social interaction & structure · 2020-03-21 · types of social interaction ! non-verbal (body...
TRANSCRIPT
SOCIAL INTERACTION & STRUCTURE � Prof. Jayson M. Barlan, MPA
What is social interaction? � A process by which people act and react
in relation to others.
� A process whereby people accomplish some aim and is always directed toward specific people.
Distinctive characteristics � Human beings interpret or define each other’s
action.
� Reality is shaped by our perceptions, evaluation, and definition of such reality.
� Physical proximity is not always needed in social interaction.
The process of social interaction ranges from the most superficial contacts to deep, lasting, and complex relationships.
Social Interaction Frameworks
� Defining the situation � The presentation of the self � Negotiated order
Defining the situation � The process by which people interpret
and evaluate the social context to select appropriate attitudes and behavior
The presentation of the self � All of us have an image of how we want
to be seen by others.
� Erving Goffman
Negotiated order � It refers to a social structure that derives its
existence from the social interactions through which people define and redefine its characters.
� This is sometimes referred to as bargaining, compromising, trading off, mediating, exchanging, “wheeling and dealing” and collusion.
Types of social interaction � Cooperation � Conflict � Competition � Negotiation � Coercion
1. Cooperation � Collaborative efforts between people to
achieve a common goal.
� A group effort is needed.
2. Conflict � It involves direct struggle between
individuals or groups over commonly valued resources or goals.
3. Competition � A form of conflict but more rules and limits
are imposed on the interaction.
� Rules are followed by participants.
4. Negotiation � Where parties agree to social exchange,
social cooperation, or competition.
5. Coercion � This is imposing an action or behavior on
another with the use of physical force.
Elements of Social Interaction � Statuses � Roles � Group � Institutions and Social Organizations
I. Statuses � It is a position in the social structure
� Status Set – Set of statuses of a person
� Ascribed Status - involuntary
� Achieved Status – voluntary
� Master status – A status that dominates other statuses
II. Roles � It refers to a patterns of expected
behavior attached to a particular status.
� Refers to the collection of cultural defined rights, obligations, and expectations that accompany a status in the social system.
� People learn how to play their roles by observing and interacting with other people called socialization.
� Role set – different roles as determined by a certain status
� Role expectation – the expected behavior of a person as determined by its status
� Role Strain – difficulty of a person to perform the expected role
� Role Conflict – carrying out of a role of one status conflicts with the role expected of another status
� Role Exit – disengagement in a known role of one status
� Role Ambiguity – unclear expectation
Symbolic Interaction
� According to George Herbert Mead
� People act toward everything they encounter on the basis of what those people, activities, and situations mean to them.
Symbolic Interaction
� According to George Herbert Mead
� People learn what things mean by observing how other people respond to them through social interaction.
Symbolic Interaction
� According to George Herbert Mead
� As a result of on-going interaction, sounds, gestures, facial expressions, and body postures acquire symbolic meaning shared by people who belong to the same culture.
� According to Mead, human interaction is ruled by cultural meaning and most of these are symbolic.
� Human interaction, therefore, is a process of acting on the basis of meaningful symbols.
The Dramaturgical Approach (Erving Goffman)
Social Construction of Reality � This refers to the process by which
individuals creatively shape reality through social interaction
Ethnomethodology � A specialized approach within the
symbolic interaction paradigm. � Study of everyday common-sense
understandings that people have of the world around them
� Ethno – understanding of cultural surroundings that people share
� Methodology – system of methods and principles
Networks
� It is a web of relationships that connects an individual to many other people, directly or indirectly.
� Clique (Completely Connected) � Orbit (Radially Connected) � Chain (Chain Connected) � Ring (Rim Connected)
Influences of Social Interaction � Goals – the state of affairs one wishes to
achieve � Motivations – person’s wish or intention to
achieve a goal � Situation or context – conditions under
which an action takes place � Norms or rules – rules of behavior
Types of Social Interaction
� Non-verbal (body language or kinesics)
� Unfocused Interaction – when people happens to be in each other’s presence
� Focused Interaction – purposeful interaction between individuals
III. Group
� Any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who regularly and consciously interact.
� Dyad – group composed of two individuals � Triad – composed of three persons
Characteristics of group
� A defined membership
� A set of interrelated statuses and roles
� Common values and norms
� An identity
� Repeated interaction and communication
Institutions and Social Organizations � Social Institutions – organized patterns of
beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs.
� Social Organization – relatively stable patterns of social relationships among individuals and groups in society.