tai lieu ktcc

8/3/2019 Tai Lieu Ktcc

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MN HC

KINH TCNG CNG

Ths NGUYN KIM LANKhoa Kinh tquc t, HNT

[email protected]

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NI DUNG MN HCChng I: TNG QUAN VVAI TR CA CHNH PHTRONG NN KINH

TTH TRNG VI TNG NGHIN CU CA MN HC KINHT CNG CNGChng II: CHNH PHVI VAI TR PHN BNGUN LC NHM NNG

CAO HIU QUKINH T

Chng III: CHNH PHVI VAI TR PHN PHI LI THU NHP VMBO CNG BNG X HI

Chng IV: CHNH PHVI VAI TRN NH KINH TV M

Chng V: LA CHN CNG CNG

Chng VI:NHNG CNG CCHNH SCH CAN THIP CHYU CACHNH PHTRONG NN KINH TTH TRNG

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CHNG1

TNG QUAN VVAI TR CACHNH PHTRONG NN KINH T

TH TR NG VI T NGNGHIN C U CA MN HC KINH

TCNG CNG

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NI DUNG CHNH

1. CHNH PH TRONG NN KINH T TH TRNG

2. C SKHCH QUAN CHO S CAN THIPCA CHNH PHVO NN KINH T

3. CHC NNG, NGUYN TC V NHNGHN CH TRONG S CAN THIP CACHNH PH VO NN KINH T TH TRNG

4. I TNG, NI DUNG VPHNG PHPNGHIN CU MN HC

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1. CHNH PHTRONG NN KINH TTH TRNG

1.1 Qu trnh pht trin nhn thc vvai trca Chnh Ph

1.2 S thay i vai tr Chnh Ph trong thctin pht trin ca thk20

1.3 c im chung ca khu vc cng cng1.4 Khu vc cng cng Vit Nam1.5 Chnh Ph trong vng tun hon kinh t

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1.1 Qu trnh pht trin nhn thc vvaitr ca Chnh Ph

Khi nim Chnh Ph: CP l mt t chcc thit lp thc thi nhng quyn lcnht nh, iu tit hnh vi ca cc c nhn

sng trong x hi nhm phc v cho li chchung ca x hi v ti tr cho vic cungcp nhng hng ha, dch v thit yu mx hi c nhu cu.


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Chc nng ca Chnh ph:- iu tit hnh vi ca cc c nhn.- Phc v li ch chung ca X hi- Cung cp hng ho v dch vcngcng

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L thuyt Bn tay v hnh ca AdamSmith

nn KTTT thun tyQuan im ca Karl Marx, Angel, Lenin

nn KT khoch ha tp trungCi cch kinh t (trong c VN)

nn KT hn hp

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1.2 S thay i vai tr CP trong thc tinpht trin ca thk20

Thp k50-70: Chnh ph ng vai trquan trng

Thp k80: thu hp s can thip caChnh ph

Thp k90: kt hp vi KVTN trong qutrnh pht trin

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1.3 c im chung ca khu vc cngcng

Khi nim khu vc cng cng

Phn bngun lc:Theo c ch th trngTheo c chphi th trng

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1.3 c im chung ca khu vc cngcng (tip)

Cc l nh vc c bn c coi l KVCC:H thng cc c quan quyn lc ca NNH thng quc phng, an ninh, trt t an tonXHH thng KCHT kthut v x hiCc lc lng kinh tca Chnh phH thng an sinh x hi

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2. C SKHCH QUAN CHO SCANTHIP CA CP VO NN KINH T

2.1 Tiu chun vhiu qu s dng ngunlc

2.2 nh lc bn ca Kinh thc Phc li2.3 Tht bi ca th trng c s Chnh

phcan thip vo nn kinh t


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2.1 Tiu chun v s dng ngun lc

2.1.1 Hiu quPareto v hon thin Pareto

Hiu qu Pareto: Mt s phn b ngunlc c gi l t hiu qu Pareto nunh khng c cch no phn b li ccngun lc lm cho t nht mt ngic li hn m khng lm thit hi nbt k ai khc

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Hon thin Pareto:Nu cn tn ti mtcch phn b li cc ngun lc lm cho tnht mt ngi c li hn m khngphi lm thit hi cho bt k ai khc thcch phn b li cc ngun lc l honthin Pareto so vi cch phn bban u.

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- MB>MC:cha hiuquv tng sn lngcn lmtng cPLXH- MB


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2.3 Tht bi ca th trng c s CPcan thip vo nn kinh t

2.3.1 Tht bi v tnh hiu qu (C2)- c quyn- Ngoing- Hng ha cng cng- Thng tin khngi xng

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2.3 Tht bi ca th trng c s CPcan thip vo nn kinh t

2.3.2 Tht bi do s bt n nh mang tnhcht chu k ca nn kinh t (C4)2.3.3 Tht bi vcng bng (C3)

2.3.4 Hng ha khuyn dng v phikhuyn dng

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3. CHC NNG, NGUYN TC V NHNGHN CH TRONG SCAN THIP CA CPVO NN KTTT

3.1 Chc nng ca CP

3.1.1 Phn b ngu n l c nh m nng cao hi u qu kinh t

3.1.2 Phn ph i l i thu nh p v m b o cng b ng x h i

3.1.3 n nh ha kinh t v m

3.1.4 i di n cho qu c gia trn tr ng qu c t 22

3.2 Nguyn tc c bn cho s can thipca CP vo nn KTTT

3.2.1 Nguyn tc h tr

3.2.2 Nguyn tc tng hp

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3.3 Nhng hn chca Chnh phkhican thip

3.3.1 Hn chdo thiu thng tin

3.3.2 Hn chdo thiu kh nng kim sotphn ng ca cc c nhn3.3.3 Hn chdo thiu kh nng kim sotbmy hnh chnh

3.3.4 Hn chdo qu trnh ra quyt nhcng cng

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4. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU MN HC

4.1 Phng php phn tch thc chng l m t phng php phn tch khoa h c nh m

tm ra m i quan h nhn qu gi a cc bi n s kinh t 4.2 Phng php phn tch chun tc l phng php phn tch d a trn nh ng nh n nh ch quan c b n v iu g ng c ho c c n lm t c nh ng k t qu mong mu n


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CHNG2CHNH PHV I VAI TR PHN B

NGUN L C NHM NNG CAOHIU QUKINH T

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1. C QUYN1.1 c quyn thng

1.1.1 Khi ni m

c quy n thng l tr ng thi th trngch c duy nh t m t ngi bn v s nxu t ra s n ph m khng c lo i hng hano thay th g n g i.

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1.1 c quyn thng

1.1.2 Nguyn nhn xut hin c quync quy n xu t hin l k t qu ca qu

trnh c nh tranhDo c CP nhng quy n khai thc th trng

Do ch bn quy n i vi pht minh,sng ch v s h u tr tu

Do s h u c mt ngu n l c c bit

Do c kh nng gim gi thnh khi m rng s n xu t c quy n t nhin 28

1.1 c quyn thng (tip)

1.1.3 T n th t phc l i do c quy nthng gy ra

Cnh tranh: MB = MC = Pc quy n: MR = MCdt ABC l dt m t tr ng hayt n th t v ch do c quy n(CM)Li nhu n c quy n =Q1(P 1- AC(Q1) )

0 Q1 Q0 Q

c quyn th ng

D = MB

P

P1

P0

MR

C

AC

MC

A

B

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1.1 c quyn thng (tip)

1.1.4 Cc gii php can thip ca CPBan hnh lut php v chnh sch chngc quyn

Kim sot gi c nh thuS hu nh nc

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1.2 c quyn t nhin trng hp cac c ng nh dch vcng

1.2.1 Khi ni mc quy n t nhin l tnh tr ng trong ccy u t hm ch a trong qu trnh s n xu t cho php hng c th lin t c gim chi ph s nxu t khi quy m s n xu t m rng, do dn n cch t ch c sn xu t hi u qu nh tl ch thng qua m t hng duy nh t.


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1.2 c quyn t nhin trng hpca cc ngnh dch vcng

1.2.2 S phi hi u qu ca c quy n t nhinkhi cha b iu ti tCP s l m th no iu ti t th trng QTN?

E

G B M

$

A

AC

MC

MR D

Q1

Q2

Q0

Q

P2

P1

F

N

P0

0

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1.2 c quyn t nhin trng hp cacc ngnh dch vcng (tip)

1.2.3 Cc ch i n l c iu ti t QTN ca CPMc tiu : gi m P, tng Q n m c sn lng t iu i vi x h i.Gii php :

t gi t r n P C = P 0 .u i m :nh c i m :

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1.2 c quyn t nhin trng hp cacc ngnh dch vcng (tip)

nh gi tr n P C = AC u im:nhc im:

nh gi hai ph n :u i m:nh c i m:

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2. NGOI NG

2.1 Khi ni m v phn lo i

2.1.1 Khi nim : Khi hnh ng c a m t itng (c th l c nhn ho c hng) c nhhng tr c ti p n phc l i ca m t i tngkhc, nhng nh ng nh hng li khngc ph n nh trong gi c th trng th nhhng c gi l cc ngo i ng .

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2.1 Khi nim v phn loi (tip)

2.1.2 Ph n lo i: g m 2 l o iNgo i ng tiu c c & ngo i ng tch c c

Ngo i ng t iu c c

N go i ng tch c c

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2.1 Khi nim v phn loi (tip)

2.1.3 c im

Chng c th do c hot ng sn xut lntiu dng gy raNgoi ng tch cc v tiu cc ch l tngi, ph thuc vo i tng chu tc ng.Tt c cc ngoi ng u phi hiu qu, nuxt di quanim x hi.


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2.2 Ngoing tiu cc2.2.1 S phi hiu q u ca ngo i ng tiu c c

Gi s nh my ha cht vmt HTXnh c ang sdng chung mt ci h.

MPC+ MEC= MSCMc sn lng ti u thtrng: Q1: MPC = MBMc sn lng ti u xhi: Q0: MSC = MBQ1>Q0 => t n th t PLXH = dt ABC

A

0 Q 0 Q1 Q

Ngoi ng tiu c c

Eb

a

MB, MC

Thit h iHTX ph ich u thm

L inhu n

nhmy cthm

MEC

B

C

MSC = MPC + MEC

MPC

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2.2 Ngoing tiu cc (tip)

Cc gii php c a Chnh ph

nh thu Pigou: Th u Pigou l lo i thu nh v omi n v sn ph m u raca hng gy nhi m, sao chon ng b ng chi ph ngo i ng b i n t i m c sn lng t iu x h i.=> H n ch

Mc tiu : gi m s n lng c a hng gy N t iu c c v snlng t i u XH

ba

E

A

MSC = MPC + MECMB, MC

MPC + t

0 Q0 Q1 Q

nhthu i v i ngoi ngtiuc c

MEC

B

MPC

C

MB

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Tr c p : v i mi n vsn lng m nh myng ng s n xu t th chnhph s tr c p cho h mtkho n b ng MEC t i QO=> H n ch

E

A

0 Q0 Q1 Q

Tr cp i v i ngoi ngtiuc c

C

MB, MC

B

MPC

MEC

a b

MB

MSC = MPC + MEC


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2.2.2 Gii php kh c phc ngoi ng tiu c c

Cc gii php ca t nhnQuy nh quy n s h u ti s n: nh l Coase

pht biu rng, nu chi ph giao dch l khngngk th c th a ra mt gii php hiu qu i vingoing bng cch trao quyn s hu cc ngunlc c cc bn s dng chung cho mt bn no. Ngoi ng s bin mt thng qua m phngia cc bn.

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Gis quyn SH h c trao cho NMHC. HTX sn sng n b:MEC ti J Mc n b MB-MPC ti J

Gis quyn SH h c trao cho HTX. NMHC sn sng n b:MEC ti J Mc n b MB-MPC ti J

Hn ch:Vic trao QSH ngun lc chung cho bn no c ngh a phn phikhc nhau.lCoase ch p dng trong TH chi phm phn kong k.nh l ny cng ngm nh l ch s hu ngun lc c th xcnh c nguyn nhn gy thit hi cho ti sn ca h v c thngn chn iu bng lut php.

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Sp nh p: ni ha ngoi ng bngcch sp nhp cc bn lin quan vinhau.

Dng d lu n x h i: S dng d lun,tp tc, l thi x hi. Kh ph bin gpphn ci thin mitrng sinh thi.


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2.3 Ngoing t ch cc

Khi khng c s iu ti tca CP, t n th t PLXH tim c tiu dng Q 1 l dtUVZ.

Gii php : M c tiu tngsn lng ln m c snlng t i u ca x h i.

0 Q1 Q0 Q

Ngoi ngtchc c

V

MPB MC

MSB = MPB + MEB

MB, MC

MEB

Z

U T

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2.3 Ngoing t ch cc (tip)

Tr c p Pigou : l m c tr c p trn m i n v snph m u ra c a hng t o rango i ng tch c c, sao chon ng b ng l i ch ngo i ng bin t i m c sn lngt i u x h i

MPB m i = MPB + s sn lng t i u ti Q0

0 Q1 Q0 Q

Tr cp i v i ngoi ngtchc c

M

N

MPB+s

V

MPB MC

MSB = MPB + MEBMB, MC

MEB

Z

U T

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2.3 Ngoing t ch cc (tip)

Hn ch:- Tr cp to gnh nng cho ngi tr

thu- Mt hnh ng to ra li ch cho XH

cha ngh tr cp cho hnhng .

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3. HNG HA CNG CNG

3.1 Khi ni m v thu c tnh c bn ca HHCC

3.1.1 Khi ni m chung v HHCC:Hng ha cng c ng l nh ng lo i hng ham vi c m t c nhn ny ang hng th lich do hng ha t o ra khng ngn cnnh ng ngi khc cng ng th i hng th li ch ca n.

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3.1 Khi nim v thuc tnhc bn caHHCC (tip)3.1.2 Thuc tnhc bn ca HHCC:

Khng c tnh c nh tranh trong tiu dng: khi cthm mt ngi s dng HHCC s khng lmgim li ch tiu dng ca nhng ngi tiudng hin c.

Khng c tnh lo i tr trong tiu dng:khng th loi tr hoc r t t n km n umu n loi tr nh ng c nhn t ch i khngch u tr ti n cho vi c tiu dng c a mnh.

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3.1 Khi nim v thuc tnhc bn caHHCC (tip)

3.1.3 HHCC thun ty v HHCN thun tyHHCN thun ty va c tnh cnh tranh trongtiu dng, va d dng loi tr tt c nhng aikhng sn sng thanh ton theo mc gi thtrng.HHCC thun ty l HHCC cy hai thuctnh ni trn


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3.1.3 HHCC thun ty v khng thun tyHHCC thu n ty: l nh ng hng ha c y hai thu c tnh c b n c a HHCC

HHCC khng thu n ty : l nh ng hng ha ch c m t trong hai thu c tnh c b n c a HHCC ho c c c hai thu c tnh nhng m t trong hai thu c tnh m nh t

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HHCC khng thun ty gm 2 loi:Lo i 1: HHCC c th lo i tr b ng gi : l nhng thhng ham li ch do chng to ra c th nh gi.

V d: thu ph qua cu

Lo i 2: HHCC c th t c ngh n : l nh ng hngha m khi c thm nhi u ngi cng s dngchng th c th gy ra s tc ngh n khi n li chca nh ng ngi t iu dng trc b gim st.

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3.2.1. Cung cp HHCC thun ty

Xt th trng ch gm 2 c nhn A, Btiu dng mt loi HHCN X.Lng cu tng hp: qX = qA + qBTT cnh tranh HH nn:pX = pA = pB ng cu tng hp v HHCN xcnh bng nguyn t c c ng ngang cc ng cu c nhn ca HHCN.

a. Xy d ng ng c u t ng h p

ng c u t ng h p v HHCN

SX

P

p E

DA DB DX

0 qA qB QX HHCN (X)

Cngngang ng cuHHCC

im cn b ng E l giao c a ng c u t ng h p v i ng cung l im phn b hng ha X t hi u qu Pareto

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3.2.1. Cung cp HHCC thun ty (tip) ng c u t ng h p v HHCC

Xt th trng gm 2 c nhn A v B,tiu dng mt loi HHCC l pho hoaGG l HHCC nn:qA= qB = qGTng li ch bin ca XH:MBG= MBA+ MBBNguyn tc ny c gi l nguyn t c c ng d c cc ng cu cnhn ca HHCC.

SG

E

DG

DB

DA

MB,T

T*

tB

tA

F

0 Q* HHCC (G)Cng dc ng cuHHCC

a thm ng cung HHCC,im cn bng trn th trng HHCC tiim F, c lng HHCC cung cp l Q0 t hiu quPareto.Ghi ch : Sn lng tiu dng cng nhiu th ng cu vHHCN cng

thoi nhng ng cu vHHCC cng dc

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N g uy n t c t nguy n ( Kh u v c t nhn cung c p) : t t c cc c nhn s ph i tr ti ncho 1 n v sn lng tiu dng ng = l i ch

bin h nh n c t HHCC k n khng

b. Cung c p HHCC thu n ty v v n k n khng

3.2.1. Cung cp HHCC thun ty (tip)

K n khng l nh ng ng i tm cch h ng th l i ch c a HHCC m khng ng gp m t ng nocho chi ph s n xu t v cung c p HHCC .

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3.2.2. Cung c p HHCC khng thu n ty

a. HHCC c th loi tr bng giQuan im chung l nn dng gi c loi tr bt vic tiu dng HHCC.Tuy nhin, khi hng ha khng b tc ngh n, s dng gi lm gi mmc tiu dng th s gy t n th tFLXH


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3.2.2. Cung cp HHCC khng thun ty

V d: thu ph qua mt chic cuCng sut thit k (im tcnghn: Qc)Lt qua cu ti a: QmNu Qm Qc MC = 0.Nu Qm > Qc MC >0.P = 0, PLXH ? P >0, PLXH?; T n th t PLXH ? Kt lun: Nu HH c th loi trbng gi, nhng MC = 0 th nncung cp min ph hay cung cpcng cng.

A

Ph

Tn tht phcl i khi thuph qua cu

imtcnghn

0 Q* Qm Qc

P*

E

S l tqua cu

(Q)

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3.2.2. Cung cp HHCC khng thun ty

b. HCCC c kh nng tc ngh ni vi nh ng HHCC c th tc ngh n, nnloi tr bt vic tiu dng trnh tnhtrng t c ng h n.Nu chi ph th c hin vi c loi tr liqu l n th CP s ph i chp nh n cung c pcng c ng hng ha ny.

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3.2.2. Cung cp HHCC khng thun ty (tip)

V d: thu ph qua mt cy cu.Khi Q>Qc th MC >0 vtng dn Ti uti E (P*,Q*). thc h in thu ph qua cu xhin chi ph giao dch ph tng ln nP1C 2 la chn:Cung cp c nhn (P1,Q1) ch ng minh?

dt TTPLXH W1 = dt BQ1QcECung cp cng cng (0,Qm) ch ng minh?

dt TTPLXH W2 = dt ECQm.Nu W1 > W2 cung cp cng cng hiuqu

W2 > W1 cung cp t nhn hiu qu.

ng cu

P($)

A

P1

P*

0 Q1 Qc Q* Qm Q

Cung cpHHCC mvic loi tr tnkm

B

E

Cngsutthit k

C

MC

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3.3 Cung cp cng cng H ng ha c nhn

3.3.1 Khi no HHCN c cung c p cng c ng

Do m c ch t thi nKhi chi ph c a vi c cu ng c p c nhn l n hn so v i c hiph c a vi c cung c p c n g c ng

P

0 Q1 QM Q

P

P1

P0

Tuynhin vic cung c pcng cng HHCN sdn nhin tng tiudng qumc

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3.3.2 Kh c ph c hin tng tiu dng qu m c

ng cung SX c gi thi t lng n m ngang MC.-Khng h n ch tiu dng: Qm- t iu dng t i u ti Q*.-Hn ch t iu dng b ng cch nhsu t ng u m c tiu dngQ*/2.- - u im- - Hn ch

DA DB DX

0 q1Q* q2 Q* Qm Q2

nhsut ng u

MC

P

nh su t ng u l hnh th ccung c p mt l ng HHCN nh nhau cho t t c mi ng i, khngcn c vo c u c th ca h .

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3.3.2 Kh c ph c hin tng tiu dng qu m c

Xp hng : L vi c th c hi n nguyn t c ai n tr c c ph c v tr c hay bu c c nhn ph i tr gi cho hng ho c cung

c p mi n ph b ng th i gian ch i.=> Hn ch


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4. THNG TIN KHNG I XNG

Th t bi v thng tin c a th trngg m c 2 d ng:Thng tin mang tnh ch t ca HHCC nnth t b i gi ng m i HHCC khc.Th t bi v thng tin khng i x ng haytnh tr ng xu t hin trn th trng khi m tbn no tham gia giao d ch th trngc c thng tin y hn bn kia v cc c tnh c a s n ph m.

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4.1 Tnh phi hiu quca TT do thng tinkhngi xng

P0

D1

D0

A

B

C

P

P1

0 Q1 Q0 Q

Thng tin khngi x ng vphang i mualmth tr ngcung cp

d i m c hiu qu

SV d 1: TT koi xng v pha ngimuaDt ABC l tn tht PLXH do vic tiudng di mc hiu qu (do ngi muanhn c thng tin koi xng bngngi bn)

Do , nu ngi SX c th cung cpthng tin v cht lng ch thc ca snphm cho ngi TD vi chi ph nh hnphn mt trng th nn xc tin vic cungcp thng tin.

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4.1 T nh phi hiu quca TT do thng tin khngixng (tip)

V d 2 : TT ko i x ng v pha ngi bnTh trng b o him. Thng tin khng ix ng lm th trng cung c p nhi u hnm c t i u x h i (ngi bn nh n cthng tin khng i x ng b ng ngi mua)

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4.4. Gii php khc phc thng tin khngixng

Cc gii php c a t nhnXy d ng thng hiu v qu ng coBo hnh s n ph mCh ng nh n ca cc t ch c c lp, cchip hi ngh nghi pCung c p thng tin

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4.4. Gii php khc phc thng tin khngixng (tip)

Cc gii php c a Chnh P hXy d ng cc khun kh php lChnh ph ng ra lm c quan c pch ng nh n, ch ng ch H tr vic cung c p thng tin

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CHNG3

CH NH PHVI VAI TRPHN PHI LI THU NHP V M BO CNG BNG X HI


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1. CNG BNG X HI TRONGPHN PHI THU NHP

1.1 Khi ni m cng b ng1.1.1 Cng b ng d c

Cng b ng d c l s i x c phn bi t gi anh ng ngi c v tr khc nhau trong x h i.

Nguyn t c chung: N u hai ngi c v tr khcnhau trong x h i th sau khi s tc ng c a chnhsch phn ph i li th kho ng cch gi a h ph igim xu ng.

68

1.1 Khi nim cng bng (tip)

Cng b ng ngang l s i x nh nhau ivi nh ng ngi c v t r ban u nh nhau trongx h i.

Nguyn t c chung: N u hai ngi c v tr banu nh nhau tro ng x h i th sau khi s tc ngca c/sch p hn ph i li th h vn ph i c v tr nh nhau.

1.1.2 Cng b ng ngang

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1.2 Thc o mc bt bnhngtrong phn phi thu nhp

Khi nim : ng cong Lorenz bi u th m ilin h gi a t l ph n trm thu nh p qu c dncng d n v ph n trm dn s cng d n tng ng.

1.2.1 ng Lorenz

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1.2.1 ng Lorenz (tip)Cc bc xy dng ng cong Lorenz:- B1: Sp xp dn c theo th t c thu nhp tng dn.- B2: chia dn s thnh cc nhm c sdn bng nhau(thng chia thnh 5 nhm, mi nhmc gi l ngphn v).- B3: Tnh phn trm thu nhp quc dn cng dn caphn trm dn scng dn tng ng.- B4: a phn trm thu nhp quc dn cng dn votrc tung, % dn scng dn vo trc honh. Ni ccim phn nh %TNQD cng dn ca % dn scngdn tng ng, ta c ng cong Lorenz.

71

u i m:- ng Lorenz ph n nh t l ph n trm ca t ngTNQD c ng d n c p hn ph i tng ng v i t l ph ntrm cng d n ca c c n hm d n s bi t.

- n g L c ung c p m t c i nhn tr c gic v BB thunh p- ng L trong th c t lun n m gi a ng B tuy t i v BBtuy t i.

1.2.1 ng Lorenz (tip)

72

1.2.1 ng Lorenz (tip)

Hn ch :- Cha lng ha c m c BB thnh

mt ch s do m i s so snh ch mang

tnh ch t nh tnh.- Trong trng h p cc ng L giao nhau thkh c c m t cu k t lun nh t qun ivi m c BB.


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1.2 Thc o mc bt b nh ng trongphn phi thu nhp (tip)

1.2.2 H s GiniKhi nim: H s Gini l h s cho bi tt l gi a di n tch t o ra b i ngphn gic OO v ng Lorenz v i dintch tam gic OEO.

74

1.2.2 H sGini (tip)

K t lu n v h s Gini: u i m : L m t thc o kh thu n li so snhs BBgi a cc qu c gia, cc vng mi n qua cc giaion khc nhau.Hn ch :

- Khng c kt lun nh t qun khi hai ng L c tnhau.

- Cha tch c s BBchung thnh cc nguynnhn khc nhau gy ra s BB .

75

1.2 Thc o mc bt bnhng trongphn phi thu nhp (tip)

Khi ni m: Ch s Theil L l i lng xc nh s BBd a trn l thuy t thng tin/ xc su t.Ch s Theil L c xc nh theo cng th c sau:

1.2.3 Ch s Theil L

n

i=1 y iN

YL = ln

76

1.2.3 Ch sTheil L (tip)

u i m c a ch s Theil L:- Lm tng trng s ca ngi c t hu nh p th p- K hc v i h s Gini, ch s The il L cho php chng ta

phn tch s b t b nh ng chung thnh b t b nh ngtrong t ng nhmnh .

77

T s Kuznets: L t trng thu nh p ca x% ngi g iu nh tchia cho y% ngi ng ho n h t. Nh ng gi tr ca t s nyth c th t l nh ng m u n m trn ng Lorenz.

1.2.4 Cc ch s khc

Thu nhp x% giunht

Thu nhp y% nghonhtk = % thunhp =

u i mNh c i m

78

1.3 Nguyn nhn gy ra s bt b nhng trong phn phi thu nhp

1.3.1 B t bnh ng trong phn ph i thu nh pt ti s n

Nhm cc nhn t nh s n: y l nh ngnhn t gy ra s b t bnh ng v thunh p n m ngoi kh nng kim sot v chiph i ca cc c nhn.


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1.3.1 Bt bnhng trong phn phi thu nhp t tisn (tip)

Thu nhp ny c hnh thnh t ccngun:Doc tha k ti snDo hnh vi tiu dng v tit kim khcnhau ca cc c nhn nh hng lnn s khc nhau v ca ci tch lyc.Do kt qukinh doanh

80

1.3 Nguyn nhn gy ra s bt b nh ngtrong phn phi thu nhp (tip)

1.3.2 B t bnh ng trong phn ph i thu nh pt lao ng

Nhm cc nhn t do ti nng v cng s cca cc c nhn chi ph i: cc c nhn c k nng lao ng, iu kin lao ng v tnhch t ngh nghi p kh c nhau s dn n thunh p khc nhau

81

1.3.2 Bt bnhng trong phn phi thunhp t lao ng (tip)

Mt s nguyn nhn dn n bt bnh ng trongphn phi TN t lao ng:Do khc nhau v kh nng, k nng Ldn nkhc nhau v thu nhp.Do khc nhau v cng lm vicDo khc nhau v ngh nghip v tnh cht cngvicDo nhng nguyn nhn khc

82

4. I NGHO V CC GII PHPXA I GIM NGHO

4.1 Quan nim v i ngho v thco i ngho

4.2 T nh h nh i ngho Vit Nam vnh hng ch nh sch xa igim ngho

83

4.1 Quan nim v i ngh o v thc oi ngh o

4.1.1 i ngho v cc kh a cnhca i ngh o

4.1.2 Thc o i ngho

84

4.1.1 i ngho v cc kh a cnh cai ngho

S khn cng v vt cht, c olng theo mt tiu ch th ch hp v thunhp hoc tiu dng.

S hng th thiu thn v gi o dc vy t.Nguyc d b tn thng v d gp riro, t nh trng khng c ting ni vquyn lc ca ngi ngh o.


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b. La chn v c t nh ngngngho

Kh i ni m ng ng ngh o: Ngng ngh o l ranh gii phn bitgia ngi ngho v ngi khngngho

86

b. La chn v c t nhngng ngho (tip)

Ng ng ngh o tuy t i: l chun tuyti vmc sng c coi l ti thiu cnthit c nhn hoc h gia nh c thtn ti khomnh.Ng ng ngh o tng i: c x c nhtheo phn phi thu nhp hoc tiu d ngchung trong c nc phn nh t nhtrng ca mt b phn dn c sng dimc trung b nh ca cng ng

87

c. C c thc o i ngho thngdng

Cng thc:

yi l mc chi tiu (hoc thu nhp) tnh trnu ngi, tnh chongi th i , z lngng ngho,N l tng dn s, M l sngi ngho v l i lng o mc quan tmn s bt bnhng gianhng ngi ngho.

P = M

i

i

z

y z

N 1

)(1

88

Gii thch cng th c

= 0, ng thc phn nh ch s m u hay t l i ngh o.

= 1, ng thc thhin khong ngh o.Kho ng ngh o c t nh l t ng c c m c thi u h t c a t t c ng i ngh o trong n n kinh t .

= 2, ta c ch sb nh phng kho ng ngh o. Ch sn y thhin mc nghimtrng (haycng ) ca i ngh o

89

CHNG5

LA CHN CNG CNG

90

NI DUNG CHNH

1. Li ch ca la chn cng cng.2. La chn cng cng trongc ch

biu quyt trc tip.3. La chn cng cng trongc chbiu quyt i din.


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1. LI CH CA LA CHNCNG CNG

1.1. Khi nim ca la chn cng cng1.2. c im ca la chn cng cng1.3. Li ch ca la chn cng cng

92

1.1. Khi nim ca LCCC

L a ch n cng c ng l m t qu trnh m trong mu n c a cc c nhn c k t h p l i trong m t quy t nh t p th .

93

1.2. c im ca LCCC

Tnh cht khng thphn chiaTnh cht cng chTc dng ca LCCC: huy ng cngun lc v sc mnh tp th t nng kh nng li ch.

94

2. LA CHN CNG CNG TRONG CCH BiU QUYT TRC TIP

2.1 Cc nguyn tc la chn cng cng2.2 Cc phin bn ca nguyn tc biu

quyt theo a s2.3 nh l Bt khthi ca Arrow

95

2.1 Cc nguyn tc la chn cngcng

2.1.1 Nguyn tc nht tr tuyt i2.1.2 Nguyn tc biu quyt theo a s

gin n (tng i)2.1.3 Nguyn tc biu quyt theo a s

tuyt i

96

2.1.1 Nguyn tc nht tr tuyt i

a. Ni dung ca nguyn tcb. M tm hnh Lindahl

c. Tnh kh thi ca m hnh Lindahld. Hn chca m hnh Lindahl


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97

a. Ni dung ca nguyn tc

Nguyn t c nh t tr tuy t i l m t nguynt c quy nh: mt quy t nh ch c thngqua khi v ch khi c s th ng nh t (ng )ca t t c cc thnh vin (100%) trong m t cng ng no .

98

b. M tm hnh Lindahl

Hon cnh nghin cuM t- Gii thchPhn tchKt lun

99

Hon cnh nghin cu

C 2 c nhn A v Bang bn bc raquyt nh thungi bo v.Gi tA l gi thum ngi A phi tr thu ngi bo v;tB l gi thuca ngi B phi tr.=> tA + tB = 1.

100

M t - Gii thch

O'

O

t* E

DB

DA

Q*

Q

Q

tB

tA

S ngi bo v

S ngi bo v

Gi thu

M hnh Lindahl

101

Phn tch

Nu tA# t* (hay tng ng l tB#1-t*) thcha c mt s nht tr chung v lngdch v c cung cp.Nu tA= t* (hay tng ng l tB=1-t*) thc mt s nht tr chung v lng dchv c cung cp l Q*.

102

Kt lun

Cn bng Lindahl l mt cp gi Lindahlm ti cp gi , mi c nhn u nhttr vmt lng HHCCnh nhau.Cn bng Lindahl l cn bng c thchin da trn nguyn tc nht tr tuyti.


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103

c. Tnh kh thi ca m hnh Lindahl

Nu tm rac cn bng ny th s mbo mc cung ng HHCC l hiu qu vphn nh c ng li ch m tng cnhn nhn c tHHCC.

104

d. Hn chca m hnh Lindahl

Nu c ngi mun thnh k n khng th cnbng Lindahl s tht bi.Tn thi gian t c nht tr tuyt i do chi ph quyt nh thng cao, t hiu qu.Sc mnh ph quyt ca mt ngi bng ttc biu quyt ca nhng ngi kh c nn rtkh a ra quyt nh chungNguyn tc ny dng kim ch quyn lcca nhau.

105

2.1.2 Nguyn tc biu quyt theoa stng i

a. Ni dung ca nguyn tc biu quyttheo a s tng i

b. Hn chca nguyn tc biu quyt theoa s tng i

c. C tri trung gian vnh l c tri trunggian

106

a. Ni dung ca nguyn tc biu quyt theoa s tng i

Nguyn tcHon cnh nghin cuM tPhn tch

107

Nguyn tc

Nguyn t c bi u quy t theo a s l mt nguyn t c quy nh: m t v n ch cthng qua khi v ch khi c hnmt n as ng i bphi u (50%) cng nh t tr

108

Hon cnh nghin cu

Kt qu phng vn th t u tin ccphng php hc i vi 3 sinh vinnhsau:Phng n A: t hcPhng n B: hc trn lpPhng n C: hc nhm


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M t

AACu tin 3

CBBu tin 2

BCAu tin 1

SV 3SV 2SV 1La chn

110

Phn tch

u cpA vs B: B thngB vs C: B thngB thngCch chn cp u khcA vs C: C thngC vs B: B thngB thngKt lun chung: cho d thayi lch trnhu cp,kt qucui cng vn nh nhauHin tng Cn bng biu quyt

111

b. Hn chca nguyn tc biu quyttheo a s tng i

b1. S p chca a sb2. Hin tng quay vng trong biu

quyt

112

b1. S p chca a s

Nu s ngi chnphng n A chim as v B chim thiu sth min IIA cng trthnh min la chn vkhi chn min ny emli li ch choa s.

UB (thi u s )

0 U A (a s )

II B I

III II A

113

b2. Hin tng quay vng trongbiu quyt

M tPhn tch

Nguyn nhn ca hin tng quayvng trong biu quytKt lun

114

M t

ABCu tin 3

CABu tin 2

BCAu tin 1

SV 3SV 2SV 1La chn


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Phn tch

u cp:A vs B: A thngB vs C: B thngB vs C: C thngA thng B, B thng C, theo tnh cht bccu c thkt lun A thng.Nhng nu Au vi C th C li thngHin tng quay vng trong biu quyt

116

Khi nim c lin quan

Cn b ng bi u quy t: L tnh trng trong biuquyt theo a s tm ra c mt phng ncui cng m kt qu b phiu l nht qunv khng ph thuc vo lch trnh bphiu.Quay vng trong bi u quy t: L tnh trng din rakhi la chn theo nguyn tc a s gin nkhng tm rac mt phng n thng cuccui cng m nht qun vi tt c cc lch trnhbphiu.

117

Nguyn nhn ca hin tng quay vng

Khi nim clin quan nh trong s l a ch n c a c nhn L a ch n n nh L a ch n a nh

118

M t

0 A B C phngn hc tp

Biu m ts l a chn caccc tri

L ich L a ch n a

nh c a c tri 2

L a ch n nnh c a c tri 1

L a ch n nnh c a c tri 3

119

nh l v la chn n nh

Nu tt ccc c triu c la chn n nhth nguyn tc biu quyt theo a s s tc cn bng biu quyt v s khng cnghch l biu quyt.Nhng nu c mt ngi c la chn a nh,cha chc c quay vng biu quyt cng nhcn bng biu quyt. y l nh l ca biuquyt theoa sgin n.

120

c. C tri trung gian vnh l c tritrung gian

Khi nim c tri trung gian nh l c tri trung gian

V dminh haKt lun


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Khi nim c tri trung gian

C tri trung gian l ngi c s la chnnm chnh gia trong tp hp la chnca tt c cc c tri

122

nh l c tri trung gian

nh l c tri trung gian : nu tt c ccc triu c la chn n nh th kt qubiu quyt theo a s phn nh ng sla chn ca c tri trung gian.

123

2.1.3 Nguyn tc biu quyt theo a stuyt i

Nguyn t c bi u quy t theo a s tuy t i l m t nguyn t c quy nh: Mt vn ch c thng qua khi v ch khi c nhiuhn mc a s gin n (t 50% - 100%)s ngi bphiu cng nht tr, chng hnphi t c hai phn ba s phiu thun.

124

2.1.3 Nguyn tc biu quyt theo a stuyt i (tip)

Nguyn tc ny l trung gian gia ngtc biuquyt theo a s gin n v ngtc nht trtuyt i (t 50% - 100%).Ty theo t l quy nh v s ngi tn thnhcng ln th cng c u nhc im gingngtc nht tr tuyt i, cng nh cng c unhc im ging ngtc biu quyt theo a sgin n.

125

2.2 Cc phin bn ca nguyn tc biuquyt theo a s

2.2.1 Hnh thc u cp phin bnnguyn tc biu quyt theoa sgin n

2.2.2 Mt s phin bn nguyn tcbiu quyt theo a s tuyti

126

2.2.1 Hnh thc u cp phin bn nguyn tc biuquyt theo a sgin n

a. Hn chHnh thc u cp ch c ngh a khi ccphng n biu quyt c th sp xp ctheo mt tiu ch chung thng nht

Ngay khiiu kin trn c tha mn th ktqu cn bng biu quyt theo phng phpu cp vn ph thuc vo la chn ca mtc nhn l c tri trung gian.


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2.2.1 Hnh thc u cp phin bn nguyn tc biuquyt theo a sgin n (tip)

b. Nguyn nhnBiu quyt theo phng php u cpquan tm n vic c nhn u tin p/nno nht nhng cha phn nh cmc quan trng ca tng c nhntheo p/na ra.

128

2.2.2 Mt sphin bn nguyn tc biuquyt theo a s tuyt i

a. Nguyn tc biu quyt cng lcb. Nguyn tc biu quyt cho imc. Lin minh trong biu quyt theo a s

129

a. Nguyn tc biu quyt cng lc

Trnh t thc hinu nhc im ca nguyn tc

130

Trnh t thc hin

Bi u quy t nhiu phng n cng lc .Mi c tri sxp hng cc phng n theo tht u tin. Phng n no c u tin nhts c xp v tr th 1.Tnh tng s xp hng ca cc c tri cho tngphng n.Phng n no c tng s xp hng nhnhts l phng n c chn.

131

u nhc im ca nguyn tc

u im: Khc phc c hin tngquay vng trong biu quytNhc im: Khng cho php cc cnhn phn nh mc a thch camnhi vi cc phng n

132

b. Nguyn tc biu quyt cho im

Trnh t thc hinu nhc im ca nguyn tc


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Trnh t thc hin

Mi c tri c mt s im nht nh.Cc c tri c th phn phi im gia ccphng n khc nhau ty thch.Cng im m cc c tri phn phi chocc phng n.Phng n no c s im ln nht lphng n c la chn.

134

u nhc im ca nguyn tc

u im: Cho php cc c tri phnnh mc a thch ca mnh i vicc phng n.Nhc im: Mi ngi u cho imti a phng n ca mnh. C th xyra hin tng cc c tri s dng chinlc trong biu quyt, lin minh trongbiu quyt.

135

c. Lin minh trong biu quyt theo as

Khi nimLin minh bu c lm tng phc li xhiLin minh bu c lm gim phc li xhi

136

Khi nim

Lin minh l m t h th ng cho php cc c nhn c trao i phi u b u v i nhau v do c th b c l c m c quan tm khc nhau c a c nhn i v i t ng v n c bi u quy t .

137

Lin minh bu c lm tng PLXH

Hon cnh nghin cu:Mt cng ng ang xem xt ba d n xydng bnh vin, trng hc hay th vin.

Cng ng ny c ba c tri X, Y v Z.Mi c tric quyn cho im t do tngphng n m khng b gii hn bi tngs im c php.

138

M t

220400-60-120Th vin

80-30150-40Trng hc95-55- 50200Bnhvin

ZYXTng lich rng

C triD n


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Phn tch

Nu khng lin minh th cphng nno c thng qua khng?Nu c th lin minh gia cc c tri no?Khng/c lin minh thnh hng tiPLXHnh thno?

140

Lin minh bu c lm gim FLXH

-10400-140-270Th vin

-10-120150-40Trng hc

-15-105- 110200Bnhvin

ZYXTng lich rng

C triD n

Thayi mc nh gi li ch 3 d n ca ccc tri

141

Phn tch

Nu khng lin minh th cphng nno c thng qua khng?Nu c th lin minh gia cc c tri no?Khng/c lin minh thnh hng tiFLXHnh thno?

142

2.3nh l Bt khthi ca Arrow

t vn :Tt ccc phng n bu phiuchng ta xtu c nhc imring.Liu c th tmc mt c chbuphiu no m m bo cng bng vhiu qu?

143

2.3 nh l Bt kh thi ca Arrow

Ni dung nh l1. Nguyn tc ra quyt nh tp th phi c tnh cht

bc cu.2. Cc phng n la chn phi c kh nng sp xt

th t u tin3. Nguyn tc ra quyt nh phi theong s la chn

ca cc c nhn.4. Nguyn tc ra quyt nh phi m bo tnh khch

quan.5. Khng cho php tn ti s c ti.

144

2.3 nh l Bt kh thi ca Arrow (tip)

ngh a ca nh l:Nu hin tng quay vng xy ra th ai ckh nng kim sot lch trnh b phiu, sc c hi thao tng la chn ca x hi.Cc bn yu thc th to ra s quay vng trnh kt cc ko c li cho mnh


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CHNG6CC CNG CCHNH SCH

CAN THIP CHYUCA CHNH PHTRONG

NN KINH TTH TRNG

146

1.2.1 Quinh vgi

a. Gi trnb. Gi sn

147

a. Gi trn

Khi nim:Gi tr n l m c gi t i a c phptrao i trn th tr ng

148

a. Gi trn

M t P

Q0

D

S

P0Gi tr nPc

Q0

PX

A

B

C

E

Q1 Q2

H nh 6.1: T c ng ca gi trn

149

a. Gi trn

Phn tch:o V tnh hiu qu:ko hiu quo V tnh cng bng: cha r rng

150

b. Gi sn

Khi nim:Gi sn l m c gi t i thi u c trao i trn th tr ng


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b. Gi sn

M t P

Q0

D

S

P0

Gi sn

Q0

Pf

A

B

C E

Q1 Q2

H nh 6.2: T c ng ca gi s n

F

M

152

b. Gi sn

Phn tch: Gii php ca chnh phc hnchg?K t h p ki m sot gi sn v i vic ki m sot b ng nh l ngChnh ph mua l ng d cung trn th tr ng(Q1Q2) r i bn l i cho ng i tiu dngChnh ph mua ton b l ng d cung r i thiuh y (ho c vin tr khng hon l i cho n ckhc)

153

1.2.1 Quinh vgi (tip)

Kt lun: Cc gii php quinh giu an nhng tc ng phn phi nht nh,nhng i tng chnh sch c thc sc li hay khng liu cha r rng.Ch c mt iu chc chn l cc gii php u phi hiu qu.

154

3. NHM CNG CCHNH SCHIUTIT BNG THUV TRCP

3.1 Thu3.1.1 Thu nh bn cung3.1.2 Thu nh bn cu

3.2 Tr cp3.2.1 Tr cp bn cung3.2.2 Tr cp bn cu

155

3.1 Thu

Thu: l kho n ng gp b t bu c c a cc c nhn v doanh nghi p cho NSNN trang tr i chi ph cung c p HHCC ho c h n

ch l ng cung hng ho trn th tr ng.

156

3.1.1 Thu nh bn cung (1)

Thu u ra: l thu nh vo sn lngdo cc doanh nghip sn xut ra

Thu quan: l loi thu nh vo hngho nhp khu


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3.1.1 Thu nh bn cung (2)

M t P

0 Q

St S

D

A

B

CG

E

F

Pm

P0Pb

Q1 Q0

Tc ng ca thubncung

158

Kt lun:

Tc ng thc s ca thukhng ph thuc vovic lut thu quinh thu do bn mua hay bnbn np m chu nh hng ca co ginng cung vng cu.Ngi mua vngi bn khi phi chu thu uc gng chuyn bt thu sang cho ngi kia.Kh nng chuyn thu ca h cng cao khi hc th phn ng cng mnh vi s thay i gic, tc l ng cu (hoc cung) cng co gin

159

3.2 Tr cp

Tr cp: l chuy n giao c a chnh ph t o ra m t kho n m gi a gi m ng i tiu dng tr v chi ph s n xu t khi n cho gi th p hn chi ph bin.Tr cp c th c p dng cho bn cunghoc bn cu.

160

3.2.1 Tr cp bn cung (1)

Tr gi hay b l: vi mi n v hngho sn xut ra, chnh ph s tr cp chomt s tin hoc theo mt t lnht nh.Tr thu sn xut: cho php ngi snxut c tr bt mt khon nht nhkhi thu nhp chu thu ca doanh nghipmnh.

161

3.2.1 Tr cp bn cung (2)

M t

D

P

0 Q

S

Ss

P0

Q0

Pm

Q1

Pb A

B

C

Tc ng ca tr cp bn cung

162

3.2.2 Tr cp bn cu

Tr cp bng hin vtTem phiuM t v phn tch tng t nh tr c p bn cung


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163

Kt lun chung cho thuv tr cp

Tc ng ca thu hoc tr cp khng ph thucvo vic nh thu (hay tr cp) cho bn cung haybn cu m ph thuc vo co gin ca ngcung vng cuNu cc yu t khc nh nhau th ng cung(hoc cu) cng co gin th ngi bn (hocngi mua) cng phi chu t thu (hoc chng t li ch ca tr cp).Chai cng cny u i km vi ci gi phi hysinh v tnh hiu qu, l tn tht v ch do thu(hoc tr cp) gy ra. 164

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