svestenicka geograafija 9.doc

8/10/2019 svestenicka geograafija 9.doc

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4.2.4. Vessels for Administering Baptismal Water# s$a%% d&s' o( j)*! +oss&,%- (s$,%&n* /'patera )sd 0o( %&,a/&ons&n Ro$an (%&*&o)s 1($on&s! a++a(s as a vss% 0o( +o)(&n* ,a+/&s$a%a/( on /' (s/o(d4 sa(1o+'a*)s &n /' 5)so 6&o 7(&s/&anof*. 2.84! /' a%so (s/o(d4 9(/'odo: ;a+/&s/(- $osa&1 f*. 3.


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>' Liber Pontifcalis B-%vs/(4 %&s/s a ,a+/&s$a% ,as&n pelvis4 /'a/

7ons/an/&n *av /o /' 1')(1' a/ 9s/&a! &*'&n* a,o)/ 0o(/- +o)ndss%&*'/%- s$a%%( /'an so$ o0 /' +a/ns /'a/ /' $+(o( +(sn/d32C>'o$as #?)&nas! Summa 3a. D. 88.a(/. E! /(ans. Fa$s F. 7)nn&n*'a$! BF!St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae GE H Io(kJ 51K(aLM&%% ',%&0 /'a/ &$$(s&on as +(0(a,% /o s+(&nk%&n* as v(- &$+o(/an/ &n so$ o0/' 6(o/s/an/ R0o($a/&on d,a/s as %%. #na,a+/&s/ *(o)+s &ns&s/d on /' n1ss&/-o0 &$$(s&on ,a+/&s$! /o s-$,o%&z /' da/'! ,)(&a%! and (s)((1/&on o0 7'(&s/.B Ko(* M)n/s/on N&%%&a$s! The Radical Reormation 6'&%ad%+'&aJ Ns/$&ns/(6(ss.


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&$a*s a( &n/(+(/d as d+&1/&ons so%%- o0 Fs)sT ,a+/&s$! /'-323 Lib. Pont. 3O B-%vs/(4! Spelvim et argento ad baptismum pensantem lib. "#.U32O Lib. Pont. O8 \-s/)s4. B @an a$! $oo% o Ponti&s! 3EQ=.32G 6),%&s'd &n N&/z$ann!Age o Spirituality! VG3E! 8C3J M. ;)s1''a)sn! SPad%&/' Yns1(&+/&on.U328 B M. P1%(1?! S6a/n!U 'A(L 23A2Q2O'&s s/a/$n/ $&*'/ :+%a&n '- 7'(&s/ as (+(sn/d as a -o)/'a/ '&s ,a+/&s$! ,)/ &/ dos no/ :+%a&n '- ' &s a%$os/ nv( s'onas an ad)%/ &n a(%- 7'(&s/&an a(/.Wv&dn1 a*a&ns/ an1&n/ +do,a+/&s$ &n1%)ds >(/)%%&anTs 1a)/&ona*a&ns/ ,a+/&z&n* -o)n* 1'&%d(n ,1a)s /'&( s+onso(s 1o)%d no/32E P)k 3.23 '&1' sa-s /'a/ Fs)s as /'&(/- -a(s o%d 'n ' ,*an '&s $&n&s/(-&s )s)a%%- /akn as an &nd&1a/&on o0 7'(&s/Ts a* a/ '&s ,a+/&s$.32=>'&s &s /' '-+o/'s&s +(sn/d a,ov! 7'a+. ' d,a/ ,/n Foa1'&$ F($&as and ^)(/ #%and &n /'


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d&s+os&/&on! and vn a* o0 a +(sonX +a(/&1)%a(%- &n /' 1as o01'&%d(n. Zo( 'a/ nd! &0 no/ an $(*n1-! 0o( /'&( s+onso(s /o ,&$+(&%d! ,1a)s /'os %&//% ons $&*'/ 0o(sak /'&( +(o$&ss /'(o)*'da/' o( 0a&% d) /o /'&( dv%o+$n/ o0 an v&% 1'a(a1/(` Yndd! /'Po(d sa&dJ SZo(,&d /'$ no/ /o 1o$ /o $.U Bo %/ /'$ 1o$ 'n/'- a( na(( $a/)(&/-! 'n /'- a( %a(n&n*! 'n /'- a( ,&n*

/a)*'/ 'a/ &/ &s /'a/ /'- a( 1o$&n* /o. P/ /'$ , $ad 7'(&s/&ans'n /'- a( a,% /o kno 7'(&s/. N'- s'o)%d /' &nno1n/ on ()s'/o /' ($&ss&on o0 s&ns`33'- s'o)%d , ,a+/&zd! S&0 andan*(+(sss.U 9/'(&s! +a(n/s o( s+onso(s s'o)%d a&/ )n/&% /' 1'&%d &sa/ %as/ /'( -a(s o%d! o( $a/)( no)*' /o %&s/n and ans( ?)s/&onsaskd o0 /'$ a,o)/ /' sa1(a$n/.33A K(*o(- a1kno%d*s /'a/7'(&s/ '&$s%0 as no/ ,a+/&zd ,0o( ' as an ad)%/ ,)/ +o&n/s o)/

/'a/ 7'(&s/ as &n no dan*( o0 d-&n* )n,a+/&zd! ,1a)s ' 'ad nond o0 1%ans&n*. 7ons?)n/%-! /' (&sk o0 ,&n* )n,a+/&zd! K(*o(-:+%a&ns! &s /'a/ on 1o)%d d& &/'o)/ /' sa1(a$n/]&/'o)/ ,&n*S1%o/'d &n &n1o(()+/&on.U3OCK(*o(- Haz&anznTs adv&1 /'a/ ,a+/&s$ , d%a-d )n/&% 1'&%d(na( a,o)/ /'( -a(s o%d 1o)%d a11o)n/ 0o( /'os /odd%(L%&k33GF(o$! -p. 'odos&)s Y as ,a+/&zd on a s&1k ,d as an ad)%/4! '&% @a%n/&n&anYY d&d as a 1a/1')$n. 9n 7ons/an/&nTs ,a+/&s$ s Wda(d Ia(no%d! B.F.! S>';a+/&s$ o0 7ons/an/&n!U StPatr 28

and n)d.3O'&s 0(?)n1- o0 1'&%dLs&zd f*)(s &n a(%- 7'(&s/&an a(/ s)**s/s/' +oss&,&%&/- /'a/ /' &$a*(- ada+/s /' 1o$$on and 1on/$+o(a(-4Ro$an 1onvn/&on o0 s),s/&/)/&n* 1'&%d(n! o(putti! 0o( ad)%/s&n a(/&s/&1 1o$+os&/&ons. 7'&%d(n ( o0/n +o(/(a-d as n*a*d &nad)%/ a1/&v&/&s .*.! 'a(vs/&n* 1(o+s o( f*'/&n* &n /' a(na4. #11o(d&n*/o K(a,a(! 7'(&s/&ans ado+/d /'&s S+%a-0)% *n(U ,)/ ada+/d &//o &n1o(+o(a/ /' a,s/(a1/ &da o0 /' /(na%! /'n ?)&1k%- (+%a1&n*/' 1'&%d(n &/' ado%s1n/s /o %nd a $o( Ss(&o)s /on.U3O2 5an-7'(&s/&an a(/ o(ks &n1o(+o(a/ /'&s 0a$&%&a( $o/&0! &n1%)d&n* /' sa(1o+'a*)so0 F)n&)s ;ass)s! /' oo( +av$n/ o0 /' do),% ,as&%&1a a/#?)&%&a! and /' 1&%&n* $osa&1s o0 /' $a)so%)$ o0 B/a. 7ons/anza

/'a/ s'o s$a%% 1'&%d(n 'a(vs/&n* 'a/! fs'&n*! o( $ak&n* &n.#%/'o)*' /' &1ono*(a+'- $a- 'av ada+/d /'&s Ro$an $o/&0! /'f*)(s a++a(&n* &n /'&s *)&s a( 1ons&s/n/X /'- a( ,&n* ,a+/&zd!'a%d! o( (j)vna/d. Y/ $a- , /'a/ &n a1' &ns/an1 /'&( s/a/)(s-$,o%&zs /'&( s/a/)s as ,&n* ,o(nLa*a&n.# s&*n&f1an/ ,od- o0 %&/(a(- v&dn1 (0(s s+1&f1a%%- /o (1n/%-,a+/&zd ad)%/4 7'(&s/&ans aspueri, inantes! o(parvuli]o_s+(&n* o0/' $o/'( 1')(1'! n%- ,o(n 0(o$ '( a/(- o$,0on/. Yn /'

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$&dL0o)(/' 1n/)(-! eno o0 @(ona v&v&d%- $+%o-s /'&s $/a+'o('&% :'o(/&n* 1and&da/s /o n/( /' ,a+/&s/(-JZo( no /' 'a%/'L*&v&n* a($/' o0 /' /(na% 0on/ &nv&/s -o). Ho-o)( 5o/'( ado+/s -o) so /'a/ s' $&*'/ *&v ,&(/'J ,)/ no/ a11o(d&n*/o /' no($a% o(d( ea lege4! /' a- -o)( $o/'(s *av ,&(/'! 'o*(oand &n 1'&%d,&(/'! and d%&v(d -o)! +(&son(s o0 /'&s o(%d! a&%&n*!

s)%%&d and (a++d &n s?)a%&d sadd%&n* 1%o/'sX ,)/ (a/'( b(,o(nc:)%/&n*! 'avn%-! 0( o0 s&n! a,so%vd o0 v(-/'&n*! no/ &n 0/&d 1(ad%s!,)/ a,)ndan/%- no)(&s'd a/ a%/a( (a&%s a$on* s/Ls1n/s.3O33O< 9n /'&s s Ro,&n 5. Fnsn! 8nderstanding -arly (hristian Art PondonJ Ro)/%d*!2CCC4! '&s k as s/ as&d 0o( /'sa1(a$n/s o0 /'os 'o ( ,a+/&zd a/ /' Was/( v&*&%. N'(as,0o( ,a+/&s$ /'os &nd&v&d)a%s ( 1a%%d competentes! ,1a)s /'-( s/(&v&n* /o , ,o(n! a0/( ,a+/&s$ /'- ( add(ssd as inantso( asparvuli %&//% ons4.3OE

>' %%La//s/d +(a1/&1 o0 0d&n* a $&:/)( o0 $&%k and 'on-/o no+'-/s &/' /'&( f(s/ )1'a(&s/ no/ on%- s-$,o%&zd /'&( n/(an1&n/o /' +(o$&sd %and So&n* &/' $&%k and 'on-U ,)/ a%so/'&( 1ond&/&on as ,a,&s )na11)s/o$d /o so%&d 0ood 10. M, G.(/)%%&an (1o(d /'&s +(a1/&1X &/&s a%so $n/&ond ,- eno o0 @(ona! and s/ o)/ &n a sa1(a$n/a(-a//(&,)/d /o 6o+ Po Y.3O= #(o)nd GCC! Fo'n /' a1on! (&/&n*3OO eno! !nv. ont. E Tract.


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0(o$ Ro$ /o /' a(&s/o1(a/&1 Bna(&)s! d&s1)sss $&%k and 'on-Tss&*n&f1an1JIo) ask '- $&%k and 'on- a( +%a1d &n a $os/ sa1(d 1)+ and o_(d&/' /' sa1(&f1 a/ /' 6as1'a% Ba,,a/' . . . >'&s k&nd o0 sa1(a$n/! /'n!&s o_(d /o /' n%-L,a+/&zd so /'a/ /'- $a- (a%&z /'a/ no o/'(s,)/ /'-! 'o +a(/ak o0 /' ;od- and ;%ood o0 /' Po(d! s'a%% (1&v

/' %and o0 +(o$&sX and as /'- s/a(/ )+on /' jo)(n- /'&/'(! /'- a(no)(&s'd %&k %&//% 1'&%d(n &/' $&%k and 'on- . . . so /'a/ /'- 'o &n/'&( f(s/ ,&(/' ( no)(&s'd &/' /' $&%k o0 1o(()+/&on and f(s/ s'd/a(s o0 ,&//(nss! &n /'&( s1ond ,&(/' $a- /as/ /' s/nss o0 $&%kand 'on- &n /' ,o%s o0 /' 1')(1'.3OA9n /' ,as&s o0 /'&s do1)$n/a(- v&dn1! &/ s$s (asona,% /o 1on1%)d/'a/ a s$a%% n)d 1'&%d (1&v&n* ,a+/&s$ (+(sn/s /' s-$,o%&1/(ans0o($a/&on 0(o$ o%d /o -o)n*! dad /o (,o(n! and $,a(k&n* ona n %&0 (a/'( /'an /' ,a+/&s$ o0 an a1/)a% 1'&%d. >'&s &1ono*(a+'&1$o/&0 &s )sd &n /' a(%- d+&1/&ons o0 7'(&s/Ts ,a+/&s$ as %%. ;-/' $&dLf0/' 1n/)(-]a da/ a/ '&1' &n0an/ ,a+/&s$ as ,1o$&n*/' no($]7'(&s/ &s s'on as an ad)%/ a/ '&s ,a+/&s$! &n a11o(dan1&/' /' s1(&+/)(a% a11o)n/s.O.3.2.AdministratorsWv(- ,a+/&s$a% &$a* s'os a/ %as/ /o +(sonsJ a (1&+&n/ andan ad$&n&s/(a/o(. >' ,a+/&z(! ,a(dd and o0/n $)1' %a(*( /'an/' (1&+&n/! so$/&$s 1%a(%- d+&1/s Fo'n /' ;a+/&s/. Yn o/'(&ns/an1s! 'ov(! '&s &dn/&/- &s d,a/a,%. >' a$,&*)&/- $a- 'av,n &n/n/&ona%! a%%o&n* /' &$a* s&$)%/ano)s%- /o &%%)s/(a/ ,o/'

Fo'nTs ,a+/&s$ o0 Fs)s and /' ,a+/&s$ o0 an- 1a/1')$n.3GC>'f(s/ &s /' $od% 0o( /' s1ond. ;1a)s 1and&da/s a( sa1(a$n/a%%-

jo&nd /o 7'(&s/ &n /' ,a+/&s$! /'- $-s/&1a%%- (+%&1a/ /'a/ o(&*&na%vn/. #11o(d&n*%-! /' ad$&n&s/(an/ +%a-s /' (o% o0 Fo'n /' ;a+/&s/&n /' (&/ and +(o,a,%- s'o)%d , &dn/&fd &/' /' %o1a% ,&s'o+.

Wvn /'o)*' so$ o0 /' o%ds/ 7'(&s/&an do1)$n/s .*.! F)s/&n5a(/-(TsApology o( /' 'idache4 sa- no/'&n* a,o)/ 'o $a- ad$&n&s/(3OAFo'n /' a1on! -p. Sen.

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o0 'ands )+on /' n%- ,a+/&zd /o /' ,&s'o+! and +(s)$s/'a/ +(sons 'o ( ,a+/&zd &n an $(*n1- ,- a +(&s/ o( da1on!and 'o s),s?)n/%- (1ov(d! o)%d sk o)/ /' ,&s'o+ 0o( /'n1ssa(- sa1(a$n/a% 1o$+%/&on. Y0 /'- d&d! /'- 1o)%d sk 7'(&s/'&$s%0 /o s)++%- 'avn%- ?)&va%n/ o0 /' +&s1o+a% s)++%$n/!

j)s/ as ' ,(a/'d on /' a+os/%s a0/( '&s on (s)((1/&on Fo'n

2C.224.3GO>' /'&(d 1n/)(- 1')(1' o(d(! /' 'idascalia Apostoloruma%so s+1&fs /' ,&s'o+ as /' ssn/&a% ,a+/&s$ ad$&n&s/(a/o( and)(*d 1on*(*an/s /o 'ono( /'&( ,&s'o+s as /' ons 'o (%asd/'$ 0(o$ /'&( s&ns /'(o)*' /' sa1(a$n/.3GG

>'Apostolic Tradition! %&k&s (s(vs 1(/a&n a1/&ons /o /',&s'o+ a%on! &n1%)d&n* +(L,a+/&s$a% :o(1&s$s! /' ,%ss&n* o0 /'o&%s )sd d)(&n* /' (&/! /' +os/L,a+/&s$a% &$+os&/&on o0 'ands!/' +os/L,a+/&s$a% ano&n/&n* on /' no+'-/Ts 'ad! and /' +os/,a+/&s$a%k&ss and *(/&n* S>' Po(d , &/' -o)U4. Y/ a%so ass&*nss+1&f1 1($on&a% 0)n1/&ons /o +(s,-/(s and da1ons. Zo( :a$+%!3G< Y*na/&)s! Smyrn. =.2.3G2>(/)%%&an! $apt. (/)%%&an! F(o$ a%so

a(*)d /'a/ +(s,-/(s and da1ons $&*'/ ,a+/&z &/' /' ,&s'o+Tsa)/'o(&za/&on and /'a/ vn %a-+(sons ( +($&//d /o ,a+/&z &n$(*n1&s.3GE>'Apostolic (onstitutions s$s /o a%%o +(s,-/(s/o /ak /' +%a1 o0 /' ,&s'o+ on o11as&on.3G=Fo'n 7'(-sos/o$! ,-1on/(as/! 1%a&$s /'a/ a *(a/ n)$,( o0 (s&dn/s o0 a 1(/a&n +%a1'ad 0a%%n )nd( /' S(a/' o0 KodU ,1a)s a -o)n* da1on ,a+/&zd/'$ 'n /' ,&s'o+ as a,sn/ and +(s,-/(s ( &na//n/&v.3GA;)/ vn $ak&n* a%%oan1s 0o( n1ss&/-! as /' 7'(&s/&an +o+)%a/&on*( %a(*( and $o( d&_)s! /' :1%)s&v (&*'/ o0 /' ,&s'o+ /o+(0o($ /' +os/L,a+/&s$a% (&/s o0 S1onf($a/&onU o( /' &$+os&/&ono0 'ands ,1a$ $o( 1%a(%- dfnd! +a(/&1)%a(%- &n /' Ns/. 38C Zo(/'s (asons! /' *s/)( d+&1/d &n /' &1ono*(a+'-]/' &$+os&/&on

o0 'ands]&nd&1a/s /'a/ /' &nd&v&d)a% d+&1/d s'o)%d , &dn/&fdas &/'( Fo'n /' ;a+/&s/ o( /' %o1a% ,&s'o+. >' on%- +oss&,% :1+/&on&s /' )nknon f*)( 'os 'and (s/s on /' 'ad o0 /' no+'-/on /' @a/&1an *%ass 0(a*$n/ f*. 3.A4.38< 9n /' #?)&%&a *(av$a(k(! /' /o f*)(s +(s&d&n* a/ /' ,a+/&s$ o0 a -o)n* o$an a(+(o,a,%- $an/ /o , so$ 1o$,&na/&on o0 Fo'n /' ;a+/&s/! a sa&n/%-,&s'o+! o( vn 7'(&s/ ,)/ no/ a +(s,-/( o( da1on f*. 2.


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s1n! so$ o0 /' &$a*s s'o a /'&(d +(son! as &n /' 1aso0 /' #?)&%&a s/on. #nd! as no/d a,ov! %&/(a(- so)(1s ds1(&,3G8 Trad. ap. 2'- a( vs/$n/s /'a/ a( &n k+&n* &/' /'&( /() (o%! 0o( /'&(

*a($n/s *&v /'$ a $o( &$+(ss&v a++a(an1 /'an /'- +ossss on/'&( on a11o)n/ . . . 9n /'&( %0/ s'o)%d(s /'- d(a+ a s/o% borariumc!'&1' 'an*s don ?)a%%- on &/'(! /'a/ &s /o sa-! &n 0(on/ and ,'&nd.Y/ s&*n&fs /'a/ /' $&n&s/(- /'- +(0o($ &s no/ on o0 s%av(- ,)/ o0%&,(/-! 0o( /' (a%&/&s /'a/ /'- s(v *)&d a%% 'o a( o(/'- o0 KodTs*(a/ 'o)s'o%d! /' 1')(1'! /o 0(do$.38GZ(o$ /'s do1)$n/s on */s a +&1/)( o0 a s$a%% *(o)+ o0 ass&s/an/ss(v&n* /' ad$&n&s/(a/o(s and 1and&da/s &n /' (&/)a%. Mov(!:1+/ 0o( /' Ba$a*'( 1ask/ &$a* f*s. 3.O4! /' &1ono*(a+'- /-+&1a%%-s'os on%- on add&/&ona% nonLan*%&1 $a% f*)( &0 an- a/ a%%4&/' /' 1and&da/ and ,a+/&z(. M 'o%ds a s1(o%% and a(s no/'&n*$o( d&s/&n1/&v /'an /' Ro$an /)n&1 andpallium s f*s. 2.A!

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/o , a Kos+% (&/(! (1o(d&n* /' s/o(- o0 Fs)sT ,a+/&s$ and no/ a$&no( 1%(&1 a//nd&n* /' ,a+/&s$ o0 a 1a/1')$n.O.3.O. 'eaconesses Ross& ,%&vs /'a/ /' f*)( 'os 'and (s/s on /' -o)n* 0$a%no+'-/ on /' @a/&1an *%ass 0(a*$n/ ,%on*s /o a da1onss f*.3.A4.38E Y0 /' s&d +an%s o0 /' Ba$a*'( 1ask/ d+&1/ a o$an and

a $an +(sn/&n* a 1'&%d 0o( ,a+/&s$ a/ /' Pa/(an ;a+/&s/(- and1onf($a/&on a/ ano/'( +&%*(&$a* 1')(1'! o$n! as so$ s1'o%a(sa(*)! /'- $&*'/ 'av 'ad so$ o[1&a%! 1($on&a% 0)n1/&on.38= Yn,o/' /'os 1ask/ s1ns! /o o$n s/and /o /' (&*'/ &n (o)*'%- +a(a%%%+os&/&on! +os/)(! and s&z /o /o $n 'o s/and /o /' %0/. >'s*(o)+s o0 $a% and 0$a% Sa//ndan/sU $&*'/ , s+onso(s! da1ons!o( da1onsss. >'- a%so $&*'/ s&$+%- , a//ndan/s o( 1o$+an&onso0 /' 1o)+% &n /' 1n/( o0 /' &$a*.9n%- /o 1')(1' o(d(s :+(ss%- $n/&on da1onsss &n 1onn1/&on&/' ,a+/&s$! ,o/' o0 /'$ +(o,a,%- B-(&an &n o(&*&n. ;asd on/'s do1)$n/s! '&s/o(&ans 'av /'o(&zd /'a/ da1onsss ass&s/d/' +(&s/ o( ,&s'o+ &/' /' ano&n/&n* o0 o$n &n ,o/' as/(nand s/(n /(ad&/&ons.38A>' 'idascalia Apostolorum 1a. 2GC4 and/'Apostolic (onstitutions 1a. OEG4 a( 1o$+os&/ o(ks. >' o%d(/:/ $a- 'av ,n /' 0o)nda/&on 0o( /' f(s/ s&: ,ooks o0 /' %a/(!'&1' &s a 1o$+&%a/&on o0 sv(a% a(%&( 1')(1' o(d( $an)a%s. >''idascalia Apostolorum 1o)ns%s a*a&ns/ a%%o&n* o$n /o ,a+/&zo( ,&n* ,a+/&zd ,- a o$an ,1a)s /o do &/'( o)%d , /o&$+(&% onTs sa%va/&on.3EC Y/ d&d! 'ov(! $ak +(ov&s&on 0o( da1onsssa/ /' ,a+/&s$ o0 o$n! $os/ %&k%- 0o( /' sak o0 $ods/- o(d1o()$.38E B d&s1)ss&on a,ov! 7'a+. 3! +. ' Ma*)J #,,a/&a B. 6/(&!


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&/'( +%a1! /&$ o( +(sona% 1ond&/&on 1o$+% &/X 0o( /'n /' +(s&s/n1o0 /' (s1)( &s a11+/a,%! ,1a)s /' 1&(1)$s/an1s o0 /' on&n +(&% a( )(*n/ . . . ;)/ /' &$+)dn1 o0 /'a/ o$an 'o )nd(/ook/o /a1' &%% ,- no $ans a%so a++(o+(&a/ /o &/s%0 /' (&*'/ o0 ,a+/&z&n*btinguendic])n%ss +('a+s so$ n s(+n/ a++a(s! %&k /'o(&*&na% on! so as /'a/ on a,o%&s'd ,a+/&s$! so$ o/'( s'o)%d o0 '(

on a)/'o(&/- 1on0( &/. ;)/ &0 1(/a&n #1/s o0 6a)%! '&1' a( (&//n0a%s%-! 1%a&$ /' :a$+% o0 >'1%a 0o( a%%o&n* o$n /o /a1' and/o ,a+/&z . . . Mo 1o)%d &/ s$ vn so$'a/ /() /'a/ ' o)%d *&vo$n /' +o( o0 /a1'&n* o( ,a+/&z&n* 'n ' (so%)/%- d&d no/+($&/ o$n /o %a(n` iP/ /'$ , s&%n/!T ' sa&d! and /ak 1a( o0/'&( ')s,ands a/ 'o$.3E83E3>(ans.! a)/'o(. B 7'a(%s 5)n&(! d.! (oncilia Aricae A. ?A. >@> 77BP

17


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1%(&1s &n 5on/an&s$ s 7'(&s/&n >(v//! 3ontanism9 ender, Authority, and the0e1 Prophecy 7a$,(&d*J 7a$,(&d* gn&v(s&/- 6(ss!


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a 'o)s'o%d +/. ;- 1on/(as/! nakdnss 0o(1d )+on $$,(s o0 /'s(v&% 1%asss! 1(&$&na%s! o( +(&son(s o0 a( as a +a(/ o0 /'&( *n(a%')$&%&a/&on. >'&s d&s/&n1/&on as +a(/&1)%a(%- d&s+%a-d &n /' +),%&1,a/'s. #11o(d&n* /o 6/( ;(onJ S>'&s as no/ a so1&/- ,o)nd/o*/'( ,- /' &$+%&1&/ d$o1(a1- o0 s:)a% s'a$ . . . >' ssn/&a%(o% o0 /' +),%&1 ,a/'s as /' jo&n&n* +o&n/ o0 1&v&1 %&0 ns)(d

/'a/ n)d&/- a$on* onTs +(s and &n 0(on/ o0 onTs &n0(&o(s as ada&%- :+(&n1 . . . #s 0o( o$n! /' so1&a% s'a$ o0 :+os)( /o /'(on* +(son! (a/'( /'an /' 0a1/ o0 :+os)( &/s%0! as /' +(&n1&+a%an:&/-.U3A< ;1a)s ,a+/&s$ as a k&nd o0 ,a/'! and &n1%)dd0)%% ,od- &$$(s&on o( a/ %as/4 d(n1'&n*! &/ ado+/d 1(/a&n as+1/s3==>'odo( o0 5o+s)s/&a! $apt. hom. 3.=! /(ans. Ia(no%d!A1e !nspiring Rites,


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3A2 # *ood so)(1 o0 &n0o($a/&on a%on* &/' +%ans! &%%)s/(a/&ons /1. &s Z&k(/ I*%!$aths and $athing in (lassical Antiquity H Io(kJ #(1'&/1/)(a% M&s/o(- Zo)nda/&on!


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a//ndd /' ,a/'s and ,%&vd /'$ 'a%/'0)%.OCG #)*)s/&n $n/&ons*o&n* /o /' ,a/' a0/( '&s $o/'(Ts da/' sk&n* 1o$0o(/ &n '&s *(&0.OC87-(&% o0 F()sa%$ +o&n/s o)/ /'a/ vn Fs)s v&s&/d /' ,a/'s. Yn a s($onon /' 'a%&n* o0 /' +a(a%-/&1 a/ a +),%&1 ,a/']Fo'n G.24 7-(&%(va%s '&s 1&v&1 +(&d &n F()sa%$Ts ,a/' s/()1/)(s sa-&n*J SN'n! asno! ' bFs)sc v&s&/s /' +),%&1 ,a/'s! &/ &s no/ o)/ o0 &n/(s/ &n /'

a(1'&/1/)(! ,)/ /o 'a% /' s&1k.UOCEK&vn &/s 1n/(a% &$+o(/an1 &n /' da&%- %&vs o0 $os/ a(%- 7'(&s/&ans'/'( o( no/ /'- o,-d /'&( %ad(s on /' $a//(4! Ro$an,a/'&n* +(a1/&1s n)d and )s)a%%- s:)a%%- s*(*a/d4 $os/ %&k%-s'a+d 1(/a&n +(a1/&1a% as+1/s o0 /' ,a+/&s$a% (&/ as %% as %n//'os +(a1/&1s a 1(/a&n s-$,o%&1 $an&n*.

4.4.2. The Practice of Nude Baptismgn%&k /' +(a1/&1 o0 &$$(s&on &/nssd &n /' (&//n so)(1s!,)/ 1on/(ad&1/d ,- ,o/' &1ono*(a+'- and a(1'ao%o*-! n)d&/- a/ ,a+/&s$&s ,o/' a//s/d &n /' do1)$n/s and (+(sn/d &n a(/.OC=>'&$a* o0 a s$a%% $a% n)d &n a(%- 7'(&s/&an a(/ 1'an*s /o /'a/ o0

a 0)%%- ad)%/ 7'(&s/ a/ '&s ,a+/&s$ &n ,o/' /' Ravnna $osa&1s f*s.3.


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o(na$n/s s-$,o%&zd (j1/&on o0 0$&n&n ado(n$n/! van&/-! anda(/&f1! &/ &s $o( %&k%- /'a/ /'&s as $(%- a s&$+% a- /o ns)(/'a/ no/'&n* *o/ ,/n /' ,od- and /' a/(.O'&s 1on1(n &s(1/d &n (*)%a/&ons 0o( F&s' +)(&f1a/o(- ,a/'s mi%vaoth4! '&1'+(o'&,&/ a(&n* an-/'&n* vn a 'a&(+&n4 &n/o /' ,a/'. #11o(d&n*/o /' (a,,&s! 0o( /' a/( /o /()%- 1%ans! &/ as n1ssa(- /'a/ &/

/o)1' a%% +a(/s o0 /' ,od-. >'( s'o)%d , no s+a(a/&on hasisah4,/n /' a/( and /' (1&+&n/J S>'s &n/(+osJ s/(&+s o0 oo%o( a:X and /' (&,,ons on /' 'ads o0 *&(%s . . . /' $a//d 'a&( ov(/' 'a(/ and /' 'a&( o0 /' ,a(d and o0 /' s1(/ +a(/s o0 a o$anXO


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O

/o ?)&/ /' $onas/(-! 'n Fo'n /' ;a+/&s/ a++a(d /o '&$! $ad/' s&*n o0 /' 1(oss /'( /&$s ov( '&s *n&/a%s /'a/ a%%od '&$ /o(/)(n /o /' $onas/(- and 1o$+%/ /' o$anTs ,a+/&s$. >'&s *&0/o0 &$+o/n1 a%%od /' $onk /o 1on/&n) &n /'&s o[1 0o( /%v-a(s &/'o)/ an- S$ov$n/ o0 /' s'.UO'&s (a&ss /' *n(a% ?)s/&on o0 s:)a% &$+(o+(&/- and '/'(1and&da/s ( s:)a%%- s*(*a/d on1 &ns&d /' ,a+/&s/(-. Bv(a%do1)$n/s s+1&f1a%%- (0( /o /' $a//(! s)**s/&n* /'a/ $&:d s:!n)d ,a+/&s$ /-+&1a%%- as no/ +(a1/&1d. Zo( :a$+% /'Apostolic(onstitutions ,%)n/%- s/a/s /'a/ $n s'o)%d no/ s o$n! ,1a)s o0/' &$a*&na/&ons o0 /' S,ad ons.UO2C>'Apostolic Tradition d&(1/s/'a/ 1'&%d(n , ,a+/&zd f(s/! a0/( /'$ $n! and o$n %as/.O2'odo( o0 5o+s)s/&aa(*)d /'a/ n)d&/- &n ,a+/&s$ s&*n&fd /' (/)(n o0 /' (1&+&n/s /o/' &nno1n1 o0 #da$ and Wv ,0o( /' Za%% and /'a/ ,&n* nakd/o*/'( &n /' ,a+/&s/(- s-$,o%&zd /' o(&*&na% $an and o$n &n6a(ad&s]nakd and )nas'a$d.O2G

O.O.O. 0a%edness as Symbolic;a+/&s$a% n)d&/- 'as a/ %as/ fv &$+o(/an/ s-$,o%&1 0)n1/&ons. Z&(s/!nakdnss s&*n&fs /' s/(&++&n* o_ o0 an o%d &dn/&/- and 'a,&/s. >'&ss/(&++&n* o0 1%o/'&n* &s a *(a+'&1 a-! s-$,o%&1a%%-! /o Sd&U as an o%ds%0 so /'a/ a n on 1an , (,o(n. #)*)s/&n! )s&n* 6a)%&n %an*)a*7o% 3.AQ'odo( o0 5o+s)s/&a a%so s+1&fs /'a/ /' 1and&da/s s'o)%d s/(&++(&o( /o /' f(s/ ano&n/&n* a%% ov( /' ,od- as a s&*n /'a/ /'- &%% , S(1&v&n* /'1ov( o0 &$$o(/a%&/-U /'(o)*' /'&( ,a+/&s$! $apt. hom. 3.28.O2E Trad. ap. 2'&(d! as /' a,ovL$n/&ond +assa*s 0(o$ 7-(&% and >'odo(&nd&1a/! nakdnss a/ ,a+/&s$ s&*n&fs a (/)(n /o /' +(&$o(d&a%&nno1n1 o0 #da$ and Wv and a 1as/&n* o_ o0 /' 1o(()+/d! %)s/0)%o%d %&0 Kns&s 3.EQ


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/' o&n* a/(s. ;)/ '- nakd` M ($&nds -o) o0 -o)( 0o($(nakdnss! 'n -o) ( &n 6a(ad&s and -o) ( no/ as'a$d. Zo(Mo%- N(&/ sa-sJ i#da$ and Wv ( nakd and ( no/ as'a$d!T )n/&%/'- /ook )+ /' *a($n/ o0 s&n! a *a($n/ 'av- &/' a,)ndan/ s'a$.o no/ /'n 0% s'a$ '(! 0o( /' ,a/' &s $)1' ,//( /'an /' *a(dno0 6a(ad&s. >'( 1an , no s(+n/ '(.O3C

>'odo( o0 5o+s)s/&aTs &n/(+(/a/&on o0 ,a+/&s$a% n)d&/- &s v(-$)1' %&k Fo'nTs]/'a/ vn /'o)*' #da$ as 1(a/d nakd and)nas'a$d! on1 ' ,1a$ $o(/a% ' ndd a 1ov(&n*. 7%o/'&n*&s no/'&n* $o( /'an v&dn1 o0 /' 0a%%n s/a/ o0 ')$an&/-. >' a1/o0 ,a+/&s$! 'ov(! ,*&ns /o (v(s /' +(o1ss! and o_(s (na%o0 &nno1n1 and &$$o(/a%&/-! and so nakdnss &s /' s&*n and +(oo0 o0/'&s (/)(n.O3'&s sa$ /'$ &s %a,o(a/d ,- 7-(&% o0 F()sa%$ 'osa a (/)(n /o Wdn&1 &nno1n1 &n /' (&/)a% o0 s/(&++&n*. >' o%d+(son as /(a++d &n s&n and 'add 0o( da/'. ;- d-&n* and ,&n*(,o(n! s&n &s %&0/d and /(na% %&0 &s (s/o(d.O32O2=>'&s 1onn1/&on &s :+%&1&/%- $ad ,- #$,(os! -#p. Ps. 8'odo( o05o+s)s/&a! $apt. hom. 3.AQ


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/' /ak&n* o_ o0 1%o/'&n*! ,&n* nakd 0o( ano&n/&n* and &$$(s&on!and (L(o,&n* &n n! '&/! *a($n/s. >' s-$,o%&s$ o0 /' '&/nsso0 /' (o,s $a- d(&v 0(o$ ds1(&+/&ons o0 /' o(/'- ons asa((a-d &n '&/ %&nn vs/$n/s &n Rv 3.OX (&n&/-4.O3E B d&s1)ss&on a,ov! 7'a+. 3! ++.


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O.G. (onfrmation9 !nvocation o the 2oly SpiritO.G.' ,a+/&z( +%a1s '&s 'and on /' 'ad o0 /' (1&+&n/ &n a%$os/v(- a(%- &ns/an1 o0 a(%- ,a+/&s$a% &1ono*(a+'-. >'&s +a(/&1)%a(*s/)(! a%a-s $ad &/' /' (&*'/ 'and! 'as &ds+(ad +oss&,&%&/&s0o( &n/(+(/a/&on! 0(o$ s&$+% ,nd&1/&on /o 'a%&n*! o(d&na/&on!

&$+os&/&on o0 +nan1! and /' (1on1&%&a/&on o0 +n&/n/s.OOA #%/'o)*'/' &$a* $a- d+&1/ /' ad$&n&s/(a/o( s/a(/&n* /o +)s' /' 1and&da/)nd( a/(! &/ %&k&s 1o)%d +o(/(a- /' $o$n/ /' no+'-/ 'as(&sn 0(o$ /' a/( and (1&vs /' *&0/ o0 /' Mo%- B+&(&/! s'on &n$os/ &ns/an1s4 ds1nd&n* &n/o /' s1n. >' dov! o0 1o)(s! a%so,%on*s /o s1n o0 Fs)sT ,a+/&s$ ,- Fo'n.

>' &$+os&/&on o0 'ands 'as ,n ds1(&,d as /' (&/ /'a/ S1o$+%/sU/' ,a+/&s$a% 1($on- and '&1']a%on* &/' /' +os/L,a+/&s$a%ano&n/&n* &/' 1'(&s$])s)a%%- as (s(vd /o /' ,&s'o+. Yn/' do1)$n/s! /'&s o(d&na(&%- /aks +%a1 a0/( /' n%- ,a+/&zd'av ,n (L(o,d.OGC Mov(! &n na(%- a%% o0 /' &1ono*(a+'-! /'OO8 #)*)s/&n! Serm. 223.OOE 7-(&% o0 F()sa%$! 3yst. O.=. B a%so Fo'n 7'(-s/os/o$! (atech. illum. O.' H >s/a$n/ (0(s /o /' &$+os&/&on o0 'ands a/ ,a+/&s$&n /'( +%a1s! /o o0 /'$ &n 1onn1/&on /o ,a+/&s$. #1/s


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1ond$nd /' &n&/&a/o(- ano&n/&n*s o0 *nos/&1 *(o)+s ,)/ d&d no/$n/&on /' +(a1/&1 as +a(/ o0 san1/&ond o(/'odo:4 ,a+/&s$a% (&/s.OG37(/a&n *nos/&1 /:/s! &n 0a1/! a( ?)&/ $+'a/&1 a,o)/ /' &$+o(/an1o0 ano&n/&n* &n &n&/&a/&on and! &n so$ 1ass! s$ /o +(0( &//o /' a/( ,a/'. >' 5a(1os&ans! a11o(d&n* /o Y(na)s! 1on/(as/d/' S+(01/U s+&(&/)a% ,a+/&s$ &na)*)(a/d ,- /' &v&n 7'(&s/

'o ds1ndd )+on /' v&s&,% Fs)s &/' /' $(%- $a/(&a% o(San&$a%U ,a+/&s$ o_(d ,- Fo'n /' ;a+/&s/. #%/'o)*' so$ o0 /'s*(o)+s $a- 'av ad$&n&s/(d an &n&/&a% a/( ,a/'! o/'(s ass(/d &/s)+()o)s /o ,(&n* 1and&da/s /o a/(. >'- )sd on%- s1n/d o&%o( vn (j1/d a%% $a/(&a% %$n/s! $a&n/a&n&n* /'a/ /' S$-s/(-B-(&an (&/s 'as ,n d&s1)ssd ,- %&/)(*&1a% s1'o%a(s. B /' s)$$a(&s o0 Fo'nson!Rites o (hristian !nitiation!


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Fo'n 3.G4 /o n/( /' k&n*do$ o0 Kod.OGEOGO B a%so /' os. Phil. 8E! 0o( an $+'as&s on ano&n/&n* &n &n&/&a/&on.OGG>(/)%%&an! $apt. s/a$n/ o(&n /' #+os/o%&1 Za/'(s! s$s /o , a s),s&d&a(- 1($on-! +('a+sf(s/ dv%o+d a$on* *nos/&1 7'(&s/&ans and s),s?)n/%- ada+/d ,-$o( o(/'odo: 1o$$)n&/&s! a(*)a,%- &n /' %a/ s1ond 1n/)(-! /os-$,o%&z /' *&0/ o0 /' Mo%- B+&(&/.O8C Hv(/'%ss! /'Apostolic Tradition(*a(ds /' B+&(&/ as /(ans$&//d &n /' &$+os&/&on o0 'ands andno/ /'(o)*' /' ano&n/&n* /'a/ 0o%%os &/. >' %a//( a1/ &s &dn/&fd!&ns/ad! as an a1/ o0 Ssa%&n*U sphragidein4. Z(o$ /' 0o)(/' 1n/)(-ona(d! 'ov(! /' +(a1/&1 and )nd(s/and&n* o0 ,o/' o0 /'s *s/)(s1'an*d a11o(d&n* /o /&$ and +%a1! and vn/)a%%-! /'- (1o$,&nd &n/o on a1/&on /'a/ s-$,o%&zd sa%&n*! 1onf($a/&on! andOG= 7o)n1&% o0 #(%s! (an. =.OGA Po! -p.


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B+&(&/. >'&s $o$n/ &s a%so (+(sn/d ,- /' dovTs a++a(an1 &n$an- o0 /' a(%- &$a*s. #11o(d&n* /o ;()-n! a s1n $&*'/%a1k on o0 /'s /o s&*ns *s/)( and dov4 and s/&%% +o(/(a- /'*&v&n* o0 /' Mo%- B+&(&/.O82 Yn add&/&on! /' dov a++a(s &n a%% 0o)(Kos+%s! 'n /' Mo%- B+&(&/ ds1nds )+on Fs)s Sas a dovU10. 5/ 3.' dovTs ds1n/ so$/&$s &s )nd(s/ood as /' $o$n/ 'nFs)s &s ano&n/d as 5ss&a'L7'(&s/. Zo( /'&s (ason! /' dov &sasso1&a/d &/' +os/L,a+/&s$a% 'o%- )n1/&on. #s 'av sn! so$&n/(+(/(s 'av &dn/&fd /' s),s/an1 /'a/ so$ &$a*s d+&1/1o$&n* 0(o$ /' dovTs ,ak as /' o&% o0 1'(&s$a/&on 10. f*. 3.


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>' dov ,- &/s%0! o0 1o)(s! 'as $an- +oss&,% $an&n*s &na(%- 7'(&s/&an a(/! and 1o)n/%ss +a(a%%%s &n 1on/$+o(a(- Ro$an&1ono*(a+'-! '( &/ $&*'/ , sn d(&nk&n* 0(o$ a 1)+ o( as a +a(/o0 a %ov%- *a(dn s1n. Yn a 0)n(a% s//&n*! a dov &s o0/n d+&1/d&/' an o%&v ,(an1' &n &/s ,ak! so$/&$s &/' an orante and /'o(ds Sin pace.U >' dov a%so a++a(s &/' Hoa' &n a(%- 7'(&s/&an

&1ono*(a+'-! o,v&o)s%- /akn 0(o$ /' /:/)a% na((a/&v! ,)/ a%so s-$,o%&z&n*(s1) o( sa%va/&on 0(o$ da/'. >')s a dov! vn &n a ,a+/&s$a%s1n and s+1&a%%- on &n a ,)(&a% 1on/:/4! 1onv-s /' &da o0d%&v(an1 0(o$ da/' and /' +(o$&s o0 a +a10)% a0/(%&0.O8AO8G Y(na)s! 2aer. 3.A.3! /(ans. a)/'o(.O88 #)*)s/&n! Trin.


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;%aa)! &n a s),s1/&on S;a+/&s/(&)$U4 o0 /' n/(- S )%/*,m)d!U &n /' RA( 2C2CC=4! 22EQ3A3. Yn Wn*%&s'! a 1'a+/(L%n*/' s)$$a(- o0 a(%- 7'(&s/&an ,a+/&s/(&s&s &n1%)dd &n 5&%,)(n! -arly (hristian Art and Architecture! 2C3Q(/)%%&an! ,- 1on/(as/! (0(s /o /' 0on/ as apiscina! '&1' %&/(a%%-$an/ Sfs'+ond.UOE8 gs&n* /'&s /($!piscina! 0o( a ,a+/&s$a% 0on/'ad a do),% s)&/a,&%&/- ,1a)s /' fs' s-$,o% o11)((d &n ,o/' /'&1ono*(a+'- and /'o%o*- o0 7'(&s/&an ,a+/&s$.OEE>' d1o(a/&on o0$an- 0on/s! s+1&a%%- &n Ho(/' #0(&1a! &/' fs' and o/'( sa 1(a/)(s&nd&1a/s /'a/ a(/&s/s sk&%%d &n ,)&%d&n* and d1o(a/&n* do$s/&1+oo%s $a- 'av ,n $+%o-d 0o( ,)&%d&n* 0on/s s f*. G.(/)%%&an (0(s /o ,a+/&s$ &n an alveo! '&1' $&*'/ (0( /o a /), &n a ,a/'!$apt. O. 3. >' B-(&a1Acts o 7udas Thomas s/a/ /'a/ &n* K)nda+'o()s as ,a+/&zd&n a +),%&1 ,a/'. >' 6&%*(&$ o0 ;o(da): ds1(&,s a v&s&/ /o a +(&va/ ,a/' &n 7asa(a!,%&vd /o , /' s&/ o0 7o(n%&)sT ,a+/&s$. B !tin. $urd. (/)%%&an )ss /' /($ lavacrum &n (or. 3 and $apt. E and


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(1/an*)%a( (oo$s a//a1'd /o 1')(1' ,)&%d&n*s /'a/ ( 1onv(/d0(o$ do$s/&1 s/()1/)(s o( a(%- 1')(1' 'a%%s. gn0o(/)na/%-! )n%&k/' )(a ,)&%d&n*! /'s ($a&ns a( 'a(d( /o da/. >' (1/an*)%a(,a+/&s/(- (oo$ a//a1'd /o /' ,as&%&1a o0 B. 7(&so*ono &n Ro$! 0o(:a$+%! $&*'/ , +(L7ons/an/&n&an o( $a- 'av ,n ann:d /o/' $a&n +a(/ o0 /' ,)&%d&n* as %a/ as /' f0/' 1n/)(-.O=C

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+%ans! d(a&n*s! and /:/s /'a/ 1o)%d , &ns1(&,d &n /' ,)&%d&n*s.6a)%&n)s no/s /'a/ Bv()s 'ad s)(+assd '&$ ,- ,)&%d&n* a ,a+/&s/(-,/n /o ,as&%&1as a/ 6(&$)%&a1)$ and +(o0sss $o(/&f1a/&on /'a/Bv()s 'ad 1'osn /o +)/ a +o(/(a&/ o0 '&$s%0 a%on* &/' 5a(/&n o0

>o)(s &n '&s ,a+/&s/(-. M nv(/'%ss 1o$+%&s &/' Bv()sT (?)s//'a/ ' +(ov&d +o$s /o a11o$+an- /' +o(/(a&/s. >' /o +o$s

' (o/ 0o( /'&s +)(+os (1/ on /' $an&n* o0 ,a+/&s$ and &n*n(a%4 1o$$n/ on /' a(1'&/1/)(a% (%a/&ons'&+ o0 /' ,a+/&s/(-/o /' /o adja1n/ 1')(1's]a s&n*% o$, ,/n /' /o ,(as/so0 /' $o/'( 1')(1'.G2E>' /:/ /'a/ 6a)%&n)s &n/ndd /o , s/ ov(/' $)(a%s o0 '&$s%0 and B/. 5a(/&n! &n1o(+o(a/d &$a*(- /'a/ +a(a%%%s/' &ns1(&+/&on &n /' Pa/(an ,a+/&s/(- &n Ro$ s a,ov4J>'&s 0on/ ,*/s so)%s &n nd o0 (s/o(a/&on!&/ ,(&n*s 0o(/' %&v&n* a/( ,- d&v&n %&*'/.G2G B H&1o%r 6a%a$a(&n&! SB&$,o%&s$o *$a/(&a n% $osa&1o d% ,a//&s/(o d%,n*a!U Riv. Stud. Liguri G3!


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f*. G.' 0on/&/s%0 /ook )+ $os/ o0 /' s+a1 &n /'&s 0a&(%- %a(* (oo$ = $. A.G $.4.

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v)%va. B/+s on /' so)/'(n and no(/'(n nds +(ov&dd /' n/(an1and :&/ 0o( /' 1and&da/s.G2AG2= 6a)%&n)s! -p. 32.G! /(ans. a)/'o( 7BWP 2AJ 2EAQ=C4.G2A B R&s/o! +rGhchristliche $aptisterien! VEOC! 283X Hot% )va%! $asiliques chrItiennesdArique du 0ord 6a(&sJ Yns/&/)/ dT/)ds #)*)s/&n&nns!

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ds&*n and d1o(a/&on o0 ,a+/&s$a% s+a1s 2' s&:/'L1n/)(-,a+/&s/(- as 1ons/()1/d d)(&n* /' s1ond +'as on /' s&/ o0 ana(%&(! 0o)(/'L1n/)(- 0on/. B$a%% a+sd 1'a+%s o( $a(/-(&a4 (,)&%/ o)/ 0(o$ /' s&d a&s%s a/ /' sa$ /&$. >' ,a+/&s$a% 1'a$,(!G32 R&s/o! +rGhchristliche $aptisterien! VE2=! 28CX 7'(&s/&an 7o)(/o&s! SB)( )n ,a+/&s/(d1o)v(/ dans %a (*&on d ^%&,&a!U arthago 8 '&s dd&1a/o(- &ns1(&+/&on no/ on%- na$d /' dono(s #?)&n&)s!F)%&ana! a%on* &/' /'&( 1'&%d(n4 ,)/ a%so /' sa&n/s /'- &s'd /o

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'ono( ,- /'&( *&0/ 7-+(&an and #d%+'&)s4. ;1a)s o0 /' /&/%s *&vn/o 7-+(&an sa&n/! ,&s'o+! and '&*' +(&s/4! /' /'&(dL1n/)(- $a(/-(&s %&k%- &n/ndd '(. >' +(&s/ #d%+'&)s $a- 'av ,n a %o1a%1%(&1 +oss&,%- $a(/-(d ,- #(&an @anda%s4. Wvn $o( /'an &n /'1onv(/d ,a+/&s/(-s'(&n o0 F)1)nd)s a/ B)0/)%a! '( ,a+/&s$ &sd&(1/%- asso1&a/d &/' /' 1)%/ o0 /' $a(/-(s.G3G

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0()&/ ,a(&n* /( a)/)$n4. # 1'(&s/o*(a$ &/' an a%+'a and o$*aa++a(s &n /' %%.G.' (1n/%- (Ld&s1ov(d and (L:1ava/d4 7'(&s/&an ,as&%&1a 1o$+%:a/ ;&( Z/o)'a as ,)&%/ &n d&_(n/ +'ass! +(o,a,%- ,*&nn&n* &n/' %a/ 0o)(/' o( a(%-Lf0/' 1n/)(- and nd&n* &n /' $&dLs&:/' a(%-;-zan/&n! 1a. GO


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and dd&1a/o(- &ns1(&+/&ons! and so$'a/ /o /' as/4 a ;-zan/&n(a$osa&1 na( a 1)(vd +o(/&on o0 a %a(* s$&L1&(1)%a( a+s /'a/d+&1/d a s/a* and do kn%&n* /o d(&nk )nd( a +a%$ /( f*. G.2' 0on/ 'ad /'( &n/(&o(s/+s ds1nd&n* &n/o a %% a,o)/ 3 $. &n d&a$/(. #(1'ao%o*&s/sd&s1ov(d a d(a&n a/ /' ,o//o$ o0 /' %% as )sd /o 1'ann% /'san1/&fd a/( /o a soakLaa- /ank. ;1a)s no +&+&n* s-s/$ as0o)nd /o ,(&n* a/( /o /' 0on/! &/ $a- 'av ,n f%%d ,- 'and1a((&d,)1k/s o0 a/(.B1'o%a(s 'av s+1)%a/d]a%,&/ &/'o)/ d1&s&v +'-s&1a% v&dn1]/'a/ /'&s %a(* 1$/(-+&%*(&$a* 1')(1' a/ ;&( Z/o)'a $a-, ,n on o0 /' /o $a&n s'(&ns o0 B/. 7-+(&an /' 3ensa (ypriani4a/ 7a(/'a*. >' %o1a% s$s +oss&,%! ,asd on /' a11o)n/ o0Z&*. G.2< #$,)%a/o(- $osa&1! ;a+/&s/(- o0 ;&( Z/o)'a! 7a(/'a*! >)n&s&a! %a/0o)(/' o( a(%- f0/' 1n/)(- no &n /' ;a(do 5)s)$4. 6'o/oJ #)/'o(.

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s/+s don &n/o /' 0on/. 9n /' s)(0a1 o0 /' f(s/ s/+ &s a s1a%%o+s'%% ds&*n. >'(o)*'o)/ a( *o$/(&1 and o(a% ,o(d(s and d1o(a/&ons.

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a%% and $APT!S3A on ano/'(.GO=>' s)((o)nd&n* $osa&1 +av$n/ as d&v&dd &n/o sv(a% +an%s.>' on na(s/ /' n/(an1 and no &n /' $)s)$ o0 Pa$/a d+&1/s/o s'+ on &/'( s&d o0 a Pa/&n 1(oss. #n a%+'a and o$*a %&d&(1/%- ,%o /' 1(ossTs a($s. Z&s'! ,&(ds! and s1a//(d (oss f%% /'(s/ o0 /' f%d f*. G.2G4. 9n /' o++os&/ s&d /o d( a++a( &n

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>' a,ov %&s/ 1ons&d(s on%- ,a+/&s/(&s &/' s/&%%L:&s/&n* &n/(&o(d1o(a/&on and &ns1(&+/&ons and! &/' /' :1+/&on o0 /' )(a W)(o+os,a+/&s/(-! &s %&$&/d /o :/an/ ,a+/&s$a% s/()1/)(s &n Y/a%- and

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22O 1'a+/( fvo0 Ba/an! d&s(o,&n*! o( ano&n/&n*4! o( /'- $a- 'av s(vd as +%a1s0o( 1and&da/s /o , vs/d &n /'&( '&/ (o,s o( (1&v /' &$+os&/&ono0 'ands o( +os/L,a+/&s$a% ano&n/&n*.GG' +%a1$n/s o0 a1/)a%,a+/&s$a% 1'a$,(s va(-! 'ov(. Bo$ a( ,'&nd /' a+s! as &nB)0/)%aX o/'(s ( s/ /o on s&d o0 /' a+s! as a/ ^%&,&a! '&%

s/&%% o/'(s na( /' n/(an1 /o /' ,)&%d&n*. W:a$+%s o0 /' %a//( a(no/ ds1(&,d a,ov ,)/ &n1%)d ,a+/&s/(&s a/ 7a/'a* ($1' Y4and >'),)(,o 5a&)s! ,o/' &n >)n&s&a.GG2Z( s/and&n* ,a+/&s/(&s ( 0a( $o( 1o$$on &n Y/a%- /'an &nHo(/' #0(&1a. >' Pa/(an ,a+/&s/(-! ,o/' 5&%an ,a+/&s/(&s! ,o/',a+/&s/(&s &n Ravnna! and /' #%,n*a ,a+/&s/(- a( &ns/an1s o0s+a(a/ ,a+/&s$a% ,)&%d&n*s 1ons/()1/d na( ,)/ no/ a//a1'd /o4/' 1')(1's /'- s(vd. >' ,a+/&s/(- a/ 6(&$)%&a1)$ ds1(&,d ,-6a)%&n)s as a%so on o0 /'s /-+s. ;- 1on/(as/! /' on%- knon 0(s/and&n*,a+/&s/(&s &n Ho(/' #0(&1a a( a/ B)0/)%a F)1)nd)s4 and a/9)d Ra$%.

5.2.2. Baptistery Design>' (oo$s o( ,)&%d&n*s /'a/ s(vd as ,a+/&s/(&s no/ on%- d&_(d&n (s+1/ /o '/'( /'- ( a//a1'd o( 0( s/and&n*! /'- a%so'ad va(&d a(1'&/1/)(a% s'a+s and s&zs. >' ,a+/&s$a% 1'a$,(s a/)(a and Ha+%s B. K&ovann& &n Zon/4 ( (1/an*)%a( o( s?)a((oo$s. 9/'( a//a1'd ,a+/&s/(&s s)1' as ^%&,&a! ;&( Z/o)'a! andPa Bk'&(a ( s&$&%a(%- (1/an*)%a(.GG3 Bo$ o0 /'s 1'a$,(s 'ad a+(oj1/&n* a+s as a/ F)1)d)s and @&/a%&s &n B)0/)%a. >'s a+ss $a-'av ,n ds&*nd /o a11o$$oda/ /' ,&s'o+Ts 1'a&( o( a s$a%% /a,%0o( /' 1ons1(a/d o&%s 0o( /' (&/ o0 1'(&s$a/&on.GGO Bv(a% a//a1'dGG< B d&s1)ss&on ,%o! 0n. E)n&s&a. M&++oTs ,a+/&s/(-as a s$&L(o)nd (oo$. R1/an*)%a( (oo$s ( $o( 1o$$on &n /' Was/ .*.!K(1! #s&a 5&no(! B-(&a! and 6a%s/&n4. >' ,a+/&s/(&s o0 B(v)s &n B)0/)%a andj,% 9)s/ ( &ns(/d &n/o /' cellae o0 0o($( /$+%s! and so na/)(a%%- s?)a(&n s'a+.GGO #+ss o11)( a%so &n 0( s/and&n* ,a+/&s/(&s]as a/ RavnnaTs #(&an ,a+/&s/(-,)/ a%so! 0o( :a$+%! a/ K(ado on /' #d(&a/&1 1oas/. Bo$ #0(&1an ,a+/&s/(&s 1o$$)n&1a/d&/' s$a%% a+sd (oo$s .*. a/ M&++o! ($1' Y 7a(/'a*4and B(v)sB)0/)%a4 '&1' $a- 'av s(vd /' sa$ 0)n1/&on as an a+s &ns&d /' ,a+/&s$a%1'a$,( &/s%0]/o , a +%a1 0o( /' (&/ o0 1onf($a/&on &/' 1'(&s$. >'s (oo$sds&*n and d1o(a/&on o0 ,a+/&s$a% s+a1s 22G,a+/&s/(&s &n #0(&1a! on /' o/'( 'and! 'av o1/a*ona% s'a+s. >'-&n1%)d /' ,a+/&s/(&s a/ >a,a(ka and B&a**) ;&( ,o) Rk,a4. # ?)a/(0o&%s'a+d ,a+/&s/(- as a//a1'd /o /' ,as&%&1a a/ >&*z&(/.

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&n /' Ns/! /' o1/a*ona% +%an as /' $os/ +o+)%a( s'a+ 0o( ,o/',a+/&s/(&s and 0on/s.GGE

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GGA # %%Lknon :a$+% o0 a s?)a( 0on/ 1an , sn a/ 5a1/a(&s &n >)n&s&a! sR&s/o! +rGhchristliche $aptisterien! VE33! 28)n&s&a &n1%)d /'os a/ M(*%a &*'/ %o,s4! g+nna&*'/ %o,s4! Makap$a &*'/ %o,s4! B&d& 5anso)( s&: %o,s &/' /o (1/an*)%a(n/(an1s4! and 9)$1/(n 0o)( %o,s4. Yn #%*(&a as /' #nno)na s&: %o,s4. >'0on/ a/ j$&%a as 0o)(L%o,d &/' a s?)a( ,as&n s/ &n/o a do$d! (o)nd s+a1.6o%-%o,d 0on/s ( a%so 1o$$on &n as/(n 7'(&s/&an ,a+/&s/(&s. 5&%,)(n +(o+osd/'a/ /' %o,s $&*'/ , )sd /o a%%o sv(a% +o+% /o , ,a+/&zd s&$)%/ano)s%-!,)/ /'&s s$s so$'a/ &$+(o,a,% &n /' s$a%%( 0on/s and *(o)+ &n&/&a/&on)n%&k%- 0(o$ a %&/)(*&1a% and vn +(a1/&1a% s/and+o&n/. Bo$ 0on/s ( 1(/a&n%-%a(* no)*' /o 'o%d $o( /'an on +(son a/ a /&$ .*. /' ,as&n a/ Ho1(a B)+(&o(o( ;&( Z/o)'a4! ,)/ no /:/)a% v&dn1 s)++o(/s /' &da /'a/ sv(a% 1and&da/s1o)%d , &n&/&a/d a/ on1. 5&%,)(n! -arly (hristian Art! 2C8.ds&*n and d1o(a/&on o0 ,a+/&s$a% s+a1s 22E

Z&*. G.28 ;a+/&s/(-! ;)%%a R*&a! >)n&s&a! f0/'Qs&:/'L1n/)(-. 6'o/oJ #)/'o(.Bok(&n.G83 # n)$,( o0 o/'( #0(&1an 0on/s ( 1()1&0o($Ls'a+d as%%]a s'a+ no/ 0o)nd %s'( &n /' Ns/ ,)/ 1o$$on &n /'Was/! s+1&a%%- &n B-(&a! 6a%s/&n! and Fo(dan! a%$os/ a%% da/d /o /';-zan/&n (a.G8O #$on* /'s &s /' 0on/ a/ 9)d Ra$%! and o/'(sno/ d&s1)ssd a,ov &n1%)d&n* /' 0on/s a/ ;)%%a R*&a f*. G.284XW% ^an/a(a no &n /' ;a(do 5)s)$! f*. G.2E4X >'),)(,o 5a&)sa 1&(1% &/' 0o)( ?)&%a/(a% a($s4! Ba,(a/'a! and P+/&s 5a*na &nP&,-a. >' ,a+/&s/(- o0 M&++o R*&)s 'ad a $od&fd 1()1&0o($ 0on/f*. G.2=4.G8G

>' s&z and d+/'s o0 /' 0on/s va(- a%$os/ as $)1' as /'&( s'a+. #$ajo(&/- o0 0on/s a( &ns/a%%d ,%o /' oo( %v%X /'- a( n/(d ,-G83 # 0on/ o0 /'&s s'a+ as a%so 0o)nd &n Ka)%! a/ 7&va):! s R&s/o! +rGhchristliche$aptisterien! V


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0on/ a/ M&++o R*&)s &s on s)1' :a$+%.B/+s ( so$/&$s s-$,o%&1 &n /'$s%vs. Ys&do(! a s&:/'L1n/)(-,&s'o+ o0 Bv&%%! :+%a&nd /'a/ /' 0on/ 'ad Ssvn s/+sX /'(dona(ds (+(sn/&n* /' /'( /'&n*s /'a/ (no)n1! /'( o/'(s)+a(ds 0o( /' /'( /'&n*s 1on0ssX /' svn/' &s /' sa$ as/' 0o)(/'! %&k /' son o0 $an! :/&n*)&s'&n* /' 0)(na1 o0 f( ban

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(onclusionWa(%- 7'(&s/&an ,a+/&s/(&s and 0on/s s'o a $a(kd d*( o0 va(&an1ov( ,o/' s+a1 and /&$. Bo$ ,a+/&s/(&s ( a//a1'd /o/' ,as&%&1as /'- s(vd! '&% o/'(s ( 0( s/and&n*. #%/'o)*'d/a1'd! o1/a*ona%%-Ls'a+d ,a+/&s/(&s a( $o( /-+&1a%%- 0o)nd &nY/a%- and Ka)%! :1+/&ons a%so :&s/ .*.! /' ,a+/&s/(- o0 F)1)nd)s

a/ /' s&/ o0 B)0/)%a o( /' $on)$n/a% ,a+/&s/(- a/ Da%Ta/ B&$an&n no(/'(n B-(&a4. >'os 1'a$,(s /'a/ ( ,)&%/ &n/o o( ann:d/o 1')(1' ,)&%d&n*s $&*'/ , 0o)nd a%$os/ an-'( &n (%a/&ons'&+/o /' $a&n ass$,%- s+a1! 0(o$ /' n/(an1 na(/':4 /o ,'&nd/' a+s.Yn /' sa$ a-! 0on/ s'a+s s'o a ($a(ka,% va(&/-! s+1&a%%-&n Ho(/' #0(&1a and &n /' as/(n Ro$an +(ov&n1s. >'s s'a+s(an* 0(o$ (1/an*)%a( /o (o)nd! ':a*ona% /o 1()1&0o($! /o $)%/&LGEC B 5&/1'%%! $utrint $aptistery! 2


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1(/a&n a1/&ons o( ,%&0s a,o)/ 'a/ /'os a1/&ons _1/d ands&*n&fd 0o($ 0o%%o&n* 0)n1/&on4! o( '/'( /' a1/&ons 1on0o($d/o /' s+a1s /'a/ 'o)sd /'$ 0)n1/&on 0o%%o&n* 0o($4! /' &n/(&o(GE2>'&s &s /' a(*)$n/ o0 av&s!Architectural Setting o $aptism! and B/a)_(!)n $aptismal +onts.232 1'a+/( fv

ds&*n! &1ono*(a+'&1 ado(n$n/! and *n(a% a(1'&/1/)(a% +%ans o0 /',a+/&s/(&s o)%d 'av +%a-d a (o% &n /' s'a+&n* o0 /' :+(&n1and (/(os+1/&v )nd(s/and&n* o0 /'os 'o )nd(n/ /' ,a+/&s$a%sa1(a$n/ &/'&n /'s +%a1s. >')s /o /(aj1/o(&s a( +(sn/.9n on 'and! /' /(ans+&(&n* (&/)a%s s&$)%/ano)s%- 1on0o($d /o(*&ona% +(a1/&1 and /'o%o*&1a% 1ons/()1/&on '&% ,&n* ada+/d o(%a,o(a/d /o f/ s+1&f1! %o1a% a(1'&/1/)(a% s/()1/)(s! o(! on /' o/'(!/'s s/()1/)(s ( s&$)%/ano)s%- s'a+d! and vn ($od%d!a11o(d&n* /o +(1&vd and 1'an*&n* &das and +(a1/&1s.7M#6>WR BY\

SYBOLIS IN BAPTISTERY DESIGN AND DECOR!ntroduction9 6isual Symbols and Ritual ActionsWa(%- 7'(&s/&an ,a+/&s/(&s ( $o( /'an s&$+%- 1onvn&n/ s'%/(s0o( %&/)(*&1a% (&/s. >'- 0)n1/&ond as s-$,o%s &n /'$s%vsX /'&(s'a+ and d1o(a/&on (1/d and (&n0o(1d /' /'o%o*&1a% s&*n&f1an1o( $an&n* o0 /' (&/)a%. N'(as /' s+a1s and /'&( 0)(n&s'&n*s( s+1&a%%- ,)&%/ /o a11o$$oda/ a 1o$+%: 1($on- 'av&n*(*&ona% and &nd&*no)s va(&a/&ons! 1(/a&n d/a&%s o0 /'&( ds&*n (&n/ndd /o :+(ss /' $an&n* and +)(+os o0 /' (&/.

>'&s 1'a+/( 1ons&d(s s)1' s-$,o%&1 %an*)a* o0 s+a1 and d1o(&n %&*'/ o0 'a/ s)(v&v&n* do1)$n/s (va% a,o)/ 'o /' (&/)a% as+(0o($d and 'a/ +a(/&1&+an/s )nd(s/ood &/s va(&o)s 1o$+onn/s/o a1'&v. Y/ ass)$s /'a/ /' a(1'&/1/)(a% ds&*ns! s'a+s o0 0on/s!and &n/(&o( d1o(a/&on ( no/ 'a+'aza(d%- o( a(,&/(a(&%- 1'osn!no( o0 %&//% 1ons?)n1 /o /'os 'o ,)&%/ o( )sd /'os s/()1/)(s.7(/a&n a(1'&/1/)(a% 0o($s ,1a$ s/anda(d ,1a)s /'- ( %%s)&/d! no/ on%- /o %&/)(*&1a% $ov$n/s ,)/ a%so /o 'a/ /' (&/)a%s$an/ /o /'&( +a(/&1&+an/s. B&$&%a(%-! +a(/&1)%a( &$a*s o( +(o*(a$so0 &$a*s4 ( &n1o(+o(a/d ,1a)s /'- 1on/(&,)/d /o /' sns o($an&n* o0 /' a1/&ons /ak&n* +%a1 &/'&n /' s+a1s /'- n'an1d.

>'s $ssa*s ( /(ans$&//d /'(o)*' /' ada+/&on o0 :&s/&n* a(1'&/1/)(a%+(o/o/-+s .*.! ,a/'s o( /o$,s4! /'(o)*' /' &n1o(+o(a/&ono0 1(/a&n s-$,o%&1 s'a+s .*.! o1/a*ons! o( o$,L%&k s/()1/)(s4!and /'(o)*' v&s)a% &$a*s and &ns1(&+/&ons /'a/ (sona/d &/' 1o(,%&0s a,o)/ /' (&/)a% o( &/s 0o)nda/&ona% na((a/&vs .*.! fs'! s'+!o( d( d(&nk&n* 0(o$ 0o)n/a&ns o0 %&v&n* a/(4.GE3Ynd&v&d)a%s 'o (1&vd 7'(&s/&an ,a+/&s$ )nd(s/ood /'a/ /' (&/)a%a11o$+%&s'd $)%/&+% o,j1/&vs! a%% o0 '&1' a%/(d /'&( s+&(&/)a%GE3 Bv(a% s/)d&s 'av +(1dd /'&s on and a( )s0)% (0(n1s. >'- &n1%)d!P)1&n ;()-n! SPa d1o(a/&on!U 3O


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Z&(s/ o0 a%%! ,a+/&s$ as a (&/)a% o0 $$,(s'&+]&/ jo&nd /'1onv(/ /o /' 1o$$)n&/-. R&/)a%s o0 n(o%%$n/ ( (&n0o(1d ,-$/a+'o(s ,o/' v(,a% and v&s)a%4 o0 0a$&%&s! o1ks o0 s'+! 1o'o(/so0 so%d&(s! o( /a$s o0 a/'%/s. ;a+/&s$ as a%so a (&/)a% o0 1%ans&n*and (*n(a/&on. >' n%- ,a+/&zd s'd o%d s&ns and d&d /o 0o($(%&vs! )nd(s/and&n* /'$s%vs as (,o(n and *&vn a 0(s' s/a(/. >'&s

as+1/ o0 /' (&/)a% as 1onv-d /'(o)*' /' +(a1/&1s o0 :o(1&s$!d&s(o,&n*! ,a/'&n*! and (1&v&n* n *a($n/s.;a+/&s$ add&/&ona%%- &$+a(/d so$ k&nd o0 &nn( kno%d*X &n$an- +%a1s /' n%- ,a+/&zd ( (0((d /o as S&%%)$&na/&U and*&vn %&/ /a+(s as a s&*n o0 /'&( n%&*'/n$n/. >' &$a*(- o0 %&*'/as +(vas&v &n /' /:/s as %% as &n /' ds&*n and d1o(a/&on o0,a+/&s/(&s. >' +os/L,a+/&s$a% ano&n/&n* &/' s1n/d o&% sa%d /'n%- ,a+/&zd and s&*na%d /'&( 'av&n* (1&vd /' *&0/s o0 /' Mo%-B+&(&/! s-$,o%&zd ,- /' dov a/ Fs)sT ,a+/&s$. >'&( nakdnss &n a*a(dnL%&k s//&n* :+(ssd /'&( (/)(n /o a +(L%a+sa(&an &nno1n1.#%% /'s /(ans0o($a/&ons ( a(/&1)%a/d! v&s)a%%-! &n /' &n/(&o(so0 /' ,a+/&s$a% 1'a$,(s! &n /' ds&*n o0 0on/s! and vn &n /' ,as&1s/()1/)( o0 ,)&%d&n*s /'a/ 'o)sd /' (&/)a%.

6.1.Architectural Prototypes7(/a&n /-+s o0 Ro$an ,)&%d&n*s 'av *n(a% s&$&%a(&/&s /o /' ,a+/&s/(&s,)&%/ &n /' 0o)(/' /'(o)*' s&:/' 1n/)(&s. >' $os/ a++a(n/a( /'os 1n/(a%&zd and va)%/d s+a1s /'a/ 'o)sd ,a/'s o( s(vdas $a)so%a. >'s k&nds o0 ,)&%d&n*s a%so s'a(d a 1o$$on +)(+os&/' ,a+/&s$! '&1' as s&$)%/ano)s%- a ,a/' and a s-$,o%&1,)(&a%. 7and&da/s 0o( ,a+/&s$ 1o)%d 'av (1o*n&zd /' a(1'&/1/)(a%+a(a%%%s and d(&vd $an&n* 0(o$ /' s'a+ o0 /' s+a1. B1'o%a(%-o+&n&ons va(-! 'ov(! on '&1' o0 /'s +(L:&s/&n* s/()1/)(s ($os/ %&k%- /o 'av &n)n1d /' ds&*n o0 /' ,a+/&s/(- and &/s 0on/!

and '/'( /' $od%&n* as &n/ndd /o s(v a s-$,o%&1 +)(+oso( $(%- /' ada+/&on o0 a )s0)% 1n/(a%&zd ds&*n.

6.1.1. Baths#s d&s1)ssd a,ov! 7'(&s/&ans %&v&n* &n a%$os/ an- Ro$an 1&/- o)%d'av ,n 0a$&%&a( &/']and vn (*)%a( )s(s o0]/' +),%&1 ,a/'ss-$,o%&s$ &n ,a+/&s/(- ds&*n and d1o( 23Gthermae4. ;a+/&s$! o0 1o)(s! as a 0o($ o0 as'&n* and as d&s1)ssd&n /($s /'a/ ( ,o((od 0(o$ /' ,a/'s .*.! lavacra o(

piscina4.GEO>' Pa/&n o(d! baptisterium! (0((d /o a %a(* ,as&n o(piscina! 0o)nd &n /' rigidarium o0 a Ro$an ,a/'! and on%- %a/( /o a,as&n 0o( 7'(&s/&an ,a+/&s$.GEG Lavacrum! $an&n* an o(d&na(- ,a/'!as ano/'( /($ o0/n )sd &n /' Pa/&n Ns/ 0o( ,a+/&s$.GE87-+(&an o0 7a(/'a* (1o*n&zd /' s)+(f1&a% +a(a%%%s ,/nan o(d&na(- ,a/' and ,a+/&s$! ,)/ $+'as&zd /'&( +(o0o)nd d&_(n1s.Yn an a(*)$n/ a,o)/ /' [1a1- o0 s1'&s$a/&1 ,a+/&s$! ' )ss/' d&s/&n1/&on /o $ak '&s +o&n/JHo( &s /' as'&n* aa- o0 /' 1on/a*&on o0 /(ans*(ss&ons &n /' sa1(a$n/o0 sa%va/&on %&k /'a/ s1)%a( and 1o(+o(a% as'&n* o0 /' d&(/ o_/' sk&n and ,od-! '( /'( &s nd o0 as'&n* soda aphronitris4and s&$&%a( a&ds as %% as a ,a/'/), solio4 o( ,a/'&n* +oo% piscina4!

65


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,- '&1' o)( +)n- %&//% ,od&s a( a,% /o , as'd and 1%ansd. Ynano/'( a- /' ,(as/ o0 /' ,%&v( &s ,a/'dX &n ano/'( a- /' $&ndo0 /' +(son &s 1%ansd]/'(o)*' /' $(&/s o0 0a&/'.GEEPa/(! and 0(o$ a d&_(n/ +a(/ o0 /' o(%d! K(*o(- o0 H-ssa! saa s-$,o%&1 va%) &n /' +a(a%%%s. Yn a s($on on 7'(&s/Ts ,a+/&s$!+(a1'd on W+&+'an-! ' +(o1%a&$sJ S;)/ a/( s(vs /o :+(ss /'

1%ans&n*. Zo( s&n1 1)s/o$a(&%- as' &n a/( /o (nd( o)( ,od-1%an 'n &/ &s so&%d ,- d&(/ o( $)d! /'(0o( a++%- &/ a%so &nsa1(a$n/a% a1/&on! and d&s+%a- /' s+&(&/)a% ,(&*'/nss ,- /'a/ '&1'&s s),j1/ /o o)( snss . . . do no/ ds+&s /' d&v&n %av(! no( /'&nk%&*'/%- o0 &/! as a 1o$$on /'&n*! on a11o)n/ o0 /' )s o0 a/(.U GE=

>' 0o)(/'L1n/)(- ,&s'o+ eno o0 @(ona 1'os K(*o(-Ts +o&n/s.M v(,a%%- d+&1/s /' &ns&d o0 /' ,a+/&s/(- ,- ,o((o&n* and /(ans0o($&n*a s1n 0(o$ /' Ro$an ,a/'s. >' %&v&n* a/( &s a($d,- ,o/' /' Mo%- B+&(&/ and ,- f(! and &/s n/&1&n* $)($)( &nv&/sGEO 9n /'s /($s! s a,ov! 7'a+. O! +. a)0(&/n )nd an/&k ;ads&//n!U7A( 2


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et $alnea9 The Architectural and (ultural 2istory o Roman $aths #a(')sJ #a(')sgn&v(s&/- 6(ss!


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'ov(! a%so 1a%%d a//n/&on /o /' s&$&%a(&/&s ,/n $a)so%a and 1n/(a%&zd/'(on (oo$s. B a%so /' a(*)$n/ o0 6a)% B/-*(! ,%o +. 23=.23= 1'a+/( s&:/' ,)&%d&n* o0 1n/(a%&zd sa&n/sT /o$,Ls'(&ns martyria4 &n /' f0/'1n/)(- and /' asso1&a/&on o0 ,a+/&s$ &/' $a(/-(do$ 0)(/'( (&n0o(1d/'s +a(a%%%s.

5an- s1'o%a(s 'av a(*)d 0o( /' $a)so%)$Ts &n)n1 on /'ds&*n o0 0(s/and&n* ,a+/&s$a% s/()1/)(s. 6a)% B/-*( (0)/s /' +(o+osa%/'a/ ,a+/&s/(&s ( $od%d on thermae (oo$s o( nymphaea!a(*)&n* &ns/ad &/' %&//% v&dn14 /'a/ $an- ,a+/&s/(&s! &n1%)d&n*/'os o0 Ha+%s and Ravnna! ( o(&*&na%%- ,)&%/ /o , $a)so%a.G==#nd( K(a,a(Ts ,//(Ls)++o(/d /'o(- a(*)s /'a/ $a(/-(&a and ,a+/&s/(&s,o/' ,%on* /o /' *n(a% /-+ o0 /' $a)so%)$! so 1'a(a1/(&zd,- /'&( 1n/(a%&zd +%ans s)($o)n/d ,- va)%/s and do$s.K(a,a( s+1&f1a%%- d&s/&n*)&s's /' %on*&/)d&na% (1/an*)%a(4 ,as&%&1a+%an /'a/ s(vd (*)%a( 1on*(*a/&ona% o(s'&+ 0(o$ /' 1n/(a%L+%an$a(/-(&a and ,a+/&s/(&s &/' /'&( d&s/&n1/ 1)%/&1 0)n1/&ons. #%/'o)*''&s (sa(1' *n(a%%- 0o1)sd on /' dv%o+$n/ o0 /' $a(/-(&)$!

K(a,a( d(as /' +a(a%%%s ,/n /'os ,)&%d&n*s and ,a+/&s/(&s.G=A^(a)/'&$( add&/&ona%%- &dn/&fs /' 0a/)(s /'a/ so$4 ,a+/&s/(&ss'a( &/' $a)so%a /'a/ /'- do no/ s'a( &/' o/'( Ro$an$on)$n/s. >'s &n1%)d &nn( a$,)%a/o(&s 1ov(d ,- ,a((%va)%/s /'a/ a( s+a(a/d ,- 1o%onnads 0(o$ do$d 1n/(a% (oo$s.#n :1%%n/ :a$+% o0 /'&s +%an &s Ro$Ts 5a)so%)$ o0 B/a. 7ons/anzaf*. 8.


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S;a+/&s/(- o0 B/a. 7ons/anza!U ,1a)s &/s ds&*n s)**s/d /'a/ &/ $)s/'av ,n $an/ &/ /o , on f*. 8.' 71&%&a 5/%%a $a)so%)$ on /' #++&an Na-o_(s ano/'( a(%- &$+(&a%L(a :a$+% o0 a 1-%&nd(&1a% $a)so%)$.GA3 B ;(andn,)(*!Ancient (hurches o Rome! E3Q=8.Z&*. 8.< 5a)so%)$ o0 B/a. 7ons/anza! :/(&o(! Ro$! 0o)(/' 1n/)(-.6'o/oJ #)/'o(.2OC 1'a+/( s&:/' ,a+/&s/(- o0 B/a. >'1%a.GAOI/ ano/'( :a$+% o0 a 0(Ls/and&n*o1/a*ona% &$+(&a% $a)so%)$ &s /'a/ o0 /' 9s/(a*o/'&1 ^&n*

>'odo(&1! ,)&%/ &n /' a(%- s&:/' 1n/)(- &n Ravnna.GAG Bo$'a/ ,-1on/(as/! /' soL1a%%d $a)so%)$ o0 Ka%%a 6%a1&d&a! ,)&%/ ,/n O2Gand OGC! 'ad a 1n/(a%&zd 1()1&0o($ +%an +(o,a,%- $od%d a0/( /'7')(1' o0 /' Mo%- #+os/%s &n 7ons/an/&no+%! a 1()1&0o($Ls'a+d

$a)so%)$Ls'(&n 1ons/()1/d 0o( 7ons/an/&n.GA87ons/an/&n a%so ,)&%/ /o 0a$o)s s/()1/)(s &n /' Mo%- Pand/'a/ $(*d a ,as&%&1a &/' a $a)so%)$! n&/'( o0 /'$ /1'n&1a%%-4/o$,s. 9n! /' 7')(1' o0 /' Ha/&v&/- &n ;/'%'$! 0a/)(da %a(* o1/a*ona% 'a%% a//a1'd /o &/s as/ s&d /o 'o)s /' (o1k *(o//o/'a/ as /(ad&/&ona%%- &dn/&fd as /' s&/ o0 Fs)sT ,&(/'. >' o/'(as ,)&%/ on /' s&/ o0 Fs)sT /o$, and (s)((1/&on]/' Mo%- B+)%1'(.

>' (o/)nda! knon as /' #nas/as&s Rs)((1/&on4 as ds1(&,d&n W)s,&)sT Lie o (onstantine! as a 1&(1)%a( ,)&%d&n* /o++d ,- a'$&s+'(&1a% do$ s)++o(/d ,- /%v 1o%)$ns /o (+(sn/ /'/%v a+os/%s4.GAE>'&s &n)n/&a% ,)&%d&n* as &/s%0 /' +(o/o/-+0o( $an- s'(&ns 1ons/()1/d &n %a/( 1n/)(&s! s+1&a%%- &n Ns/(n

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