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Smart Prevention of Aquatic Invasive Species in WisconsinSpecies in Wisconsin
M Jake Vander ZandenM. Jake Vander Zanden&
Jeffrey Maxted, Norman Mercado-Silva, Pieter Johnson, Julian Olden, Scott Higgins, Katie Hein, Gretchen Hanson, Matt Kornis, John
MMagnuson
Center for Limnology, UW-Madison
Funding:This work made possible by…
Funding:• WI Department of Natural Resources• Wisconsin Coastal Management Program• Wisconsin Sea Grant• Wisconsin Sea Grant• Baldwin ‘Wisconsin Idea’ Endowment• National Science Foundation (NTL-LTER)• UW-Madison• UW-MadisonPartners, colleagues, collaborators:• Wisconsin Lakes Partnership• Citizens Lake Monitoring Network• Citizens Lake Monitoring Network• Water Action Volunteers• Great Lakes Indian, Fish, & Wildlife Commission• Many many undergraduate students at UW Madison• Many, many undergraduate students at UW-Madison• David Lodge & Lab
IntroIntro
Olden (2006)
Rainbow smelt
Shedd Aquarium
Spiny water flea
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Zebra mussel
Round goby
Photo Credit: Jody Peters
Rusty crayfish
Thomas Simon
Chinese mystery snailsnail
“An o nce of pre ention is“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure”p
- Benjamin Franklin
How can we apply this wisdom to pp ymanagement of aquatic invasive
species in Wisconsin?species in Wisconsin?
AIS research at Center for Limnology UW MadisonLimnology, UW-Madison
GoalsGoals:Understanding aquatic invasive species spread
and impactand impactTranslate this knowledge into targeted and more
cost-effective AIS prevention and managementcost-effective AIS prevention and management
Example: Identifying lakes that are ‘vulnerable’ to specificExample: Identifying lakes that are vulnerable to specific invasive species
What do we mean by ‘vulnerable’?
1 Colonization1. Colonization
Can it getCan it get there?
2 Establishment2. Establishment
Can it establishCan it establish a population and
d ?reproduce?
3 Impact3. Impact
Will it haveWill it have adverse impacts
tion native species?p
Lake lnerabilitLake vulnerability -Combination of these three factors
S t tiSmart prevention -Strategically direct management and prevention g y g p
efforts to protect lakes that are vulnerable
Workshop led by Jeff Maxted Friday @ 9 AM
Vander Zanden, M.J. and J.D. Olden 2008 Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.
1 Rainbow Smelt1. Rainbow Smelt• Small forage fish
• Invaded Great• Invaded Great Lakes, spreading to inland lakes ofinland lakes of Wisconsin
• Big teeth!
Ecological role g– prey
Adult walleye
Rainbow smeltRainbow smelt
Ecological role g– predator
Adult walleye
Rainbow smelt
Young walleye perchYoung walleye, perch, lake herring, rainbow smelt
Smelt reduce walleyereproduction
Average age-0-W/km30
reproduction
20
25
15
20
-0-W
/km
10age-
0
5
0Natural No Smelt Stocked No Smelt Smelt
Mercado-Silva et al. 2007 Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.
Application of ‘smart prevention’ to rainbow smelt in Wisconsinrainbow smelt in Wisconsin
Mercado-Silva et al. 2006 Conservation Biology
ColonizationColonization
C it tCan it get there?there?
All Lakes
51005100 lakes
Can smelt t th ?get there?
22002200 lakes
EstablishmentEstablishment
Can itCan it establish a population?
Can smelt t th ?get there?
22002200 lakes
Can smelt li th ?live there?
553553 lakes
ImpactImpact
Will it haveWill it have adverse
impacts on nativenative
species?
Can smelt li th ?live there?
553553 lakes
Will smelt have anhave an impact?impact?
180180 lakes
Where are lt ?smelt now?
2424 lakes
Take home message for rainbow smeltsmelt
• Rainbow smelt impact fisheries in Wisconsin
• Only a small percentage of lakes are currently invaded or ‘highly vulnerable’
• This knowledge provides guidance for targeting management efforts to protecttargeting management efforts to protect vulnerable lakes
See talk by Chris Solomon (Thurs 3:00 PM)
2. Spiny water flea
Native to EurasiaNative to Eurasia
Large and predatory onLarge and predatory on native zooplankton
Spiny – difficult for fish to eateat
Discovered in Gile Flowage i 2003in 2003
Possible stepping stone to gthe thousands of lakes of the Northern Highlands Lake District
Map gile flowage
Lake District
Discovered in StormyDiscovered in Stormy Lake (Vilas County) in 2006
See poster by Samantha Mueller Thurs PM
Predicting spiny water flea in Wisconsin
100000
1000
10000
ares
) Suitable forSpiny water flea
100
1000
e ar
ea (h
ecta
10
Lake
11 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Secchi depth (m)
Threshold based on model of MacIsaac et al. 2000
3. Zebra mussel
Ecology and impacts - see talk by Scott Higgins Thurs @ 4:20
50Z b l
40
45Zebra musseln = 527 lakes Can support
zebra mussels
30
35
/l)
20
25
Ca
(mg/
10
15pH limited
0
5
4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 9 0 9 5
Ca2+ limitedpH and Ca2+ limited
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5
pH
Zebra MusselAll Lakes
11001100
Zebra MusselCan it live th ?there?
460460
Zebra MusselWhere are th ?they now?
>90>90
4 Round Goby4. Round Goby
Photo Credit: Jody Peters
Native to Black and Caspian Seas
19901990
1994
1996
1998
2000
2003
Discovery: spread to inland waters of
Wisconsin
26 of 73 watersheds (36%)
54 of 119 sites (45%)54 of 119 sites (45%)
Furthest inland: 34 kmFurthest inland: 34 km
~280 km of stream documented as invaded
Kornis and Vander Zanden in review
Where will round goby invade next?
42% (1,369 km)
goby invade next?
identified as suitable
44% (8,878 km) identified as suitableidentified as suitable
For more info, see poster by Matt Kornis
Kornis and Vander Zanden in review
5. Rusty crayfish
Thomas Simon
Rusty Crayfish1970
Rusty Crayfish2006
Rusty Crayfish1982197020061982
441 sites sampled
65% f l k65% of lakes57% of streams
Rusty crayfish invasionsRusty crayfish invasionsINTRODUCTION• Bait bucket release is the primary
transport vectors for crayfish
SUITABILITY• Rusty crayfish tend to occupy small,
productive lakes with modified shorelinesshorelines
unpu
bl.)
al.
(200
6, u
Old
en e
t a
Rusty crayfish invasionsRusty crayfish invasionsIMPACT• Invasions by rusty crayfish is
associated with the local ti ti f t ti fi h
VULNERABILITY• Lake-specific vulnerability to the
introduction, establishment and impact of invasive rusty crayfishextirpation of two native crayfishes of invasive rusty crayfish
unpu
bl.)
al.
(200
6, u
Old
en e
t a
Example: Rusty crayfish Example: Rusty crayfish invasionsinvasions
5,164 lakesinvasionsinvasions
1,350 lakes with 1+ boat landings
553 lakes that are 553 lakes that are environmental-
suitable
1,255 lakes with 1+ at-risk species
358 highly vulnerability vul e ab l ty
lakes
Low crayfish abundance
Hi h fi h b dHigh crayfish abundance
Karen Wilson
Eight years of rusty crayfish removal in Sparkling LakeSparkling Lake
• 158 acre lake in Vilas Co.
• Changed fishing regulations to favor more and larger gsmallmouth bass
• Intensive trapping for lastIntensive trapping for last eight years
– 76 656 trapping days– 76,656 trapping days– 91,930 rusty crayfish
removed
Rusty CPUE Virilis CPUE0.0312.00
Rusty CPUE Virilis CPUE
0.02
8.00
10.00
UE Vir
0 01
0.02
6.00
usty
CPU
rilis CPU
0.01
0.01
2 00
4.00
RE
0.000.00
2.00
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
From This…From This…
Wilson, Roth, & Hein
To This…To This…
Wilson, Roth, & Hein
Lessons from Sparkling Lake iexperiment
• Trapping and fish predation caused a population collapse of rusty crayfishp p p y y
• Aquatic plants, fish, invertebrates recovered – ‘flipped’ lake back to a non-exotic dominated state.
• Is this non-exotic state ‘stable’? What happens when we stop removal?
S t lk b G t h H (TH 3 25 PM)– See talk by Gretchen Hansen (TH 3:25 PM)
6. Chinese Mystery SnailSnail
Carpenter Lake, Wisconsin, 2006
-Survey of ~ 45 Vilas and Oneida County lakes
P t i 50%-Present in ~50% of lakes
A i ti ithAssociation with:-nutrient-rich lakes-lakes close to a population center-lakes close to a population center-lakes with high shoreline housing density
Chinese Mystery Snail
-Remarkably widespread in northern WI-Vectors poorly understoodVectors poorly understood-Ecological impacts subtle and unclear-More research is needed to determine
whether CMS are of management concern
See poster by Chris Solomon Thurs PM
Bringing it together
• Impacts unfold within broader ecological andImpacts unfold within broader ecological and food web context – highly site dependent
• Interactions among invadersg• Interactions with other forms of
environmental changeg
Dam invaders: Are impoundments more Dam invaders: Are impoundments more vulnerable to invasion?vulnerable to invasion?vulnerable to invasion?vulnerable to invasion?
Johnson, P.T, J.D. Olden & M.J. Vander Zanden 2008. Front. Ecol. Environ.
Impoundments are overImpoundments are over--invadedinvadedImpoundments are overImpoundments are over--invadedinvadedImpoundments are overImpoundments are over invadedinvaded80
N=648
pp
60
70
vade
d
Natural LakesImpoundments
N=648
N=464
40
50
ntag
e In
v N=80
10
20
30
Perc
en
N=73
N=331
0
10
Spiny WaterFlea
ZebraMussel
RainbowSmelt
RustyCrayfish
EurasianMilfoil
Invader
Johnson, P.T, J.D. Olden & M.J. Vander Zanden 2008. Front. Ecol. Environ.
What to take away from all of this?
Each of these ‘big six’ are a unique challenge forEach of these big six are a unique challenge for Wisconsin’s lakes
Highlights the need to view each lake as part of aHighlights the need to view each lake as part of a broader and highly inter-connected landscape
Research in WI documenting spread and impact,Research in WI documenting spread and impact, forecasts of future spread
This sort of understanding is the foundation for a g‘smart prevention’ approach for targeting management and prevention programs
Big questions remain
How do we best translate knowledge aboutHow do we best translate knowledge about vulnerability to on-the-ground action?
How do we allocate effort between containment and protection?protection?
How do we allocate effort among different invasiveHow do we allocate effort among different invasive species?
Th k !!!Thank you!!!
More information at:http://limnology.wisc.edu/personnel/jakevz/p gy p j
Vander Zanden et al. 2004. Ecol. Appl. 14: 132-148
LTER Crayfish DataLTER Crayfish Data118
Rusty CPUE Virilis CPUE
0 70.80.91
12141618
PUE Vir
Experiment begins
0 40.50.60.7
81012
Rus
ty C
Prilis C
PU
0 10.20.30.4
246
R E
00.1
02
Vulnerable sites: Rainbow smelt
Vulnerable sites: Rusty crayfish
Vulnerable sites: Spiny water flea
Vulnerable sites: Zebra musselRainbow smelt Rusty crayfish Spiny water flea Zebra mussel
•vulnerability to suite of invaders
Compositeinvaders
•‘hotspots’ of activity?
Spiny water fleap y
Pieter Johnson, Center for Limnology
50Rusty Crayfish
40
45 n = 527 lakes
30
35
g/l) Can support
rusty crayfish
20
25
Ca
(mg rusty crayfish
10
15
pH limited
0
5
4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 9 0 9 5
pH limited
Ca2+ limited
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5
pHpH and Ca2+ limited
Rusty crayfish y ypotential for expansion is high. p g> 85% of WI lakes
2001
8
12
16 removalbeginsWhole-lake rusty crayfish
removal Sparkling Lake
200212
16
0
4removal, Sparkling Lake
• Massive decline in
16e
0
4
8
Massive decline in catch rate
• Subsequent 2003
4
8
12
16
Dai
ly C
atch
Rat
e
MalesFemales
qrecovery of macrophytes, snails,
0
8
12
16 2004Lepomis, inverts
0
4
200512
16
June 8 June 28 July 18 August 7 August 270
4
8
Long-term study of rusty crayfish in Trout Lake Vilas Countyin Trout Lake, Vilas County
Massive declines in:• Aquatic plants• Bluegill and pumpkinseed
S il• Snails• Aquatic insects• Native crayfishNative crayfish
Wilson et al. 2004 Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.
60
50
60
ed
Natural LakesImpoundments
40e
Inva
de
20
30
rcen
tage
10
Per
00 1 2 3
Number of Invaders
Personal actionsPersonal actions
Inspect boat and remove plantsDrain waterDispose of bait in trash
Zebra mussel
• Fouls water intakes and equipmentFilt h t l kt th f• Filters phytoplankton, causes overgrowth of
bottom algaeI d bl l bl• Increased blue-green algae blooms
• Avian botulism