tài liệu ôn thi vào lớp 10 môn hóa học - thcs tây an

8/11/2019 Tài liệu ôn thi vào lớp 10 môn Hóa học - THCS Tây An

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Tröôøng THCS Taây An GV: Phan Tuaán Haûi

Taøi lieäu oân thi vaøo 10 Page: 2

Tröôøng THCS Taây An GV: Phan Tuaán Haû i

OÄT SOÁ KIEÁN THÖÙC LYÙ THUYEÁT CÔ BAÛN

OÄT SOÁ KIEÁN THÖÙC LYÙ THUYEÁT CÔ BAÛN

Oxit - MOxit - MxxOOyy Axit - HAxit - HnnAA baz¬ - M(OH)baz¬ - M(OH)nn MuèiMuèi – – MMxxAAyy

§Þnh§Þnh nghÜanghÜa

Lµ hîp chÊt cña hai nguyªn tè,trong ®ã cã mét nguyªn tè lµ oxi.

ThÝ d! "a#$, %$&, '$#,…

Lµ hîp chÊt mµ ph(n t) g*m cãmét hay nhi+u nguyªn t) liªn-t /0i gèc axit.

ThÝ d! 'l, "$&, #%$1,…

Lµ hîp chÊt mµ ph(n t) g*mmét nguyªn t) -im lo2i liªn -t/0i mét hay nhi+u nhãmhi®roxit 34$5.

ThÝ d! "a$, 6g3$5#,…

Lµ hîp chÊt mµ ph(n t) g*m cmét hay nhi+u nguyªn t) -imlo2i liªn -t /0i mét hay nhi+ugèc axit.ThÝ d! "a'l, 7#'$&, 8a%$1,.

TCHHTCHH

1. T¸c dông víi níc.4 Oxit axit (®a sè) t¸c dông víiníc t¹o thµnh dd axit. %$& 9 #$ → #%$1

4 $xit :a;< 3mét =è5 t>c dng /0in0c t2o thµnh dd 8a;< 8a$ 9 #$ → 8a3$5#

2. Oxit axit + dd Baz¬ → !èi+ " 2O'$# 9 'a3$5# → 'a'$& 9 #$&. $xit :a;< 9 dd ?xit →muèi9 #$'u$ 9 #'l → 'u'l# 9 #$ #. Oxit axit + Oxit $az¬ →

!èi. '$# 9 "a#$ → "a#'$&

@. Lµm ®Ai mµu BuC tÝm thµnh®D.#. T>c dng /0i -im lo2i → muèi

9 #↑

EF 9 #%$13loGng5 → EF%$1 9 # &. T>c dng /0i :a;< → 6uèi 9#$#'l9 'u3$5# → 'u'l#9 ##$1. T>c dng /0i oxit :a;< →muèi 9 #$'a$9 #"$& → 'a3"$&5# 9#$H. T>c dng /0i muèi → muèim0i 9 axit m0i

'l9 ?g"$& → ?g'l↓ 9 "$&

a. Baz¬ tan (%i&)@. Lµm BuC tÝm ho> xanhIphFnolphtalFin -hJng mµu ho>h*ng.#. T>c dng /0i oxax → muèi9 #$#7$ 9 '$# → 7#%$& 9 #$&. T>c dng /0i dd muèi →6uèi m0i 9 8a;< m0i#7$ 9 'u%$1 → 7#%$1 9'u3$5#

1. T>c dng /0i axit → muèi 9#$'u3$5# 9 #'l→ 'u'l# 9

##$$. Baz¬ %h'ng tan

1. T>c dng /0i axit → muèi 9#$EF3$5# 9 #'l→ EF'l# 9##$H. 8a;< -hJng tan :K nhitph(n → oxit 9 n0c

#EF3$5&

ot → EF#$& 9&#$

@. Md muèi 9 7im lo2i →6uèi m0i 9 -im lo2i m0iEF 9 'u%$1 → EF%$1 9 'u↓#. T>c dng /0i axit → mum0i 9 axit m0i8a3"$&5# 9 #%$1 → 8a%$1

9 #"$&

&. Md muèi 9 dd 7i+m → mum0i 9 :a;< m0iEF'l& 9 &"a$ → &"a'l EF3$5& ↓1. Md muèi 9 dd muèi → muèi m0i

?g"$& 9 "a'l → ?g'l↓ "a"$&

H. "hi+u muèi :K ph(n huN nhit ®é cao.

8a'$& ot → 8a$ 9 '$#

↑

tÝnh chÊt ho¸ hc c!a nh"# $% &'ttÝnh chÊt ho¸ hc c!a nh"# $% &'tTÝnh chÊt ho¸ häc Nh«m Al 3"T7 P #Q5 S¾t Fe 3"T7 P HR51. T¸c dông víi phikim

1?l 9 &$# 0t → #?l#$&

#?l 9 &'l# 0t → #?l'l&

&EF 9 #$#0t → EF&$1

#EF 9 &'l# 0t → #EF'l&

2. T¸c dông víi axit #?l 9 R'l → #?l'l& 9 &#

#?l 9 &#%$1 3loGng5 → ?l#3%$15& 9 &#

EF 9 #'l → EF'l# 9 #

EF 9 #%$1 3loGng5 → EF%$1 9 #

3. T¸c dông víi ddmuèi

#?l 9 &EF%$1 → ?l#3%$15& 9 &EF EF 9 #?g"$& → EF3"$&5# 9 #?g

4. T¸c dông víi dd KiÒm

#?l 9 #"a$ 9 ##$ → #"a?l$# 9 &# 7hJng phSn ng

A *% TH+,A *% TH+,ang Th*

UV" Wang lµ hîp -im cña =Xt /0i cac:on 3chim # →RY5 /µ @ =è nguyªn tè -h>c nh %i, 6n, %,…

ThZp lµ hîp -im cña =Xt /0i cac:on 3d0i#Y5 /µ @ =è nguyªn tè -h>c.

%Sn xuÊt Wang ®îc luyn trong l[ cao :\ng c>ch d]ng '$-h) oxit =Xt!

' 9 $#

0t

→ '$#

'$# 9 '0t → #'$

&'$ 9 EF#$& 0t → #EF 9 &'$#

1'$ 9 EF&$1 0

t → &EF 9 1'$#

'a$ 9 %i$# 0t → 'a%i$&

ThZp ®îc luyn trong l[ luyn :\ng c>choxi ho> mét =è -im lo2i /µ phi -im cã

trong gang nh ', 6n, %i, %, ^,…

#EF 9 $# 0t → #EF$

EF$ 9 '0t → EF 9 '$

EF$ 9 6n0t → EF 9 6n$

#EF$ 9 %i0t → #EF 9 %i$#

TÝnh chÊt 'ng, gi[n 'ng, ®µn h*i

tÝnh chÊt ho¸ hc c!a hi .i#/tÝnh chÊt ho¸ hc c!a hi .i#/


+ Oxit KL + O2

8a d2ng th] h_nh cña 'ac:on

+ NaOH

+ KOH,t0

+ NaOH

+ H2O

9 7im lo2i

+ H2+ H2

+ O2

9 7im lo2i

PhiKim

Oxit axit

Muèi clorua

s¶n phÈm khÝ

Clo

HCl

Oxit kim lo¹i hoÆc muèi

HCl + HClO "a'l 9 "a'l$"0c Wia4/Fn

KCl + KClO3

cacbon

7im c<ng! Lµ chÊt rXn trong=uèt, cng, -hJng d`n ®in…Lµm ®* trang =c, mi -hoan,

dao cXt -Ýnh…

Than ch_! Lµ chÊt rXn, m+m, cã-hS nbng d`n ®inLµm ®in cc, chÊt :Ji tr<n,

ruét :t ch_…

'ac:on /J ®Knh h_nh! Lµ chÊtrXn, xèp, -hJng cã -hS nbngd`n ®in, cã Ýnh hÊp ph.Lµm nhiªn liu, ch t2o met n2

ph[ng ®éc…

CO2 Kim lo¹i + CO2

C¸c h¬ng t01nh ho¸ hc 2¸ng nh31. 2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl32. Fe + S

0t → FeS3. H2O + Cl2 → HCl + HClO. 2NaOH + Cl2 → NaCl + NaClO + H2O

!. HCl + "#O2 0t → "#Cl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O

$. NaCl + 2H2Odpdd

mnx → 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2

$. C + 2C%O0t → 2C% + CO2

&. 3CO + Fe2O3 0

t → 2Fe + 3CO2

'. NaOH + CO2 → NaHCO3

(. 2NaOH + CO2 → Na2CO3 + H2O

TÝH CHÊT C!A ÇC CHÊT H45 C6TÝH CHÊT C!A ÇC CHÊT H45 C6Hîp chÊtHîp chÊt MetanMetan EtilenEtilen AxetilenAxetilen BenzenBenzenCTT!T"

'1 P @R '#1 P #f '## P #R 'RR P Qf

C«n# th$ccÊ% t&o

C

H

H

H

H

Liªn -t ®<n

C

H H

H

C

H

Liªn -t ®Ji g*m @ liªn -t :+n /µ@ liªn -t -Zm :+n

C H H C

Liªn -t :a g*m @ liªn -t :+n/µ # liªn -t -Zm :+n

&l- ®Ji /µ &l- ®<n xFn - tro/[ng R c2nh ®+u

T'&n#th¸i

7hÝ LDng

TÝnh chÊt

()t l*

7hJng mµu, -hJng m]i, Ýt tan trong n0c, nh h<n -hJng -hÝ. 7hJng mµu, -hJng tan tron0c, nh h<n n0c, hoµ

nhi+u chÊt, ®écTÝnh chÊtho¸ häc

+i,n#nha%

'ã phSn ng ch>y =inh ra '$# /µ #$

'1 9 #$# ot → '$# 9 ##$

'#1 9 &$# ot → #'$# 9 ##$

#'## 9 H$# ot → 1'$# 9 ##$

#'RR 9 @H$# ot → @#'$# 9 R#$

"h¸c nha%

'h tham gia phSn ng th

'1 9 'l# →>nh =>ng

'&'l 9 'l

'ã phSn ng céng'#1 9 8r# → '#18r#

'ã phSn ng céng'## 9 #8r# → '##8r1

'ã phSn ng th

'RR 9 8r# , →o

Fe t

'RH8r 9

-i.% ch/ 'ã trong -hÝ thiªn nhiªn, -hÝ®*ng hµnh, -hÝ :]n ao.

%p ch ho> dju mD, =inh ra -hi BuSchÝn

'ho ®Êt ®kn 9 n0c, =p ch ho>dju mD

%Sn phm chng nha than ®>


Çc h7¬ng t01nh ho¸ hc 2¸ng nh31. 2Fe + 3Cl

2 → 2FeCl

3

2. Fe + S FeS3. H

2O + Cl

2 → HCl + HClO

. 2NaOH + Cl2 → NaCl + NaClO + H

2O

!. HCl + "#O2 "#Cl

2 + Cl

2 + 2H

2O

$. 2NaCl + 2H2O2NaOH + Cl

2 + H

2

&. C + 2C%O 2C% + CO2

'. 3CO + Fe2O

3 2Fe + 3CO

2

(. NaOH + CO2 → NaHCO

3

2NaOH + CO2 → Na

2CO

3 + H

2O

'#H$0

2 4 , H SO d t →

'#1 9 #$

'a'# 9 #$ →'## 9 'a3$5#

"hn :it 7hJg lµm mÊt mµu dd 8r#

Lµm mÊt mµu 'lo ngoµi a=Lµm mÊt mµu dung dKch 8rom Lµm mÊt mµu dung dKch 8rom

nhi+u h<n tilFn7o lµm mÊt mµu dd 8rom7o tan trong n0c

008u 9ty:ic8u 9ty:ic – – CC;;HH<<OHOH Axit Ax=ticAxit Ax=tic – – CHCH>>COOHCOOH

C«n# th$c

C)C)* H HH C C O H

H H

it gn! '& q '# q $

'T'T! H O H H C C

H O

it gn! '& q '# q '$$TÝnh chÊt ()t l* Lµ chÊt lDng, -hJng mµu, d tan /µ tan nhi+u trong n0c.

%Ji O Qf,&s', nh h<n n0c, hoµ tan ®îc nhi+u chÊt nh ot,8Fn;Fn…

%Ji O @@fs', cã /K chua 3dd ?cF #4HY lµm giÊm bn5

TÝnh chÊt ho¸häc!

4 ^hSn ng /0i "a!#'#H$ 9 #"a → #'#H$"a 9 # #'&'$$ 9 #"a → #'&'$$"a 9 #

4 îu tylic t>c dng /0i axit axFtic t2o thµnh F=tF tyl ?xFtat

'&'$$ 9 '#H$0

2 4 , H SO d t ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ †̂‡ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ̂ '&'$$'#H 9 #$

4 'h>y /0i ngn l)a mµu xanh, toS nhi+u nhit

'#R$ 9 &$# ot → #'$# 9 &#$

4 8K $v trong -- cã mFn xc t>c

'#H$ 9 $# →mengiam '&'$$ 9 #$

4 6ang ®ñ tÝnh chÊt cña axit! Lµm ®D BuC tÝm, t>c dng /0i -imlo2i tr0c , /0i :a;<, oxit :a;<, dd muèi#'&'$$ 9 6g → 3'&'$$5#6g 9 #

'&'$$ 9 "a$ → '&'$$"a 9 #$

-i.% ch/

8\ng ph<ng ph>p lªn mFn tinh :ét hoec ®wng

'R@#$R − →s

&s &#

Men

C #'#H$ 9 #'$#

oec cho tilFn hîp n0c

'#1 9 #$ →ddaxit '#H$

4 Lªn mFn dd rîu nh2t

'#H$ 9 $# →mFn gi mÊ '&'$$ 9 #$

4 Trong ̂ T"!#'&'$$"a 9 #%$1 → #'&'$$ 9 "a#%$1


- .

.

-

. .

. .

g:ucoz¬g:ucoz¬ &acca0oz¬&acca0oz¬ tinh b?t $% x=n:u:oz¬tinh b?t $% x=n:u:oz¬C«n# th$c

ph0n t1

'R@#$R '@###$@@ 34'R@s$H 45n Tinh :ét! n ≈ @#ss q RsssvFnlulo;<! n ≈ @ssss q @1sss

T'&n# th¸iTÝnh chÊt

()t l*

'hÊt -t tinh, -hJng mµu, /K ngt, dtan trong n0c

'hÊt -t tinh, -hJng mµu, /K ngt =Xc,d tan trong n0c, tan nhi+u trong n0cnãng

Lµ chÊt rXn trXng. Tinh :ét tan ®îc trong n0c nã→ h* tinh :ét. vFnlulo;< -hJng tan trong n0c - ®un nãng

TÝnh chÊt

ho¸ häc2%an t'än#

^hSn ng tr>ng g<ng'R@#$R 9 ?g#$ → 'R@#$Q 9 #?g

ThuN ph(n -hi ®un nãng trong dd axitloGng

'@###$@@ 9 #$ →,

ddaxit t

'R@#$R 9 'R@#$R

gluco;< ructo;<

ThuN ph(n -hi ®un nãng trong dd axit loGng

3'R@s$H5n 9 n#$ →,

ddaxit t n'R@#$R

* tinh :ét lµm dd ot chuyn mµu xanh

-i.% ch/ 'ã trong BuS chÝn 3nho5, h2t nSy mjmI®i+u ch tz tinh :ét.

'ã trong mÝa, cñ cSi ®wng Tinh :ét cã nhi+u trong cñ, BuS, h2t. vFnlulo;<trong /D ®ay, gai, =îi :Jng, g{

Nh)n 3i/t^hSn ng tr>ng g<ng 'ã phSn ng tr>ng g<ng -hi ®un nãng

trong dd axit"hn ra tinh :ét :\ng dd ot! cã mµu xanh ®ec trn

PHAÂN LOAÏI VAØPHAÂN LOAÏI VAØPHÖÔNG PHAÙP GIAÛI CAÙC DAÏNG BAØI TAÄPPHÖÔNG PHAÙP GIAÛI CAÙC DAÏNG BAØI TAÄP

OÄT SOÁ DAÏNG BAØI TAÄP LYÙ THUYEÁT THÖÔØNG GAËP

OÄT SOÁ DAÏNG BAØI TAÄP LYÙ THUYEÁT THÖÔØNG GAËP

aïn !

"

Vôùi loaïi baøi taäp ñieàu cheá chaát voâ cô caàn nhôù caùc caùch ñieàu cheá sau: /o# 4#5 ie6% 7e8 97a:i #5a;#5o<#, 97#5 97a=9 # 5ia:# >e? t7< 7ie@#.

1. NAÊM CAÙCH ÑI!" CH# O$IT THÖÔØNG D"ØNG%

Ca'(# !" KIM LO!I " O# → O$I% (thöôøng laø oxit bazô)

* 3Fe + 2O2 ot → Fe3O

Ca'(# *" &'I KIM " O# → O$I%

* S + O2ot → SO2

Ca'(# +" '(!& )'*% " O$I → O$I%* FeS2 + 11O2

ot → 2Fe2O3 + 'SO2

Ca'(# ," +,( khoâng tan #7ie@t 97aD# → O$I%

* 2Fe/OH3 ot → Fe2O3 + 3H2O

Ca'(# -" M-O*I (khoâng beàn vôùi nhieät) #7ie@t 97aD# → O$I%

* CaCO3 ot → CaO + CO2

#. BA CAÙCH ÑI!" CH# A$IT THÖÔØNG D"ØNG%

Ca'(# !" '# " &'I KIM → $I% (khoâng chöùa oxi)* H2 + Cl2 a=#7 Ea=#5 → 2HCl(hoaø tan vaøo nöôùc taïo dd axit)

Ca'(# * * O$I% $I% " '#O → '#/O0

* SO3 + H2O → H2SO

Ca'(# + * $I% M!1' (khoù bay hôi) " M-O*I → $I% (deã bay hôi)

* H2SO + BaCl2 → BaSO + 2HClH2SO /a@ aG + 2NaCl → Na2SO + 2HCl


Ñ&'() *+', *-* *+-,/ 0 S 23( *+)4'56 +3-Ñ&'() *+', *-* *+-,/ 0 S 23( *+)4'56 +3-

2. BO#N CAÙCH ÑI!" CH# BA7Ô THÖÔØNG D"ØNG%

Ca'(# !" KIM LO!I (moät soá) " '#O → +,( tan (kieàm)

* 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2

Ca'(# *"O$I% +,( " '#O → +,( tan (kieàm)

* CaO + H2O → Ca/OH2Ca'(# +" +,( tan (kieàm) " 34 M-O*I → +,( môùi

* Ca/OH2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2NaOH

Ca'(# ," 34 M-O*I ie@# 97aD# >%#5 >7

a4#5 #5aI# xo89 → +,( tan (kieàm)

* 2NaCl + 2H2Oie@# 97aD# >%#5 >7

a4#5 #5aI# xo89 → 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2

0. M"ÔØI CAÙCH ÑI!" CH# M"O#I THÖÔØNG D"ØNG%

Ca'(# !" KIM LO!I " &'I KIM → M-O*I

* 2Al + 3S

ot

→ Al2S3

Ca'(# *" KIM LO!I " 34 $I% → M-O*I " 55.

* J# + H2SO /loa#5 → J#SO2 + H2↑

C% + 2H2SO /aG #o=#5ot → C%SO + SO2

↑ + 2H2O

Ca'(# +" KIM LO!I " 34 M-O*I → M-O*I 6ôùi " KIM LO!I 6ôùi

* C% + 2A5NO3 → C%/NO32 + 2A5

Ca'(# ," $I% " +,( → M-O*I " '#O

* 2NaOH + H2SO → Na2SO + H2O

Ca'(# -" $I% " O$I% +,( → M-O*I " '#O* C%O + 2HCl → C%Cl2 + H2O

Ca'(# ." O$I% $I% " 34 +,( 78ieà69 → M-O*I " '#O

* CO2 + NaOH → NaHCO3

Ha CO2 + 2NaOH → Na2CO3 + H2O

Ca'(# /" O$I% $I% " O$I% +,( → M-O*I

* SiO2 + CaOot → CaSiO3

Ca'(# 0" 34 +,( 78ieà69 " 34 M-O*I ot → M-O*I " +,( 76ôùi9

* Ba/OH2 + Na2SO → BaSO↓ + 2NaOH Ca'(# 1" 33 $I% " 33 M-O*I → M-O*I " $I% 76ôùi9

* 2HCl + K2CO3 → 2KCl + CO2↑ + H2O

Ca'(# !2" 34 M-O*I " 34 M-O*I → # M-O*I 6ôùi

* NaCl + A5NO3 → A5Cl↓ + NaNO3

M ö! yù" 7a6# l=# a= 97a:# =#5 xa: a e6% o= ie6% Pie@#. )eD# aD 7Q la4 a= a=7 ie6% 7e8 t74#5 >%4#5.

+aøi taäp +aøi ta äp :: )4 Pi loa<i C% 7a #eD% 7ai 97#5 97a=9 e6% 7e8 %o8i C%SO t< tie89 Ra4 5ia=# tie89.

#öôùng daãn gia$i"Phöông phaùp 1: C7%e# t< tie89 C% t7a4#7 %o8i C%SO

C% + 2H2SO /aG #o=#5ot → C%SO + SO2

↑ + 2H2OCoD a<# >%#5 >7 Ee t7% < C%SO P7a#.

Phöông phaùp 2: C7%e# 5ia=# tie89 C% → C%O→ C%SO

2C% + O2 ot → 2C%O

C%O + H2SO → C%SO + H2OCoD a<# >%#5 >7 Ee t7% < C%SO P7a#.+aøi taäp #+aøi ta äp #:: a. NeD% To8# 97#5 97a=9 ie6% 7e8 NaOH.

T. NeD% 7ai 97#5 97a=9 ie6% 7e8 axit HCl.+aøi taäp 2+aøi ta äp 2:: )o#5 97o4#5 t7 #57ie@ o= a= 7oa= 7a8t Ea%* NaCl, H2O, "#O2, K#O, >%#5 >7 HCl. Co=t7e >%4#5 #7#5 7oa= 7a8t #a4o e ie6% 7e8 P7 loV ie8t 97#5 tW#7 7oa= 7o<.(PTHH khoù: 2KMnO4 1!H"# → 2Mn"#2 2K"# $"#2 %H 2O)&

+aøi taäp 0+aøi ta äp 0:: Co= t7e ie6% 7e8 C%/OH2 to#5 97o4#5 t7 #57ie@ 7Q R=i Ta 7oa= 7a8t C%, NaCl, H2O <P7oD#5V ie8t )HH, 7o a= ie6% Pie@# a6# t7ie8t oi #7 o= %:V+aøi taäp ;+aøi ta äp ;:: )4 #5%eD# lie@% Fe3O /. Ha tW#7 Ta4 a=7 ie6% 7e8* a FeCl3 / X T FeCl2 / .ie8t a=

97#5 tW#7 97a:# =#5 xa: a.

Vôùi loaïi baøi taäp vieát caùc &%'' cho 4a<= chu=e>n ño>i hoaù hoïc caàn: ie8t %=#5 C)HH %:a a= 7a8t a 7o to#5 >a. <a Ra4o t#7 7a8t 7oa= 7o< Ra4 97#5 97a=9 ie6% 7e8 t4#5 loa<i 7a8t a 7o< e Rie8t %=#5 )HH/#7= aD# TaY#5 7o o?i 7%e# 7oa=

% ö! yù" "o?i %i teD# to#5 E o6 7Q < Rie8t o@t )HH, #7= 57i o ie6% Pie@# e 97a:# =#5 xa: a.

B-8& /-9:B-8& /- 9:%% ie8t a= 97#5 tW#7 7oa= 7o< 7o >a 7%e# oi. /Z7i o ie6% Pie@# %:a 97a:# =#5, #e8% o= SO2 /& → H2SO3 /' → K2SO3 /( → SO2

1 S /1 → SO2 /2 → SO3 /3 → H2SO

Na2SO3 Na2SO /10 → BaSO

2 C% /1 → C%O /2 → C%SO /3 → C%Cl2 / → C%/OH2 /! → C%/NO32

/$ → C%3 FeCl2

/2 → Fe/OH2 /3 → FeSO

/ → Fe/NO32 /! → Fe

Fe ↓↑ ↓ FeCl3

/& → Fe/OH3 /' → Fe2O3 /( → Fe /10 → Fe3O

Al /1 → Al2O3 /2 → NaAlO2

/3

/ ¬ → Al/OH3

/! → Al2/SO3 /$ → AlCl3

/& → Al/NO33/' →

Al2O3 /( → Al

% ö! yù" N7#5 )HH P7o=* Fe + 2FeCl3 → 3FeCl2 Cl2 + 2FeCl2 → 2FeCl3 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O → 2NaAlO2 + 3H2

↑

NaAlO2 + CO2 + 2H2O → Al/OH3 + NaHCO3

Al/OH3 + NaOH → NaAlO2 + 2H2O Al2O3 + 2NaOH→ 2NaAlO2 + H2O


/

/!

/$

/1

/$

/11 /12 /13

a ïn +

"

. Nhaän bie á t ca ùc cha át :

%4#5 a= 97a:# =#5 aG t#5 %:a a= 7a8t e #7a@# a 7%=#5. C%< t7e la4 #7#5

97a:# =#5 5aD a a= 7ie@# t<#5 a4 ta t7a8 < #7 Pe8t t%:a aG t#5, a4% aG t#5, P7 Ei#7 a o= %4iaG t#5 /Th' dï: NH3 %4i P7ai, H2S %4i t=#5 t7o8i, SO2 %4i Eo8, NO2 a4% #aD%, %4i 7a;,…

/AB 4uïnC caùc baBnC sau ñe> laø6 baøi taäp nhaän bieát:A. NHAÄN BI#T CAÙC CHA#T TRONG D"NG DCH

Hoa= 7a8t )7%o8 t7: Hie@# t<#5 )HH i#7 7oa< Axit /HCl, HNO3,

… Ba_ Pie6/NaOH,…

`%4 t

→ la4 ^%4 t 7oa= o:

→ la4 ^%4 t 7oa= xa#7

Ba_ Pie6/NaOH,…

7e#ol97talei# /P7oD#5a4%

→ la4 >%#5 >7 7oa= a4%7o6#5.

Zo8 #itat /NO3 C%

→ )a<o P7 P7oD#5 a4%, e#5oa4i P7oD#5 P7 7oa= #aD%

'HNO3 + 3C% → 3C%/NO32 + 2NO↑ +H2O /P7oD#5 a4% 2NO + O2 → 2NO2 /a4% #aD%

"%o8i E%#at ta#/bSO

BaCl2 7oaGBa/OH2

→ )a<o Pe8t t%:a ta;#5 BaSONa2SO + BaCl2 → BaSO ↓ + 2NaCl

"%o8i E%#it /bSO3 BaCl2

Axit

→ )a<o Pe8t t%:a ta;#5 BaSO3

→ )a<o P7 P7oD#5 a4% SO2

Na2SO3 + BaCl2 → BaSO3 ↓ + 2NaClNa2SO3 + HCl→ BaCl2 + SO2 ↑ + H2O

"%o8i aTo#at/bCO3

BaCl2

Axit

→ )a<o Pe8t t%:a ta;#5 BaCO3

→ )a<o P7 P7oD#5 a4% CO2

Na2CO3 + BaCl2 → BaCO3 ↓ + 2NaClCaCO3 +2HCl→ CaCl2 + CO2 ↑ + H2O

"%o8i 97ot97at / ≡O

A5NO3

→ )a<o Pe8t t%:a a4% Ra4#5 Na3O + 3A5NO3 → A53O ↓ + 3NaNO3

/a4% Ra4#5"%o8i lo%a /Cl A5NO3

→ )a<o Pe8t t%:a ta;#5 A5Cl NaCl + A5NO3 → A5Cl↓ + NaNO3

"%o8i E%#%a Axit,T/NO32

→ )a<o P7 %4i t=#5 %#5.→ )a<o Pe8t t%:a e#.

Na2S + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2S↑Na2S + T/NO32 → TS↓ + 2NaNO3

"%o8i Ea;t /II %#5 >7Pie6

/NaOH,…

→ )a<o Pe8t t%:a ta;#5 xa#7Fe/OH2, Ea% o= T 7oa= #aD%Fe/OH3 #5oa4i P7oD#5 P7.

FeCl2 + 2NaOH → Fe/OH2 ↓ + 2NaCl

Fe/OH2 + O2 + 2H2O → Fe/OH3 ↓

"%o8i Ea;t /III → )a<o Pe8t t%:a a4% #aD% o:Fe/OH3FeCl3 + 3NaOH → Fe/OH3 ↓ + 3NaCl

"%o8i a5ie → )a<o Pe8t t%:a ta;#5

"5/OH2

"5Cl2 + 2NaOH → "5/OH2 ↓ + 2NaCl

"%o8i o6#5 → )a<o Pe8t t%:a xa#7 la

C%/OH2

C%/NO32 +2NaOH → C%/OH2 ↓ +2NaNO3

"%o8i #7oD → )a<o Pe8t t%:a ta;#5

Al/OH3, ta# to#5 NaOH > AlCl3 + 3NaOH → Al/OH3 ↓ + 3NaClAl/OH3 + NaOH /> → NaAlO2 + 2H2O

B. NHAÄN BI#T CAÙC CHA#T H


N+-96 &',/ ?-8 /-*+ *-* *+-,/ N+-96 &',/ ?-8 /-*+ *-* *+-,/

K7 SO2

Ca/OH2

%#5 >7#= To

→ La4 %< #= RoDi to#5.→ "a8t a4% Ra4#5 #aD% %:a>> #= To

SO2 + Ca/OH2 → CaSO3 ↓ + H2O

SO2 + 2H2O + B2 → H2SO + 2HBK7 CO2 Ca/OH2

→ La4 %< #= RoDi to#5 CO2 + Ca/OH2 → CaCO3 ↓ + H2OK7 N2 `%e >ieD o: → `%e >ieD ta;t

K7 NH3 `%4 t a → `%4 t a 7oa= xa#7

K7 CO C%O /e#

→ C7%e# C%O /e# t7a4#7

o:.CO + C%O

ot

→ C% + CO2 ↑

/e# /o:

K7 HCl `%4 t a=t A5NO3

→ `%4 t a =t 7oa= o:

→ )a<o Pe8t t%:a ta;#5 HCl + A5NO3 → A5Cl↓ + HNO3

K7 H2S T/NO32 → )a<o Pe8t t%:a e# H2S + T/NO32 → TS↓ + 2HNO3

K7 Cl2Zia8 ta 7o6ti#7 To@t

→ La4 xa#7 5ia8 ta 7o6ti#7 To@t

Axit HNO3 Bo@t C% → Co= P7 a4% #aD% x%a8t

7ie@#HNO3 + C%→ C%/NO32 + 2NO2

↑ + 2H2

8a 9 n : 4 ; !" N+-96 D&',/ D-E6F /+)3,* /+<G /<> *+3>6. N+-96 D&',/ D-E6F /+)3,* /+<G /<> *+3>6.

+aøi taäp : )W#7 Ta4 97#5 97a=9 97aD# Tie@t To8# >%#5 >7 Ea%* HCl, NaOH, H2SO, Na2SO

#öôùng daãn gia$i" La8 o?i 7a8t o@t t e la4 a?% t7:. N7%=#5 ^%4 t Ra4o a= a?% t7: ta #7a@# a >%#5 >7 Na2SO P7oD#5 la4 oi a4% ^%4 t, >

>7 NaOH la4 ^%4 t 7oa= xa#7. Hai >%#5 >7 axit o4# la%#5 >7 BaCl2 Ra4o a?% t7: %:a 7ai >%#5 >7 axit o4# la<i. "a?% t7: o= x%a8t 7ie@# Pe8t

ta;#5 la4 >%#5 >7 H2SO.H2SO + BaCl2 → BaSO ↓ + 2HCl

%#5 >7 o4# la%#5 >7 a= 7a8t Ea% aD* KOHX HClX HNO3X H2SO. )W#7 97#5 97a=9 7oa= 7o< e #7a@# Tie8t a= >%#5 >7 o= Ra4 Rie8t )HH.+aøi taäp 2: Ha tW a=7 97aD# Tie@t*

a %#5 >7 NaCl, NaOH, HCl, H2SO.T %#5 >7 NaNO3, AlCl3, Al/NO33.

8a 9 n : 4 ; *" N+-96 D&',/ *+H D-E6F /+)3,* /+<G I)& 2J6+% N+-96 D&',/ *+H D-E6F /+)3,* /+<G I)& 2J6+%

+aøi taäp : N7a@# Tie8t To8# >%#5 >7* NaNO3, NaOH, A5NO3, HCl 7Q TaY#5 o@t Pi loa<i. #öôùng daãn gia$i"

La8 o?i 7a8t o@t t e la4 a?% t7:.%4#5 Pi loa%#5 >7 o= a4% xa#7 la.

C% + 2A5NO3 → C%/NO32 + 2A5↓ C7o >%#5 >7 A5NO3 /R4a #7a@# < Ra4o a?% t7: Ta >%#5 >7 o4# la<i, 7Q >%#5 >7 HCl ta<o Pe8t t%:ata;#5.

A5NO3 + HCl→ A5Cl↓ + HNO3

C7o >%#5 >7 C%/NO32 la4 Ea:# 97a ta<o a P7i #7a@# Tie8t A5NO3 Ra4o a?% t7: 7ai >%#5 >7 o4# la<i, 7>%#5 >7 NaOH ta<o Pe8t t%:a xa#7.

C%/NO32 + 2NaOH→ C%/OH2 ↓ + 2NaNO3

%#5 >7 o4# la%4#5 To@t Ea;t e la4 t7%o8 t7:, 7a 97aD# Tie@t ! >%#5 >7 7=a to#5 a= lo< ieD#5 Tie@t*H2SO, Na2SO, Na2CO3, "5SO, BaCl2

+aøi taäp 2: Co= lo< a8t #7a# 7=a To8# >%#5 >7* HCl, Na2SO, NaCl, Ba/OH2. C7Q < >%4#5 ^%4 t Ra47#7 a= 7a8t #a4 e xa= #7 a= >%#5 >7 teD#.+aøi taäp 0: C7Q >%#5 o@t 7oa= 7a8t >% #7a8t, 7a #7a@# Tie8t a= lo< a8t #7a# 7=a a= >%#5 >7 Ea%*

H2SO, Na2SO, Na2CO3, "5SO TaY#5 97#5 97a=9 7oa= 7o<.+aøi taäp ;: Co= lo< 7=a a= >%#5 >7 H2SO, HCl, Ba/NO32 Ra4 NaCl T a8t #7a#. C7Q < >%4#5 ^%4t, 7a #7a@# Tie8t a= 7a8t o= Ta4#5 97#5 97a=9 7oa= 7o<.+aøi taäp D: Co= Ta lo< >%#5 >7 %o8i a8t #7a#* BaCl2, Na2SO3, K2SO. C7Q >%4#5 >%#5 >7 HCl, 7a tW#7Ta4 a=7 #7a@# Tie8t Ta lo< teD#.

N+-96 D&',/ K+3@6F *3 /+)3,* /+<G K+-* N+-96 D&',/ K+3@6F *3 /+)3,* /+<G K+-*

+aøi taäp : C7o To8# >%#5 >7* Ba/OH2, H2SO, HCl, Na2CO3. K7oD#5 >%4#5 t7%o8 t7: Te# #5oa4i, 7a#7a@#Tie8t o?i >%#5 >7.#öôùng daãn gia$i"

La8 o?i 7a8t o@t t e la4 a?% t7: o6i la6# l<t 7o a?% t7: #a4 97a:# =#5 R=i a= a?% t7: o4#la7"a?% t7:

Ba/OH2 H2SO HCl Na2CO3

Ba/OH2 BaSO ↓ BaCO3 ↓H2SO BaSO ↓ CO2 ↑HCl CO2 ↑Na2CO3 BaCO3 ↓ CO2 ↑ CO2 ↑

<a Ra4o Ta:#5 teD#, ta t7a8 Ea% 97a:# =#5 #e8% 7Q ta<o* "o@t Pe8t t%:a Ra4 7ai E%:i To<t P7 t7W o= la4 Na2CO3.

Hai Pe8t t%:a t7W o= la4 Ba/OH2. "o@t Pe8t t%:a Ra4 o@t P7 Ta leD# la4 H2SO. "o@t P7 Ta leD# la4 HCl.Ca= 97#5 tW#7 97a:# =#5*Na2CO3 + Ba/OH2 → BaCO3↓ + 2NaOHNa2CO3 + H2SO → Na2SO + CO2↑ + H2ONa2CO3 + 2HCl→ 2NaCl + CO2↑ + H2OBa/OH2 + H2SO → BaSO ↓ + 2 H2O

+aøi taäp #: C7o a= >%#5 >7 Ea%* HCl, BaCl2, Na2CO3, Na2SO 7=a to#5 a= lo< ieD#5 Tie@t. K7oD#5 >%4#5t7eD 7oa= 7a8t #a4o P7a=, 7a #7a@# Tie8t a= >%#5 >7 teD#. ie8t a= )Ö xa: a.

PHÖÔNG PHAÙP GIAÛI TOAÙN HOAÙ HOÏC

HÖÔNG PHAÙP GIAÛI TOAÙN HOAÙ HOÏC


T )3,& &6+ - K+& *+3 3&/ -&/T )3,& &6+ - K+& *+3 3&/ -&/:+-6 <6F ?& K&'(:+-6 <6F ?& K&'(

Daïn !

a ïn !

"

8a 9n :4 ; !" [a= #7 loa%<#5 R=i NaOH /7oaG KOH.

• K7i 7o CO2 Ra4 NaOH o= t7e xa: a 2 97a:# =#5*

CO2 + NaOH→

NaHCO3 /1CO2 + 2NaOH → Na2CO3 + H2O/2

P#$%n &#a '& (#)n"

)W Eo8 ol CO2 , NaOH

La@9 tQ le@ ol*2

NaOH

CO

n

n ( o*i ca+n cöù vaøo t, -o. /0 xaùc /nh xa3 a nhö5ng pha3n öùng naøo töôùc khi t'nh toaùn)

Bie@# l%a@#*

Ne8% 1 c2

NaOH

CO

n

n c 2 ⇒ ta<o a %o8i NaHCO3 Ra4 Na2SO3

Ne8%2

NaOH

CO

nn

≤ 1⇒ ta<o a %o8i NaHCO3

Ne8%2

NaOH

CO

n

n ≥ 2⇒ ta<o a %o8i Na2CO3

+aøi taäp : a?# ,' lt P7 CO2 /Pt Ra4o 2!0 l >%#5 >7 NaOH 1". )#7 P7o8i l<#5 %o8i ta<o t7a4# #öôùng daãn gia$i"

•2SO NaOH

,'# 0,2 ol X # 1 0,2! 0,2! ol

22,= = = × =

• < = = < ⇒2

NaOH

3 2 3SO

# 0,2!1 1,2! 2 ta<o 2 %o8i NaHCO Ra4 Na CO

# 0,2Zo<i x, la6# l<t la4Eo8 ol %:a NaHCO3 Ra4 NaCO3

CO2 + NaOH → NaHCO3

x x ¬ x /olCO2 + 2NaOH → Na2CO3 + H2O 2 ¬ /ol

• )a o= 7e@ 97#5 tW#7* x + b 0,2 b 0,0! olx + 2 b 0,2! x b 0,1! ol

• = × =3NaHCO

0,1! ' 12,$ 5a

= × =2 3Na CO 0,0! 10$ !,3 5a

+aøi taäp #: Ha89 t7%< 7oa4# toa4# 2,2 lt P7 SO2 /: Pt Ra4o >%#5 >7 7=a ' 5a NaOH t7% < >>7 [. )#7 P7o8i l<#5 %o8i ta# t7% < to#5 >%#5 >7 [.

*aù+ soá" =2 3Na SO

F 12,$ 5aF

+aøi taäp 2: Ha89 t7%< 7oa4# toa4# ,' lt P7 SO2 /: Pt Ra4o >%#5 >7 7=a 22, 5a NaOH t7% < >>7 [. )#7 P7o8i l<#5 %o8i ta# t7% <. )o#5 >%#5 >7 [


⇒

*aù+ soá * =2 3Na SO

2!,2 5a

+aøi taäp 0: S%< 33,$ lt CO2 /Pt Ra4o !005 >%#5 >7 NaOH 20d, t7% < >%#5 >7 A. )#7 P7o8i l<#5a= 7a8t o= to#5 >%#5 >7 A.

*aù+ soá" =3NaHSO

2 5a Ra4 =2 3Na CO

10$ 5a

+aøi taäp ;: N%#5 22,1$ 5a %o8i E%#it %:a Pi loa<i, t7% < $,' 5a 7a8t a;# Ra4 P7 [. L<#5 P7 [Ei#7 a 7o 7a89 t7%< Ra4o (0 l >%#5 >7 KOH 2", )#7 P7o8i l<#5 %o8i P7a# t7% < Ea% 97a:# =#5.

*aù+ soá" =3KHSO

21,$ 5a

+aøi taäp D: C7o ',($ lt P7 SO2 /: Pt ta= >%<#5 R=i 1!05 NaOH 1$d. )#7 #o6#5 o@ d >%#5 >7 Ea%97a:# =#5.

*aù+ soá" = =2 3 3Na SO NaHSO

Cd 1,3!d Ra4 Cd 11,'!d

9n :4 ; *" [a= #7 loa%<#5 R=i Ca/OH2 /7oaG

Ba/OH2.• K7i 7o CO2 Ra4 Ca/OH2 o= t7e xa: a 2 97a:# =#5*

2CO2 + Ca/OH2 → Ca/HCO32 /1CO2 + Ca/OH2 → CaCO3 ↓ + H2O /2

"

)W Eo8 ol CO2 , Ca/OH2

La@9 tQ le@ ol*2

2( )

CO

Ca OH

n

n ( o*i ca+n cöù vaøo t, -o. /0 xaùc /nh xa3 a nhö5ng pha3n öùng naøo töôùc khi t'nh toaùn)

Bie@# l%a@#*

Ne8% 1 c2

2( )

CO

Ca OH

n

n c 2 ⇒ ta<o 2 %o8i

Ne8%2

2( )

CO

Ca OH

n

n ≤ 1⇒ ta<o %o8i CaCO3

Ne8%2

2( )

CO

Ca OH

n

n ≥ 2⇒ ta<o %o8i Ca/HCO32

M ö! yù" \e Tie8t loa<i %o8i ta<o t7a4#7 t74#5 97a:i la@9 tQ le@ 5ia Eo8 ol Pie6 Ra4 oxit. C7%= = la8 Eo8ol %:a 7a8t #a4o P7oD#5 t7a oi : 2 97#5 tW#7 la4 a?% Eo8 e xe=t Ta8t a#5 t7=.+aøi taäp : S%< ',($ lt SO2 /: Pt Ra4o 100l >%#5 >7 Ca/OH2 1',!d / b 1,! 5l. )#7 P7o8i l<#5Pe8t t%:a t7% <.

*aù+ soá" =3CaSO , 5a+aøi taäp #: S%< 0,1! ol P7 CO2 Ra4o 100 l >%#5 >7 Ba/OH2 1". CoD a<# >%#5 >7 t7% < /57a8t a;# P7a# V

*aù+ soá" =3 2Ba/HCO

12,(! 5a

a ïn *

"


B-8& /3-6 *+3 23(6F /+8& Q<>6F *)- *- +-&B-8& /3-6 *+3 23(6F /+8& Q<>6F *)- *- +-& *+-,/ /+- F&-*+-,/ /+- F&-

P#$%n &#a '& (#)n"

K7i t4#5 7<9 5aG9 Ta4i toa=# 7o Tie8t l<#5 %:a 7ai 7a8t t7a 5ia Ra4 eD% a6% t#7 l<#5 7a8t t7a4#7. )o#5 Eo8 7ai 7a8t t7a 5ia 97a:# =#5 Ee o= o@t 7a8t t7a 5ia 97a:# =#5 7e8t. C7a8t Pia o= t7e 97=#5 7e8t 7oaG >. L<#5 7a8t ta<o t7a4#7 t#7 t7eo l<#5 7a8t #a4o 97a:# =#5 7e8t, >o o= 97a:i tW xe to

7ai 7a8t 7o Tie8t, 7a8t #a4o 97a:# =#5 7e8t. Ca=7 5ia:i* La@9 tQ Eo8, R >%< 97#5 tW#7 97a:# =#5*A + B → C +

+ La@9 tQ Eo8*)

)

So8 ol 7a8t A /t7eo e6So8 ol 7a8t A /t7eo )HH Eo R=i

)

)

So8 ol 7a8t B /t7eo e6So8 ol 7a8t B /t7eo )HH

So Ea=#7 2 tQ Eo8, tQ Eo8 #a4o l=# 7# 7a8t o= >, 7a8t Pia 97a:# =#5 7e8t. )#7 l<#5 a= 7a8t t7eo 97a:# =#5 7e8t.

+aøi taäp : \o8t 7a= 2, 5a "5 R=i ' 5a oxi ta<o t7a4#7 a5ie oxit /"5O. Ha 7o Tie8t 7a8t #a4o o4t74a, P7o8i l<#5 la4 Tao #7ieD%V #öôùng daãn gia$i"

So8 ol a= 7a8t e6 7o*2,4

0,124 Mg n = = /olX 2

80,2532On = = /ol

7#5 tW#7 7oa= 7o<* 2"5 + O2 →o

t 2"5O2 ol 1 ol0,1 ol 0,2! ol

La@9 tQ Eo8*0,1 0,25

2 1< ⇒ 2On >

Sa% 97a:# =#5 O2 o4# >.)7eo )HH, ta o=*

2On 97a:# =#5 b0,1 1

0,05

2

×= /ol

2On > b 0,2! f 0,0! b 0,2 /ol⇒ 2Om > b 0,2 32 b $, /5

+aøi taäp #: )o@# >%#5 >7 7=a 205 Tai lo%a Ra4o o@t >%#5 >7 7=a 205 o6#5 E%#at.a. Sa% 97a:# =#5, 7a8t #a4o o4# > to#5 >%#5 >7 R=i P7o8i l<#5 la4 Tao #7ieD%VT. )#7 P7o8i l<#5 7a8t Pe8t t%:a t7% <.

*aù+ soá" a.C%SO >

F ,$25= X T.BaSO

22,05=

+aøi taäp 2: )o@# 100l >%#5 >7 H2SO 20d /> b 1,15l R=i 005 >%#5 >7 BaCl2 !,2d. )#7 Pl<#5 Pe8t t%:a t7% <.

*aù+ soá" BaSO 23,35=

Daïn +

a ïn +

"

P#$%n &#a '& (#)n"


$-* 2J6+ 6F)4'@6 /3, +3- +3>* 0 L-9: *3@6F$-* 2J6+ 6F)4'@6 /3, +3- +3>* 0 L-9: *3@6F /+<* +>: *+-,/ *+<- 6F)4'@6 /3, 23/+<* +>: *+-,/ *+<- 6F)4'@6 /3, 23

. \e xa= #7 N)HH la4 #5%eD# to8 5W, 97a:i tW < #5%eD# t: P7o8i /N)K %:a #5%eD# to8 o=. Loa<a Ra4o )HH o= #5%eD# to8 a6# tW /7a 7<9 7a8t 7=a #5%eD# to8 o= la@9 tQ le@ xa= #7N)K o6i E% a teD# #5%eD# to8.

#. \e la@9 C)HH %:a 7<9 7a8t, t74#5 5aG9 loa<a Ra4o t7a4#7 97a6# d P7o8i l<#5 a= #5%eD# to8Ra4 P7o8i l<#5 ol " %:a 7<9 7a8t. )= 7e8t 97a:i tW P7o8i l<#5 %:a o?i #5%eD# to8 o= to#5 1 ol 7<97a8t, o6i E% a Eo8 ol #5%eD# t: %:a o?i #5%eD# to8 o= to#5 1 ol 7<9 7a8t. )4 o= xa= #7 C)HH %:a7<9 7a8t.

+aøi taäp : [a= #7 Pi loa ta<o t7a4#7 3!,1 5a%o8i.#öôùng daãn gia$i"

Zo<i #5%eD# t: P7o8i %:a Pi loa<i g 7oa= t I la4 ")HH* 2g + Cl2 → 2gCl

2" /5 2/" + 3!,!5 13,'/5 3!,1/5

)a o= tQ le@*2" 2/" 3!,!

" 23

13,' 31,!

+= ⇒ = . a@ g la4 Pi loa%4#5 o@tl<#5 oxi TaY#5 0d l<#5 Pi loa%4#5.#öôùng daãn gia$i"

Zo<i #5%eD# t: P7o8i Ra4 7oa= t %:a Pi loa<i g la6# l<t la4 " Ra4 #.)HH* g + #O2 → 2g2O#

" /5 32# /5

)7eo e6 Ta4i ta o=* 32# b0

100. " ⇒ " b 20#

Ba:#5 Tie@# l%a@#*

# 1 2 3" 20 0 $0

loa%<#5 R=i P7 lo > t7% < 11,&5 %o8i. [a= #7 oD#5 t7= 97aD# t:%:a %o8i lo%a V

*aù+ soá" NaCl+aøi taäp 0: C7o $,3!5 %o8i Ea;t lo%a Ra4o >%#5 >7 NaOH > t7% < ,!5 o@t 7a8t Pe8t t%:a. [a= #7oD#5 t7= 7oa= 7o< %:a %o8i .

*aù+ soá" FeCl2+aøi taäp ;: Hoa4 ta# 0,2&5 Pi loa . CoD a<# >%#5 >7 t7% < 1,&15 o@t %o8iP7a# >% #7a8t. [a= #7 " V

*aù+ soá" Al+aøi taäp D: C7o 11,25 Pi loa%<#5 R4a %: R=i 1,($5 >%#5 >7 H2SO loa#5 #o6#5 o@10d. [a= #7 " V

*aù+ soá" Fe

Daïn ,

a ïn ,

"

P#$%n &#a '& (#)n

Zo Pie@# e6 Ta4i Ra4 )HH e tW l<#5 Pi loa%#5 >7 %o8i, Ea% 97a:# =#5 P7o8i l<#5 t7a#7 Pi loa<i

ta#5 7a 5ia:* Ne8% P7o8i l<#5 t7a#7 Pi loa%#5 >7 A5NO3. 97a:# =#5 xo#5, e la= Pi loa<i a

#7e<, la4 P7oD aD# < 13,$ 5a.a ie8t )HH.T )#7 P7o8i l<#5 o6#5 a 97a:# =#5.

#öôùng daãn gia$i"Zo<i x /5 la4 P7o8i l<#5 %:a la= o6#5 a 97a:# =#5.a )HH* C% + 2A5NO3 → C%/NO32 + 2A5

$5 2. 10'5

x/5 → 216

64

x/5

T W P7o8i l<#5 %:a la= o6#5 Ea% 97a:# =#5 ta#5, #eD# ta o=*216

64

x

x b 13,$ $ 152 486,4 x⇔ = ⇒ x b 3,2

a@ P7o8i l<#5 %:a o6#5 a 97a:# =#5 la4 3,2 5a+aøi taäp #: N7%=#5 o@t la= Ea;t Ra4o >%#5 >7 C%/NO32. Sa% o@t t74i 5ia# la8 la= Ea;t a aD# t7W t7a8 tat7eD 0,'5 Eo R=i Ta# a6%. Bie8t ta8t a: o6#5 Ei#7 a e6% Ta= teD# la= Ea;t. )#7 Eo8 ol C%/NO 32 a 97a:# Ra4 Eo8 ol Fe/NO32 ta<o t7a4#7.

*aù+ soá" 3 2 3 2C%/NO Fe/NO

# # 0,1Fol= =

+aøi taäp 2: N7%=#5 o@t t7a#7 Pe o= P7o8i l<#5 105 Ra4o 200 l >%#5 >7 C%SO 1". Sa% o@t t74i 5la8 t7a#7 Pe a aD# la%#5 >7. )#7 P7o8i l<#5 o6t7% <.

*aù+ soá" C% $,5=

Daïn -

a ïn -

"

P#$%n &#a '& (#)n


B-8& /3-6 /-6F F&- K+3,& Q<>6FB-8& /3-6 /-6F F&- K+3,& Q<>6F

B-8& /3-6 /6+ Q<>6F K& Q3->& 0 +>: *+-,/ –B-8& /3-6 /6+ Q<>6F K& Q3->& 0 +>: *+-,/ – $-* 2 6+ /+-86+ +-(6 +3=6 + 6+&'() *+-,/$-* 2J6+ /+-86+ :+-(6 +3=6 +>: 6+&'() *+-,/

\e xa= #7 t7a4#7 97a6# 7o?# 7<9 #7ie6% 7a8t t74#5 ^%a a= T=* ,öôùc -" ie8t a= )HH xa: a o= lieD# ^%a#. ,öôùc ." \aGt a# Eo8 /t74#5 la4 Eo8 ol a= 7a8t t7a4#7 97a6# o6i la@9 o8i lieD# 7e@ /97#5 tW#7 toa=#

7o< t7eo P7o8i l<#5 Ra4 Eo8 ol. ,öôùc /" Zia:i 97#5 tW#7 toa=# 7o<, xa= # a# Eo8, t#7 a= a%#5 >7 HCl t7W t7% < ,' lt P7H2 : Pt. [a= #7 t7a4#7 97a6# d %:a o?i Pi loa<i to#5 7o?# 7<9 Ta# a6%.#öôùng daãn gia$i"

So8 ol %:a H2* 2

4,480,2

22,4 H n = = /ol

\aGt x, la6# l<t la4 Eo8 ol %:a Al Ra4 Fe to#5 !,!5 7o?# 7<9.Ca= )Ö xa: a*

2Al + $HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2

2 ol $ ol 3 ol

x ol→ 3x ol3

2

x ol

Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2

1 ol 2 ol 1 ol ol→ 2 ol ol

)7eo e6 Ta4i, ta o= 7e@ 97#5 tW#7*3x 0,22

2&x !$ !,!

+ =

+ =

Zia:i 7e@ 97#5 tW#7 ta o=*x 0,1

0,0!

=

=

a@ t7a4#7 97a6# d %:a o?i Pi loa> H2SO loa#5, > t7Wo4# la<i 2,&(5 Pi loa<i P7oD#5 ta# Ra4 t7oa=t a ,!3$ lt H2 /Pt. [a= #7 t7a4#7 97a6# 97a6# ta P7o8i l<#5a= Pi loa<i.

*aù+ soá" Fed 2 /d= X Al

d 2& /d= X C%d 31/d=

+aøi taäp 2: Hoa4 ta# $ 5a 7o?# 7<9 A 5o6 "5 Ra4 "5O TaY#5 H2SO loa#5, R4a %:, < >%#5 >7 B.

)7eD NaOH Ra4o >%#5 >7 B < Pe8t t%:a . Lo< la8 e #%#5 e8# P7o8i l<#5 P7oD#5 oi < ',5a 7a8t a;# . ie8t )HH Ra4 t#7 d P7o8i l<#5 o?i 7a8t to#5 7o?# 7<9 A.

*aù+ soá" "5dF $0 /dA= Ra4 "5O

d 0 /d=

a ïn .

"


B-8& /3-6 /6+ /+'3 PTHH *3 Q&'@6 )-6 2',6 +&'9)B-8& /3-6 /6+ /+'3 PTHH *3 Q&'@6 )-6 2',6 +&'9) )-,/ +-6 <6 ?-8 23 /&6+ K+&',/ *)- 6+&'@6 Q&'))-,/ +-6 <6 ?-8 23 /&6+ K+&',/ *)- 6+&'@6 Q&')

P#$%n &#a '& (#)n

1. Neáu baøi toaùn coù lieân uan !eán "ie#u $uaát %"a&n öùng 'H()

* Zia: E: o= 97a:# =#5* C7a8t Ta# a6% /A → C7a8t Ea:# 97a /B0 1eá! hieä! s!aát t2nh theo chaát sa$n +ham"

( )% 100%( ) (K7o8i l<#5 Ea:# 97a B t7< te8 /e 6 Ta4i 7oH K7o8i l<#5 Ea:# 97a B l= t7%e8t t#7 ^%a 97a:# =#5= ×

⇒ L<#5 Ea:# 97a /B t7< te8 b( ) %

100

×K7o8i l<#5 Ea:# 97a B lL=t7%Le8t H

0 1eá! hieä! s!aát t2nh theo chaát ban 'aà!"

( ) (% 100%

( )

K7o8i l<#5 7a8t t7a 5ia A l= t7%e8t t#7 ^%a 97a:# =#5H

K7o8i l<#5 7a8t t7a 5ia A t7< te8 /e 6 Ta4i 7o= ×

⇒ L<#5 7a8t t7a 5ia /A t7< te8 b( )

100%

%

×K7o8i l<#5 7a8t t7a 5ia A l=t7%e8t

H 2. Neáu baøi toaùn coù lieân uan !eán !o# tin" *"ieát cu&a nguyeân lie#u 'a().

)a o=* ( )ad 7a d 7a8t #5%eD# 7a8t 100d d ta<9 7a8t t= −

M 3h!ù yù" K7i t#7 toa=# t7eo )HH 7Q < t7a l<#5 7a8t #5%eD# 7a8t Ra4o.

+aøi taäp : N%#5 !005 CaCO3 t7% < 1$'5 CaO. )#7 7ie@% E%a8t 97a:# =#5. #öôùng daãn gia$i"

7#5 tW#7 97a:# =#5* CaCO3 0t → CaO + CO2

1005 !$5

!005 xV 5K7o8i l<#5 CaO t7% < /t7eo l= t7%e8t*

500 56

100CaOm ×

= b 2'0 /5

Hie@% E%a8t 97a:# =#5* Hd b168

100280

× b $0d

+aøi taäp #: "o@t loa<i a= RoDi o= 20d ta<9 7a8t. Ho:i o= t7e t7% < Tao #7ieD% P5 RoDi Eo8#5 /CaO P7i #1,! ta8# a= RoDi t7%o@ loa

→ CaO + CO2↑

100P5 !$ P51200P5 xVP5

K7o8i l<#5 CaO t7% < /t7eo l= t7%e8t*

CaO

1200 !$ $&2 /P5

100×

= =

W 7ie@% E%a8t 97a:# =#5 7Q a<t '3d #eD# l<#5 CaO t7< te8 t7% < la4*

CaO/ t7< te8

$&2 '3 !!&,&$ /P5

100×

= =

+aøi taäp 2: )4 $0 ta8# ^%aG#5 9iit 7=a 0d l% 7%4#7 #54i ta Ea:# x%a8t < $1, 2! ta8# axit E%#%i ($d.Ha t#7 7ie@% E%a8t %:a ^%a= tW#7.

*aù+ soá" Hd '0d=

+aøi taäp 0: Tính khối lượng dung dịch ai! a"!ic !hu #ược khi l$n "n 50 lí! &ượu "!'lic 4

0

i*! khối lượng&i$ng c+a &ượu "!'lic l 0,8 g-l . hi/u u! c+a u !&nh l$n "n l 92%

Đáp số: 3>> CH COOH

1(205=

+aøi taäp ;: T !inh ! ngưi !a n u! &a &ượu "!'lic !h": hai giai #:;n au<

a) (=>6?10@5=)n + N=

Axit → n>6?12@6 hi/u u! 80%

) >6?12@6 o o

e# <%

30 32 C−

→ >2?5@? hi/u u! 75%

?A' .i*! BT?? !h": cc giai #:;n !&$n Tính khối lượng &ượu "!'lic !hu #ược ! ! !n !inh ! Đáp số: &ượu ≈ 0,341 !n

a ïn /

"

6aùc /nh #oaïi hi/ocac7on:

+ Loa<i eta# o= C))`* C#H2# + 2 /# la4 Eo8 #5t: C 5o6 #7#5 7a8t to#5 C)C) o= lieD# Pe8t # C f H+ Loa<i etile# o= C))`* C#H2# /# la4 Eo8 #5t: C 5o6 #7#5 7a8t to#5 C)C) o= lieD# Pe8t oDi C b C+ Loa<i axetile# o= C))`* C#H2# 2 /# la4 Eo8 #5t: C 5o6 #7#5 7a8t to#5 C)C) o= lieD# Pe8t Ta C ≡ C 8i0.t co9ng thöùc ca. taïo:

+ ie8t a<7 aTo# t7a#5, Ea% o= 5ia: Eo8 aTo# t7a#5 e ta<o a<7 #7a=#7.+ Bo E%#5 Eo8 #5%eD# t: H 7o %: 7oa= t %:a aTo#.3h!ù yù* Hoa= t %:a a= #5%eD# to8 < a: Ta:o* C /I, N /III, O /II, H /I, Cl /I.

)4 #5%eD# t: C t: leD# =i o= a<7 #7a=#7. Ne8% Eo8 #5%eD# t: H≤ 2 la6# Eo8 #5%eD# t: C t7W o= a<7 Ro4#5, a<7 7: o= lieD# Pe8t oDi 7oaG Ta.

,aøi taä+ vaän d!4ng" ie8t oD#5 t7= a8% ta<o %:a 97aD# t:* CH10 X C3H$ X CH$ X C2H$O% 3535 c!$a 3 6 # -7 " H H H H H f C f C f C f C f H /HoaG* CH3 fCH2 fCH2 fCH3 H H H H

H H HH f C f C f C f H

H H HoaG* CH3 fCH fCH3

H f C f H CH3

H% 3535 c!$a 3 / # 8 " HH f C b C f C f H /HoaG* CH2 b CH fCH3

H H H

% 3535 c!$a 3 6 # 8 " H HC ≡ C f C f C f H /HoaG* CH ≡ CH fCH2 fCH3

H H H H

H HC f C ≡ C f C f H /HoaG* CH2 fC≡C fCH3

H H

% 3535 c!$a 3 . # 8 9 " H HH f C f C f O f H HoaG* CH3 f CH2 f OH H H


.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

.

. . .

.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

V&',/ *3@6F /+<* *-,) /->3 +&23*-*36V&',/ *3@6F /+<* *-,) /->3 +&23*-*36

H H

C CH2

H HC C HoaG* H2C CH2

H H

H HH f C f O f C f H HoaG* CH3 f O f CH3

H H

Daïn 0

a ïn 0

"

P#$%n &#a '& (#)n

a ï n ! " o.t chaù a ga; ;o<t cha.t hö5 cô => th /öôïc 7 ga; "O2 (hoa?c 7 #'t "O2 ô3 /ktc) vaø c ga; H

(hoa?c c #'t hôi H 2O ô3 /ktc)& @i0.t kho.i #öôïng ;o# cha.t hö5 cô #aø M ga;& TA; co9ng thöùc pha9n tö3 hôïp cha.t hcô =& \e 5ia:i >a<#5 toa=# #a4 ta >%4#5 o@t to#5 3 97#5 97a=9 Ea%* +"öông %"aù% 1:

)#7 P7o8i l<#5 a= #5%eD# to8 to#5 7<9 7a8t 7% .

2CO

C

j12 b

7a 2CO

C

j12 b

22,

2H O

H j 2 b

1' 7a 2H O

H j 2 b

22,

O C H7a8t 7% b / +

Zoa<#5 CxHO_.

)#7* 2CO

A

12.dC 100.

= ×

2H O

A

2.dH 100

1'.= ×

dO b 100d /dC + dH

La@9 tQ le@* A"12x 1$_

dC dH dO 100= = =

x,,_⇒


,

,

,

-

-

-

.

.

.

.

B-8& /3-6 -* 2J6+ *3@6F /+<* :+-@6 /<B-8& /3-6 -* 2J6+ *3@6F /+<* :+-@6 /< +>: *+-,/ +<) *+>: *+-,/ +<) *

+"öông %"aù% ,: <a Ra4o 97a:# =#5 7a= to#5 ̂ %a=t.

Mot

x L 2 2 2

C H x O xCO H O

2

+ + → ↑ + ÷

Mot

x L _ 2 2 2

_ C H O x O xCO H O

2 2

+ + − → ↑ + ÷

<a Ra4o > Pie@# Ta4i toa=# a Re6 Eo8 ol la@9 tQ le@ t#5 #5 E% a Pe8t ^%a:.

-o#t $oá coâng t"öùc t/ *"oái löô0ng /ol c"aát A '- A )

M E ##?0 × 3 M E M+ × 4F+ M E #G × 4F88

A * K7o8i l<#5 ieD#5 %:a P7 A/Pt

AB * tQ P7o8i 7i %:a P7 A o8iR=i P7 B.

APP* tQ P7o8i 7i %:a P7 A o8iR=i P7oD#5 P7.

+aøi taäp : \o8t 7a= 7oa4# toa4# 2,15 HCHC A t7% < Ea:# 97a 5o6 $,$5 CO2 Ra4 2,&5 H2O. [a= #7oD#5 t7= 97aD t: %:a A. Bie8t tQ P7o8i 7i %:a A o8i R=i P7 eta# la4 1,&!.

#öôùng daãn gia$i"Caùc" 1: K7o8i l<#5 ol %:a A* "A b 1,&!× 1$ b 2' /5

K7o8i l<#5 a= #5%eD# to8 o= to#5 7<9 7a8t 7% *

C

$,$ . 121,'/5

= = X

H

2,& . 20,3/5

1'= =

O b A f /C + H b 2,1 f /1,' + 0,3 b 0 /5

a@ 7<9 7a8t 7% A 7Q 7=a 2 #5%eD# to8 la4 C, H.Zo ? C

D12 '

E E

12 28

2F 41,8 0,3 2,1⇔ = = ⇒ = =

x y

x y

a@ oD#5 t7= 97aD# t: %:a A la4 C2H.

Caùc" 2: K7o8i l<#5 ol %:a A* "A b 1,&!× 1$ b 2' /5Zo<i C)) %:a A la4 CxH.)HH o8t 7a=* CxH + /x + O2

ot → xCO2 + 2H2O ol x ol 2 ol

2,12'

÷

ol$,$

÷

ol2,&1'

÷

ol

)a o= tQ le@* x 2 x 2X 0,0&! 0,1! 0,1!

= = ⇒ = =

a@ oD#5 t7= 97aD# t: %:a A la4 C2H.+aøi taäp #: Gố! ch' 4,5 ga ch! hHu cI !hu #ược 6,6 ga khí >@ 2 . 2,7 ga ?2@ i*! khối lượng :lc+a ch! hHu cI l 60 ga Jc #ịnh cKng !hLc MhNn !O c+a ch! hHu cI

Đáp số: >TBT< >2?4@2

+aøi taäp 2: BhNn !ích ! ch! hHu cI C cP !hnh MhQn cc ngu'$n !ố l < 85,71%> . 14,29%? Jc #ịnh>TBT c+a C, i*! !R khối hIi c+a C #ối .Si ?"li ng 7

Đáp số: >TBT< >2?4

+aøi taäp 0: D! hợM ch! hHu cI C chLa >, ? . cP !R l/ khối lượng giHa chUng l < > < ? E 9 < 1 Jc #cKng !hLc MhNn !O c+a C, i*! !R khối hIi c+a C #ối .Si "!an ng 2,5

Đáp số: >TBT< >3?4

Daïn 1

a ïn 1

"

P#$%n &#a '& (#)n

\e xa= #7 t7a4#7 97a6# 7o?# 7<9 ta a6#* ie8t )HH %:a a= 97a:# =#5. Sa% o= ><a Ra4o > Pie@# Ta4i 7o la@9 7e@ 97#5 tW#7 toa=# 7o< R=i a#t74#5 la4 Eo8 ol a= 7a8t t7a4#7 97a6# 7o?# 7<9 /ieD#5 7o?# 7<9 P7 o4# o= t7e aGt a# Eo8 la4 t7e t7 a= t7a4#7 97a6#.

Zia:i 7e@ 97#5 tW#7 a%4#5 1,!$' lt O2, a= t7e tP7 o : Pt. )#7 t7a4#7 97a6# 97a6# ta %:a o?i P7 to#5 7o?# 7<9. #öôùng daãn gia$i"

So8 ol a= 7a8t e6 7o* 7o?# 7<9

0,$&2# 0,03 /ol

22,= = X

2O

1,!$'# 0,0& /ol

22,= =

Zo<i x, la6# l<t la4 Eo8 ol %:a C2H2 Ra4 CH to#5 7o?# 7<9 P7.

)HH* 2C2H2 + !O2 ot → CO2

↑ + 2H2O

2 ol !olx ol →

!x2

ol

CH + 2O2 ot → CO2 + 2H2O

1 ol 2 ol ol→ 2 ol

)7eo e6 ta o= 7e@ 97#5 tW#7*2

7o?# 7<9

O

# b x 0,03

!x # 2 0,0&

2

+ =

= + =

Zia:i 7e@ 97#5 tW#7 ta <* x 0,02 0,01

==

a@ *2 C H

0, 02 22, d 100 $$,$&d

0,$&2×

= × =

CH

0,01 22,d 100 33,33d

0,$&2×

= × = /7oaGCH

d 100d $$,$&d 33,33d= − =

+aøi taäp #: Ho?# 7<9 [ 5o6 <% etli Ra4 o@t <% A o= oD#5 t7= C#H2# + 1OH.C7o 1,!2 5a [ ta= >%<#5 7e8t R=i Na t7a8 t7oa=t a 0,33$ lt H2 : Pt.


T6+ K+3,& Q<>6F +>: *+-,/ +<) * /+'3 PTHH –T6+ K+3,& Q<>6F +>: *+-,/ +<) * /+'3 PTHH –

$-* 2J6+ /+-86+ :+-(6 U /+'3 K+3,& Q<>6F ?-8 /+'3$-* 2J6+ /+-86+ :+-(6 U /+'3 K+3,& Q<>6F ?-8 /+'3 /+'5 /*+ *+-,/ +<) * /36 3/ +3=6 +/+'5 /*+ *+-,/ +<) * /36 3/ +3=6 +

Bie8t tQ le@ Eo8 ol %:a <% etli Ra4 <% A to#5 7o?# 7<9 la4 2 * 1.a. [a= #7 oD#5 t7= 97aD# t: %:a <% A.T. )#7 t7a4#7 97a6# d P7o8i l<#5 %:a o?i <% to#5 [.

#öôùng daãn gia$i"

So8 ol %:a P7 H2*2H

0,33$# 0,01! /ol

22,= =

Zo<i Eo8 ol %:a <% etli to#5 7o?# 7<9 la4 2x⇒ Eo8 ol <% C#H2# + 1OH la4 x.a Ca= )HH xa: a*

2C2H!OH + 2Na → 2C2H!ONa + H2↑ /1

2x ol → x ol

2 C#H2# + 1OH + 2Na → 2 C#H2# + 1ONa + H2↑ /2

x ol → x2

ol

)4 /1 Ra4 /2 ta o= to#5 Eo8 ol %:a H2* x +x2

b 0,01!⇒ x b 0,01

a@*2 !C H OH

2x $ 2 0,01 $ 0,(2 /5= × = × × =

# 2 # 1C H OH 1,!2 0,(2 0,$ /5

+

→ = − =

)a o=* x/1# + 1 + 1& b 0,$Ha X 0,01/1# + 1' b 0,$ ⇒ # b 3a@ <% A o= oD#5 t7=* C3H&OH

T )7a4#7 97a6# d P7o8i l<#5 %:a o?i <% to#5 [*

2 !

0,(2dC H OH 100 $0, !3d

1,!2= × =

3 &dC H OH 100d $0, !3d 3(, &d= − =

a ïn !2

"

+aøi taäp : "o@t 7o?# 7<9 5o6 C2H Ra4 C2H2 < 7ia la4 7ai 97a6# TaY#5 #7a%*7a6# 1 * C7o 97a:# =#5 R4a %: R=i 300l >%#5 >7 To 1".

7a6# 2 * \o8t 7a= 7oa4# toa4#, t7% < ',($ lt CO2 /Pt.Ha t#7 P7o8i l<#5 o?i 7a8t to#5 7o?# 7<9 Ta# a6%.


So8 ol a= 7a8t e6 7o*2B

# 0,3 1 0,3 /ol= × = X2CO

',($# 0, /ol

22,= =

Zo: *-(6 Q<) 4C-* -8& /3-6 /356F +>: *-(6 Q<) 4

C2H2 + 2B2 → C2HB

ol→ 2 ol

7a6# 2* C2H + 3O2 ot → 2CO2

↑ + 2H2O

x ol → 2xol2C2H2 + !O2

ot → CO2 + 2H2O ol→ 2 ol

)7eo e6 ta o= 7e@ 97#5 tW#7*2

2

B

CO

# x 2 0,3# 2x 2 0,

= + == + =

Zia:i 7e@ 97#5 tW#7 ta <*x 0,1

L 0,1

=

=

K7o8i l<#5 %:a o?i 7a8t to#5 7o?# 7<9 Ta# a6%*

2 C H 0,1 2 2' !,$ /5= × × =

2 2C H 0,1 2 2$ !,2 /5= × × =

+aøi taäp #: C7o 7o?# 7<9 [ 5o6 <% etli Ra4 axit axeti. C7ia 5a 7o?# 7<9 [ t7a4#7 2 97a6#*

7a6# 1* 7o ta= >%<#5 7e8t R=i Na t7W t7oa=t a 0,2' lt H2 /Pt. 7a6# 2* o8t 7a= 7oa4# toa4# t7% < 3,2 5a H2O.)#7 P7o8i l<#5 o?i 7a8t to#5 5a 7o?# 7<9 [. Bie8t 97a6# 2 5a89 3 la6# 97a6# 1.


So8 ol a= 7a8t e6 7o*2H

0,2'# 0,012! /ol

22,= = X

2H O

3,2# 0,1' /ol

1'= =

Zo<i x, la6# l<t la4 Eo8 ol <% etli Ra4 axeti to#5 97a6# 1.⇒ 3x, 3 la6# l<t la4 Eo8 ol <% etli Ra4 axit axeti to#5 97a6# 2.7a6# 1* 2C2H!OH + 2Na → 2C2H!ONa + H2

x ol→ x2 ol

2CH3COOH + 2Na → 2CH3COONa + H2

ol → 2

ol

7a6# 2* C2H!OH + 3O2 ot → 2CO2 + 3H2O

3x ol→ (x olCH3COOH 2O2

ot → 2CO2 + 2H2O3 ol→ $ ol

)7eo e6 ta o= 7e@ 97#5 tW#7* x 0,012!2 2(x $ 0,1'

+ = + =

Zia:i 7e@ 97#5 tW#7 teD# ta <*x 0,01

0,01!

=

=So8 ol <% etli Ta# a6%* 0,01 × b 0,0 /ol

2 !C H OH 0,0 $ 1,' /5⇒ = × =

So8 ol axit axeti Ta# a6%* 0,01! × b 0,0$ /ol

3CH COOH 0,0$ $0 3,$ /5⇒ = × =

+aøi taäp 2: Oxi 7oa= 7oa4# toa4# 33$l P7 o@t 7ioaTo# /[. a?# toa4# To@ Ea:# 97a la6# l<t i ^%a TW#71 <#5 H2SO , TW#7 2 <#5 Ca/OH2 >. Sa% P7i 97a:# =#5 xo#5 t7W P7o8i l<#5 TW#7 1 ta#5 t7eD 1,0'5a Ra4 TW#7 2 ta#5 t7eD 2,$ 5a. Ha xa= #7 oD#5 t7= 97aD# t: %:a /[, Tie8t "[ b !$ RC.#öôùng daãn gia$i"C7a8t [ 7=a C, H P7i oxi 7oa= Ee Ei#7 a CO2 Ra4 H2O. K7i ^%a TW#7 1 <#5 H2SO aG t7W H2O T 7a89 t7%<

#eD# P7o8i l<#5 H2O la4 1,0' 5a. `%a TW#7 2 <#5 Ca/OH 2 t7W CO2 T 7a89 t7%< #eD# P7o8i l<#5 CO2 la4 2,$)7eo e6* [ [

0,33$# 0,01! /ol 0,01! !$ 0,' /5

22,= = ⇒ = × =

2CO

C

12 2,$ 12 0,&2 /5

× ×= = =

2H O

H

2 1,0' 2 0,12 /5

1' 1'

× ×= = =

Zo<i oD#5 t7= to#5 ^%a=t %:a /[ * CxH

)a o= tQ le@*C H

12x " 12x !$ 0,&2 0,12 0,'

= = ⇔ = =

Zia:i 97#5 tW#7 teD# ta <*x

'

=

=a@ oD#5 t7= 97aD# t: %:a [ la4 CH'.+aøi taäp 0: \e 5a <% etli 7ia la4 7ai 97a6# TaY#5 #7a%.

7a6# 1* ta= >%<#5 7e8t R=i Na > t7% < ,' lt H2.7a6# 2* e o8t 7a= 7oa4# toa4# t7W t7% < lt CO2 t7oa=t a. Bie8t t7e t7 P7 : Pt.a. ie8t 97a:# =#5 xa: a.

T. )#7 lt CO2 Ra4 5a <% etli. *aù+ soá"

2 2 !CO C H OH 1&,(25 Ra4 3$,'5= =

+aøi taäp ;: \e 5a 7o?# 7<9 Al, Fe 7ia la4 2 97a6# TaY#5 #7a%.7a6# 1* ta= >%<#5 R=i >%#5 >7 H 2SO loa#5 >, oD a<# >%#5 >7 Ea% 97a:# =#5 t7W t7% < (,

5a 7o?# 7<9 7ai %o8i E%#at.7a6# 2* e o8t 7a= 7oa4# toa4# #5oa4i P7oD#5 P7 t7W t7% < 1',2 5a 7o?# 7<9 #7oD oxit Ra4 Ea;t

/III oxit.a. ie8t 97a:# =#5 xa: a.T. )#7 5a 7o?# 7<9 Al, Fe.

*aù+ soá" 7ai Pi loaki 2/!, !,$ 225= + =+aøi taäp D: C7a8t 7% A 7=a a= #5%eD# to8 C, H, O o= P7o8i l<#5 ol la4 $0 5a. \o8 7a= 7oa4# toa4# 35a A o6i 7o Ea:# 97a t7% < ^%a TW#7 1 <#5 H 2SO aG, Ea% o= ^%a TW#7 2 <#5 >%#5 >7Ca/OH2>. Sa% 97a:# =#5 t7a8 P7o8i l<#5 TW#7 1 ta#5 t7eD 1,' 5a, : TW#7 2 o= 10 5a Pe8t t%:a. Ha xa=#7 oD#5 t7= 97aD# t: %:a A.

*aù+ soá" C2HO2

+aøi taäp H: \o8t 7a= o@t 7o?# 7<9 5o6 C2H2 Ra4 C2H o= t7e t7 $,&2 lt /Pt o6i 7o toa4# To@ Ea:# 97at7% < 7a89 t7%< 7e8t Ra4o >%#5 >7 Ca/OH2 >. Sa% 97a:# =#5 Pe8t t7%=, t7a8 P7o8i l<#5 TW#7 <#5

Ca/OH2 ta#5 t7eD 33,$ 5a o6#5 t74i o= 5a Pe8t t%:a. [a= #7 t7a4#7 97a6# d t7e t7 %:a o?i to#5 7o?# 7<9 Ra4 t#7 .

*aù+ soá" 2 2C H

d $$,$&d= X2 C H

d 33,33d= X3CaCO

$05=

+aøi taäp : >h: 10l &ượu 960 !c dVng .Si Wa l' dư a) Xi*! cc BTBY ' &a ) T !hZ !ích . khối lượng &ượu ngu'$n ch! #A !ha gia Mhn Lng, i*! khối lượng &i$ng c+a

&ượu l 0,8 g-l Đáp số: a) 2?2@ [ 2Wa → 2Wa@? [ ?2 . 2>2?5@? [ 2Wa → 2 >2?5@Wa [ ?2

) &ượu E 7,68g

Daïn !!

a ïn !!

"

P#$%n &#a '& (#)n" <a Ra4o #7 #57a Ra4 > Pie@# Ta4i toa=# ta o= oD#5 t7=*

1.2

100= ×t

H O

S

)o#5 o=* S la4 o@ ta#

t la4 P7o8i l<#5 7a8t ta#

2. = t

>>T7

SS+100 >>T7 la4 P7o8i l<#5 >%#5 >7 Tao 7oa4

2H O la4 P7o8i l<#5 >%#5 oDi

+aøi taäp : [a= #7 l<#5 NaCl Pe8t ti#7 t: la%#5 >7 %o8i a# Tao 7oa4 : !0 oCx%o8#5 OoC. Bie8t o@ ta# %:a NaCl : !0oC la4 3& 5a Ra4 : OoC la4 3! 5a. #öôùng daãn gia$i"

mn !00C *

C= to#5 100 + 3& b 13&5 >%#5 >7 o= 3&5 NaCl Ra4 1005 H2O.)o#5 !'5 >%#5 >7 o= xV 5 NaCl Ra4 V 5 H 2O

2

!' 3&x 1'5 NaCl

13&!' 100

005 H O13&

×= =⇒

× = =

a@ : !00C to#5 !'5 >%#5 >7 o= 1'5 NaCl Ra4 005 H2O mn 00C * C= 1005 H2O 7oa4 ta# 3!5 NaCl

005 H2O 7oa4 ta# _V 5 NaCl

00 3!_ 105100×⇒ = =

a@ P7o8i l<#5 NaCl Pe8t ti#7 la4*1' f 10 b '5

+aøi taäp #: \o@ ta# %:a NaNO3 : 1000C la4 1'05 Ra4 : 200C la4 ''5. Ho:i o= Tao #7ieD% 5a NaNO3 Pe8t ti#7P7i 7a< #7ie@t o@ %:a '5 >%#5 >7 NaNO3 Tao 7oa4 t4 1000C x%o8#5 200C.

*aù+ soá" 3NaNO Pe8t ti#7

2&,$5=


B-8& /3-6 ?'( 239 /-6B-8& /3-6 ?'( 239 /-6

+aøi toaùn veà pha tJoän 4unC 4ch+aøi toaùn veà pha tJoän 4unC 4ch

a ïn !*

"

1 2>> >> >> =i

... + + =

1 2t/>> t/>> t/>>=i

... + + =

A9 >%<#5 oD#5 t7=*t>> =i

>> =i

>> =i

Cd 100d

= ×

+aøi taäp : )o@# $05 >%#5 >7 NaOH 20d R=i 05 >%#5 >7 NaOH 1!d. )a t7% < o@t >%#5 >7 =io= #o6#5 o@ Cd la4 Tao #7ieD%V#öôùng da:n gia$i"

K7o8i l<#5 NaOH o= to#5 $05 >> NaOH 20d *×

= =NaOH

20 $0 125

100 K7o8i l<#5 NaOH o= to#5 05 >> NaOH 1!d*

×= =NaOH

1! 0 $5100

K7o8i l<#5 >%#5 >7 NaOH Ea% P7i 97a to@#*= + =

>> $0 0 1005

No6#5 o@ 97a6# ta %:a >%#5 >7 NaOH Ea% P7i 97a to@#*12 $

Cd 100 1'd100

+= × =

+aøi taäp #: Ca6# >%4#5 Tao #7ieD% l >%#5 >7 NaOH 3d / b 1,0!5l Ra4 Tao #7ieD% l >%#5 >7 NaOH10d / b 1,125l e 97a 7e8 < 2 lt >%#5 >7 NaOH 'd / b 1,15l.

#öôùng daãn gia$i"K7o8i l<#5 %:a NaOH o= to#5 2 lt >%#5 >7 NaOH 'd / b 1,15l

× ×= =

NaOH

' 2000 1,1 1&$5

100Zo%#5 >7 NaOH 3d Ra4 NaOH 10d .K7o8i l<#5 NaOH to#5 a= >%#5 >7 Ee la4*

×= =

NaOH/>>1

3 1, 0!x 0,031!x /5

100×

= =NaOH/>>2

10 1,12 0,112 /5

100)a o= 7e@ 97#5 tW#7 *

+ =

+ =

x 2000

0, 031!x 0,112 1&$

Zia:i 7e@ 97#5 tW#7, ta o=* x b !($,3 /l Ra4 b 103,& /l+aøi taäp 2: Co= 2 lo< <#5 >%#5 >7 H2SO. Lo< t7= #7a8t o= #o6#5 o@ 1oll, lo< t7= 7ai o= #o6#5 o@ 3oll.)#7 t7e t7 %:a o?i >%#5 >7 e 97a 7e8 t7a4#7 !0 l >%#5 >7 H2SO 1,!".

*aù+ soá" >>1 b 3&,! /l Ra4 >>2 b 12,! /l+aøi taäp 0: %#5 >7 HCl o= #o6#5 o@ 3$d / b 1,1(5l Ra4 >%#5 >7 HCl 12d / b 1,05l. )#7P7o8i l<#5 %:a o?i >%#5 >7 e 97a 7e8 t7a4#7 2 lt >%#5 >7 HCl 20d / b 1,15l.

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