software defined radio -introduction 성균관대학교...

Software Defined RadioSoftware Defined Radio-Introduction-Introduction

성균관대학교 성균관대학교 정보통신공학부정보통신공학부

조준동조준동

6.256.25 2002 2002

© 스마트 파워 모빌 컴퓨팅 Lab. 1

2IT-SOC2002 © Lab모빌 컴퓨팅 설계자동화

New Paradigm of ITNew Paradigm of IT Introduction to Software RADIOIntroduction to Software RADIO

What is the Software RADIO ?What is the Software RADIO ? Advantage of the Software RADIOAdvantage of the Software RADIO Physical Layer of a Radio Modem/Software Defined Radio ModemPhysical Layer of a Radio Modem/Software Defined Radio Modem

Instances of Software RADIOInstances of Software RADIO Software Defined RADIO ProjectSoftware Defined RADIO Project Reconfigurable Chip design exampleReconfigurable Chip design example Example of Development Tool/Configurable ResourceExample of Development Tool/Configurable Resource

Methodology of Software RADIOMethodology of Software RADIO Technical ChallengeTechnical Challenge Multi Mode and Reconfigurable TerminalsMulti Mode and Reconfigurable Terminals ComponentsComponents Hardware ReconfigurationHardware Reconfiguration SDR Functional Blocks DescriptionSDR Functional Blocks Description


Information Technology Information Technology evolutionevolution

Before 80 : Middle Age, Computing Sc. belongs to fiefs (IBM, …), no networkBefore 80 : Middle Age, Computing Sc. belongs to fiefs (IBM, …), no network All proprietary, no flow : All is parchment or proprietary spreadsheetAll proprietary, no flow : All is parchment or proprietary spreadsheet

80s : All is transparent for a computer scientist80s : All is transparent for a computer scientist All is fileAll is file : UNIX (/dev/null, /dev/lpr, ...) : UNIX (/dev/null, /dev/lpr, ...) a file is a set of characters which can be manipulated by a file is a set of characters which can be manipulated by C languageC language

85s : All is readable on a desk (or a 85s : All is readable on a desk (or a PCPC) for anybody) for anybody All is documentAll is document (no more interoperability & transparency) (no more interoperability & transparency)

95s: All is an available object on the 95s: All is an available object on the networknetwork for communication for communication All is document, readable everywhere (All is document, readable everywhere (HTML pageHTML page) or executable ) or executable

everywhere (Java)everywhere (Java) Privilege to information access : kiosk, serverPrivilege to information access : kiosk, server

00s : All is a digital, fluid & live stream distributed over networks00s : All is a digital, fluid & live stream distributed over networks Nomadic user, virtual presence (user or sw/content move), Virtual Machine Nomadic user, virtual presence (user or sw/content move), Virtual Machine

& JavaBeans& JavaBeans Ubiquitous IT (networked planet grid) & Mobile computing infrastructure Ubiquitous IT (networked planet grid) & Mobile computing infrastructure

(Xeo satellites)(Xeo satellites) 05s : 05s : All is programAll is program, alive on ad hoc networks, alive on ad hoc networks

An entity on the network is a Java An entity on the network is a Java ProgramProgram (Jini Concept) (Jini Concept) Intentional architectureIntentional architecture


Infrastructure of a IS:Infrastructure of a IS:Urbanization of an Information Urbanization of an Information SystemSystem

DistributedMultimedia

Data

Multimedia HyperdocumentMultimedia Hyperdocument

Infrastructure with QoS, mobility & securityInfrastructure with QoS, mobility & security

New Services & Usagebiometric AuthenticationAdaptive & multi-modalHuman InterfaceSpeech recognitionAdaptability & customizationof applications accordingterminal configuration &end-user’s services

New Services & Usagebiometric AuthenticationAdaptive & multi-modalHuman InterfaceSpeech recognitionAdaptability & customizationof applications accordingterminal configuration &end-user’s services

Mobile TerminalsNetwork Computers

Mobile TerminalsNetwork Computers

New ServicesIntelligent Routers & SwitchersConfigurabilityActive & Ad hocNetworks

New ServicesIntelligent Routers & SwitchersConfigurabilityActive & Ad hocNetworks

Interface : XMLProtocol: IP

New ServicesIndexation by contentProtection of digital ObjectsNavigation, Search engineinformation filtering

New ServicesIndexation by contentProtection of digital ObjectsNavigation, Search engineinformation filtering

Mobile/fix, wired/wireless

Extra/Inter/Intranet


Open Network (Next seism in Open Network (Next seism in Computing & networking)Computing & networking)

Software radio, software Terminal, Software radio, software Terminal, "Software Network" : Ad hoc & Active "Software Network" : Ad hoc & Active NetworksNetworks

New Architectures : P2P, M2M, …New Architectures : P2P, M2M, …

The Future :The Future :Open, Smart & Configurable Open, Smart & Configurable NetworksNetworks


Gilder’s versus Moore’s Gilder’s versus Moore’s lawlaw

97 9 9 01 03 05 07

Log

Gro

wth

Processor PerformanceW

AN/MAN B

andw

idth

100

10,000

1M

2x/3-6 months

2x/18 months

1000 x

Greg Papadopoulos, Sun Microsystems


The Ideal Information The Ideal Information CompanionCompanion

U M TS

G S MD E C T

B luetooth

802.11

ONE phone for many Standards

ONE PDA for many Standards

ONE WLAN for many Standards ONE Information Appliance


Future trends of mobile Future trends of mobile communicationscommunications

Mobility

vehicle

pedestrian

static

GSM

3G cellular

WirelessLAN

4G cellular

IntelligentTransportSystems

Millimeter-waveLAN

HAPS

Data rate

10k 2M 50M 156M 622M

Advancedwirelessaccess

2G 3G 4G 5G

2000 2010 2020

High data rateHigh mobilitySystem roamingSeamless connections tobroadband networks


Wireless Data Wireless Data Standards Standards

Info Appliance Info Appliance

1800 MHz 2100 MHz 2400 MHz 5200 MHz

GSM1800 UMTS 802.11 HIPERLAN/1

UMTS 802.11GSM1800 HIPERLAN/1

TX

RX

EDGE UMTSBT

802.11

HIPERLAN/1

Channel BandwidthData Rate

Two Forces Driving Two Forces Driving the Wireless Internetthe Wireless Internet

The cellular The cellular industryindustry

Wide area Wide area coverage.coverage.

Global roaming.Global roaming. Mobile users at Mobile users at

vehicular speeds.vehicular speeds. Subscription-Subscription-

based.based. Licensed bands.Licensed bands.

The wireless LAN The wireless LAN industryindustry

Local coverage.Local coverage. No handoff or roaming.No handoff or roaming. Fixed users.Fixed users. Revenue through Revenue through

equipment sales.equipment sales. Unlicensed bands.Unlicensed bands.The

WirelessInternet


Heterogeneous wireless Heterogeneous wireless communication networkscommunication networksby by Havinga, Havinga, [email protected]@cs.utwente.nl

There exist many wireless communication There exist many wireless communication networksnetworks frequency bandsfrequency bands requirements on mobilityrequirements on mobility transmission speed and qualitytransmission speed and quality

Examples:Examples: StaticStatic: wireless LANs (802.11), Bluetooth, : wireless LANs (802.11), Bluetooth,

Radio Local LoopRadio Local Loop PedestrianPedestrian: DECT, PHS: DECT, PHS VehicleVehicle: 2/3G cellular, pagers, broadcast : 2/3G cellular, pagers, broadcast

TV/radioTV/radio


Future wireless Future wireless communicationcommunication

Two trends will have major impactTwo trends will have major impact Wide proliferation of Wide proliferation of various wireless various wireless

access networksaccess networks Each with their own preferred type of Each with their own preferred type of

serviceservice Different quality: data rates, latency, Different quality: data rates, latency,

mobility support, ..mobility support, .. Software radio technologiesSoftware radio technologies

Programmable radios, Tunable front-endsProgrammable radios, Tunable front-ends


Heterogeneous networks, Heterogeneous networks, why?why?

Due to roaming the network changed Due to roaming the network changed e.g. from indoor wireless LAN to outdoor e.g. from indoor wireless LAN to outdoor

cellular radiocellular radio There is coverage from multiple wireless There is coverage from multiple wireless

networksnetworks Possibility to select the most appropriate Possibility to select the most appropriate

network for a given application, based on network for a given application, based on for examplefor example

Service classificationService classification User requested QoS parametersUser requested QoS parameters Available network capacity (bandwidth, latency)Available network capacity (bandwidth, latency) Energy consumption neededEnergy consumption needed


Heterogeneous network Heterogeneous network architecturearchitecture

GoalGoal design a design a flexibleflexible and and openopen architecture suitable for a architecture suitable for a

variety of variety of different wireless access technologiesdifferent wireless access technologies, for , for applications with applications with different QoS demandsdifferent QoS demands, and , and different different protocolsprotocols.. Key requirementsKey requirements Different access technologies (Software Defined Radio)Different access technologies (Software Defined Radio) Heterogeneous network support (use combination of Heterogeneous network support (use combination of

networks)networks) Mobility management (seamless handover)Mobility management (seamless handover) Wireless system discoveryWireless system discovery Selection of efficient configurationSelection of efficient configuration Simple, scalable, low costSimple, scalable, low cost Energy efficient (always on)Energy efficient (always on) SecureSecure Compatible/interoperable with existing and future workCompatible/interoperable with existing and future work Quality of Service support (end-to-end, and local applicable)Quality of Service support (end-to-end, and local applicable)


Evolution of the Cell PhoneEvolution of the Cell Phone Two co-existent 3-G cellular standards:Two co-existent 3-G cellular standards:

Wideband CDMAWideband CDMA Also called UMTS, UTRA, IMT-2000.Also called UMTS, UTRA, IMT-2000. Standardized by 3GPP.Standardized by 3GPP. Evolution of the GSM backbone.Evolution of the GSM backbone.

cdma2000cdma2000 Standardized by 3GPP2.Standardized by 3GPP2. Evolved from IS-95 CDMA (cdmaONE).Evolved from IS-95 CDMA (cdmaONE).

Common traits:Common traits: 2 GHz PCS band (licensed).2 GHz PCS band (licensed). Variable asymmetric data rates for multimedia:Variable asymmetric data rates for multimedia:

~144 kbps to vehicles.~144 kbps to vehicles. ~ 2 Mbps to fixed locations near base station.~ 2 Mbps to fixed locations near base station.

Software-defined-radio (SDR) implementation.Software-defined-radio (SDR) implementation.


Wireless Networking Wireless Networking HierarchyHierarchy

LAN: IEEE 802.11& HIPERLAN

PAN: Bluetooth, IEEE 802.15

MAN:IEEE 802.16


Standardization of Standardization of Wireless NetworksWireless Networks

Wireless networks are standardized by IEEE.Wireless networks are standardized by IEEE. Under 802 LAN MAN standards committee.Under 802 LAN MAN standards committee.

ApplicationPresentation

SessionTransportNetwork

Data Link

Physical

ISOOSI7-layermodel

Logical Link Control

Medium Access (MAC)

Physical (PHY)

IEEE 802standards


IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANsIEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs Key features of MAC:Key features of MAC:

Infrastructure or ad-hoc network.Infrastructure or ad-hoc network. Coordinated (PCF) or distributed (DCF) operation.Coordinated (PCF) or distributed (DCF) operation.

DCF uses CSMA/CA.DCF uses CSMA/CA.

PHY defines data rate and operating band:PHY defines data rate and operating band: Infrared at 1 or 2 Mbps.Infrared at 1 or 2 Mbps. RF at 1 or 2 Mbps in using FH or DS 2.4 GHZ ISM band.RF at 1 or 2 Mbps in using FH or DS 2.4 GHZ ISM band. 802.11b amendment 802.11b amendment

5.5 or 11 Mbps using DS and CCK in 2.4 GHz band.5.5 or 11 Mbps using DS and CCK in 2.4 GHz band. 802.11a amendment802.11a amendment

6-54 Mbps using COFDM in 5-6 GHz U-NII band.6-54 Mbps using COFDM in 5-6 GHz U-NII band.

IEEE 802.11 can also be used for broadband IEEE 802.11 can also be used for broadband access.access.


IEEE 802.16 Wireless MANIEEE 802.16 Wireless MAN Working group on broadband wireless accessWorking group on broadband wireless access

Focus on providing access to small/medium Focus on providing access to small/medium business and residential opportunities.business and residential opportunities.

Early stages of development.Early stages of development. Task 1Task 1

PHY for the 10-66 GHz licensed bands.PHY for the 10-66 GHz licensed bands. LMDS band: 500 Mbps in 28-31 GHz band.LMDS band: 500 Mbps in 28-31 GHz band.

Task 2Task 2 Coexistence of fixed broadband wireless.Coexistence of fixed broadband wireless.

Task 3Task 3 PHY & MAC for 2-11 GHz MMDS licensed PHY & MAC for 2-11 GHz MMDS licensed

bands.bands. Task 4Task 4

Fixed broadband version of 802.11a.Fixed broadband version of 802.11a.


BluetoothBluetooth Bluetooth SIG formed in 1998 by Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Bluetooth SIG formed in 1998 by Ericsson, Nokia, IBM,

Toshiba, and Intel.Toshiba, and Intel. Design goals:Design goals:

Inexpensive: $5 single chip solution.Inexpensive: $5 single chip solution. Short range: 10 m or less.Short range: 10 m or less. Low data rate: < 720 kbps.Low data rate: < 720 kbps. Peer-to-peer and ad-hoc networking.Peer-to-peer and ad-hoc networking. Data (ACL) and voice (SCO) support.Data (ACL) and voice (SCO) support.

Technology:Technology: 2.4 GHz ISM band.2.4 GHz ISM band. 79 channels of 1 MHz each.79 channels of 1 MHz each. Frequency Hopping at 1600 hops/sec.Frequency Hopping at 1600 hops/sec. Nonorthogonal binary GFSK modulation.Nonorthogonal binary GFSK modulation.


Throughput of BluetoothThroughput of Bluetooth

5 10 15 200

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Es/No in dB

Dat

a R

ate

in k

bps

DH5

DH3

DH1

DM5

DM3

DM1


Bluetooth ProfilesBluetooth Profiles

Hands-free headset.Hands-free headset. Cordless telephone.Cordless telephone. Synchronization of PDA, cell phone, Synchronization of PDA, cell phone,

computer.computer. Serial port emulation.Serial port emulation. Wearable computing.Wearable computing. Wireless LAN access.Wireless LAN access. Ad-hoc network.Ad-hoc network. Peripherals: Printer, scanner, fax machine.Peripherals: Printer, scanner, fax machine.


IEEE 802.15 Wireless PANIEEE 802.15 Wireless PAN Standardization began in 1997 under the Ad Hoc Standardization began in 1997 under the Ad Hoc

Wearables Standards Committee.Wearables Standards Committee. Same goals and constraints as Bluetooth:Same goals and constraints as Bluetooth:

2.4 GHz band, 10 m. range, inexpensive.2.4 GHz band, 10 m. range, inexpensive. Task 1Task 1

Standard almost identical to Bluetooth.Standard almost identical to Bluetooth. Task 2Task 2

Coexistence of wireless LANs and PANs.Coexistence of wireless LANs and PANs. Task 3Task 3

20 Mbps High-rate PAN similar to Bluetooth 2.20 Mbps High-rate PAN similar to Bluetooth 2. Task 4Task 4

Low rate 2-200 kbps PAN with extremely low power Low rate 2-200 kbps PAN with extremely low power consumption for perpetual sensors.consumption for perpetual sensors.


W-LAN (MS) PHY LayerW-LAN (MS) PHY LayerParameter GSM 2G Cell W-CDMA 3G Cell W-CTDMA 3G IEEE 802.11 WLAN Bluetooth HomeRF

Operating Frequency

890-915 MHz (RX) 935-960 MHz (TX)

2110 - 2170 (RX) 1920 - 1980 (TX)

2110 - 2170 (RX) 1920 - 1980 (TX)

2400 - 2483.5 MHz ISM

2400 - 2483.5 MHz ISM

2400 - 2483.5 MHz ISM

Spread Spectrum Method

TDMA/FDMA/FDD CDMA/FDD CDMA/TDD FHSS None or FHSS FHSS, TDMA or CSMA/CA

Data Rate 9.6 - 64 kbps 32 kbps -384 kbps 256 kbps -4 Mbps 1 Mbps 2 Mbps

0.7 Mbps 2 Mbps (future)

1 Mbps 2 Mbps

Modulation Method (Index)

GMSK (BT=0.3) QPSK data modulation on up and dow n; Spreading is QPSK on up and BPSK on dow n.

QPSK data modulation on up and dow n; Spreading is QPSK. SF = 2-16

2-FSK (0.32) 4-FSK (0.16, optional)

2-FSK (0.32) TBD (TBD)

2-FSK 4-FSK (required)

Hop Rate opt, 21.66 Hz (1/4.615 ms)

na na 2.5 Hz 0 / 1600 Hz (max) 50 Hz

Channel Switching Time

na 224 msec 220 msec 300 msec

Rx/Tx Turnaround Time

half duplex full duplex half duplex 19 msec 220 msec 25 microsec

Antenna Diversity na Optional Optional Optional Not Required

Tx RF Power <1W 1.6W (384 kbps), 0.8W (128 kbps)

0.2W (2 Mbps), 0.1W (0.5 Mbps)

<1W (US) 100 mW (Europe & Japan)

0.001 / 0.100 W 0.1 W (N. America)

Rx Sensitivity -110 dBm -80 dBm @ 1 Mbps -75 dBm @ 2 Mbps

-70 dBm @ 1 Mbps -76 dBm @ 1 Mbps

Tx Stability +/- 9 Hz +/- 2 kHz +/- 2 kHz +/- 60 kHz ?Tx Spectrum Shape

-30 dBc, 1st Adj Ch -60 dBc, 2nd Adj Ch



-40 dBc, 2nd Adj Ch -60 dBc, 3rd Adj Ch

?

Hop Seqnce, # Ch. random, <124 na na random, 80 random, 79 or 23 random, 79 or 23

Power Consumption Standby / Max

2 ma RX Avg 120 ma TX Avg

fd fd 0.3 - 30 ma @ 5 vDC


IdealIdeal 한 목표한 목표 : : 채널 변복조 채널 변복조 waveformwaveform 을 을 SoftwareSoftware 를 이용를 이용 .. TX:source encoder, up-conversion of baseband signal to TX:source encoder, up-conversion of baseband signal to

carry frequency carry frequency RX:carry phase recovery, symbol or PN code timing recoveryRX:carry phase recovery, symbol or PN code timing recovery

개방형 구조개방형 구조 ((Open Architecture)Open Architecture) Radios that are Radios that are flexible and flexible and easily easily configurableconfigurable by by

softwaresoftware 다중 대역다중 대역 , , 다중 모드다중 모드 Radios based on Radios based on virtual componentsvirtual components (ie. system- (ie. system-

on-a-chip)on-a-chip) 대부분의 기능들이 소프트웨어대부분의 기능들이 소프트웨어 --programmable, programmable, 하드웨어하드웨어 --

재구성가능한 프로세서 엘리먼트에서 소프트웨어에 의해 실현재구성가능한 프로세서 엘리먼트에서 소프트웨어에 의해 실현 Configurable-ASIC, DSP Configurable-ASIC, DSP 칩칩 , , 마이크로프로세서 칩마이크로프로세서 칩 , , FPGA, FPGA,

다른 다른 programmable-DSPprogrammable-DSP


Multi-Mode Info ReceiverMulti-Mode Info ReceiverConventional HeterodyneConventional Heterodyne

GSM 1800

BT / 802.11

UMTS

GSM 1800

BT / 802.11 LO1

UMTS

Legend

BT / 802.11

2G Cellular

3G Cellular

Low-Pass0.200-MHz BW

LO2

10-MHz Low-Pass

10-MHz Low-Pass

10-MHz Low-Pass

FDD Mode 1

FD

D M

od

e 2

LO4

LO5

LO6

5.0-MHz BW

1.25-MHz Ch l

1.25-MHz Ch 2

1.25-MHz Ch 3

LO3

10-MHz Low-Pass

1.0-MHz BW Low-Pass

LO7


Programmable Channel Filter

I

Q

Multi-Mode Info Receiver Multi-Mode Info Receiver Software Defined RadioSoftware Defined Radio

LO

A/D Converter

GSM 1800

BT / 802.11

UMTS

GSM 1800

BT / 802.11

UMTS


Design Issues in SDRDesign Issues in SDR

•Design of fast and efficient analog-digital converters

•Flexibility at the RF front-end

•Effective data management procedures, resource allocation

•Smooth reconfigurability of the hardware


Multiple personalities: Multiple personalities: 개발 및 유지개발 및 유지 // 보수해야 보수해야 하는 제품 플랫폼 수 감소하는 제품 플랫폼 수 감소 One platform supports any physical layer, protocol One platform supports any physical layer, protocol

stackstack Lower System maintenance & upgrade costLower System maintenance & upgrade cost

No hardware replacement or frequent upgradeNo hardware replacement or frequent upgrade

Flexibility:Flexibility: 체계적으로 스케일될 수 있는 제품구조체계적으로 스케일될 수 있는 제품구조 새로이 진화되어 가고 있는 새로이 진화되어 가고 있는 capacity capacity 수용수용

Backward CompatibilityBackward Compatibility 미래 안정적미래 안정적 ((Future-Proof) Future-Proof) 시스템 개발시스템 개발 Time-to-Market Time-to-Market 최소화최소화


DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Higher power consumption than Higher power consumption than dedicated ASIC approachdedicated ASIC approach

More MIPS requiredMore MIPS required Higher cost (today)Higher cost (today)


Current SDR usersCurrent SDR users

MilitaryMilitary Consolidating a stack of radiosConsolidating a stack of radios Bridging between radio networksBridging between radio networks

Cellular base stationsCellular base stations Avoid “fork lift upgrades”Avoid “fork lift upgrades” Multiple standards on same systemMultiple standards on same system New features to market quickerNew features to market quicker


Emerging SDR usesEmerging SDR uses

Personal communication devicesPersonal communication devices Cellular / Paging / Wireless LAN(s)Cellular / Paging / Wireless LAN(s)

PC based “generic transceiver”PC based “generic transceiver” Radio / TVRadio / TV Emerging unlicensed RF band appsEmerging unlicensed RF band apps


What is “free/open What is “free/open software?”software?”

““Free as in liberty”Free as in liberty” User has User has access to the sourceaccess to the source User is User is free to modifyfree to modify and is and is

encouraged to contribute the encouraged to contribute the modifications back to the communitymodifications back to the community

A A cultureculture of of innovationinnovation Various licenses: GNU General Public Various licenses: GNU General Public

License (GPL), Mozilla, Artistic License.License (GPL), Mozilla, Artistic License.


How to develop SW radioHow to develop SW radio

Proprietary software for each Proprietary software for each hardware platformhardware platform

Standardization of a common Standardization of a common hardware platformhardware platform

Resident compilers and/or real-Resident compilers and/or real-time standard operating systemtime standard operating system


Who uses free software?Who uses free software?

World wide community of users World wide community of users Publicly traded companies support Publicly traded companies support

or distribute free software: or distribute free software: IBM, IBM, Red Hat, MandrakeRed Hat, Mandrake

LinuxLinux Apache web serverApache web server Not a fringe activityNot a fringe activity


What is GNU Radio?What is GNU Radio?Eric BlossomEric Blossom [email protected]@comsec.com

Blossom ResearchBlossom Research +1 831 917 3428+1 831 917 3428798 Lighthouse Ave., Suite 109798 Lighthouse Ave., Suite 109Monterey, CA 93940 USAMonterey, CA 93940 USA

It’s a free software defined radioIt’s a free software defined radio A A platform for experimentingplatform for experimenting

with digital communicationswith digital communications A A platform for signal platform for signal

processingprocessing on commodity on commodity hardwarehardware


VisionVision

Transmit and receive Transmit and receive any signalany signal Create a Create a practical environmentpractical environment

for experimentation & product for experimentation & product deliverydelivery

Expand the “Expand the “free software free software ethic”ethic” into what were previously into what were previously hardware intensive arenas hardware intensive arenas


What H/W is required?What H/W is required?

Commodity PCCommodity PC RF front end (e.g., TV tuner module)RF front end (e.g., TV tuner module) Multi-channel applications / wide B/W:Multi-channel applications / wide B/W:

High speed A/D (20 – 25 Msamples/sec)High speed A/D (20 – 25 Msamples/sec) Single channel / narrow bandwidth:Single channel / narrow bandwidth:

SoundBlaster, AC97 codec, etc.SoundBlaster, AC97 codec, etc.


SDR ATSC receiver is SDR ATSC receiver is practical!practical!

Commodity PC:Commodity PC: Dual processor Athlon 1800+ MPDual processor Athlon 1800+ MP 512 MB RAM / 120 GB disk512 MB RAM / 120 GB disk $1300$1300 Can do:Can do:

6 * 10^9 integer ops / sec6 * 10^9 integer ops / sec 4 * 10^9 FIR filter taps / sec4 * 10^9 FIR filter taps / sec


ATSC computational ATSC computational requirementsrequirements

10801080i TSP decode takes about ½ of a i TSP decode takes about ½ of a single CPUsingle CPU

Naïve equalizer: about 2.5 * 10^9 Naïve equalizer: about 2.5 * 10^9 taps/staps/s Smart s/w version: about 0.6 * 10^9 taps/sSmart s/w version: about 0.6 * 10^9 taps/s

Viterbi decoder: 10^6 decisions / sec.Viterbi decoder: 10^6 decisions / sec. Highly amenable to SIMD implementationHighly amenable to SIMD implementation Short constraint lengthShort constraint length


Open source hardware Open source hardware too!too!

General purpose SDR PCI peripheral:General purpose SDR PCI peripheral: Tuner module $20Tuner module $20 25 Msample/sec A/D converter $1225 Msample/sec A/D converter $12 Spartan II FPGA (100k gates) $18Spartan II FPGA (100k gates) $18 Misc analog, SRAM, etcMisc analog, SRAM, etc $10 $10 PWBPWB $10 $10 Assembly & Test $10Assembly & Test $10

Total cost to manufacture: $80Total cost to manufacture: $80


GNU Radio resourcesGNU Radio resources Home page (links to source code)Home page (links to source code)

http://www.gnu.org/software/gnuradiohttp://www.gnu.org/software/gnuradio Mailing listMailing list

[email protected]@gnu.org ArchiveArchive

http://mail.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/discuss-http://mail.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/discuss-gnuradiognuradio

Open source hardwareOpen source hardware http://www.opencores.org/projects/pcihttp://www.opencores.org/projects/pci PCI bridges, ethernet, memory controllers, etc.PCI bridges, ethernet, memory controllers, etc.


SDR EvolutionSDR Evolution Next Generation: HIPERLAN/2, 3G Cellular Next Generation: HIPERLAN/2, 3G Cellular

OFDM, CDMAOFDM, CDMA

Code Domain ChannelizationCode Domain Channelization

Wide Band, Frequency-Shared MediumWide Band, Frequency-Shared Medium

Friendly Interference Suppressed Via Orthogonal Friendly Interference Suppressed Via Orthogonal

Chipping Codes with ~30 dB Processing GainChipping Codes with ~30 dB Processing Gain

Software-centric, Can Vary Channel Characteristics Software-centric, Can Vary Channel Characteristics

with Application and Environmentwith Application and Environment


Run-time configurable ASIC: DS spreading, Chip shaping (FIR filter), Run-time configurable ASIC: DS spreading, Chip shaping (FIR filter), Timing recovery, Antijam, transmission security, Correlator(low Timing recovery, Antijam, transmission security, Correlator(low precision arithmetic to reduce power consumption)precision arithmetic to reduce power consumption)

Maximize the number of functions performed by the DSP: Data Maximize the number of functions performed by the DSP: Data burst, FEC, Interleaving,burst, FEC, Interleaving,

Adaptive S.P. Deinterleaver, Adaptive DecoderAdaptive S.P. Deinterleaver, Adaptive Decoder SDRSDR 기술에 적용 가능한 분야기술에 적용 가능한 분야

Hardware Software-Controlled Hardware Programmable SoftwarePost-Shipping

Programmable Software

Antenna

VCOBaseband B/WOutput Power

Modulator(Switched)Encryption

RF SelectivityIF

Chip-rate processing

ModulationEncryption

Smart AntennaSignal Processing

Source codingIF Selectivity

Power-ManagementSymbol-rate processing

User-interface


BB/IF Real/Complex

Digital/Analog

ANTENNA RFChannelSelector/Combiner

BasebandProcessing

DSP

Call/MessageProcessing &

I/O

CommonSystem

Equipment

I/O

MONITOR/CONTROL

Multimedia/WAP

ROUTING

I/O I/O I/O I/O

BBText Flow

Control bits

BBText Flow

Control BitsRFRF

Voice/PSTN

Data/IP

Flow Control

NSS/Network

AIR

I

C

I

C

I

C

I

C

AUX AUX AUX AUX AUX

Ext. Ref

Clock/StobeRef, Power

Remote Control/Display

Local Control

Typical Signal Processing blocks in software Defined Typical Signal Processing blocks in software Defined RadioRadio SDR Forum RecommendedSDR Forum Recommended


ADC sampling rateADC sampling rate dynamic range (determine precision dynamic range (determine precision

of arithmetic operations)of arithmetic operations) translation of digital IF to basebandtranslation of digital IF to baseband modulation/demodulation algorithmsmodulation/demodulation algorithms error coding/decoding algorithmserror coding/decoding algorithms synchronization algorithmssynchronization algorithms


Soft Radio Research GroupSoft Radio Research Group

DARPA’s Adaptive Computing Systems DARPA’s Adaptive Computing Systems ProjectProject

Virginia TechVirginia Tech University of California at BerkeleyUniversity of California at Berkeley Brigham Young UniversityBrigham Young University Chameleon Systems Inc.Chameleon Systems Inc. Morphic Inc.Morphic Inc. Quicksilver Technology Inc.Quicksilver Technology Inc. Sirius Inc.Sirius Inc.


Technical ApproachTechnical Approach co-simulation methodologyco-simulation methodology 를 사용하여 설계를 사용하여 설계

re-configurable FPGA devicesre-configurable FPGA devices 를 포함한 를 포함한 platformplatform 를 를 개발개발

physical hardwarephysical hardware 설계 및 검증설계 및 검증 일차적으로 일차적으로 re-configurable ASICsre-configurable ASICs 생성생성 동일한 동일한 logiclogic 를 를 FPGA FPGA 형태로 재생성형태로 재생성

SDR PlatformSDR Platform 으로 구현될 수 없는 으로 구현될 수 없는 serviceservice 를 정의를 정의 .. Partition and real-time operation, optimization (power, Partition and real-time operation, optimization (power,

complexity, size, performance)complexity, size, performance) 유사 유사 project : TRUST http://www.ist-trust.orgproject : TRUST http://www.ist-trust.org


Radio ArchitectureRadio Architecture, , RF RF 기술에 집중기술에 집중 Re-configurable Radio applicationsRe-configurable Radio applications 에 적합한 에 적합한

Zero IFZero IF,, single IF single IF Radio Front-End re-configurationRadio Front-End re-configuration SOI, BICMOSSi-GeSOI, BICMOSSi-Ge 과 과 Micro-MachiningMicro-Machining 등과 등과

같은 다양한 기술하에서 같은 다양한 기술하에서 front-end front-end 구조를 개발구조를 개발 . . function partitioningfunction partitioning 의 최적화의 최적화


low power : low-power DSP and MCU processor low power : low-power DSP and MCU processor in combination with a small, low power in combination with a small, low power programmable logic device (PLD).programmable logic device (PLD). Functions needed for GSM Phase 2+ or UMTS Functions needed for GSM Phase 2+ or UMTS

terminal. terminal. DSP16000 and ARM7 MCU, Xilinx’s DSP16000 and ARM7 MCU, Xilinx’s

CoolRunner PLD with extreme low power CoolRunner PLD with extreme low power consumption (<0.5mA) consumption (<0.5mA)

serve as HW co-processor for MCU, serve as HW co-processor for MCU, DSP or both.DSP or both.

reconfigurable coprocessorreconfigurable coprocessor SW part designed in Processor Expert™ SW part designed in Processor Expert™ Embedded Beans libraryEmbedded Beans library


Object oriented, component based embedded application Object oriented, component based embedded application CASE development toolCASE development tool code portability, component reusabilitycode portability, component reusability expert knowledge system assistance.expert knowledge system assistance. virtual prototypingvirtual prototyping IP sharing by embedded components exchange.IP sharing by embedded components exchange.

GSM - UMTSGSM - UMTS components (Embedded Beans) as building blockscomponents (Embedded Beans) as building blocks

MCU expert knowledge systemMCU expert knowledge system calculates overall system timing propagation calculates overall system timing propagation automatic connection of peripherals automatic connection of peripherals Verifies the application timingVerifies the application timing

Processor Expert™ generates resulting source code (in Processor Expert™ generates resulting source code (in selected language – typically C, ASM, C++ or VHDL). selected language – typically C, ASM, C++ or VHDL).


BRAMs

BRAMs

VersaRing

VersaRing

Ver

saR

ing

Ver

saR

ing

IOB

’s

IOB

’s

IOB’s

IOB’s

DLL DLL

DLLDLL

Control

LUT

Control

LUT

Configurable storageelement

CLBs

Configurable storageelement

StandardArrary of CLBs

LUT :o look up table for logic functionsowide RAM or ROMo shift registerControl :o Combination of both LUTso Arithmetic supporto Carry controlo Route throughConfigurable Storageelement :o clocking modeo polarity asynchronous reset

Xilinx Virtex FPGA : intelligent configurationmechanism for fast and partial

Increasing density and reducing powerIncluded extra functions to support digital signaloperations such as extra arithmetic support andincreased RAMDynamic reconfiguration is also supported.

Block RAM large resource for storage ofapplication data

I n p u t O u t p u tBlocks (IOBs). configurable interfacing


Algorithm Definition& Specification

Optimization ofHardware Structure

PerformanceEst.

DSP/MCURequirement

ASIC/FPGA

Verification

Complexity ofReconfiguration

processor technology,such as DSPs, FPGAs,

Complexity & Levels ofReconfigurationComplexity

Software Repositoryand Access Methods

Transparent Reconfiguration Reconfiguration Signalling Verifying the Reconfiguration

TransparentReconfiguration

Selective Redefinitionof Module(s)

Micro and Macro levelProcess Management

Software Repositoryand Access Methods


Mode 1

Mode 2

Mode n

RFBB signal

Processing

RFBB signal

Processing

RFBB signal

Processing

RF

RF

RF

Memory forparameter

set

Basebandsignal

processing Pro

gra

mm

able

hig

h p

ow

erB

aseb

an

d s

ign

al p

roce

ssin

g

Fle

xib

le a

nd

ad

apti

ve R

F f

ron

ten

d

Multi-mode terminal with parallel modesMulti-mode terminal with software defined

signal processingFully adaptive software reconfigurable

system

RF BaseBand

수신된 신호를 IF 혹은 Baseband 신호로 변환

변조부, 채널 코덱부, 채널화기, 암호화부,시간/위상 추적부


다중 대역 안테나다중 대역 안테나 선형 광대역 선형 광대역 RF RF 부품부품 광대역 광대역 A/D, D/A A/D, D/A 변환기변환기 고성능 고성능 DSP/DSP/ 재구성 가능한 로직재구성 가능한 로직

Antenna RF ADC DSP

Smart 안테나

고 효율 선형 안테나

광대역, 소형화고 효율, 선형 RF 전력 증폭

기다른 신호와 동일 시간에 간

섭과 잡음이 없는 설계단일 모드와 같은 특성을 내

는 고주파 부품

첫번째 IF 단(아날로그 내림 변환)- ADC- 두번째 IF 단(디지털 내림 변

환)Band pass sigma delta

구조

기저대역부를 SW화 할 수있을 만큼의 성능,

TMS320C62X : 최대 성능1600 MIPS, TMS320C64X :

4800 MIPS

Reconfigurable Logic

FPGA,RC(ReconfigurableComputing) ASIC


RFConversion

to IF andA/D

I/Ocontroller

ProcessController

TemporaryStorageBuffer

Output andinterface with

host PC

ProgramMemory

ProgramMemory

Fo

rmat

ion

of

Str

eam

Pa

cket

s/In

terp

reta

tio

n

InterconnectingArray of Processing

Elements

Configurable ASIC FPGA

적절한 수준의 프로그래 밍 능력과 집적도를 제공

할 때 최선의 솔루션 , 낮은 프로그램 능력 집

적도

/ 고속 병렬 선형 신호처리 를 위한 최선의 프로그래머

블 솔루션 , 높은 전력 소비 칩 사이즈

가 큼

DSP

복잡한 분석, 의사 결정을 포함하는 기능에 대한 최선의 프로

그래머블 솔루션ASIC, FPGA에 비해

낮은 성능

Programmability,Level of Integration,

Development/Implementation/Test

Cycle,Performance in required

processing time,Power.


Multiplexing &Burst Construction Encription

ChannelCoding

Interleaving

DataProcessing

CRCinsertionModulation

Sequencer

Spreading

Equalization

Rate matching Channelization

Segmentation

RadioResource

Advantage Drawback

Only simple program-Scheduling,

factorization forcommon function

Restrict re-configurabilitywithin macro,

Data path routing-macro function composedof ASIC or FPGA or both, Routing Device-

Sequence


Advantage Drawback

Low-complexity ofhardware

Slower reconfiguration process, ifreconfiguration is failed, the

system will not operate-necessaryof default mode

Systematic re-programming of wholebaseband module, new standard is

installed on same hardware

FPGA

MPU

Previous Standard is running

FPGA

FPGA

FPGA

FPGA

MPU

Reconfiuration

FPGA

FPGA

FPGA

FPGA

MPU

Present Standard is running

FPGA

FPGA

FPGA


IN

F1FPGA

F6FPGAF4 F5Master

MPU

OUT

F2 F3

ASIC

High Speed

Low Speed

Advantage Drawback

Allowing data pathrouting, reconfiguration

of the BusTime division scheme

High Speed - for wide BW and FPGA re-synthesize

Low Speed - Control & low-rate datatransition

Time Delay

Longest

Longer

Band Width

Narrow

Wider

H/W Complexity

Better

Poor

BUS

Switched Net


Reconfiguration Resource Controller

Service

Interface

RADIO Manager

POLICY

DSP FPGA/ASIC

Real-Time Operating System


Stream I/O Layer

fixed length packercontaining

programminginformation or data to

be process

Interface

A mean to exploit processing powerattainable through deep pipeline, First-represented as data flow graph (smallcomputational primitive), changing the

parameter,Functionality is divided into layer.

Configuration Layer

Maintain address and alist of the modules (ofprocessing layer) and

configuration

Drawback

A set of interconnectedprocessing modules, the

core of SDR.

ProcessingElement 1

Stream Packet Stream Packet Stream PacketProcessingElement 2

InterpretPacket

ConfigurationPipeline

Reconstruct

Packet

ProcessingPipeline

Bypass PipelineProcessing Layer

Application Layer Software

I/O Layer

Configuration Layer


· Status of software modules· module UNIQUE identifierlist· module location in memory· active/inactive flag

ConfigurationMap

ModuleDefinition

For downloading step,identify software pieces andhardware pieces.

ModulesIdentification

MCU : defined as in the SDRCUFPGA : module can befused as binary codeDSP : between both

Operating control

Data In

Data Out

ConfigurationControl

· Function ID - Identifier of thefunction· Device ID - Identifier of targetdevice· Function Parameters - Astructure of function specificparameters· Device Parameters - Astructure describing devicespecific resources· Functional control - Control forstopping, starting etc.

Encapsulation data and methods to be wrapped

Interface Installed and managed using differentcode and support

Object serialization An object to literally be broken up intobytes for serial delivery

Reflection Capabilities of objects to be examined


, OFDM .데이터 효율 및 순 데이터 율에서 유사하지만 은 데이터 율을 가변할 수 있다

OFDM

변조 및 처리 방식

단순 주파수 영역 (기준 신호 사용)

다중 반송파 협대역 시그널링저속 데이터 율 전송주파수 영역 처리

복잡한 시간 영역 등화 (학습 신호 사용)

VSB

단일 반송파을 사용한 광대역 시그널링고속 데이터 율 전송시간 영역 처리

기준 신호

등화

동기 시간(인터리빙)시간/주파수(인터리빙)

파일럿 반송파 및 싱크 신호다이버서티


기능 분석을 통해기능 분석을 통해 , , 각 기능 블록 별로 각 기능 블록 별로 common functioncommon function 의 최소의 의 최소의 오버헤드로의 개발오버헤드로의 개발

DSPDSP 와 와 FPGA FPGA 구현시 데이터 처리율 및 구현시 데이터 처리율 및 소요 면적 비교소요 면적 비교

요구되는 데이터율 및 제어를 고려하여 요구되는 데이터율 및 제어를 고려하여 ASIC/DSP/FPGAASIC/DSP/FPGA 간의 분할간의 분할


Reconfigurable Platform Reconfigurable Platform byby HartensteinHartenstein

응용분야응용분야 : : pattern recognition, image pattern recognition, image processing, SDR and encryptionprocessing, SDR and encryption

Fine granularity FPGA: 1% logic+99%wireFine granularity FPGA: 1% logic+99%wire Mesh-based reconfigurable circuits: PE Mesh-based reconfigurable circuits: PE

array with direct interconnect of a PE only array with direct interconnect of a PE only to its neighbors (no routing channels).to its neighbors (no routing channels).

Kress array: mapper + data scheduler= Kress array: mapper + data scheduler= 70% PE circuitry70% PE circuitry


Kress array architectureKress array architecture

Locally individual PE as function, routing Locally individual PE as function, routing element, or both allowedelement, or both allowed

Multiple pipelines: Multiple pipelines: linear,meandering,zig-linear,meandering,zig-zag,spiral,feedback, forks,joinszag,spiral,feedback, forks,joins

Totus style wrap-around connect is Totus style wrap-around connect is supportedsupported

Additional global bus multiplexed to row Additional global bus multiplexed to row buses for reaching all PEsbuses for reaching all PEs


SDRSDR 을 가능하게 한 요소을 가능하게 한 요소

Sampling theorem and availability Sampling theorem and availability of fast DSP,ADC and DAC.of fast DSP,ADC and DAC.

DSP- and FPGA-based prototyping DSP- and FPGA-based prototyping board board

테스트를 위한 프로그램 등이 제품과 동시에 지원테스트를 위한 프로그램 등이 제품과 동시에 지원1. 1. Quixote Quixote 사 사 ((http://www.innovative-http://www.innovative-DspDsp.com/products/.com/products/quixotequixote..htmhtm))

2 .LYRtech Inc (2 .LYRtech Inc (http://www.signal-http://www.signal-lsplsp.com.com) ) 3. transtech - dsp (3. transtech - dsp (http://www.http://www.transtechtranstech--dspdsp.com/tiger/.com/tiger/

tsts-cp39.-cp39.htmhtm)) 4. Heron 4. Heron 사 사 ((http://www.http://www.traquairtraquair

.com/catalog/heron.systems.html.com/catalog/heron.systems.html)) 5. Matlab:5. Matlab:Sigmal-master (http://www.kimhua.co.kr)Sigmal-master (http://www.kimhua.co.kr)

http://www.innovative-dsp.com/products/quixote.htm






http://www.signal-lsp.com/



http://www.transtech-dsp.com/tiger/ts-cp39.htm








http://www.traquair.com/catalog/heron.systems.html




DSPDSP 을을 적용한적용한 부분부분

Carrier RecoveryCarrier Recovery Timing synchronizationTiming synchronization FFT Window positioningFFT Window positioning Guard Interval RemovalGuard Interval Removal System ControlSystem Control FFTFFT EqualizerEqualizer FecFec I/Q DemodulatorI/Q Demodulator


ConclusionsConclusions

The layered architecture needs formal The layered architecture needs formal and unified structure for standardand unified structure for standard

The layered architecture is suited for The layered architecture is suited for today’s FPGAs that support partial today’s FPGAs that support partial reconfiguration and for tomorrow’s reconfiguration and for tomorrow’s configurable computing platformsconfigurable computing platforms

Current research at Virginia Tech Current research at Virginia Tech focuses on building a library and soft focuses on building a library and soft radio modules.radio modules.


ConclusionsConclusions

앞으로의 전망과 나아가야 할 길앞으로의 전망과 나아가야 할 길

Soft radio Soft radio 구조에 대한 광범위한 사용 증대구조에 대한 광범위한 사용 증대 HardwareHardware 와 와 SoftwareSoftware 의 설계 결합 증대의 설계 결합 증대 Soft radio architectureSoft radio architecture 에 대한 관심과 연구 에 대한 관심과 연구

필요필요 Layered architectureLayered architecture 에 사용되는 에 사용되는 librarylibrary

개발과 개발과 modulemodule 개발에 대한 투자의 필요개발에 대한 투자의 필요 연구 참여를 통한 인한 국제 표준화에 참여연구 참여를 통한 인한 국제 표준화에 참여

software defined radio -introduction 성균관대학교...

Documents