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The Reac(ons of Alkynes An Introduc+on to Mul+step Synthesis

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Page 1: TheReacons of$Alkynes$ - Los Angeles Mission College · PDF file• Alkynes#are#reduced#to#trans&alkenes#with#sodium#or#lithium#in# liquid#ammonia • The#reac+on#involves#aradicalanion

The  Reac(ons    of  Alkynes  

An  Introduc+on  to  Mul+step  Synthesis  

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•  Hydrocarbons  that  contain  carbon-­‐carbon  triple  bonds  

•  Acetylene,  the  simplest  alkyne  is  produced  industrially  from  methane  and  steam  at  high  temperature  

•  Our  study  of  alkynes  provides  an  introduc+on  to  organic  synthesis,  the  prepara+on  of  organic  molecules  from  simpler  organic  molecules  

Alkynes  

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Nomenclature  of  Alkynes  An  alkyne  is  a  hydrocarbon  that  contains  a  carbon–carbon  triple  bond.  

General  formula:  CnH2n–2  (acyclic)                                                            CnH2n–4  (cyclic)  

General  hydrocarbon  rules  apply  with  “-­‐yne”  as  a  suffix  indica+ng  an  alkyne  Numbering  of  chain  with  triple  bond  is  set  so  that  the  smallest  number  possible  is  assigned  to  the  first  carbon  of  the  triple  bond  

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Naming  Alkynes  

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A  Double  Bond  and  a  Triple  Bond  

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Double  and  Triple  are  Tied  

When  the  same  number  is  obtained  for  both,              the  double  bond  gets  the  lower  number.  

Priority  of  Func+onal  Groups  Suffixes  

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•  Treatment  of  a  1,2-­‐dihaloalkane  with  KOH  or  NaOH  produces  a  two-­‐fold  elimina+on  of  HX  

•  Vicinal  dihalides  are  available  from  addi+on  of  bromine  or  chlorine  to  an  alkene  

•  Intermediate  is  a  vinyl  halide  

Prepara+on  of  Alkynes:    Elimina+on  Reac+ons  of  Dihalides  

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•  Carbon-­‐carbon  triple  bond  results  from  sp  orbital  on  each  C  forming  a  sigma  bond  and  unhybridized  pX  and  py  orbitals  forming  π  bonds.  

•  The  remaining  sp  orbitals  form  bonds  to  other  atoms  at  180º  to  C-­‐C  triple  bond.  

•  The  bond  is  shorter  and  stronger  than  single  or  double  •  Breaking  a  π  bond  in  acetylene  (HCCH)  requires  202  kJ/mole  (in  

ethylene  it  is  269  kJ/mole)  

Electronic  Structure  of  Alkynes  

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The  Structure  of  Alkynes  

The  triple  bond  is  composed  of  a  sigma  bond  and  two  π  bonds.  

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Alkynes  (Like  Alkenes)  Undergo    Electrophilic  Addi+on  Reac+ons  

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Forma+on  of  a  π-­‐Complex    

A  primary  vinylic  ca+on  is  less  sable  than  a  primary  alkyl  ca+on.  

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The  First  Step  is  Addi+on  of  an  Electrophile  

Rela+ve  Carboca+on  Stability  

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•  Addi+on  of  H-­‐X  to  alkyne  should  produce  a  vinylic  carboca+on  intermediate  –  Secondary  vinyl  

carboca+ons  form  less  readily  than  primary  alkyl  carboca+ons  

–  Primary  vinyl  carboca+ons  probably  do  not  form  at  all  

•  Nonethelss,  H-­‐Br  can  add  to  an  alkyne  to  give  a  vinyl  bromide  if  the  Br  does  not  end  up  on  a  primary  carbon  

Addi+on  of  HX  to  Alkynes  Involves  Vinylic  Carboca+ons  

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Mechanism  for  Electrophilic  Addi+on  

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Forma+on  of  the  More  Stable  Transi+on  State  Accounts  for  the  Regioselec+vity  

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Evidence  for  Forma+on  of  a  π-­‐Complex    

Evidence  for  the  forma+on  of  a  π-­‐complex    

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A  Second  Addi+on  Reac+on  Can  Occur  

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Addi+on  to  a  Terminal  Alkyne  is  Regioselec+ve  

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The  Second  Electrophilic  Addi+on  Reac+on  is  Also  Regioselec+ve  

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An  Asymmetrical  Internal  Alkyne    Forms  Two  Products  

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A  Symmetrical  Internal  Alkyne    Forms  One  Product  

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•  Addi+on  reac+ons  of  alkynes  are  similar  to  those  of  alkenes  

•  Intermediate  alkene  reacts  further  with  excess  reagent  

•  Regioselec+vity  according  to  Markovnikov  

Reac+ons  of  Alkynes:    Addi+on  of  HX  and  X2  

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•  Ini+al  addi+on  gives  trans  intermediate  •  Product  with  excess  reagent  is  tetrahalide  

Addi+on  of  Bromine  and  Chlorine  

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Addi+on  of  Cl2  and  Br2  

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•  Addi+on  of  H-­‐OH  as  in  alkenes  – Mercury  (II)  catalyzes  Markovnikov  oriented  addi+on  –  Hydrobora+on-­‐oxida+on  gives  the  an+-­‐Markovnikov  product  

Hydra+on  of  Alkynes  

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Mercury(II)-­‐Catalyzed  Hydra+on  of  Alkynes  

•  Alkynes  do  not  react  with  aqueous  pro+c  acids  

•  Mercuric  ion  (as  the  sulfate)  is  a  Lewis  acid  catalyst  that  promotes  addi+on  of  water  with  Markovnikov  orienta+on  

•  The  immediate  product  is  a  vinylic  alcohol,  or  enol,  which  spontaneously  transforms  to  a  ketone  or  to  an  aldehyde  in  the  event  that  acetylene  is  employed.  

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•  If  the  alkyl  groups  at  either  end  of  the  C-­‐C  triple  bond  are  not  the  same,  both  products  can  form  and  this  is  not  normally  useful  

•  If  the  triple  bond  is  at  the  first  carbon  of  the  chain  (then  H  is  what  is  ahached  to  one  side)  this  is  called  a  terminal  alkyne  

•  Hydra+on  of  a  terminal  alkyne  always  gives  the  methyl  ketone,  which  is  useful  

Hydra+on  of  Unsymmetrical  Alkynes  

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Mechanism  for  Catalysis  by  Hg2+  

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•  Isomeric  compounds  that  can  rapidily  interconvert  by  the  movement  of  a  proton  are  called  tautomers  and  the  phenomenon  is  called  tautomerism    

•  Enols  rearrange  to  the  isomeric  ketone  by  the  rapid  transfer  of  a  proton  from  the  hydroxyl  to  the  alkene  carbon  

•  The  keto  form  is  usually  so  stable  compared  to  the  enol  that  only  the  keto  form  can  be  observed  

Keto-­‐enol  Tautomerism  

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•  BH3  (borane)  adds  to  alkynes  to  give  a  vinylic  borane  •  Oxida+on  with  H2O2  produces  an  enol  that  converts  to  the  

ketone  or  aldehyde  •  Process  converts  alkyne  to  ketone  or  aldehyde  with  orienta+on  

opposite  to  mercuric  ion  catalyzed  hydra+on  

Hydrobora+on/Oxida+on    of  Alkynes  

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9-­‐BBN  or  R2BH  

R2BH  should  be  used  with  terminal  alkynes.  

R2BH  can  be  used  with  internal  alkynes.  

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Hydrobora+on–Oxida+on  

Terminal  alkynes  form  aldehydes.  

Internal  alkynes  form  ketones.  

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•  Hydrobora+on/oxida+on  converts  terminal  alkynes  to  aldehydes  because  addi+on  of  water  is  an+-­‐Markovnikov  

•  The  product  from  the  mercury(II)  catalyzed  hydra+on  converts  terminal  alkynes  to  methyl  ketones  

Comparison  of  Hydra+on  of    Terminal  Alkynes  

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•  Addi+on  of  H2  over  a  metal  catalyst  (such  as  palladium  on  carbon,  Pd/C)  converts  alkynes  to  alkanes  (complete  reduc+on)  

•  The  addi+on  of  the  first  equivalent  of  H2  produces  an  alkene,  which  is  more  reac+ve  than  the  alkyne  so  the  alkene  is  not  observed  

Reduc+on  of  Alkynes  

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Addi+on  of  Hydrogen  Forms  an  Alkane  

Stopping  at  the  Alkene  

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•  Addi+on  of  H2  using  chemically  deac+vated  palladium  on  calcium  carbonate  as  a  catalyst  (the  Lindlar  catalyst)  produces  a  cis  alkene  

•  The  two  hydrogens  add  syn  (from  the  same  side  of  the  triple  bond).    This  is  called  syn  addi+on.  

Conversion  of  Alkynes  to    cis-­‐Alkenes  

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Why  Cis?  

The  catalyst  delivers  the  hydrogens  to  one  side  of  the  triple  bond.  

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•  Anhydrous  ammonia  (NH3)  is  a  liquid  below      –33  ºC  –  Alkali  metals  dissolve  in  liquid  ammonia  and  func+on  as  reducing  

agents  

•  Alkynes  are  reduced  to  trans  alkenes  with  sodium  or  lithium  in  liquid  ammonia  

•  The  reac+on  involves  a  radical  anion  intermediate  

Conversion  of  Alkynes  to    trans-­‐Alkenes  

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An2    Addi+on  

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Mechanism  for  Forma+on  of  a    Trans  Alkene  

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Why  Trans?  

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•  Strong  oxidizing  reagents  (O3  or  KMnO4)  cleave  internal  alkynes,  producing  two  carboxylic  acids  

•  Terminal  alkynes  are  oxidized  to  a  carboxylic  acid  and  carbon  dioxide  

•  Neither  process  is  useful  in  modern  synthesis  –  were  used  to  elucidate  structures  because  the  products  indicate  the  structure  of  the  alkyne  precursor  

Oxida+ve  Cleavage  of  Alkynes  

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Rela+ve  Electronega+vi+es  of  Carbon  

A  Hydrogen  Ahached  to  an  sp  Carbon    is  the  Most  Acidic  

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Need  a  Strong  Base  to  Remove    the  Hydrogen  

HO–  is  Not  Strong  Enough  

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•  Terminal  alkynes  are  weak  Brønsted  acids  (alkenes  and  alkanes  are  much  less  acidic  )  

•  Reac+on  of  strong  anhydrous  bases  with  a  terminal  alkyne  produces  an  acetylide  ion  

•  The  sp-­‐hydbridiza+on  at  carbon  holds  nega+ve  charge  rela+vely  close  to  the  posi+ve  nucleus    

Alkyne  Acidity:  Forma+on  of  Acetylide  Anions  

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•  Acetylide  ions  can  react  as  nucleophiles  as  well  as  bases  (see  Figure  9-­‐6  for  mechanism)  

•  Reac+on  with  a  primary  alkyl  halide  produces  a  hydrocarbon  that  contains  carbons  from  both  partners,  providing  a  general  route  to  larger  alkynes  

Alkyla+on  of  Acetylide  Anions  

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•  Reac+ons  only  are  efficient  with  1º  alkyl  bromides  and  alkyl  iodides  

•  Acetylide  anions  can  behave  as  bases  as  well  as  nucelophiles  •  Reac+ons  with  2º  and  3º  alkyl  halides  gives  

dehydrohalogena+on,  conver+ng  alkyl  halide  to  alkene  

Limita+ons  of  Alkya+on  of    Acetylide  Ions  

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•  Organic  synthesis  creates  molecules  by  design  •  Synthesis  can  produce  new  molecules  that  are  needed  as  

drugs  or  materials  •  Syntheses  can  be  designed  and  tested  to  improve  efficiency  

and  safety  for  making  known  molecules  •  Highly  advanced  synthesis  is  used  to  test  ideas  and  methods,  

answering  challenges  •  Chemists  who  engage  in  synthesis  may  see  some  work  as  

elegant  or  beau2ful  when  it  uses  novel  ideas  or  combina+ons  of  steps  –  this  is  very  subjec+ve  and  not  part  of  an  introductory  course  

An  Introduc+on  to  Organic  Synthesis    

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•  In  order  to  propose  a  synthesis  you  must  be  familiar  with  reac+ons  – What  they  begin  with  – What  they  lead  to  –  How  they  are  accomplished  – What  the  limita+ons  are  

•  A  synthesis  combines  a  series  of  proposed  steps  to  go  from  a  defined  set  of  reactants  to  a  specified  product  – Ques+ons  related  to  synthesis  can  include  par+al  informa+on  

about  a  reac+on  of  series  that  the  student  completes  

Synthesis  as  a  Tool  for  Learning  Organic  Chemistry  

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•  Compare  the  target  and  the  star+ng  material  

•  Consider  reac+ons  that  efficiently  produce  the  outcome.  Look  at  the  product  and  think  of  what  can  lead  to  it    

•  Read  the  prac+ce  problems  in  the  text  

Strategies  for  Synthesis    

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How  Can  the  Compound  Be  Prepared    From  the  Star+ng  Material?  

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Designing  a  Synthesis  

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Designing  a  Synthesis  

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Retrosynthetic Analysis and Synthesis

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Designing  a  Synthesis  

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Designing  a  Synthesis  

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Designing  a  Synthesis  

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Designing  a  Synthesis  

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Designing  a  Synthesis  

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Synthesis  Problem  

Prepare  n-­‐octane  from  1-­‐pentyne.  

The  best  strategy  to  approach  this  problem  is  to  use  acetylide  coupling: