia_war_games_boland aspx) The Brookings Institution (http www brookings edu ) 29 October 2010[14] Central Asian powers agree to pursue free-trade zone (http findarticles com p articles mi_m0WDP is_2003_Sept_29 ai_108316611)[15] China Intensifies Regional Trade Talks (http web archive org web 20071024121832 http www ictsd org weekly 03-10-01

story3 htm) Archived from the original (http www ictsd org weekly 03-10-01 story3 htm) on October 24 2007 International Centrefor Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD)

[16] Joint Communique of the Council of the Governmental Heads (Prime Ministers) of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Member States(http www shaps hawaii edu fp russia 2004 20040923_sco_jc html) University of Hawaii

[17] Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Eyes Economic Security Cooperation (http www jamestown org edm articlephparticle_id=2370411) The Jamestown Foundation

[18] SCO Ministers of Foreign Economic Activity and Trade to meet in Tashkent (http eng nbu com news read phpid=421) National Bankof Uzbekistan

[19] Russias Foreign Ministry develops concept of SCO energy club (http eng gazeta kz art aspaid=84086) Gazetakz

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 11

[20] Russia Urges Formation of Central Asian Energy Club (http www eurasianet org departments insight articles eav110707a shtml)Eurasianet

[21] Chronicle of Main Events of Shanghai Five and Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (http www sectsco org html 00030 html)[22] (Xinhua) (http news xinhuanet com english 2009-06 16 content_11552439 htm)[23] http www google com hostednews ap article ALeqM5ghofWsw6596hiWFv-WS4u6L84TGAD98RLUG80[24] Yan (June 18 2009) China Russia sign five-point joint statement (http news xinhuanet com english 2009-06 18

content_11558133 htm) Retrieved June 23 2009 They also said that a new round of the IMF quota formula review and the reformschemes of the World Bank should be completed on time and that the emerging markets and developing countries should have a bigger sayand broader representation in the international financial institutions

[25] Mehr News Agency October 31 2008[26] Russia Today October 30 2008[27] Culture Ministers of SCO Member States Meet in Beijing (http english people com cn 200204 13 eng20020413_93954 shtml)

Peoples Daily[28] SCO Culture Ministers to Meet in Tashkent (http eng gazeta kz art aspaid=74059) Gazetakz[29] Kazakhstan Backs Promotion of SCO Cultural Ties (http www kazind com newsarchives newsvol66 html) Embassy of Kazakhstan in

India[30] Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (http www sectsco org html 00096 html) SCO Website[31] Joint Communiqueacute of Meeting of the Council of the Heads of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (http www

sectsco org EN show aspid=88) SCO Website[32] SCO vows to strengthen cooperation with its observers dialogue partners (http news xinhuanet com english2010 china 2010-06 11

c_13345841 htm) Xinhua[33] http www voanews com english 2009-10-14-voa14 cfm[34] SCO Heads of Government Council meets in Beijing (http www sectsco org EN show aspid=144)[35] Wu Jiao and Li Xiaokun (June 12 2010) SCO agrees deal to expand (http www chinadaily com cn cndy 2010-06 12

content_9968565 htm) China Daily Retrieved June 15 2010[36] Journal of International Affairs 2007 The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and Iran A Power-full Union Matthew Brummer http

www britannica com bps additionalcontent 18 25069441THE-SHANGHAI-COOPERATION-ORGANIZATION-AND-IRAN-A-POWERFULL-UNION

[37] Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ndash Towards New Dynamism ndash Mainstream Weekly (http www mainstreamweekly net article313html)

[38] India has right to join SCO not Pakistan Russian envoy ndash News (http www newkerala com news fullnews-124347 html)[39] EurasiaNet Eurasia Insight ndash India The New Central Asian Player (http www eurasianet org departments insight articles eav062606a

shtml)[40] Asia Times Online South Asia news ndash India makes a soft landing in Tajikistan (http www atimes com atimes South_Asia IC03Df01

html)[41] (http en rian ru analysis 20080827 116328450 html)[42] (http www idsa in publications stratcomments NiveditaKundu071106 htm)[43] keen on joining SCO (http beta thehindu com news article387262 ece|title=India)[44] Iran applies for membership (http www presstv ir detail aspxid=48781amp sectionid=351020101) Press TV[45] http geo tv 10-14-2009 50915 htm[46] Regulations on the Status of Dialogue Partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (http www sectsco org EN show aspid=64)[47] Sri Lanka gains partnership in SCO members welcome end to terror in country (http defence lk new aspfname=20090618_05)[48] The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation acquires military character (http www kommersant com page aspidr=527amp id=670100)

Kommersant[49] Bedi Rahul (June 2 2007) Sri Lanka turns to Pakistan China for military needs (http www indianmuslims info news 2007 jun 02

sri_lanka_turns_pakistan_china_military_needs html) IANS (Urdustancom Network) Retrieved June 2 2007[50] SCO Afghanistan need to deepen cooperation secretary general (http english people com cn 90001 90777 6245785 html) Peoples

Daily[51] Tannock Charles (February 18 2008) Backing Kazakhstans great game (http commentisfree guardian co uk charles_tannock

2008 02 backing_kazakhstans_great_game_ html) Guardian Weekly [52] Fels Enrico (2009) Assessing Eurasias Powerhouse An Inquiry into the Nature of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Winkler

Verlag Bochum p 23-27[53] Ahmadinejad stresses need for a new world order (http www presstv ir detail 98260 htmsectionid=351020101) Press TV[54] Shanghai surprise (http commentisfree guardian co uk dilip_hiro 2006 06 shanghai_surprise html) Guardian Unlimited[55] Central Asia China and Russia up the ante (http www hindu com 2005 07 08 stories 2005070800711400 htm) The Hindu[56] Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Summiteers Take Shots at US Presence in Central Asia (http www eurasianet org departments

insight articles eav082007a shtml) Eurasianet[57] Journal of International Affairs 2007 The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and Iran A Power-full Union Matthew Brummer[58] Tehran Times November 20 2008

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 12

[59] The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation July 13 2005 http www sectsco org news_detail aspid=407amp LanguageID=2[60] UzReport November 28 2005[61] Peoples Daily July 8 2008[62] American Legion Magazine March 1 2010[63] Maheen Mirza Shanghai Corporation Organisation (SCO) A New Platform ndash TRCB TRCBcom mdash Article Marketing for Massive

Exposure and Reward http www trcb com news-and-society international shanghai-corporation-organization-sco-a-new-platform-2531htm (accessed April 7 2010)

[64] Peter Finn ldquoPutin Threatens Ukraine on NATO ndash Russian Raises Issues of US Missile Shieldrdquo wwwwashingtonpostcom February 132008 archives 2010

Further readingbull Kalra Prajakti and Saxena Siddharth ldquoShanghai Cooperation Organisation and Prospects of Development in

Eurasia Regionrdquo (http www turkishpolicy com images stories 2007-02-centraleurasia TPQ2007-2-kalra+saxena pdf) Turkish Policy Quarterly Vol 6 No2 2007

bull Sznajder Ariel Pablo ldquoChinas Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Strategyrdquo (http irps ucsd edu assets 0045367 pdf) University of California Press May 2006

bull Oresman Matthew ldquoBeyond the Battle of Talas Chinarsquos Re-emergence in Central Asiardquo (http www ndu eductnsp tamerlane Tamerlane-Chapter19 pdf)PDF (474 MiB) National Defence University Press August 2004

bull Gill Bates and Oresman Matthew Chinarsquos New Journey to the West Report on Chinarsquos Emergence in CentralAsia and Implications for US Interests (http www csis org component optioncom_csis_pubs taskviewid15 ) CSIS Press August 2003

bull Fels Enrico (2009) Assessing Eurasias Powerhouse An Inquiry into the Nature of the Shanghai CooperationOrganisation Winkler Verlag Bochum ISBN 978-3-89911-107-1

bull Yom Sean L (2002) Power Politics in Central Asia The Future of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation(http www asiaquarterly com content view 129 5 ) Harvard Asia Quarterly 6 (4) 48ndash54

bull Stakelbeck Frederick W Jr (August 8 2005) The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (http wwwfrontpagemag com Articles Printable aspID=19041) FrontPageMagazinecom

bull Navrozov Lev (February 17 2006) The Sino-Russian Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (http wwwnewsmax com scripts printer_friendly pls=pfamp page=http www newsmax com archives articles 2006 216 170626 shtml) NewsMaxcom

bull Daly John (July 19 2001) Shanghai Five expands to combat Islamic radicals (http www janes comsecurity international_security news jtsm jtsm010719_1_n shtml) Janes Terrorism amp Security Monitor

bull Colson Charles (August 5 2003) Central Asia Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Makes Military Debut(http www rferl org features 2003 08 05082003154708 asp) Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty

bull Cohen Dr Ariel (July 18 2001) The Russia-China Friendship and Cooperation Treaty A Strategic Shift inEurasia (http www heritage org Research RussiaandEurasia BG1459 cfm) The Heritage Foundation

bull Cohen Dr Ariel (October 24 2005) Competition over Eurasia Are the US and Russia on a CollisionCourse (http www heritage org Research RussiaandEurasia hl901 cfm) The Heritage Foundation

bull John Keefer Douglas Matthew B Nelson and Kevin Schwartz ldquoFueling the Dragonrsquos Flame How ChinarsquosEnergy Demands Affect its Relationships in the Middle Eastrdquo (http www uscc gov researchpapers 2006China_ME_FINAL pdf)PDF (162 KiB) United States-China Economic and Security Review CommissionOctober 2006

bull Baris Adibelli The Eurasia Strategy of China (http www barisadibelli com ) IQ Publishing Houseİstanbul 2007

bull Baris ADIBELLI The Great Game in Eurasian Geopolitics IQ Publishing House İstanbul 2008bull Baris Adibelli Turkey-China Relations since the Ottoman PeriodIQ Publishing House İstanbul2007bull Baris Adibelli The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Dream of Turkey Cumhuriyet Stratejiİstanbul 2007bull Baris ADIBELLI Greater Eurasia Project IQ Publishing House İstanbul2006

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 13

External linksbull Official website (http http www sectsco org EN )

Article Sources and Contributors 14

Article Sources and ContributorsShanghai Cooperation Organisation Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphpoldid=429313374 Contributors 100110100 ASDFGH Alanmak Alansohn Alinor Amazonien AndrwscAnonEMouse Aris Katsaris Aris bok Arjunatgv ArmanJan Arthur Rubin Ask80 Atitarev Audioman AxelBoldt Bb llb Beagel BillSung Biruitorul Blacklake Bobo192 Bogorm BorgxBoud Brianski Bucksburg Butterisfishy C-b90 Chadsnook Chau87 Colipon Commander Keane Confuzion Crvena zvezda David Kernow Deavenger DelftUser Dentren Dr B R LangDriftwoodzebulin Drinkingbreaker Drongou Eagjmg El C Emilfaro Enric Naval Esp rus2 Evan7257 Ezhiki Firebrander Freestylefrappe Fsotrain09 Fuzheado GTBacchus GahwilerGentgeen Ghirlandajo Globalr Golbez Good Olfactory Green Giant Greenshed Guardian Tiger Gyro Copter Hardscarf Henning Blatt Hodja Nasreddin HongQiGong Howsa12Humortueio Hux IJA Icey IngSoc BigBrother Instantnood Iridescent Jiang Jjhcap99 Joffeloff Josechus Joseph Solis in Australia Jvano Kaihsu Kalmanovich Kashgar Kazru KellyMartin Kelvinc Khalidshou Kintetsubuffalo Kkm010 Klaudius Knightshield Koov Ksyrie Kwamikagami Lan Di Le Enfente Orange Lightmouse Ligulem LilHelpa LinkofazerothLkkity Lord Opeth Lowe4091 Lowellian MER-C Macop1 Mademoiselle Bunbury Master Of Ninja Master of the Oriacutechalcos Mathiasrex Mdmday Meco Miffy bunny Mikko PaananenMitch1981 Mnmazur Monte Condor Mystache NYCJosh Nealmcb Neelix Neilc Ngckmax Nic tan33 Nightstallion Nirvana888 Nkcs Notque Olivier Omenge Onen hag oll OtebigPFHLai PNA record Pablosolio Parabellum101 Passionless Pburka Petri Krohn Phead128 Plutino Polylepsis Pttcc Purpleturple Qazmlp1029 Quantumelfmage ROOB323 RaskiyRazbaeva Relianceman RevolverOcelotX Rich Farmbrough Richardpku Roadrunner Robovec000 Rudykog RueRnr Rukyi Russavia Sapphic Sauvastika Sebjarod SevilledadeShezarainbow Sholtomac Snake66 Sohailstyle Soman Sophie2895 THEunique THF Tequendamia The Minister of War Tony1 Unclebungle Usergreatpower ValenShephardVanityjunkie Varano Wachowich Willarveschoug Woohookitty Xaxafrad Yaan Yasis Yk Yk Yk Zhonghuo Zlerman Милан Јелисавчић 276 anonymous edits

Image Sources Licenses and ContributorsImageSCO logosvg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileSCO_logosvg License unknown Contributors NgckmaxImageCountries-SCOpng Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileCountries-SCOpng License Public Domain Contributors UserSejogoFileFlag of the Peoples Republic of Chinasvg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileFlag_of_the_Peoples_Republic_of_Chinasvg License Public Domain ContributorsUserDenelson83 UserSKopp UserShizhao UserZscout370FileFlag of Kazakhstansvg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileFlag_of_Kazakhstansvg License unknown Contributors -xfi-FileFlag of Kyrgyzstansvg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileFlag_of_Kyrgyzstansvg License Public Domain Contributors Made by Andrew Duhan for the SodipodiSVG flag collection and is public domainFileFlag of Russiasvg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileFlag_of_Russiasvg License Public Domain Contributors Zscout370FileFlag of Tajikistansvg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileFlag_of_Tajikistansvg License Public Domain Contributors Alex Spade Anime Addict AA ApatomerusEugeneZelenko Fry1989 Homo lupus Johnny Rotten Klemen Kocjancic Mattes Nameneko Neq00 Nightstallion Rinkio Zscout370 Умед Джайхони 3 anonymous editsFileFlag of Uzbekistansvg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileFlag_of_Uzbekistansvg License Public Domain Contributors UserZscout370FileFlag of Indiasvg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileFlag_of_Indiasvg License Public Domain Contributors UserSKoppFileFlag of Iransvg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileFlag_of_Iransvg License unknown Contributors VariousFileFlag of Mongoliasvg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileFlag_of_Mongoliasvg License Public Domain Contributors UserSKoppFileFlag of Pakistansvg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileFlag_of_Pakistansvg License Public Domain Contributors Abaezriv AnonMoos Badseed DbenbennDuduziq F F Fjodor Fry1989 Gabbe Himasaram Homo lupus Juiced lemon Klemen Kocjancic Mattes Mollajutt Neq00 Pumbaa80 Rfc1394 Srtxg TFCforever ThomasPusch TuacuterelioZscout370 9 anonymous editsFileFlag of Belarussvg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileFlag_of_Belarussvg License Public Domain Contributors UserZscout370FileFlag of Sri Lankasvg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileFlag_of_Sri_Lankasvg License Public Domain Contributors Zscout370FileFlag of Afghanistansvg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileFlag_of_Afghanistansvg License Public Domain Contributors 5ko Ahmad2099 Antonsusi AvalaBastique Dancingwombatsrule Dbenbenn Denelson83 Domhnall Duduziq F l a n k e r Fry1989 Gast32 Happenstance Herbythyme Homo lupus Klemen Kocjancic Kookaburra LokalProfil Ludger1961 MPF Mattes Myself488 Neq00 Nersy Nightstallion Orange Tuesday Rainforest tropicana Reisio Rocket000 Sojah Tabasco Zscout370 27 anonymous editsFileFlag of the CISsvg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileFlag_of_the_CISsvg License Public Domain Contributors UserDenelson83FileFlag of Turkmenistansvg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileFlag_of_Turkmenistansvg License Public Domain Contributors UserVzb83FileShanghai Five Leaders 2jpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileShanghai_Five_Leaders_2jpg License unknown Contributors Russian Presidential Press andInformation OfficeImageStructure of the SCOpng Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileStructure_of_the_SCOpng License Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 30 ContributorsUserOtebigImagePutin and Hu JintaoPeace Mission 2007jpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FilePutin_and_Hu_JintaoPeace_Mission_2007jpg License unknown ContributorsPresidential Press and Information OfficeFileShanghai Cooperation Organisation Summit Bishkek 2007jpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileShanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_Summit_Bishkek_2007jpg License unknown Contributors Presidential Press and Information OfficeFileSCO Summit Ekaterinburg 2009jpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileSCO_Summit_Ekaterinburg_2009jpg License unknown Contributors Presidential Pressand Information OfficeImageSCO Observersjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileSCO_Observersjpg License unknown Contributors Russian Presidential Press and Information OfficeOriginal uploader was Otebig at enwikipediaImageHamid Karzai at SCO Summitjpg Source httpenwikipediaorgwindexphptitle=FileHamid_Karzai_at_SCO_Summitjpg License unknown Contributors Russian PresidentialPress and Information Office Original uploader was Otebig at enwikipedia

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 30 Unportedhttp creativecommons org licenses by-sa 3 0