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The main characteristics of the groundwater in Bahi-Manyoni
Basin in Tanzania Knivsland, S., Bakari, S., Aagaard, P.
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Geology • Basement of granite
and gneisses • Sedimentary bedrock • Alluvial and playa
lake sediments • Inselsbergs • Faulting and
earthquakes • Heights ranging from 800 – 2400 m.a.s.l. • Chenene hills stands
at about 1500 m.a.s.l.
Bahi-Manyoni basin • Internal drainage • Two rainfall seasons • High potential evaporation • Actual evaporation balance annual rainfall • Lake Sulunga/Bahi swamp get recharge from: 1. Approx. 60 % from direct rainfall on lake area 2. Approx. 40 % from ephemeral rivers like Bubu and
Mponde • Area around the lake is used for rice cultivation • The ephemeral lakes also contain fish
Table 1: Bahi Meteorological Station database, years 1962-2005
Distribution of water samples
• Large pH variation within villages • pH not consistent with large amount of Fe or Al in water
Piper diagram
80 60 4 0 2 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
C a N a H C O 3 C
M g S O 4<=C
a + Mg
Cl +
SO
4=>
6 6 12 12 18 18 24 24 30 (meq/L 30
Na Cl
Ca HCO3
Mg SO4
6 6 12 12 18 18 24 24 30 (meq/L 30
Na Cl
Ca HCO3
Mg SO4
6 6 12 12 18 18 24 24 30 (meq/L 30
Na Cl
Ca HCO3
Mg SO4
3 3 6 6 9 9 12 12 15 (meq/ 15
Na Cl
Ca HCO3
Mg SO4
4 4 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 (meq/ 20
Na Cl
Ca HCO3
Mg SO4
4 4 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 (meq/ 20
Na Cl
Ca HCO3
Mg SO4
4 4 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 (meq/L 20
Na Cl
Ca HCO3
Mg SO4
4 4 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 (meq/L 20
Na Cl
Ca HCO3
Mg SO4
4 4 8 8 12 12 16 16 20 (meq/L 20
Na Cl
Ca HCO3
Mg SO4
Stiff diagrams: Deep wells
Mitoo wells are in granite Londoni wells are in shales Ivandaa well are in granite Chibumagwa and Mbwasa 1 and 2 are close to or in a fault Udimaa, Sanza 1, Chidilo and Mpalanga are probably in sediments or sedimentary rocks
6 6 12 12 18 18 24 24 30 (meq/L 30
Na Cl
Ca HCO3
Mg SO4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-4,5 -4 -3,5 -3 -2,5 -2
log[
Mg2
+/H
+]
log [aSiO2(aq)]
Aktivitetsdiagram for Magnesium-Silika systemet ved 25 °C
Kaolinitt
Gibbsitt
Mg-mont.
Amorf Silika metning
Kvarts metning
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-4 -3,5 -3 -2,5 -2
log[
a K+/a
H+]
log [aSiO2(aq)]
Aktivitetsdiagram for Kalium-Silika systemet ved 25 °C
Kaolinitt
K-mont. Amorf Silika metning
Kvarts metning
Mikroklin
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-4,5 -4 -3,5 -3 -2,5 -2 -1,5
log[
a Ca2
+/aH
+]
log [aSiO2(aq)]
Aktivitetsdiagram for Kalsium-Silika systemet ved 25 °C
Kaolinitt
Ca-mont.
Kvarts metning
Amorf Silika metning
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
log[
Na+
/H+]
log [aSiO2(aq)]
Aktivitetsdiagram for Natrium-Silika systemet ved 25 °C
Na-mont. Kaolinitt
Gibbsitt
Kvarts metning
Amorf Silika metning
Lav-Albitt
SEM results for sediments in the water samples after filtering with 1 or 0.45 µm filter
Sample 9: Kisedet project Kaolinite Albite Iron
Sample 26: Kipondoda Kaolinite Illite Iron Titanium Barium
Sediment samples mineralogy from XRD results
• Used XRD on 30 crushed, bulk sediment samples • Uses MacDiff version 4.2 for prosessing the raw
data files • Results until now: 1. Main mineral: K-feldspar and Quartz
Aluminium Calcium
Iron
Potassium
Magnesium Phosphor
Sulphur
Silica
Titanium
The others
Sediment sample 1.1 Liwali river XRF
Cupper 21 ppm
Chrome 80 ppm Lead 8,7 ppm Litium 9 ppm
Vanadium 29 ppm
Manganese 184 ppm
9,5 2,2
Rubidium 91,5 ppm
Strontium 89 ppm
Yttrium 10,6 ppm
Barium 435 ppm
Lantanium 14,8 ppm Cesium
30,7 ppm
12
Thorium 6,3 ppm
Uranium 2,7 ppm
Sediment sample 1.1 Liwali River: The others
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
XRF
Uranium in deep, drilled wells and shallow wells/springs/rivers/lakes
Values given in µg/L on the map
WHO drinking water standard: < 15 µg/L
Lake Chibumagwa: 314 µg/L Lake used for fishing, bading, water for livestock, washing clothes and so on
Mitoo deep well area: ~200 µg/L 6 deep drilled wells that are to supply The whole western part of the basin. Wells in Granite with mafic dykes.
2 shallow wells stands out: Farkwa in Chenene hills: 174 µg/L Maweni A: 194 µg/L (Cond. >10000 µS/cm)
Planned work 1) Grain size distribution on 2011 samples and estimation
the hydraulic conductivity on both years samples 2) Analysis of 12 more sediment samples for trace elements 3) Analyse the mineralogy of more sediment samples (XRD) 4) Soil water extraction with 0.01 M CaCl have been done
on 2010 sediment samples. Have had the major ions analysed. Need to work on the results
5) PHREEQC modelling of the activity of the ions. Activity diagrams, saturation indices for minerals
6) Statistical analyses on the element results 7) Try to correlate sediment/rock samples and water
samples 8) Show results in readable Gis maps