Development of Advanced Wind Turbines technically-adapted to Japanese Conditions

such as Typhoons and Complex Terrain

ドイツ バーデン・ヴュルテンベルグ州

日独科学シンポジウム 21世紀のエネルギー 21.May.2013, Tokyo

Dr. Hikaru Matsumiya

HIKARUWIND.LAB. Ltd. Guest researcher of National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

E-mail: hikarugm@gmail.com

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Research History

Affiliation 1974 ~ Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, MITI 2001 ~ National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology 2004 ~ Kyushu University (Professor) 2007 ~ HIKARUWIND.LAB,Ltd. Research on Wind Energy 1978 ~ Mostly National R&D Projects 1981 ~ 1982 Humboldt Research Fellowship (DFVLR, Stuttgart)

Nuclear Power Operation as of 14.May.2013 Only 2 units are in operation out of 50 units Nuclear contribution to electric power demands Before accident: about 300 TWh (30%) Today: about 15 TWh (1.5%) (Prediction)

Nuclear Petroleum LNG Coal Hydro Pumped-up Hydro

Renewables,etc.

Capacity (%) 20.2 19.1 25.5 15.7 8.6 10.6 0.2Generation (%) 29.2 7.6 29.4 24.7 7.3 0.7 1.1

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101520253035

Structure of Electricity Sources (2010)

Change in Electric Power Supply Structure after 2011.3.11 Accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station

No. Units In Capacity In %

Total 50 46,148MW 100

In Operation 2 2,360MW 5.11

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Electric Power Supply Structure in Japan (Time History of

Annual Electric Power Generation) (100 GWh)

Geothermal and Renewables Hydropower Natural Gas Coal Oil Nuclear

Annu

al E

lect

ric P

ower

Gen

erat

ion

Financial Year (Data source: The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan)

Nuclear: 10 TWh in 2012 (estimation)

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No serious disruption due to the loss of Nuclear Power after 3.11 Self-conscious electricity conservation by citizens and companies have

come through the peak demands in last two summer times. The first possible step towards “zero option” of nuclear power has been

demonstrated. However, CO2 emission has slightly increased. It is because the electricity deficit from nuclear is made up balance mostly by thermal power. This runs counter to the moves toward prevention of global warming. Faster development of renewables are urgent issue.

Situation Today

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Fundamental review on national energy policy is ongoing.

Public opinion

National Energy Policy

Scenario Nuclear Renewables

Options under discussion by 2030

1 0 % 35 % 2 15 % 30 % 3 20 ~ 25 % 25 ~ 30 %

Old Basic Energy Plan by 2030 50 % 20 %

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Public Opinion for denuclearization (Asahi Newspaper 2013.Feb.17)

Opinion % breakdown %

Yes 59 Right now 13

By 2030 24 After 2030 22

No 18 No 18

No Response 11 No Response 11

Wind Energy Resource How much can wind contribute?

(A) Present (B) Potential (C) Best Scenario Ratio (C/A)

Onshore (MW) 2624 282,940 273,740 104

Offshore (MW) 25 1,572,620 141,080 5643

Total (MW) 2649 1,855,560 414,820 157

Contribution* (%) 0.5 - 78 156

Data source: The Ministry of the Environment

Wind has huge potential. If developed well, wind can solve both “Nuclear zero option” and Global Warming. Urgent issues are:

Technical developments to overcome severe external (natural and grid) conditions.

Reformation of social system (grid system, etc.) Clear decision making in energy policy

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* Contribution = Penetration

High Turbulence

Lightning Weak Grid

Complex Terrain

Main technical problems in wind power developments

Typhoon

Deep Water

Okinawa 1.9 GW

Max Capacity 201.3 GWGeneration　2006 821.1 TWhCapacity factor 46.60%

Kyushu

19.4 GW

Chugoku 12.2 GW

Shikoku 6.9 GW

Kansai

34.9 GW

Hokuriku 8.1 GW

Hokkaido 6.5 GW

Tohoku

17.1 GW

Tokyo

61.8 GW

Chubu 32.5 GW

50Hz

60Hz

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Challenges in wind power developments

Technology S-class wind turbines (against typhoon, lightning, high turbulence) Offshore wind (floating system, etc.) Distributed wind : small wind turbines CFD models

Policy

Feed-in-Tariff Standards

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Severe Wind Conditions by Tropical Cyclones and Complex Terrain

Japan has severe External Conditions due to - tropical cyclones, - and complex terrain.

Measurement site

Summit of Mt. Nonobori

Complex Terrain

tropical cyclones

Source: Asahi Daily News

Tropical Cyclones ⇒ Higher Extreme Wind Speeds

Complex Terrain ⇒ Higher Turbulence Intensity Japan has a lot of experience of troubles, and R&D results/data related to tropical cyclones and complex terrain.

Statistical Investigation of Failures of WTGS

Statistics of Failure/Breakdown Causes

<FY2004 - FY2006>

Most significant causes of failure/breakdown: “Natural Environmental Causes” • Strong wind (e.g. Typhoon) • Lightning Turbulence (Failures caused by the turbulence may be difficult to be concluded?)

＊from the Report of “Committee for Increase in Availability/Capacity Factor of Wind Turbine Generator System and Failure/Breakdown Investigation of Wind Turbine Generator System Subcommittee” by NEDO

<FY2004 - FY2007>

Environmentalcauses35.7%

Wind turbineinternal failure

29.8%

Others-reasonunclear30.8%

Human factors2.7%

System failure1.1%

System failure0.8%

Human factors3.4%

Others-reasonunclear34.7%

Wind turbineinternal failure

26.5%

Environmentalcauses34.5%

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Stro

ng w

ind

(e.g

. Typ

hoon

)

Ligh

tnin

g

Tub

ulen

ce

Free

zing

Inun

dation

Salt d

amag

e

Dew

con

dens

atio

n

Tor

nado

Oth

ers

Des

ign

failu

re

Man

ufac

turing

failu

re

Con

stru

ctio

nfa

ilure

Mai

nten

ance

Inad

equa

cy

Syst

em fai

lure

Und

er in

vest

igat

ion

Cau

se u

ncle

ar

Oth

ers

Occ

urre

nce

freq

uenc

y (%

)

FY2004FY2005FY2006

Environmental causes Wind turbine internal failure

Human factors

Others- Reason unclear

System failure

Ligh

tnin

g

Stro

ng w

ind

(e.g

. Typ

hoon

)

Courtesy of NEDO

Measured Data of High Turbulence in Japan A mass of measured wind speed data were analyzed in detail.

– A mass of wind speed data measured at total of 418 sites in Japan. – Measured wind speed data of 259 sites is adopted in this analysis (others were

excluded because expected capacity factor were low, and those are not suitable for wind farm project).

=> a mass of measurement sites is regarded as reflecting representative wind characteristics in Japan.

Sta

ndar

d de

viat

ion

of w

ind

spee

d, σ

1 [m

/s]

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Proposal to IEC Standard from Japanese National Committee

Class I II III T S

Vref [m/s] 50 42.5 37.5 57.5

Values specified by the designer

Vav [m/s] 10 8.5 7.5

10

8.5

7.5

Iref

H 0.18

a 0.16

b 0.14

c 0.12

For tropical cyclone regions; • New WT class for tropical cyclone regions (Class T) For high turbulence regions; • New turbulence category for high turbulence regions (Category H)

National R&D Projects in Japan NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization)

under METI R&D of Next-Generation Wind Power Generation Technology (FY2008 - 2012)

- R&D of Basic and Applied Technologies - Natural Hazard Protection Technologies (Lightning Protection Measures)

Research and Development of Offshore Wind Power Generation Technology (FY2008 - 2013)

- Demonstration PJ at Choshi - Demonstration PJ at Hibikinada

METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry)

Floating Offshore Wind Farm Demonstration Project (FY2011 - 2015)

MOE (Ministry of the Environment)

Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Demonstration Project (FY2010 - 2015)

Challenges on Small Wind Turbines

• Huge potential market globally • Familiar energy resource to citizens like PV • More technical challenges are needed • Advanced social systems are needed

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Pow

er(W

), R

PM

, Win

d di

rect

ion

(deg

)

Win

d S

peed

(m

/s)

Time (MM/YY/HH/MM/SS)

RPM

Wind Direction

Max Wind speed: 47m/s

Power W

Wind speed

Small wind turbines generating under a typhoon attack

1-kW turbines at offshore site continued generating power under strong winds above 40 m/s. They went through by idling under the maximum gust of 47 m/s.

Some Technical Challenges

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National R&D activities

A National R&D Program supported Small Wind (2008-2012) Participation in IEA WIND Tasks » TASK 27 Support of IEC Standardization » IEC MT2 Development of Certification System for small wind turbines Field tests of small wind turbines CFD analysis of flows around a building Wind tunnel testing of VAWTs Development of Simplified equations for VAWTs

80 m

40 m600

m

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Brief review of recent small wind turbine Deployment

2006 Tsukuba wind turbine happening 2006 IEA TASK 11 Expert Meeting, “Challenges of Introducing Reliable Small Wind Turbines” (Stockholm) 2008 BWEA Standard 2009 AWEA Standard 2009 - IEA TASK 27, “Consumer Labeling of Small Wind Turbines” 2009 - IEC MT2 & IEA TASK 27 Liaison Meetings started 2011 “3.11” 2011 JSWTA Standard 2011 Class NK started certification 2012 FIT started (July)

With growth of the technology, small wind turbines are getting the potential distributed energy resources globally. This provides citizens the chance of producing electricity in distributed style.

A sloppy project in Tsukuba brought widely bad reputation

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Purpose: Create robust SWT market. Keep international cooperativeness. JSWTA (Japan Small Wind Turbine Association) develops Standard. Supported by METI, NEDO, Experts, Certification bodies. Key Words: Safety and Performance.

IEA TASK 27

IEC 61400-2 Ed.2 2004

IEC 61400-2 Ed.3 2009/JAN to revise

Wind Turbines Part.2 Design requirements for small wind turbines

Development and deployment of Small Wind Turbine Consumer Label

IEA Task 11

UK US, Canada

IEA/IEC Liaison Meeting

Japan’s SWT Certification System 2011 Start

2006 Expert meeting

Structure of National & International Activities in Small Wind

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Development of certification system

FIT requires certification of small wind turbines FIT authorizes JIS C 1400-2 (≈ JSWTA Standard) Certification Body NK (Nippon Kaiji Kyokai) uses JSWTA Standard

Test Organization and Test Site are not yet ready

Customer

FIT

Manufacturer

Certification Body

JSWTA Standa

rd

Test Organization

Neutral Commi

ttee

Test Site

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Feed-in-Tariff Price and Period

• The procurement price (FIT price) and the procurement period (period of the tariff) – Price for Wind 20 kW or more : 22 JPY/kWh (0.191 Euro/kWh, 0.255 USD/kWh) less than 20 kW : 55 JPY/kWh (0.479 Euro/kWh, 0.638 USD/kWh) – Period for Wind : 20 years

• Price will be reviewed every fiscal year based on technological innovations and decline in power generation costs. The reviewed price will be applied only to generation facilities that start supplying electricity from that fiscal year.

Source PV Wind Geothermal

Hydropower Biomass >10 kW <10 kW >20 kW <20 kW >15 MW >15 MW

Price [JPY] w/o Tax

42 42 22 55 26 40 24 – 34 13 – 39

Period 20 10 20 20 15 15 20 20

Summary of Small Wind Turbine Development

Huge potential markets for Small Wind Turbines (SWTs), which can supply significant energy resources.

Both grid-connected and distributed systems can achieve much more contribution to human lives.

Technical developments are still key issues to use SWTs with higher safety and lower influence to the environments.

Reformations of social systems such as grid systems, certification system and public education are also essentially important.

With technical developments and social reformations, wind energy can respond to “Zero nuclear option” as well as “Prevention of global warming”.

Thank you for your attention!

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