sistem hemopoetik
TRANSCRIPT
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D a r a h
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Fungsi Supply oksigen dari paru ke sel Supply nutrien dari sistem digestiv ke
sel Transport sisa metabolisme dari sel ke
organ ekskresi Transport hormon ke sel target Pengaturan suhu tubuh
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Pengaturan pH cairan tubuh Pengaturan volume darah untuk
efisiensi sirkulasi ke dalama sel, jaringan, organ dan sistem
Mencegah kehilangan darah (faktor hemostasis)
Mencegah infeksi melalui aktifitas sel darah putih, komplemen dan antibodi
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Terdiri dari bag. padat---------------korpuskula/sel2
darah bag. cair-----------------plasma Volume total darah seluruh tubuh-----1/12
BB (mns) Bersifat alkalis, pH=7,4 ; BJ=1,060 Suhu bervariasi tergantung letaknya dalam
tubuh-terendah ---------- superfisial (kulit)-Tertinggi ----------profundal (bag. Dalam)
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Plasma
Bagian cair dari darah
mengandung: air Protein Hormon Nutrien Elektrolit Gas respirasi Zat sampah
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Protein plasma
Fungsi : mengangkut zat2 yang tdk larut air,
misal besi, tiroksin gamma globulin terkait dgn sistem
imunitas mencegah perubahan besar pH
dalam darah (buffer) mempertahankan tekanan osmotik
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Protein plasma1. albumin paling banyak dihasilkan oleh hati berperan dalam pengikatan dan transport
berbagai zat dalam darah dan tekanan osmotik potensial plasma
2. Globulin banyak jenisnya (ada alfa 1, alfa 2, beta1,
beta2 ,gamma) gamma globulin dan limfosit disintesis
karena rangsangan antigen beta 1 globulin = fibrinogen---
disintesis oleh hati utk mekanisme pembekuan darah
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Plasma
Mengandung: Albumin (60%) Globulin (36%)
(Antibodi & protein transport)
Clotting Proteins (fibrinogen 4%)
Enzim & Hormon
Plasma
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Serum
Albumin (60%) Globulins (36%)
(Antibodi &protein transport)
Clotting Proteins (4%)
Enzymes & Hormones
Plasma
Cairan darah tanpa faktor pembekuan (clotting proteins)
SerumXClot
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Cara mendapatkan serum dan plasma?????
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Hematocrit
Persen dari komponen darah (formed elements)
Hematocrit
Normal Hematocrit berkisar 45%, tergantung gender
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250,000-500,000/mm3
4 - 6 million/mm3
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Sel darah dibentuk di sumsum tulang (dewasa)
Sumsum tulang, hati, limpa, (fetus)
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HEMOPOIESIS (pembentukan sel darah)
Myeloblast---------granulocyt Limphoblast--------limphocyt
Monoblast----------monocyt Erytroblast--------erythrocyt
(eritropoesis) Megakaryocyt------trombocyt
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hemopoiesis
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Formed Elements –(komponen sel darah)
-Erythrocytes (RBCs)
-Platelets
-Leucocytes (WBCs)Granulocyt +
agranulocyt
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ERITROSIT diameter rata2 7,5 mikron berbentuk cakram (disk), bikonkaf umur SDM disirkulasi ± 120 hari
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pembentukannya perlu zat2 spt protein, ion ferro, vit. B12, folic acid---------defisiensi---------anemia (penyebab defisisensi, misal krn???)
Vit B 12 + folic acid utk perbanyakan dan pemasakan SDMJika kekurangan-----ukuran SDM besar-----anemia megaloblastik/makrositik
Jika rasio SDM thd cairan di atas normal---hemokonsentrasi (dpt disbbkan krn dehidrasi)
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regulasi eritropoiesis aktifitas eritropoetik dikendalikan oleh kadar O2 jaringan
O2 turun (hipoksia)
eritropoetin (erritropoietic stimulating factor)
dlm plasma
3 harisumsum tulang produk SDM
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HEMOGLOBIN (Hb) merupakan senyawa organik komplek
terdiri dari heme (empat pigmen porfirin merah + atom besi) dan globin (protein globuler dgn 4 rantai asam amino)
fungsi : ikat O2 + warna merah darah (tiap gr Hb----angkut 1,34 ml O2)
penyusun 90 % bag. padat SDM penghancuran SDM-----Hb dilepas ke darah
debris (puing2)-----difagositosis oleh makrofag
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methemoglobin—produk oksidasi Hb (tdk dpt angkut O2 Penyebab ; obat2an, nitrat tanaman
carboksihemoglobin –senyawa stabil dibtk dr
CO + Hb----COHb (ikatan CO +Hb 210 kali lbh kuat dr Hb +
O2---tdk mampu angkut O2-----mati) hemolisis—pemecahan SDM shg Hb
lepas ke dlm plasma---kemerahan------hemoglobinemia--hemoglobinuriapenyebab : toksin bakteri, bisa ular, parasit darah,lar. hipotonik
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Granulosit - Neutrofil Nucleus 3 sampai 6 lobus
Memfagositosis bakteria & beberapa fungi
Granula di sitoplasma
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Granulosit - Eosinofil Nucleus bilobus (2 lobus) Granula sitoplasma kasar & acidic (red/orange)
Membunuh parasit cacing &kompleks imun
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Granulocyte - Basofil
Nucleus berlobus- berbentuk huruf U or S granula sitoplasmik besar -(purplish/black)
Menyebabkan vasodilatasi dgn melepaskan histamin
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Agranulosit- Limfosit Nucleus spheric-mengisi separo atau lebih dr sel
B lymphocytes - Humoral Immunity (antibodies) T lymphocytes - Cellular Immunity
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Agranulosit - Monosit Nucleus berbentuk U atau spt kidney -mengisi
separo atau lebih dari sel
Differensiasi menjadi makrofag di jaringanSebagai pertahanan tubuh melawan virus
dan bakteri intraseluler pada infeksi kronik.Mengaktifkan limfosit
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Abnormalitas darah
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Anemia : Pengurangan kapasitas membawa O2
dalam darah
Pengurangan jumlah Hb dalam darah
Iron Deficiency - inadequate intake or absorption of iron.
Pernicious - dietary deficiency of Vitamin B12 or inadequate production of intrinsic factor for absorption of Vitamin B12.
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Hemorrhagic – akibat pendarahan krn luka, ulcer dll
Hemolytic – lisisnya darah bs disebabkan krn tranfusi,infeksi bakteri dan parasit
Aplastic – akibat destruksi atau penghambatan pembentukan darah merah yg dpt disebabkan krn obat, radiasi atau toksin bakteri.
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Abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs:
Sickle Cell - one amino acid in the 287 forming the beta chains is wrong.
Dapat menyumbat pembulh darah kecil
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Polycythemia - abnormally high number of RBCs (8 - 11 million/mm3). Peningkatan viskositas darah dan tekanan darah.Penyebab – sering krn kanker darah.
Lecuopenia - abnormally low number of WBCs (less than 5,000/mm3).
penyebab- drugs, steroids & anti-cancer agents.
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Other Blood Related Disturbances Leukemia - abnormally high numbers of
immature WBCs that are mitotic & unspecialized.
Penamaannya tergantung dr tipe lekosit yg tidak normal Myelocytic - derived from myeloblasts (chronic) Lymphocytic - involves lymphocytes (acute)
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Hemostasis Heme= blood stasis= to halt (mnghentikan) Process of retaining blood within the
vascular system Repairs injury to blood vessels Stops or prevents blood loss
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hemostasis
Komponen: Vascular System
Controls rate of blood flow
Platelet System Interaction of vasculature and platelets form a temporary plug
Coagulation System (i.e) fibrin forming
Fibrinolytic System Fibrin lysing
Coagulation Inhibition System Natural inhibitors Control fibrin formation and fibrinolysis
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Vascular System
Pembuluh darah Arteri
Carry blood from the heart to capillaries Thickest walls of the vasculature
Vena Return blood from capillaries to the heart Thinnest walls of vasculature
Kapiler No vessel wall Do not contribute to hemostasis
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Vascular System: Blood Vessels
Susunan : Endothelium
Lpisan tunggal dinding pembuluh darah Dilapisi oleh glycocalyx Melindungi lapisan dasar pembuluh darah Memproduksi Von Willebrand's factor (vWF),
bagian dari Factor VIII Sekresi prostaglandins, activator plasminogen Bermuatan negatif, mencegah penempelan protein
and platelet Subendothelium
Otot halus dan jaringan konektif dengan serabut kolagen
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Vascular System: Blood Vessels
Membran dasar Collagen material – stimulates platelets
Connective tissue Elastic fibers- provide support around vessels
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Bila endotel rusak (cidera): Endotel keluarkan endotelin untuk : - vasokontriksi - endotelin bersama trombin
mengiduksi endotel mengeluarkan
substansi adesi ; integrin dan selektin - Endotelin menarik leukosit
dan platelet ke daerah pembuluh darah yang rusak
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Platelet system
Platelet small, anuclear
cytoplasmic disks (tanpa nukleus)
In an unstimulated state, the shape is discoid
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Platelet.....(lanjutan)
Umur 7-10 hari Produksinya diatur trombopoitin Trombopoitin dibuat hati dan ginjal Diproduksi di sumsum tulang Sitoplasma mngandung aktin dan
meosin shg dpt berubah bentuk
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Platelet....(lanjutan)
Organela dense bodies mnyimpan: ADP 5-hidroksitriptamin (serotonin) Ion Ca
Alfa granula mengandung : Fibrinogen Faktor von Willebrand Faktor koagulasi V heparin-neutralising factor Trombospondin..dll..
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Platelet....(lanjutan)
Bila endotel rusak endotelin akan menarik platelet untuk adesi pada kolagen pembuluh darah
platelet diaktifkan akan membentuk pseudopodia sehingga :
- Melepas substasi ADP (adenosine diphosphat), serotonin, dll
- Mudah melekat ke kolagen endotel - Mudah melekat ke platelet lain (agregasi platelet)
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Respon hemostatik terhadap cidera ada 2 :
1. Primary phase :• Reaksi pemb.darah dan platelet utk
memperlambat aliran darah• Pembentukan agregat platelet pd
tempat yg cidera
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2. secondary phase : Aktifasi koagulasi dgn pelepasan
faktor jaringan pd sel yg rusak Pembentukan fibrin yg menstabilkan
massa platelet menjadi Haemostatic plug
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Proses penjendalan darah
Platelets – membentuk sumbat dan melepaskan platelet factors yg akan mengkatalisis pembentukan gumpalan (clot)
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Platelet factors – bereaksi dgn Calcium (Ca2+) & clotting factors lainnya dlm plasma utk mengawali clot formation.
• Thromboplastin - lipid (Tissue Factor/faktor jaringan)) yg dilepaskan membran sel yg cidera yg akan mempercepat proses penjendalan
• Prostaglandins dilepaskan dari membran sel yg luka yg berefek melokalisir tempat yg cidera
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Platelet factors, Ca2+ & clotting factors lainnya dlm plasma membentuk prothrombin activator
• plasma protein (Prothrombin) dirubah oleh prothrombin activator menjadi Thrombin.
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Thrombin mengubah plasma protein Fibrinogen menjadi insoluble protein Fibrin.
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Fibrin membentuk jala-jala yg akan melekatkan platelet dan sel darah merah untuk membentuk jendalan.
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Faktor yang mempengaruhi penjendalan darah Vitamin K – dibutuhkan oleh liver
utk memproduksi prothrombin & beberapa clotting factors lainnya.
Calcium – diperlukan utk konversi prothrombin menjadi thrombin & konversi fibrinogen fibrin.
Thromboplastin – mempercepat clot formation dari 3 - 6 menit menjadi 15 detik.
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Heparin – antikoagulan alami, meninaktifkan trombin
Sodium Citrate –mencegah penjendalan darah dengan mengikat kalsium
Plasmin (Fibrinolysin) –memecah clot dgn dissolving fibrin
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ABO & Rh Blood Groups (Types)
Didasarkan adanya antigen spesifik (protein) pada permukaan luar sel
Antigen A, B, AB, O & Rh
Merupakan antigen yg dpt menyebabkan reaksi pd waktu transfusi
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ABO Blood Types
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
Type A Antigen on cells
Type B Antigen on cells
Type A & B Antigens
Tidak punya antigen A or B
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ABO Antibodies In Plasma
Type A blood
Type B blood
Type AB blood
Type O blood
Anti-B Antibodies
Anti-A Antibodies
No Anti-A or Anti-B Antibodies
Both Anti-A & Anti-B Antibodies
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Transfusion Considerations
Type A blood
Type B blood
Type AB blood
Type O blood
Anti-B Antibodies
Anti-A Antibodies
No Anti-A or Anti-B Antibodies
Both Anti-A & Anti-B Antibodies
No A or B antigens
Type O - Theoretical Universal Donor
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Transfusion Considerations
Type A blood
Type B blood
Type AB blood
Type O blood
Anti-B Antibodies
Anti-A Antibodies
No Anti-A or Anti-B Antibodies
Both Anti-A & Anti-B Antibodies
Type AB - Theoretical Universal Recipient
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Rh Antibodies in Plasma
Rh -
Rh +
Tidak ada antibodi anti Rh di plasma sampai ada antigen Rh
Tidak ada anti bodi anti Rh di plasma
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Antibody/Antigen Reactions
Antibodi plasma bereaksi dg antigen membran sel, menyebabkan clumping of cell
Sehingga antigen dan antibodi bereaksi menyebabkan agglutination.
Aglutinasi sel menyebabkan terganggunya distribusi O2 gas dan nutien dalam aliran darah
•.
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Rh (Rhesus) Factor
Rh positif ditentukan oleh adanya antigen C, D, E pada dinding sel
Jika seseorang tidak mempunyai antigen tsb berarti Rh negatif
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Rh Blood Groups
Rh -
Rh +
No Rh Antigens on cell membranes
Type Rh Antigens on cell membranes
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Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Kehamilan pertama anak normal Ibu membentuk antibody Rh + Kehamilan ke 2 antibodi Rh+
ibu via plasenta ke darah fetal dan akan bereaksi dg antigen Rh + (aglutinasi)
Ibu RH -
Rh +
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Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Efek pada fetus : kuning (jaundice), kerusakan otak
RhoGAM shots at 28 weeks and after delivery may prevent sensitization.
RhoGam offers no protection after a woman is sensititized.
ibuRH-
Rh +