The 2The 2ndnd War for War for Independence Independence

and the Upsurge and the Upsurge of Nationalismof Nationalism

Chapter 12Chapter 12

Essential Question?Essential Question?• What were the

causes and results of the War of 1812?

Madison’s 2Madison’s 2ndnd Term Timeline Term Timeline• 1810: Fletcher v. Peck• 1812: War of 1812 begin

– Invasions of Canada

• 1814: UK burns Washington DC– Treaty of Ghent– Hartford Convention (1814-15)

• 1815: Battle of New Orleans• 1816: 2nd Bank of US Founded

James Madison – 4James Madison – 4thth PresidentPresident

On to Canada over Land and On to Canada over Land and LakesLakes

• US invades Canada: – To gain land– Stop supply of

weapons to Indians– UK military weak

there

• Problems for US– US military weak– Unorganized

• 1 in 6 US sailors a free black

• 1814: Napoleon defeated, UK can concentrate on fighting US

• US Navy defends NY, but army loses many battles

3 U. S. Invasions of 3 U. S. Invasions of 18121812

3 U. S. Invasions of 3 U. S. Invasions of 18121812

Campaigns of 1813Campaigns of 1813Campaigns of 1813Campaigns of 1813

Washington Burned and Washington Burned and New Orleans DefendedNew Orleans Defended

• 1814: UK enters Chesapeake, embarrasses US army, burns Washington DC.

• Baltimore: Ft. McHenry defended, Francis S. Key writes “The Star Spangled Banner”

• Gen. Andrew Jackson scrounges together pirates, free blacks, sailors defended New Orleans in January 1815

• Made Jackson a national hero.

Battle of Fort Battle of Fort McHenry,McHenry,

18141814

Battle of Fort Battle of Fort McHenry,McHenry,

18141814

Oh Say Can You SeeOh Say Can You SeeBy the Dawn’s Early Light…By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- -- Francis Scott KeyFrancis Scott Key

Oh Say Can You SeeOh Say Can You SeeBy the Dawn’s Early Light…By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- -- Francis Scott KeyFrancis Scott Key

The Battle of New The Battle of New OrleansOrleans

January 8, 1815January 8, 1815

The Battle of New The Battle of New OrleansOrleans

January 8, 1815January 8, 1815

The Treaty of GhentThe Treaty of Ghent• Ghent, Belgium in 1814• US delegation lead by John Q. Adams• UK still worried about France wanted

out of war with US• ToG really an armistice, did not

address impressments or Indian resistance

• No land changed hands

Treaty of GhentTreaty of GhentDecember 24, 1814December 24, 1814

Treaty of GhentTreaty of GhentDecember 24, 1814December 24, 1814

Federalist Grievances and Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Conventionthe Hartford Convention

• New England states against the war

• Profited by aiding UK• Hartford

Convention: secret meetings of NE states to discuss secession from US (1814-15)

• Nation called NE treasonous

• Death of the Federalist Party

• Demands:– End 3/5ths Clause– New rules in Congress

for declaring war, embargos, and admitting new states

– Limit president to 1 term

– No back-to-back presidents from same state

The 2The 2ndnd War for American War for American Independence Independence

• War of 1812 globally unimportant, but huge for US

• US proved it was a sovereign nation, and could defend itself.

• Sectionalism proved worthless

• New Heroes: Jackson, William H. Harrison

• Roots of US manufacturing

• Canada felt betrayed by UK

• US-Canada relations eventually strengthen

• US becomes isolationist

• Indians weak without UK backing

NationalismNationalism• Nationalism spreads through nation

after 1812• Famous authors

– Washington Irvin– James F. Cooper: Last of the Mohicans

• 2nd Bank of the US chartered, 1816

The American SystemThe American System• Post-War: UK merchants take

advantage of no tariffs, undercut US manufacturers

• Tariff of 1816: 1st protective tariff

• Erie Canal completed in 1825

The American SystemThe American SystemThe American SystemThe American System

Tariff of 1816

Second Bank of the U. S.

Internal improvements at federal expense. - National Road

Henry Clay,Henry Clay,“The Great“The Great

Compromiser”Compromiser”

The American SystemThe American SystemThe American SystemThe American System

WESTWEST got roads, canals, and got roads, canals, and federal aide. federal aide.

EASTEAST got the backing of got the backing of protective tariffs from the protective tariffs from the West. West.

SOUTHSOUTH ?? ??

The So Called Era of Good The So Called Era of Good FeelingsFeelings

• 1816: James Monroe elected 5th president– Virginia Dynasty: 4 of 1st 5 presidents

from Virginia• Called Era of Good Feelings

because there was only 1 political party (Democratic-Republicans)

• Straddled the generation between revolution and intense nationalism.

The Election of 1816The Election of 1816The Election of 1816The Election of 1816

James Monroe TimelineJames Monroe Timeline• 1816: Monroe elected• 1818: Treaty of 1818

with UK– Jackson invades Florida

• 1819: Panic of 1819– Spain cedes Florida– McCulloch v. Maryland– Dartmouth v.

Woodward

• 1820: Missouri Compromise– Missouri and Maine

become states– Land Act of 1820– Monroe reelected

• 1823: Monroe Doctrine

• 1824: Gibbons v. Ogden

• 1825: Erie Canal

James Monroe [1816-1824]James Monroe [1816-1824]James Monroe [1816-1824]James Monroe [1816-1824]

The Panic of 1819 and the The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard TimesCurse of Hard Times

• Panic of 1819: Caused by over speculation of western lands.

• Results: deflation, depression, bankruptcies, unemployment, debtor’s prison

• Hurt western states/territories hardest

• Laid ground work for Jacksonian Democracy

Growing Pains of the WestGrowing Pains of the West• Admitted as alternating between free and

slave states to maintain congressional balance.

• Land in west was cheap, people moved there for many reasons:– Depleted tobacco/ cotton lands in south– Immigrants couldn’t afford eastern land– Indian threat removed by War of 1812– Roads connected west to north– Steamboats go into use (1811)

Slavery and Sectional Slavery and Sectional BalanceBalance

• 1819 saw Missouri ready for statehood, but land was ideal for slave labor

• North tried to pass the Tallmadge Amendment: next slide!

• North had an advantage in the House, but south was even in Senate

• South worried that a northern advantage could mean the end of slavery

The Tallmadge AmendmentThe Tallmadge AmendmentThe Tallmadge AmendmentThe Tallmadge Amendment

All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed at the age of 25.

Passed by the House, not in the Senate.

The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block it in the Senate.

The Uneasy Missouri The Uneasy Missouri CompromiseCompromise

• Missouri (slave) and Maine (free) were admitted to the union

• All future states carved from the Louisiana Purchase must be free if they existed above the 36 30’ parallel

• North mad with another slave state, South mad about no slavery in other territories

• 1st time morality of slavery becomes a major issue

• Monroe reelected in 1820

The Election of 1820The Election of 1820The Election of 1820The Election of 1820

John Marshall and Judicial John Marshall and Judicial NationalismNationalism

• Marshall Court expanded federal power

• McCulloch v. Maryland: Maryland challenged authority of Bank of US. Marshall said bank was constitutional based on implied powers.

• Cohens v. Virginia: Supreme Court overrule state Supreme Court for 1st time

• Gibbons v. Ogden: Supreme Court upheld federal authority over interstate commerce.

Judicial Dikes Against Judicial Dikes Against Democratic ExcessesDemocratic Excesses

• Fletcher v. Peck: Earliest case of Supreme Court overruling state law.

• Dartmouth College v. Woodward: Set standard for protection of corporations.– Dartmouth was chartered by UK before

revolution.– Supreme Court said NH had to recognize

charter.– Dartmouth defended by Senator Daniel

Webster

Sharing Oregon and Sharing Oregon and Acquiring FloridaAcquiring Florida

• Treaty of 1818 with UK:– US fishing rights off

Newfoundland– Fixed border of western

US and Canada at 49th parallel

– US and UK would jointly occupy the Oregon Country for 10 years

• 1810 and 1812 the US seized West Florida

• Spain was busy fighting revolutions in South America

• Andrew Jackson got federal permission to invade Florida to crush the rebel Seminole Indians and capture runaway slaves (1818)

• Spain ceded Florida in 1819

Jackson’s Florida Jackson’s Florida CampaignsCampaigns

Jackson’s Florida Jackson’s Florida CampaignsCampaigns

The Menace of Monarchy in The Menace of Monarchy in AmericaAmerica

• Revolutions in Latin America worried European kings.

• Kings plotted to mount a joint effort to retake Latin America

• Russia began establishing trading posts in modern California

• UK approached US about joint protection of Latin America

Monroe and His DoctrineMonroe and His Doctrine• US weary about alliance with UK• US knew that UK was dependent on

Latin American trade, and would fight off European nations with or without a US alliance

• Monroe Doctrine: aimed at Europe– No new European colonies in Americas– Europe should not interfere with

Americas

Monroe’s Doctrine Monroe’s Doctrine AppraisedAppraised

• European powers shocked by Monroe Doctrine

• Not really important until mid-1800s• Russia agreed to the Russo-

American Treaty: drew Russian territory at southern tip of modern Alaska

• Never seriously challenged or upheld• Added to US isolationist ideals

Essential Question?Essential Question?• What were the

causes and results of the War of 1812?