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CONTENT:

o

1

. About the Indian railway

o2. Railway signaling

o3.FOIS

4.OFC

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1853 First railway train journeyed distance of 22 miles betweenBombay to Thana.

It runs 12000 trains every day.

It carry 1.4 crore passengers & 16 lakh tones of goods everyday.

Daily earnings Rs120 crore.

Indian Railway are divided into zones which are further dividedinto division.

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RAILWAY SIGNALLING:-

Railway signalling :-is a system used to control railway traffic safely,

essentially to prevent trains from colliding.

Mainly there are two types of signals:-

Mechanical signals:- Older forms of signal displayed

their different aspects by their physical position.

Colour light signals:-On most modern railways, colour

light signals have largely replaced mechanical ones.

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These signals are controlled by panel which is situated in ASM office

Controlling Of Signals:-

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Description Code Colour Remarks

Main Signal Button S-5 RED Entrance Button

Track /Route Button S-6 GREY Exit Button

Level Crossing Button S-7 BLUE Operated with S-6

Group Slot Button S-8 GREEN For giving group slot

Point Group Button S-9 WHITE To point out location

Emergency Button S-10 R+G In emergency

Some Keys Of Pannel:-

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FOIS is a system for instant management and control of freight

movement.

FOIS enables freight customers to have instant access to

information regarding the current status of their consignments in

transit.

It brings the transparency in freight operations so that customers

will get up to date information.

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FOIS Architecture

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An optical fibre ( or fiber ) is a glass or plasticfibre that carries light along its length.

It has two main component layers: A Core & A

Cladding.

Light is kept in the core of optical fibre.

Cladding is for the protection of fibre.

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Thinner than other tubes. Less expensive

High Carrying Capacity.

Provides a very large Bandwidth Less signal distortion

Non- flammable

Light Weight

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Expensive over shortdistance.

Very high Installation

charges& demands high skills.

Adding additional nodes is

difficult.

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Core: Thin Glass Center ofthe fibre where light travels.

Cladding: Outer Optical

Material surrounding theCore.

Buffer Coating: Plastic

Coating that protects the

Fibre.

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The Core , & the lower refractiveindex Cladding , are typically madeof high quality silica glass, though

they can be both made of plastic aswell.

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Two main categories that are used in FibreOptic Communications are:

Multi-mode Optical Fibre

Single Mode Optical Fibre

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Single-mode fibers used to transmit one signal per

fiber (used in telephone and cable TV). They have

small cores(9 microns in diameter) and transmit infra-red light from laser.

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Multi-mode fibers used to transmit many

signals per fiber (used in computer networks).

They have larger cores(62.5 microns indiameter) and transmit infra-red light from

LED.

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The boundary

between the core and

cladding may either

be abrupt, instep

index fiber

or

gradual, in graded

index fiber.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-index_profilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-index_profilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded-index_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded-index_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded-index_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded-index_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded-index_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded-index_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graded-index_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-index_profilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-index_profilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-index_profilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-index_profilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step-index_profile

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A step-index fiber has a central core with a

uniform refractive index. An outside cladding

that also has a uniform refractive indexsurrounds the core;

However, the refractive index of the cladding

is less than that of the central core.

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In graded-index fiber, the index of refraction

in the core decreases continuously between

the axis and the cladding. This causes lightrays to bend smoothly as they approach the

cladding, rather than reflecting abruptly from

the core-cladding boundary.

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It is a method of transmitting information

from one place to another by sending light

through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier

wavethat is modulatedto carry information.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light

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