takotsubo cardiomyopathy
TRANSCRIPT
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Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
Richard Fox
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Why Takotsubo?
• Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is an acute cardiac syndrome, which presents like ACS
• Misdiagnosis poses a bleeding risk to the patient through thrombolysis
• Awareness of TC and the at risk demographic is therefore vital
• Clinicians should include TC in their differential diagnosis in cases of ACS that show no coronary artery stenosis
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What is Takotsubo?
• TC is an acute cardiac syndrome, which presents like ACS
• Transient LV apical ballooning in the absence of coronary artery stenosis
• Often precipitated by acute emotional or physical stress
• “Broken heart syndrome”
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• Takotsubo; “Octopus pot” was first documented in Japan in 1991
• It is so named due to the appearance of the left ventriculogram is systole
Fig.1 A. Ventriculogram showing left apical ballooning. B.Japanese octopus pot7
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Prevalence
• Since 1991 the number of reported cases has risen annually
• In a recent study in the US, TC accounted for ≈2.2% of STEMI cases
• The true prevalence is still uncertain
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Women>Men
• Females are affected more than men• 90% of cases involve women• Majority are post-menopausal • Mean age 68yrs
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Presentation
Cannot distinguish between Takotsubo and STEMI at presentation!!!
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History
• Acute emotional stress (25% of cases)
• Physical stressor (30% of cases)
• Idiopathic (30% of cases)
Unexpected death in the family
Confrontational argument
Severe anxiety
Asthma attack
Exhaustion
Sepsis
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Investigation
• ECG• Angiography• Echocardiography• Cardiac enzymes
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ECG
• At presentation:
ST-elevation in pre-cordial leads
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Repeat ECG
• Later that day
Resolution of ST-elevation Development of T-wave inversion
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Angiography• The absence of coronary artery
stenosis1 • Mid-ventricular wall
akinesis/dyskinesis, with hypercontractile basal segments producing the characteristic appearance6
• Abnormalities in the apical wall, sparing the base
Fig. Ventriculogram in diastole (A) and systole (B)6
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Echocardiography
• Acutely reduced ejection fraction1
33 %
(Normal = 55-65%)
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Cardiac enzymes
• TnI rises in Takotsubo• In Takotsubo the peak TnI rise is
disproportionate to the level of LV dysfunction
Investigation
Takotsubo STEMI
Initial TnI 1.1 1.9Peak TnI 4.9 7.3Ejection fraction
33 25
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Pathophysiology• The pathophysiology of Takotsubo is poorly understood.
Several mechanisms for this reversible cardiomyopathy have been proposed1:
Microvascular dysfunction: coronary artery microspasm*
Excess plasma catecholamines* Myocardial stunning: Acute
sympathetic overactivity
Takotsubo
*Estrogen deficiency: Increased sensitivity in post-menopausal women
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Pathophysiology cont….• Increased plasma catecholamines - front runner in explaining the mechanism in Takotsubo
- Catecholamine are 2-3 times higher in TC than in STEMI at hospitalisation.
- Excess catecholamines are shown to cause myocardial damage; focal mycytolysis seen in TC
- Epiphenomenon?• Myocardial stunning - Increased sympathetic activity, linked with emotional
stress, may be important in TC1. - Excess cardiac adrenoreceptor stimulation causes
left ventricular hypocontraction in animal models1.
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Estrogen
• Hormones are thought to be the key in explaining the high proportion of cases in PMW
• Estrogen may influence coronary artery vasoreactivity and its absence may increase risk of microspasm1
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Diagnosing Takotsubo
Mayo clinic criteria4
New ECG abnormalities * Absence of
obstructive coronary artery disease
Transient LV apical akinesis/ dyskinesis
* Without concurrent conditions; head injury/intracranial bleed/ pheochromocytoma/myocarditis/hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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Management
• At present, treatment is entirely empirical. Management should follow that for ACS and emergency angiography is advised1.
• Other possibilities for “broken heart syndrome”?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fbn75LITtlc&feature=related
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Prognosis• Very good; in the absence of comorbidity
• Systolic dysfunction resolves within days-weeks4
• At this time, repeat ECG classically shows resolution of all abnormalities, though T-wave inversion may persist for longer.
• In-hospital mortality is low (1-2%), as is the rate of recurrence (10%)1.
• Ventricular thrombosis and heart failure are possible complications
• Long-term prognosis is unknown and future prospective studies are required.
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Summary• TC is an acute cardiac syndrome, transiently affecting
LV function and presenting like ACS.
• It is impossible to differentiate the two at presentation.
• TC should be included as a differential diagnosis in
patients who: - meet the Mayo clinic criteria
- have a history of an acute emotional or physical stressor
• Especially in post-menopausal women, who seem to be more at risk.
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References
1. Gianni M, Dentali F, Grandi AM, Summer G, Hiralal, Lonn E. Apical ballooning syndrome or Takotsubo cardiomyopathy:systematic review.Eur Heart J.2006;27;1523-1529
2. Doke K, Sato H, Uchida T, Ishihara M.Myocardial stunning due to simultaneous multivessel coronary spasms:a review of 5 cases.J Cardiol 1991;21;203-14
3. Bybee KA, Prasad A, Barsness GW, Lerman A, Jaffe AS, Murphy JG, et al Clinical characteristics and
thrombolysis in myocadial infarction frame counts in women with transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome.Am J Cardiol.2004;94;343-346 4. Barker S, Solomon H, Bergin JD,Huff JS, Brady WJ.Electrocardiographic ST-segment elevation:
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy versus ST segment elevation myocardial infarction-A case series.Am J Emerg Med 2009;27;220-226
5. Bybee KA, Prasad A.Stress related cardiomyopathy syndromes.Circulation.2008;118;397-4096. Nielson LH, Munk K, Goetzsche O et al. Takotsubo cardiomopathyAn important differential
diagnosis to acute myocardial infarctio. Danish medical bulletin.2009;56;165-1687. Kurisu S, Sato H, Kawagoe T, Ishihara M, Shimatani Y, Nishioka K, Kono Y, Umemura T, Nakamura
S (2002) Tako-tsubo-like left ventricular dysfunction with ST-segment elevation: a novel cardiac syndrome mimicking acute myocardial infarction Am Heart J 143(3): 448-455
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