smdh 2015 tg. karang: methods of t&l science (biology)

Monday, May 1, 2023Monday, May 1, 2023SEK MEN DATO HARUN, SEK MEN DATO HARUN,

TANJONG KARANGTANJONG KARANG 1111Monday, May 1, 2023Monday, May 1, 2023

DR. ARBA’AT HASSAN DR. ARBA’AT HASSAN BSc; MSc; PhD (Illinois, USABSc; MSc; PhD (Illinois, USA))Bekas Pelajar SMDH 1965-69Bekas Pelajar SMDH 1965-69email: [email protected]: [email protected]

Assalamualaikum Assalamualaikum wbth …wbth …

dan dan Selamat Selamat PetangPetang

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METHODS OF METHODS OF T&L SCIENCE T&L SCIENCE

(BIOLOGY)(BIOLOGY)

Monday, May 1, 2023Monday, May 1, 2023

SEK MEN DATO HARUN, TANJONG KARANG

DEFINITIONDEFINITION• Teach:…………..Teacher:……….Teach:…………..Teacher:……….• Learn:……………Learner:……….Learn:……………Learner:……….

• Teaching methods: …actions Teaching methods: …actions initiated by teachers to guide initiated by teachers to guide instruction and learninginstruction and learning

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METHODSMETHODS What methods suit you?What methods suit you? ……many; varies; multiple;…many; varies; multiple;… ……involve the use of materials but they involve the use of materials but they

are distinct from the materials are distinct from the materials themselvesthemselves

e.g.: a teacher may ask students to read a e.g.: a teacher may ask students to read a textbook, develop note-taking skills, textbook, develop note-taking skills, experience themselves, etc.experience themselves, etc.




METHODSMETHODS

……require skills to become effectiverequire skills to become effective ……a teacher may be very exciting as a a teacher may be very exciting as a

lecturer or story teller; but…lecturer or story teller; but… ……other, may be boring; andother, may be boring; and ……other, may confuse students. other, may confuse students. … … so, what is the so, what is the BEST BEST methods needed methods needed

in teaching?in teaching?




METHODSMETHODS

Your answer:Your answer: The The BEST(?)BEST(?) method/s of teaching and method/s of teaching and

learning are learning are ……………………………………………..... ……………………………………………..... ……………………………………………….……………………………………………….

…………………………………………… …………………………………………….......... …………………………………………… …………………………………………….......... …………………………………………… …………………………………………….......... ……………………………………………… ………………………………………………....

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METHODSMETHODS Teaching methods are generally chosen Teaching methods are generally chosen

to enhance learning to enhance learning butbut they they cannotcannot guarantee that learning takes place. guarantee that learning takes place. WHY?WHY?

……students vary their students vary their abilities; interestsabilities; interests; ; previous experience; background;previous experience; background; etc. etc.

Learning process is controlled by many Learning process is controlled by many factors.factors.




TEACHING METHODSTEACHING METHODS

Teaching methods can be grouped Teaching methods can be grouped into into THREE THREE categories:categories:

A. LISTENINGA. LISTENING──SPEAKINGSPEAKINGB. READINGB. READING──WRITINGWRITINGC. WATCHINGC. WATCHING──DOINGDOING




A. LISTENINGA. LISTENING──SPEAKINGSPEAKING

1.1. Lecture Lecture ─majority!─majority!2.2. Giving instructionGiving instruction3.3. RecitationRecitation4.4. Drill methodDrill method5.5. ReviewReview6.6. QuestioningQuestioning

7.7. Oral examinationOral examination8.8. DiscussionDiscussion9.9. Film analysisFilm analysis10.10. DebateDebate11.11. Oral reportOral report12.12. BrainstormingBrainstorming

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B. READINGB. READING──WRITINGWRITING1.1. TextbookTextbook2.2. Workbook Workbook 3.3. ChalkboardChalkboard 4.4. Bulletin boardBulletin board5.5. Problem-solving Problem-solving 6.6. Laboratory reportLaboratory report7.7. Team learningTeam learning

8.8. Peer reviewPeer review9.9. Peer tutoringPeer tutoring10.10.Programmed Programmed

instructioninstruction11.11.Individualized Individualized

instructioninstruction12.12.Note-takingNote-taking13.13.Journal-keepingJournal-keeping



C. WATCHINGC. WATCHING──DOINGDOING

1.1. DemonstrationDemonstration2.2. Field tripField trip3.3. ContactContact4.4. ““Hands-on”/LabHands-on”/Lab5.5. InquiryInquiry6.6. Learning centreLearning centre

7.7. ProjectProject8.8. SimulationSimulation9.9. GamesGames10.10. Exploratory-Exploratory- DiscoveryDiscovery



A. LISTENINGA. LISTENING──SPEAKINGSPEAKING

1.1. Lecture Lecture ─majority!─majority!2.2. Giving instructionGiving instruction3.3. RecitationRecitation4.4. Drill methodDrill method5.5. ReviewReview6.6. QuestioningQuestioning

7.7. Oral examinationOral examination8.8. DiscussionDiscussion9.9. Film analysisFilm analysis10.10. DebateDebate11.11. Oral reportOral report12.12. BrainstormingBrainstorming



1. LECTURE1. LECTURE Purpose: deliver information Purpose: deliver information

orallyorally Use: wide; mostly; traditionalUse: wide; mostly; traditional Teacher dominance: highTeacher dominance: high Students: passive Students: passive Group size: 10Group size: 10──30 30 Activity: take notes and/or ask Activity: take notes and/or ask

questionsquestions



1. LECTURE1. LECTURE



2. GIVING INSTRUCTION2. GIVING INSTRUCTION Purpose: provide direction for Purpose: provide direction for

students to begin a taskstudents to begin a task Use: wide; in every classroom Use: wide; in every classroom

activityactivity Teacher dominance: highTeacher dominance: high Students: passive Students: passive Group size: 1Group size: 1──30 30 Activity: direct students, take notes Activity: direct students, take notes

ask questions, and do itask questions, and do itMonday, May 1, 2023Monday, May 1, 2023



2. GIVING INSTRUCTION2. GIVING INSTRUCTION2. GIVING INSTRUCTION

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3. RECITATION3. RECITATIONPurpose: assess what students understand on a regular, informal to reinforce correct or accurate understandingUse: wide; Use: wide; traditionalTeacher dominance:Teacher dominance: mediumStudents: aStudents: activeGroup size: Group size: 5──30 Activity:Activity: Recall information that has been presented



3. RECITATION3. RECITATIONPurpose: assess what students know or understand on a regular, informal to reinforce correct or accurate understandingUse: wide; Use: wide; traditionalTeacher dominance:Teacher dominance: mediumStudents: aStudents: activeGroup size: Group size: 5──30 Activity:Activity: Recalling information that has been presented



4. DRILL METHOD4. DRILL METHOD Purpose: provide students with Purpose: provide students with

enough practice and reinforcement for enough practice and reinforcement for specific learningspecific learning

Use: wide, esp. in conjunction with Use: wide, esp. in conjunction with written and oral exam method etc.written and oral exam method etc.

Teacher dominance: mediumTeacher dominance: medium Students: activeStudents: active Group size: 1Group size: 1──3030 Activity: repetition practiceActivity: repetition practice



5. REVIEW METHOD5. REVIEW METHODPurpose: have students to look again at something the have learned beforeUse: wide; an essential step in the consolidation of information learnedTeacher dominance: mediumStudents: activeGroup size:Group size: 5──30 Activity: refer to textbook, workbook, lecture notes, previous learning materials, to recall the relationship



5. REVIEW 5. REVIEW METHODMETHOD



6. 6. QUESTIONINGQUESTIONINGPurpose: to stimulate thinking and understanding Use: wide; common Teacher dominance: medium Students: active Group size:Group size: 1──30 Activity: recall specific facts, principles, synthesize information, formula, etc.



6. 6. QUESTIONINGQUESTIONING

Purpose: to stimulate thinkingUse: wide; commonTeacher dominance: mediumStudents: activeGroup size:Group size: 1──30 Activity: recall specific facts, principles, synthesize information, formula, etc.



7. ORAL EXAM7. ORAL EXAM Purpose: provide students with an opportunity to demonstrate what they have learned without express in writing Use: wide, traditional Teacher dominance: medium Students: active Group size: Group size: 1:1 (repeated with entire class) Activity: project, questioning, contract



7. ORAL EXAM7. ORAL EXAMPurpose: provide students with an opportunity to demonstrate what they have learned without express in writing Use: wide, traditionalTeacher dominance: mediumStudents: activeGroup size: Group size: 1:1 (repeated with entire class)Activity: project, questioning, contract



8. DISCUSSION8. DISCUSSION Purpose: promotes free exchange of ideas among students on a given topic-commonly used Use: initiate by announcing the topic- students is expected to contribute the idea Teacher dominance: high Students: active Group size:Group size: 5──30 Activity: give and take among students



8. DISCUSSION8. DISCUSSIONPurpose: to promote free exchange of ideas among students on a given topic-commonly Use: Use: initiate by announcing the topic- students is expected to contribute the ideaTeacher dominance: highStudents: activeGroup size:Group size: 5──30



9. FILM ANALYSIS9. FILM ANALYSIS Purpose: guide students toward new ideas/ generalization; arouse students’ interest Use: seldom, more dramatic than written materials Teacher dominance: high Students: active Group size: Group size: 10──30 Activity: watching films, review, discussion, questioning, etc.



9. FILM ANALYSIS9. FILM ANALYSISPurpose: guide students toward new ideas/generalization; arouse students’ interestUse: seldom, more dramatic than written materialsTeacher dominance: highStudents: activeGroup size: Group size: 10──30Activity : watching films, review, discussion, questioning, etc.



10. DEBATE10. DEBATE Purpose: argument to support views; enable students to discuss opposing sides of a question or issue Use: common, attractive Teacher dominance: low Students: active Group size:Group size: 20──30 Activity: debate advantages and disadvantages on the development of nuclear power



10. DEBATE10. DEBATE

Purpose: argument to support views; enable students to discuss opposing sides of a question or issueUse: common, attractiveTeacher dominance: lowStudents: activeGroup size:Group size: 20──30Activity: debate advantages and disadvantages on the development of nuclear power

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11. ORAL REPORT11. ORAL REPORT Purpose: provide students with an opportunity to demonstrate what they have learned; allow students to tell about a topic they have studied Use: common; wide Teacher dominance: low Students: active Group size: 5──30 Activity : students may show materials they have collected or produced.



12. BRAINSTORMING12. BRAINSTORMING Purpose: encourage students to use their creative imagination Use: frequent; in problem-solving method Teacher dominance: low Students: active Group size: 5──30 Activity: ask students to think about the topic overnight



12. BRAINSTORMING12. BRAINSTORMINGPurpose: encourage students to use their creative imaginationUse: frequent; in problem-solving methodTeacher dominance: lowStudents: activeGroup size: 5──30 Activity: ask students to think about the topic overnight



B. READINGB. READING──WRITINGWRITING1.1. TextbookTextbook2.2. Workbook Workbook 3.3. ChalkboardChalkboard 4.4. Bulletin boardBulletin board5.5. Problem-solving Problem-solving 6.6. Laboratory reportLaboratory report7.7. Team learningTeam learning

8.8. Peer reviewPeer review9.9. Peer tutoringPeer tutoring10.10.Programmed Programmed

instructioninstruction11.11.Individualized Individualized

instructioninstruction12.12.Note-takingNote-taking13.13.Journal-keepingJournal-keeping



1. TEXTBOOK1. TEXTBOOK Purpose: to ensure uniformity in Purpose: to ensure uniformity in

learning through readinglearning through reading Use: quite frequent, traditionalUse: quite frequent, traditional Teacher dominance: highTeacher dominance: high Students: passiveStudents: passive Group size: 1-30 Group size: 1-30 Activity: keep class together (e.g.: Activity: keep class together (e.g.:

recitation; discussion; etc)recitation; discussion; etc)



2. WORKBOOK2. WORKBOOK Purpose: to provide practice of skills and Purpose: to provide practice of skills and

application.application. Use: depend on how close the workbook Use: depend on how close the workbook

matches students’ readiness and purpose matches students’ readiness and purpose of activity with the objectivesof activity with the objectives

Teacher dominance: highTeacher dominance: high Students: passiveStudents: passive Group size: 1-30Group size: 1-30 Activity: varies (drill, review, lab report, Activity: varies (drill, review, lab report,

individualized instruction, etc.)individualized instruction, etc.)



3. CHALKBOARD3. CHALKBOARD Purpose: emphasize Purpose: emphasize

specific ideas or specific ideas or information in writing or information in writing or graphic form for graphic form for students to see.students to see.

Use: traditional; wideUse: traditional; wide Teacher dominance: Teacher dominance:

highhigh Students: passiveStudents: passive Group size: 5-30Group size: 5-30 Activity: discussion, Activity: discussion,

brainstorming, giving brainstorming, giving instruction, instruction, demonstrationdemonstration



4. BULLETIN BOARD4. BULLETIN BOARD Purpose: display information and Purpose: display information and

attract attention.attract attention. Use: frequent; improve effectiveness Use: frequent; improve effectiveness

of learningof learning Teacher dominance: highTeacher dominance: high Students: passiveStudents: passive Group size: 30Group size: 30 Activity:Activity: lecture, project, field tripslecture, project, field trips



5. PROBLEM-SOLVING5. PROBLEM-SOLVING Purpose: provide students with Purpose: provide students with

practice and support while they practice and support while they learn to solve problems.learn to solve problems.

Use: widely useUse: widely use Teacher dominance: mediumTeacher dominance: medium Students: activeStudents: active Group size: 1-30Group size: 1-30 Activity: generate many possible Activity: generate many possible

ways to solve problemways to solve problem



6. LABORATORY REPORT6. LABORATORY REPORT Purpose: stimulate students’ thinking Purpose: stimulate students’ thinking

and help them to generalize from their and help them to generalize from their laboratory experience.laboratory experience.

Use: in science subjectUse: in science subject Teacher dominance: mediumTeacher dominance: medium Students: medium activeStudents: medium active Group size: 5-30 Group size: 5-30 Activity: discussion, questioning, Activity: discussion, questioning,

team learning, peer review, workbookteam learning, peer review, workbook



6. LABORATORY REPORT6. LABORATORY REPORT



7. TEAM LEARNING7. TEAM LEARNING Purpose: foster a spirit of sharing and Purpose: foster a spirit of sharing and

cooperation while students learn.cooperation while students learn. Use: frequently used by grouping students Use: frequently used by grouping students

in different skills and interest in many in different skills and interest in many subject areas.subject areas.

Teacher dominance: lowTeacher dominance: low Students: activeStudents: active Group size: multiples of 5 or 6Group size: multiples of 5 or 6 Activity: laboratory, oral report, inquiry, Activity: laboratory, oral report, inquiry,

projects, problem solvingprojects, problem solving



7. TEAM LEARNING7. TEAM LEARNING

Purpose: foster a spirit of sharing and Purpose: foster a spirit of sharing and cooperation while students learn.cooperation while students learn.

Use: frequently used by grouping Use: frequently used by grouping students in different skills and interest students in different skills and interest in many subject areas.in many subject areas.

Teacher dominance: lowTeacher dominance: low Students: activeStudents: active Group size: multiples of 5 or 6Group size: multiples of 5 or 6 Activity: laboratory, oral report, Activity: laboratory, oral report,

inquiry, projects, problem solvinginquiry, projects, problem solvingMonday, May 1, 2023Monday, May 1, 2023 4646SEK MEN DATO HARUN, TANJONG

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8. PEER REVIEW8. PEER REVIEW Purpose: enhance students’ learning Purpose: enhance students’ learning

by having them apply high standards by having them apply high standards provided by teacher. provided by teacher.

Use: frequent; evaluate each other’s Use: frequent; evaluate each other’s work; improve their own work. work; improve their own work.

Teacher dominance: low.Teacher dominance: low. Students: activeStudents: active Group size: 1:1 Group size: 1:1 Activity: writing activitiesActivity: writing activities



8. PEER REVIEW8. PEER REVIEW



9. PEER TUTORING9. PEER TUTORING Purpose: to have one student help another Purpose: to have one student help another

to learn.to learn. Use: seldom; teacher provide more Use: seldom; teacher provide more

assistance to students who need it; in assistance to students who need it; in context of team learning.context of team learning.

Teacher dominance: lowTeacher dominance: low Students: activeStudents: active Group size: 1:1 (repeated with entire class)Group size: 1:1 (repeated with entire class) Activity: discuss the topic with classmate, Activity: discuss the topic with classmate,

games, drillgames, drill



10. PROGRAMMED 10. PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTIONINSTRUCTION

Purpose: to attract Purpose: to attract students, to students, to individualized instruction.individualized instruction.

Use: not very often; Use: not very often; associated with computer associated with computer technology.technology.

Teacher dominance: lowTeacher dominance: low Students: activeStudents: active Group size: 1-30 Group size: 1-30 Activity: individuaklized Activity: individuaklized

instruction, learning instruction, learning centres, exploratory-centres, exploratory-discoverydiscovery



11. INDIVIDUALIZED 11. INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTIONINSTRUCTION Purpose: to present each student with Purpose: to present each student with

learning materials that have been learning materials that have been especially selected for him / her.especially selected for him / her.

Use: frequently; to promote greatest Use: frequently; to promote greatest progress for each students.progress for each students.

Teacher dominance: lowTeacher dominance: low Students: activeStudents: active Group size: 1:1 (repeated)Group size: 1:1 (repeated) Activity: teacher match learning materials Activity: teacher match learning materials

with individual students’ needs and with individual students’ needs and abilities, peer reviewabilities, peer review



11. INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTION11. INDIVIDUALIZED INSTRUCTION Purpose: to present each student with Purpose: to present each student with

learning materials that have been learning materials that have been especially selected for him / her.especially selected for him / her.

Use: frequently; to promote greatest Use: frequently; to promote greatest progress for each students.progress for each students.

Teacher dominance: lowTeacher dominance: low Students: activeStudents: active Group size: 1:1 (repeated)Group size: 1:1 (repeated) Activity: teacher match learning materials Activity: teacher match learning materials

with individual students’ needs and with individual students’ needs and abilities, peer reviewabilities, peer review



12. NOTE-TAKING12. NOTE-TAKING Purpose: to enable students to Purpose: to enable students to

record information in an organized record information in an organized and abbreviated formand abbreviated form

Use: Use: very wide; traditionalvery wide; traditional Teacher dominance: lowTeacher dominance: low Students: activeStudents: active Group size: 1-30 Group size: 1-30 Activity:Activity:



13. JOURNAL-KEEPING13. JOURNAL-KEEPING Purpose: encourage students to keen for observations and record keeping Use: frequent; in problem-solving method Teacher dominance: low Students: active Group size: 1──30 Activity: project, field trip, individualized instruction



C. WATCHINGC. WATCHING──DOINGDOING

1.1. DemonstrationDemonstration2.2. Field tripField trip3.3. ContactContact4.4. ““Hands-on”/LabHands-on”/Lab5.5. InquiryInquiry6.6. Learning centreLearning centre

7.7. ProjectProject8.8. SimulationSimulation9.9. GamesGames10.10. Exploratory-Exploratory- DiscoveryDiscovery



1. 1. DEMONSTRATIONDEMONSTRATION Purpose: to enable students to see and follow a series of steps; to witness a phenomena or events Use: always; to prepare students to conduct their own experience in lab Teacher dominance: high Student: active Group size: 5-30 Activity: demo in lab (cut cost, time, safe-guard to students)



1. DEMONSTRATION1. DEMONSTRATION Purpose: to enable

students to see and follow a series of steps; to witness a phenomena or events

Use: always; to prepare students to conduct their own experience in lab

Teacher dominance: high Student: active Group size: 5-30 Activity: demo in lab (cut

cost, time,



2. FIELD TRIP2. FIELD TRIP Purpose: to provide

students with experiences that cannot take place in the classroom, i.e. outdoor

Use: frequent anticipation

Teacher dominance: high

Student: both active Group size: 30 or more Activity: nature,

wilderness, parks, museums, zoos, etc.



3. CONTRACT3. CONTRACT• Purpose: to guide students towards

independence in learning• Use: common practice in school• Teacher dominance: medium to high• Student: passive• Group size: 1:1 (repeated with entire

class)• Activity: oral reports, drill, projects



4. “HANDS-ON”/LAB4. “HANDS-ON”/LAB• Purpose: students have

opportunity to solve problems

• Use: frequent; experiment, art, cooking, science subject

• Teacher dominance: medium

• Student: active• Group size: 5-30 • Activity: exploratory-

discovery, inquiry, field trips, lab projects



5. INQUIRY5. INQUIRY• Purpose: enable students

to gain experience and confidence in their ability to find answers to questions problems that interest them

• Use: widely used• Teacher dominance:

medium• Student: 1-30• Activity: questioning,

exploratory-discovery, • problem solving



6. LEARNING CENTER6. LEARNING CENTER• Purpose: promote independent

learning among students• Use: commonly use • Teacher dominance: low• Student: actively involved • Group size: 1:1 (repeated with

entire class)• Activity: games, simulations,

exploratory-discovery



7. PROJECTS7. PROJECTS• Purpose: increase students’

involvement with conceptual ideas and to develop skills that might not be developed by other methods

• Teacher dominance: low• Student: actively involved• Group size: 1-5 (repeated)• Activity: oral report, written reports,

note-taking



8. SIMULATION8. SIMULATION Purpose: to increase students’ abilities to apply concepts to the solution of problems; resolve social issues; see other point of view

Use: often; more successful when life like materials are use

Teacher dominance: low Student: actively

involved Group size: 10-30 Activity: simulating an

animal behavior



9. GAMES9. GAMES• Purpose: creates enjoyment to learning

• Use: adapted to variety of subjects

• Teacher dominance: low

• Students: actively invoved

• Group size: 1-30• Activity: animal

population density; food chain, “jejak kelawar”, etc.



10. EXPLORATION-DISCOVERY10. EXPLORATION-DISCOVERY• Purpose: promote students self-

guided learning, curiosity, desire to know and freedom to explore

• Use: often, wide, spontaneous• Teacher dominance: low• Student: actively involved• Group size: 1-30• Activity: inquiry, problem solving,

exploration



10. EXPLORATION-DISCOVERY10. EXPLORATION-DISCOVERY

•Purpose: promote students self-guided learning, curiosity, desire to know and freedom to explore•Use: often, wide, spontaneous•Teacher dominance: low•Student: actively involved•Group size: 1-30•Activity: inquiry, problem solving, exploration



11. VIRTUAL LEARNING OBJECTS (VLO)11. VIRTUAL LEARNING OBJECTS (VLO)

Purpose: support learning using computer, internet, digital & web-based resources

Use: ICT era very frequent Teacher dominance: medium Student: actively involved Group size: 1-30 Activity: animation of cell replication;

seed germination; mitosis; meiosis



11. VIRTUAL LEARNING OBJECTS (VLO)11. VIRTUAL LEARNING OBJECTS (VLO)



ASSIGNMENTASSIGNMENT• In a group of 2 persons, choose ONE

method of teaching Biology for Form 4 or 5 (for a topic of your group’s choice)

• Use double period of teaching using either the laboratory, classroom, or nature outdoor.

• Select most suitable teaching-learning aids (if needed) relevant to your topic

• Present your teaching, either by applying the experimentation, demonstration, group work, or outdoor nature.



GOOD LUCK & THANK YOUMonday, May 1, 2023Monday, May 1, 2023 7272


smdh 2015 tg. karang: methods of t&l science (biology)

Education