the iliad by homer (yeng bunsoy)
DESCRIPTION
I made this power point presentation in World Literature for I was assigned to report about the full story of "The Iliad" by Homer. Additionally, this presentation includes themes and literary approach applied in the story. I hope this could help you in literature subject. :) Instructor: Mr. Jaime M. Forbes Presenter: Marie Buena "Yeng" BunsoyTRANSCRIPT
The IliadHOMER’S
HOMER•the greatest of ancient Greek epic poets
•Lived in 850 BC, 12th century BC, or 7th century BC
•Teacher of Greece
•"the date of Homer" refers not to an individual, but to the period when the epics were created
•Melesigenes
•The poet's name is homophonous with ὅμηρος (hómēros), "hostage" (or "surety")
•Iliad was composed by "Homer" in his maturity, while the Odyssey was a work of his old age
•Homeric poems are dependent on an oral tradition
The Iliad “The Song of Ilion” or “The Song of Ilium”
Ancient Greek epic poem written in dactylic hexameters
tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemmnon and the warrior Achilles
the story covers only a few weeks in the final year of the war (Medias Res)
the epic narrative takes up events prophesied for the future, such as Achilles' looming death
usually dated to around the eighth century BC contains 15,693 lines written in Homeric Greek
Characters: The Greeks Agamemmnon — King of Mycenae, leader of the Greeks. Achilles — Leader of the Myrmidons, half-divine hero. Odysseus — King of Ithaca, the wiliest Greek commander and
hero of the Odyssey. Ajax the Greater — son of Telamon, with Diomedes, he is
second to Achilles in martial prowess. Menelaus — King of Sparta, husband of Helen and brother of
Agamemnon. Diomedes — son of Tydeus, King of Argos Ajax the Lesser — son of Oileus, often partner of Ajax the
Greater. Patroclus — Achilles’ closest companion. Nestor — King of Pylos, and trusted advisor to Agamemnon.
Characters: The Trojan Men Hector — son of King Priam and the foremost Trojan warrior. Aeneas — son of Anchises and Aphrodite. Paris — Helen’s lover-abductor Deiphobus — brother of Hector and Paris. Priam — the aged King of Troy. Polydamas — a prudent commander whose advice is ignored; he is Hector’s
foil. Agenor — a Trojan warrior, son of Antenor, who attempts to fight Achilles (Book
XXI). Sarpedon, son of Zeus — killed by Patroclus. Was friend of Glaucus and co-
leader of the Lycians (fought for the Trojans). Glaucus, son of Hippolochus— friend of Sarpedon and co-leader of the
Lycians (fought for the Trojans). Euphorbus — first Trojan warrior to wound Patroclus. Dolon — a spy upon the Greek camp (Book X). Antenor — King Priam’s advisor, who argues for returning Helen to end the war. Polydorus — son of Priam and Laothoe Pandarus — famous archer and son of Lycaon.
Characters: The Trojan Women
Hecuba— Priam’s wife, mother of Hector, Cassandra, Paris, and others.
Helen— abducted by ParisAndromache — Hector’s wife, mother
of AstyanaxCassandra — Priam’s daughter; courted by
Apollo, who bestows the gift of prophecy to her
Briseis— a Trojan woman captured by the Greeks; she was Achilles' prize of the Trojan war.
Characters: Gods and Goddesses
Zeus (Neutral)Hera (Achaeans)Artemis (Trojans)Apollo (Trojans)Hades (Neutral)Aphrodite (Trojans)Ares (Trojans)Athena (Achaeans)Hermes (Neutral)Poseidon (Achaeans)Hephaestus (Neutral)Iris (Achaeans)
Setting
takes place in the tenth year of the Trojan War
Greece and Troy
Prologue: The Judgment of Paris
Paris was called to judge to whom the golden apple would be given among Pallas Athena, Aphrodite, and Hera
“For the Fairest”
Hera: I promise to make you the Lord of Europe and Asia!
Athena: You will lead the Trojans to victory against the Greeks and lay Greece in ruins!
Aphrodite: The fairest woman in the world should be yours!
Paris chose Aphrodite. This was how the Trojan War began.
Trojan War
Aphrodite led Paris to Sparta and he left Oenone for Helen.
Menelaus and Helen welcomed him as their guest. Paris broke his trust and completely left to Paris his home and went off to Crete.
BUT…
“Paris who comingEntered a friend’s kind
dwelling,Shamed the hand there that
gave him food,Stealing away a woman.”
Menelaus got back to find Helen gone, and he called upon all Greece to help him.
Wanted: Odysseus and Achilles (later go to the Greek camp)
Aulis- a place of dangerous winds and strong tides
Calchas declared that the Gods had spoken to him:
Artemis was angry. Iphigenia must be sacrificed
for them to have a safe voyage to Troy.
Agamemmnon wrote to his wife that he had arranged marriage to Iphigenia and
Achilles. When she came to her wedding, she was carried to the altar to be killed.
“And all her prayers---cries of Father, Father,
Her maiden life,These they held as nothing,
The savage warriors, battle-mad.”
Protesilaus died upon leaping ashore to the mouth of Simois
and Hermes brought him up from the dead to see once again his
deeply, mourning wife, Laodamia.
Laodamia killed herself and went to the underworld with
Protesilaus.
“Very brief is your lot. Would that you could be free now from tears and
troubles, for you shall not long endure, my child, short-lived beyond all men and to be pitied.”
~Thetis to Achilles
“I know well in my heart and in my soul, the day shall
come when holy Troy will be laid low and Priam and
Priam’s people.”
~Hector to Andromache
Achilles vs. Agamemmnon Chryses, a Trojan priest of Apollo,
offers the Greeks wealth for the return of his daughter Chryseis.
He prayed to Apollo and he set up a plague against the Greek Army.
Agamemnon agrees to return Chryseis to her father, but also decides to take Achilles's captive, Briseis, as compensation.
Achilles asks his mother, Thetis, to ask Zeus that the Greeks be
brought to the breaking point by the Trojans, so Agamemnon will
realize how much the Greeks need him.
Zeus sent a dream to Agamemmnon, urging him to
attack Troy.
Paris vs. Menelaus
Paris offers to end the war by fighting a duel with Menelaus
Helen promised Priam to abide by the outcome of the duel.
Aphrodite rescues him and leads him to bed with Helen before Menelaus could kill him.
Hera was determined that the war should not end until Troy
was ruined. Athena persuaded Pandaros to
break the truce and shoot an arrow to Menelaus.
War started again for the Greeks was in rage to the treachery of
the Trojans.
Greeks: Ajax and Diomedes Trojans: Prince Aeneas (Aphrodite’s
son) Diomedes wounded her hand and
she let Aeneas fall. Diomedes (with the help of Hera)
vs. Hector (with the help of Ares) Ares was terribly wounded and
went back to Olympus.
“Lady Athena, spare the city and the wives of the
Trojans and the little children.”
~Hector
Andromache: My dear lord, you are the father and mother and brother unto me as well as husband, stay here with us. Do not make me a widow and your child an orphan.”
Hector: I could not be a coward. It was for me to fight always in the forefront of the battle.
Hector to Astyanax: Far greater is he than his father was.
Zeus helped the Trojans as a promise to Thetis.
Nestor told Agamemmnon that if he had not angered Achilles, they would not have been defeated.
Agamemmnon brought Briseis back to Achilles and give them all the riches.
Achilles angrily refuses Agamemnon's offer, and declares that he would only return to battle if the Trojans reach his ships and threaten them with fire.
Because of Hera, the battled turned in favor of the Greeks.
Poseidon was begged by Hera to help the Greeks and Zeus sent Iris to withdraw from the field.
Apollo revived Hector.
“You can keep your wrath while your countrymen go down in ruin. I cannot. Give me your armor. If they think I am you, the Trojans
may pause and the worn-out Greeks have a breathing space.
You and I are fresh. We might yet drive back the enemy. But if you
will sit nursing your anger, at least let me have the armor.”
~Patroclus
“That way, they can cut off the Army’s retreat. Go. Take my
armor, my men too, and defend the ships. I cannot go. I am a man dishonored. For my own
ships, if the battle comes near them, I will fight. I will not fight
for men who have disgraced me.”
~Achilles
The Death of Patroclus
“Bitter tidings. Patroclus is fallen and Hector
has his armor.”
~Antilochus
The Wrath of Achilles
Achilles: I will no longer live among men, if I do not make Hector pay his death for he himself for Patroclus dead.
Thetis: You yourself is fated to die straightway after Hector.
Achilles: So may I do. I who did not help my comrade in his sore need. I will kill the destroyer of him I loved; then I will accept death when it comes.
Achilles vs. Hector
Hector: If I kill you, I will give back your body to your friends and do you do the same to me.
Achilles: Madman. There are no covenants between sheep and wolves, nor between you and me. (hurling his spear)
The Death of Hector
Before Hector could approach, he who knew well that armor taken by Hector from the dead Patroclus aimed at an
opening in it near the throat, and drove the spearpoint in.
HECTOR FELL, DYING AT LAST!
The Death of Hector
Hector (dying): Give back my body to my father and my mother.
Achilles: No prayers from you to me, you dog. I would that I could make myself devour raw your flesh for the evil you have brought upon me.
Achilles pierced the feet of Hector and fastened them with thongs to the back of his chariot, letting
the head trail. He lashed his horses and round and round the walls of Troy he dragged all that
was left for Hector.
Achilles to the dead Patroclus
“Hear me even in the house of Hades. I have dragged Hector behind
my chariot and I will give him to the dogs to devour
beside your funeral pyre.”
King Priam: Remember, Achilles, your own father, of like years with me and like me wretched for want of a son. Yet, I am by far more to be pitied who have braved what no man on earth ever did before, to stretch out my hand, to the slayer of my son.
Achilles: Sit me by here, and let our sorrow lie quiet in our hearts. Evil is all men’s lot, but yet, we must keep courage.
“The other Trojans upbraid me. But always I had
comfort from you through the gentleness of your spirit and your gentle
words. You only were my friend.”
~Helen of Troy to King Priam
The Funeral of Hector
The Trojans lamented Hector for 9 days. When all was burned, they quenched
the flame with wine and gathered the bones into a golden urn, shrouding them in soft purple.
And with it, the Iliad ends.
The Fall of Troy
Achilles killed Prince Memnon of Ethiopia
Paris shot an arrow at Achilles and Apollo struck his foot in the one spot where he could be wounded…
HIS HEEL.
Marvelous arms Thetis had brought Achilles caused the death of Ajax.
Odysseus got the arms and Ajax who was defeated was held to be dishonored.
Ajax was determined to kill Agamemmnon and Menelaus.
Because of his anger, he killed the flocks and herds of the Greeks.
“The poor cattle killed to no purpose by my hand. And I stand here alone, hateful to men and to
gods. In such a state only a coward clings to life. A
man, if he cannot live nobly,
can die nobly.”
~Ajax
There was a man from the Trojans who knew the future, the prophet Helenus.
Troy would not fall until some one fought against the Trojans with the bow and arrows of Hercules.
Greeks stopped at an island to offer a sacrifice, and Philocletes was bitten by a serpent, and left him at Lemnos.
Philoctetes wounded Paris with his arrows.
Paris begged to carry him to Mount Ida where Oenone and he once lived to be healed. But Oenone only watched him died.
As long as the Trojans had the Palladium, the Greeks could not defeat them.
Diomedes stole the Palladium with the help of Odysseus.
The Greeks thought of a way to defeat the Trojans.
The Stratagem of the Wooden Horse
Created by Odysseus The wooden horse could hold
a number of men. Only Neoptolemus was not
terror-stricken Men inside the Trojan horse
would surely die.
The Plan To leave a single Greek behind in the
deserted camp for the Trojans to bring the horse in their city
At night, the Greeks would come out of the horse and open the city gates to the Army
In front of the Scaean gates stood an enormous figure of a horse
Sinon told Priam that the horse was a votive offering to Pallas Athena.
Priest Laocoon warned the Trojans to destroy the wooden horse immediately.
Cassandra had echoed his warning, but no one believed her.
Two serpents crushed the life out of Laocoon and his two sons.
Trojans dragged the horse through the gate and up to the temple of Athena.
In the middle of the night, the door in the horse opened.
Troy was burning. Achilles’ son struck Priam down
before the eyes of Hecuba and their daughters.
Aeneas fought the Greeks alone. Even with Aphrodite’s wife, he
couldn’t really save his wife and children.
Aphrodite helped Helen got out of the city and took her to Menelaus.
Only Hecuba, Andromache, and other Trojan women survived.
Death of Astyanax
Andromache: Not that he does not go with me?
Herald: The boy must die—be thrownDown from the towering wall of
Troy.Now—now—let it be done. EndureLike a brave woman. Think. You
are alone.One woman and a slave and no
help anywhere.
“Weeping, my little one? There, there.You cannot know what waits for you.
--How will it be? Falling down—down—down—all broken—And none to pity.
Kiss me. Never again. Come closer, closer.
Your mother who bore you—put your arms around my neck.
Now kiss me, lips to lips.”
~Andromache
Polyxena’s Death
“Troy has perished, the great city.Only the red flame now lives
there.
The dust is rising, spreading out like a great wing of smoke,
And all his hidden.We are gone, one here, one there.
And Troy is gone forever.”
THEME
Fate and Freewill
because everything is fated doesn't mean there isn't any freedom
the gods don't control fate
PRIDE The Iliad’s male characters are
motivated in some way by considerations of their social standingPriam and Patroclus
depicted as a destructive force shown as having some benefits
Competition
The way to get reputation and pride
Hector prays that his son will grow up to be a better warrior than him
He wants to be able to boast about having a better son than anyone else.
Compassion and Forgiveness
Achilles refuses the offerings of King Agamemmnon and did not show compassion to the Greeks
He refuses to make any deal with Hector
Friendship
Achilles strong comradeship with Patroclus
Helen and Hector
Love Hector and Andromache
Not only love as a spouse, but a parental love to Astyanax
Priam’s love for Hector Hera’s seduction of Zeus Forbidden love of Paris and Helen
Hate
Achilles’ anger to Agememmnon
and Hector
Warfare
Battle scenes are petrifying and brutal
War is an almost inevitable part of human life
Religion
Gods and Goddesses are a daily presence in people's lives
the mortals honor the gods with sacrifices, but they expect favors in return
Glory of War Paris Achilles To fight is to prove one’s honor and
integrity, while to avoid warfare is to demonstrate laziness, ignoble fear, or misaligned priorities
Homer portrays each side as having a justifiable reason to fight and depicts warfare as a respectable and even glorious manner of settling the dispute
Military Glory over Family Life
One wins in the eyes of others by performing great deeds
Hector knows that fighting among the front ranks represents the only means of “winning my father great glory.”
Achilles chose to avenge Patroclus and kill Hector rather than to stay with his aged father.
SYMBOLISMS
Achaean Ships future of the Greek race the heroes represented here
actually lived historically, as real kings who ruled the various city-states of Greece in their earliest years
The mass death of these leaders and role models would have meant the decimation of a civilization.
Shield of Achilles
The world beyond the battlefield
Life as a whole Human beings may serve not
only as warriors but also as artisans and laborers in the fields
Approaches
Historical Approach
reflected in the Homeric poems derives from a tradition of epic poetry founded on a war which actually took place
Others accept that there may be a foundation of historical events in the Homeric narrative, but say that in the absence of independent evidence it is not possible to separate fact from myth
Represent an historical campaign that took place at the eve of the decline of the Mycenaean civilization
The Achilles of the Linear B tablet is a shepherd, not a king or warrior
Some story elements from the tablets appear in the Iliad
Troy VIh and Troy VIIa, both appear to have been destroyed by fires
The helmets covered with wild boar teeth described in the Iliad can be found on Bronze Age archeological contexts
Their conclusion was that there is regularly a consistency between the location of Troy as Hisarlik (and other locations such as the Greek camp)
One may see Homer or his informants as eyewitnesses to Troy and the landscape of Troy at the close of the eighth century B.C., the period when scholars generally agree Homer composed his epic
there were several armed conflicts in and around Troy at the end of the Late Bronze Age
Mythologicalor Archetypal
Approach
Gilgamesh The Iliad (Achilles)
A warrior kingExpressed the
achievements of great warriors
Partly divine, partly mortal Mixed divine and human heritage
Expressed severe loneliness in Enkidu’s
death
Expressed severe loneliness in Patorclus’
death
Strives to achieve immortality for Enkidu
and himself
Could not surpass death
A bull was sent for him to battle
Apollo set a plague that wipes out a large number
of soldiers in the Greek camp.
Searching for immortality Searching for honor
Attempted to ressurect Enkidu’s body
Accepted Patroclus’ death and avenged him
Raped the daughters in each family
Women enjoyed Achilles’ “company”
Death was his destiny Death was his destiny
MARIE BUENA S. BUNSOY
BSE III-ENGLISH