tiểu luận phụ gia thực phẩm_ nhóm 38

7/29/2019 Tiu Lun Ph Gia Thc Phm_ Nhm 38

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BCNG THNGTRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP.HCM

VIN CNG NGH SINH HCTHC PHM------

TIU LUN

MN :PH GIA THC PHM

ti 38:TM HIU V PH GIA NHM CHT KHAGON, HYDROGEN, NOTROUS OXIDE

GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Lp HP:HTP6B

Thc hin:Nhm 38

TP.HCM, thng 10 nm 2012


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TL Ph Gia Thc Phm GVHD: Nguyn Th Hong Yn

Trang 2

BNG PHN CNG CNG VIC

TN SINH VIN MSSV CNG VIC

Nguyn Vn Ngoan 10056101 Tm hiu kh nitrous oxide

Nguyn Hng Phng Tho 10052101 Tm hiu kh Agon, bin tp

Trn Hong Tng 10285401 Tm hiu kh hydrogen, gi bi


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Trang 3

MC LC

LI NI U ................................................................................................................ 5

A. HYDROGEN ............................................................................................................. 5

1.Gii thiu chung ....................................................................................................... 6

a. Lch s .................................................................................................................. 6

b. Cng thc cu to : H2 ......................................................................................... 7

c. Tnh cht ha - l................................................................................................. 7

d. iu ch ............................................................................................................... 8

2. ng dng trong thc phm ...................................................................................... 9

a. Mt s sn phm tiu biu .................................................................................... 9

b. C ch ................................................................................................................ 10

c. u v nhc im .............................................................................................. 14

d. c tnh .............................................................................................................. 14

3. Xu hng pht trin ............................................................................................... 15

B. NITROUS OXIDE ................................................................................................... 161. Gii thiu ............................................................................................................... 16

a. Lch s s dng nitrousoxide (N2O) .................................................................. 16

b. Cng thc cu to ............................................................................................... 17

c. Tnh cht ha - l............................................................................................... 17

d. Cc ngun nitrousoxide...................................................................................... 18

2.ng dng ca nitrousoxide trong thc phm ......................................................... 19

a.ng dng ............................................................................................................. 19b. Mt s sn phm tiu biu ................................................................................. 19

c. C ch:................................................................................................................ 20

d. c tnh .............................................................................................................. 22

e. u v nhc im .............................................................................................. 22

C. KH AGON .............................................................................................................. 23

1. Gii thiu chung .................................................................................................... 23

a. Lch s ............................................................................................................. 23


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b. Tnh cht vt l................................................................................................. 23

c. Cu to ha hc ............................................................................................... 23

d. iu ch........................................................................................................... 24

2. ng dng lm ph gia trong thc phm ................................................................ 24a. i tng ng dng ........................................................................................ 24

b. Cch hot ng ............................................................................................. 25

c. u , nhc im .............................................................................................. 26

d. Mt s cng trnh nghin cu.......................................................................... 27

3. Xu th pht trin .................................................................................................... 27

KT LUN ................................................................................................................... 28

TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................................ 28


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LI NI U

Ngy nay ph gia thc phm ngy cng c s dng rng ri, bt ki vi sn

xut mt sn phm thc phm no cng cn s dng ph gia nhm cc mc ch boqun, chng sm mu, chng oxi ha, to mu, bsung dinh dng..Trong vn bo qun ang l mi quan tm hng u ca cc cng ty thc phm, bi vic snxut ra mt sn phm t cht lng l khng kh,vic ko di tui th, thi gian sdng v bo qun mi l vn t ra cn gii quyt. l l do ph gia gia thc

phm dng bo qun ngy cng c pht trin, v cn phi kn chnh l ph giathc phm c bn cht l cht kh, chng c s dng bng hnh thc bm vo bao

b, ngn cn qu trnh sinh ha ca thc phm, gip tng cht lng v gi tr cm

quan cho sn phm. ng thi cng lm chm qu trnh oxy ha sn phm, gip thcphm c tui thlu hn v mang li nhiu li ch cho nh sn xut.

Hiu c tm quan trng , nhm chng em quyt nh tm hiu v vn ny hiu r hn v bn cht, c ch ca cc ph gia ny, c th l tm hiu vnhm ph gia cht kh gm Agon, Hydrogen, Nitrous Oxide.

Trong qu trnh thc hin tiu lun cn nhiu sai xt mong c gp cho bi tiulun ca nhm c hon thin hn, tt hn.


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A. HYDROGEN

Hydrogen l mt ph gia trong thc phm c ch s INS l 949, k hiu trong

bng danh mc cc loi ph gia l E949.

1.Gii thiu chung

a. Lch sNm 1766, Henry Cavendish l ngi u tin nhn ra kh hydrogen l mt cht

ri rc, t tn cho cc kh t mt phn ng axit kim loi "khng kh d chy".. ngsuy on rng "khng kh dchy c trong thc t ging ht bn cht gi thuyt

c gi l" nhin t"v tip tc tm kim vo nm 1781 .

Nm 1783, Antoine Lavoisier a ra ccyu t hydrogen khi ng v Laplace sao chpCavendish thy rng nc c sn xut khi hydroc t chy.

Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavendishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-acid_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-acid_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-acid_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-acid_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-acid_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-acid_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-acid_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlogiston_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlogiston_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlogiston_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlogiston_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal-acid_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavendish


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Nm 1806, Humphry Davy y mt dng in mnh thng qua nc tinhkhit.ng pht hin ra hydrogen v oxy c hnh thnh. Th nghim chng minhrng in c th ko cc cht ngoi vo cc yu t cu thnh ca chng. Davy nhn rarng nhng cht c lin kt vi nhau bi mt hin tng in, ng pht hinra bn cht tht ca s lin kt ha hc .

Hydrogen c ha lng ln u tin bi James Dewarvo nm 1898 .ng sn xut hydro rn nm sau .

Deuterium c pht hin vo thng 12 nm 1931 bi Harold Urey ,v tritium c chun b vo nm 1934 bi Ernest Rutherford , Mark Oliphant ,v Paul Harteck.

b. Cng thc cu to : H2H - H

c. Tnh cht ha - lTrnTri t hydrogen c rt t trong kh quyn (1 ppm theo th tch). Ngun

ch yu ca n l nc, bao gm hai phn hydrogen v mt phn oxy (H2O). Ccngun khc bao gm phn ln cc cht hu c (hin ti l mi dng ca c th sng),than, nhin liu ha thch v kh t nhin.

Trng lng phn t: 2,016 g / mol,

C 3 ng v: tritium , deuterium , protium

Khng mu, khng mi , khng v, khng c hi v rt d chy

im nng chy: - 259,2 C

Nhit si: - 252,8 C
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dewarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Ureyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherfordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Oliphanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Harteckhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_quy%E1%BB%83nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_quy%E1%BB%83nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_quy%E1%BB%83nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ppmhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_t%E1%BB%B1_nhi%C3%AAnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_t%E1%BB%B1_nhi%C3%AAnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_t%E1%BB%B1_nhi%C3%AAnhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=vi&langpair=en%7Cvi&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritium&usg=ALkJrhiIDYvH64xl_GiOZSJ1N0K9dRwMUQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=vi&langpair=en%7Cvi&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterium&usg=ALkJrhj2jchBdTH_ylg9GToRqSM2K3kexwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odorlesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odorlesshttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=vi&langpair=en%7Cvi&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterium&usg=ALkJrhj2jchBdTH_ylg9GToRqSM2K3kexwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=vi&langpair=en%7Cvi&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritium&usg=ALkJrhiIDYvH64xl_GiOZSJ1N0K9dRwMUQhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_t%E1%BB%B1_nhi%C3%AAnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ppmhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_quy%E1%BB%83nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5thttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Harteckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Oliphanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherfordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Ureyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dewarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen


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Hydrogen l hai nguyn t v nhhn nhiu so vi khng kh.

Bn knh ion: 0,208 (-1) nm ,

Tinh th hydro c cu trc lc gic

dn nhit : 0,1805 Wm1K1

tan trong nc nh

d. iu ch

Trong phng th nghim, hydrogen c iu ch bng phn ngca axt vikim loi, nhkmchng hn hoc in phn nc.

Zn + 2H + Zn2 + + H 2

2Al + 6 H 2 O + 2OH- 2Al (OH)4

- + 3H 2

2H2O 2H2 + O2

sn xut cng nghip c gi tr thng mi n c iu ch t kh thinnhin. in phn nc l bin php n gin nhng khng kinh t sn xut hnglot hydrogen. Cc nh khoa hc ang nghin cu tm ra nhng phng php iuch mi nh sn xut hydrogen sinh hcs dng qu trnh quang phn ly nc to

lc hayvic chuyn ha cc dn xut sinh hc nh glucose hay sorbitol nhit thpbng cc cht xc tc mi.

Hydrogen c th iu ch theo nhiu cch khc nhau: hi nc qua than (cacbon)nng , phn hy hydrocarbonbng nhit, phn ng ca ccbazmnh (kim) trongdung dch vi nhm, in phn nc hay kh t axt long vi mt kim loi (c khnng y hydrogen t axt) no .

Vic sn xut thng mi v cng nghip ca hydrogen thng thng l t kh tnhin c x l bng hi nc nng. nhit cao (700 -1.100 C), hi nc tcdng vi mtan sinh ra carbon monoxide v hydrogen.

CH4 + H2O CO + 3 H2in phn dung dch c mng ngn :

2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 + Cl2

Phn ng than C + H2O CO + H2

Lng hydrogen b sung c th thu c t carbon monoxide thng qua phnng nc-kh sau:

CO + H2O CO2 + H2
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_d%E1%BA%ABn_nhi%E1%BB%87thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_d%E1%BA%ABn_nhi%E1%BB%87thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_d%E1%BA%ABn_nhi%E1%BB%87thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_d%E1%BA%ABn_nhi%E1%BB%87thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_d%E1%BA%ABn_nhi%E1%BB%87thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_d%E1%BA%ABn_nhi%E1%BB%87thttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ax%C3%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BA%BDmhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BA%BDmhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BA%BDmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis_of_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis_of_waterhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_thi%C3%AAn_nhi%C3%AAnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_thi%C3%AAn_nhi%C3%AAnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_thi%C3%AAn_nhi%C3%AAnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hi%C4%91r%C3%B4_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hi%C4%91r%C3%B4_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hi%C4%91r%C3%B4_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorbitol&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=X%C3%BAc_t%C3%A1c&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacbonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C4%91r%C3%B4cacbonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz%C6%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz%C6%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz%C6%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B4mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B4mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B4mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baz%C6%A1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C4%91r%C3%B4cacbonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacbonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=X%C3%BAc_t%C3%A1c&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorbitol&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hi%C4%91r%C3%B4_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_thi%C3%AAn_nhi%C3%AAnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_thi%C3%AAn_nhi%C3%AAnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis_of_waterhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BA%BDmhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ax%C3%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99_d%E1%BA%ABn_nhi%E1%BB%87t


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2. ng dng trong thc phm

a. Mt s sn phm tiu biuHydrogen ch yu c s dng nh mt loi kh bao b c ch oxy trong thc

phm t c ch stng trng ca vi khun gy h hng thc phm v lm gimtc ca qu trnh oxy ha trong nhiu sn phm kh ng gi.

Ngoi ra hydrogen cn c dng hydro ha du thc vt qua phn ng hydroha. Cc sn phm tiu biu cho qu trnh ny nh l:

du thc vt (Hnh 2) snack ( Hnh 3) mng vt tht, c, gia cm macgarin ( Hnh 1) sn phm t sa mayonnaise ( Hnh 4)/ mn salad dressing nng sn phm sn phm khoai ty (khoai ty nghin ngay lp tc) Shortening( Hnh 5)

Hnh 1

Hnh 2 Hnh 3


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Hnh 4 Hnh 5

b. C ch

b.1. Trong sn phm kh ng giHydrogen c tc dng hn ch s tip xc ca oxy vi thc phm m y l

cc vi sinh vt v cc cht bo c trong thc phm (cht bo phn ng vi oxy ngayc khi thc phm c rt t cht bo), qua c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt,gimcc phn ng gia axit bo vi oxy v lm chm qu trnh i ha thc phm . Tuy

nhin qu trnh bo qun c tt nht ngi ta s dng kh hydrogen kt hp vimt s ph gia chng oxy ha lm chm qu trnh oxy ha, ko di tui th ca mtsn phm.

b.2.Trong phn ng hydro ha:Phn ng hydro ha c dng trong cng nghip ch bin du m.

* Hydro ha du nhm 2 mc ch chnh:

Gip du c th ko di thi gian tn tr , gim khnng oxy ha ca oxy

khng kh. Do du sau khi hydro ha sn nh hn, bo qun dhn vthi gian bo qun ko di hn.

To iu kin cho qu trnh ch bin cc sn phm khc nh snack ,

* Phnng:

Phn ng hydro ha l qu trnh thm cc nguyn t hydro vo cc ni itrong cc axit bo khng no to thnh cc axit bo no . Khi kt hp hydro voni i ca axit bo s lm du thc vt trnn ging cht bo ng vt ngha l

du t trng thi lng s chuyn sang trng thi rn hoc trung gian gia lng vrn.


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Ty thuc vo mc hydro ho m ngi ta thu c cc loi du cim ng c khc nhau, thng thng c cc loi ch yu nh: 380C, 450C,520C, 600C v loi hydro ha n cng.

* Cc yu tnh hngThi gian: Thi gian hydro ha c nh hng ch yu n qu trnh ha

rn ca sn phm; vic thay i thi gian l nguyn nhn to ra cc sn phm cmc ha rn khc nhau (hnh). Ngoi ra, s khc bit v thi gian cng l nguynnhn gip qu trnh phn tch cc thnh phn axit bo trit hn.

Nhit : Qu trnh hydro ha ph thuc ch yu vo nhit : tc phnng gia tng t l vi sgia tng nhit . Nhit phn ng tng cn l nguynnhn lm tng khnng ha tan ca hydrogen v gim nht ca du, gip ci

thin qu trnh truyn khi: cc phn t axit bo khng no d dng lin kt vihydro lm tng nhanh tc phn ng.

iu kin p sut: Chim u th hn so vi nh hng ca nhit Sgia tng p sut gp i lm tng khnng ha tan ca c cht n 60%.

nh hng ca cht xc tc: Nng cht xc tc l mt trong nhng thamsnh hng n tc phn ng hydro ha du. Vic xc nh nng ti uca cht xc tc chu tc ng ca nhiu tham s phn ng khc: nhit , p

sut v c bit l tc khuy trn.* Kt qu

Du lng sau khi hydro ha s trnn rn hn v c nhit tan chy caohn.

Du lng sau khi hydro ha s gim t laxit bo cha no cha nhiu nii trong thnh phn du.

*u v nhc im ca qu tr nh hydr o ha

u im

C th sn xut du nhiu hn vi chi ph thp hn so vi sn xut thngqua cc phng php tip cn khc. Cc loi du hydro ha cng rhn so vithay th, v d, du da hoc b l t hn so vi b thc vt. Mt sng dngcng c, c bit l lm bnh, i hi cc loi du hydro ha v khng th ddng c thay th bng cc loi du thc vt dng lng. Ni chung n gip nhsn xut nng cao nng sut v tit kim thi gian, chi ph sn xut.


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Sn phm hydro ha c thi hn s dng, bo qun lu hn v n n nhhng v, cht lng ca sn phm. N lm cho vn chuyn cc sn phm ncc a im xa c tnh khthi hnv do cc sn phm c th c sn cho ttc mi ngi. Cc sn phm c t c khnng c i v iu ny l quan trng i

vi ngi tiu dng.N cng lm cho n khng cn thit trong t lnh cc snphm trong mt thi gian di hn.

Cc loi du hydro ha c s dng trong cc ca hng v nh hng thcn nhanh bi v h cho thc phm mt hng v v kt cu phong ph v c thc ti s dng trong thng mi khoai ty chin. Nu n vi cc loi duhydro ha lm cho thc phm nh khoai ty chin hoc g cm, gin.N cnglm sng mu sc ca du v cho php chin nhit cao. V d, du u nnhc s dng nu n v rau trn hydro ha mt phn ci thin hng v

ca n m khng thay i thnh phn ha hc ca n.

i l hng v kh chu hoc mi phn hy mhoc du v xy ra ch yutrong cc loi du khng bo ha. Loi du ny l d b i v thnh phn ha hcm lm cho n d b h hng khi tip xc vi oxy thng .Chng hn nh axitlinolenic c loi bdo ngn nga hu ht cc b i oxy ha m nu khngc th xy ra c bit l sau khi du c s dng chin. Hydro ha ngnchn i bng cch loi b oxy v thm hydrogen cc ni i ca axit bo khngno.

Hydro ha c th thay i tnh cht vt l ca du bng cch chuyn i tmt cht lng vo cht bo nha, na rn, cht ch tng t nh b hoc m lntrong kt cu, ph hp s dng trong vic a ra b thc vt hoc b. Qua n lm tng tui th ca cc loi thc phm.

Nhc im

N lm gim hm lng axit linoleic thit yu trong du u nnh, to ranhiu loi ng phn axit bo c nh hng khng tt n sc khe ngi tiu

dng v khng c trong tnhin nh cis ,trans.

Cc nghin cu khc ch ra rng cht bo trans:

Nng cao t l cholesterol xu (LDL) trong c th v lm gimcholesterol tt (HDL)

Tng cht bo trung tnh Tng gp i nguy c au tim Cn tr vic gii c gan Tng quan vi tuyn tin lit tng v ung th v Cn tr chc nng insulin Cn tr sinh sn ng vt


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Lm tng nguy c ca bnh tiu ngCht bo dng transc tm thy trong mt lot cc loi thc phm ch

bin t r rng (chin thc phm, b thc vt, bnh nng, shortening) n btng (bnh m, bnh quy, bnh snack, trn salad, n nh, ng cc, ba n nglnh ,)

Xut hin mt s hng v v mi khng mong mun (gi l "hng vcng "n c to ra bi mt lng nh ca andehit, c bit l 6 - trans nonenalc hnh thnh bi qu trnh oxy ha nhng n sc loi b trong qu trnhkhmi sau ) v c th li du vt ca cht xc tc trong du hydro ha .

c. u v nhc imHydrogen s dng trong thc phm c rt nhiu u im v hu nh khng ccnhc im, tc dng phkhc nn trong hm lng hydrogen trong thc phm khngc quy nh c th hay l c s dng ty theo sn phm, nh sn xut. u imca hydrogen l r tin, diu ch v an ton cho thc phm, ngi tiu dng.

d. c tnhNguy hi ch yu cho sc khe l gy kh th.

Khi ht phi qu nhiu s c cc triu chng bun nn, kh th, nhp tim btthng, au u, mt mi, chng mt, mt phng hng, thay i tm trng, cmgic nga ran, mt phi hp, nght th, co git. Nng c th bt tnh, hn m.

Bin php s cu: nu hiu ng bt li xy ra, di chuyn n khu vc khng b nhim. H hp nhn to nu khng th. Nu thkh, oxy nn c qun l bi ccnhn vin c trnh . V nhn ngay lp tc schm sc y t.

ng thi hydrogen l mt cht kh d bt chy, n chy khi mt ch c 4%.N c phn ng cc mnh vi clo v flo, to thnh cc axit hidrohalic c th gy tnthng cho phi v cc b phn khc ca c th. Khi trn vi oxy, hydrogen n khi

bt la. Hydrogen cng c th nkhi c dng in i qua.

V vy cn phi bit cch bo qun v phng trnh khng xy ra chy n.


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3. Xu hng pht trin

Hydrogen ngy cng c s dng trong cc lnh vc bao gm: trong sn xutamoniac, ethanol clorua hydro v bromide hydro, cc hydro ha du thc vt,

hydrocracking, hydroforming v hydrofining xng du; nguyn t-hydrogen hn; c-mang kh cu; nhin liu trong tn la, v ng lnh nghin cu. Hai ng v nng,deuterium (D) v tritium (T), c s dng tng ng phn hch v nhit hch htnhn. Cng c s dng trong cc t bo nhin liu cho xe t in v my mc,thit bin khc


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B. NITROUS OXIDE

1. Gii thiu

a. Lch s s dng nitrousoxide (N2O)Nm 1794, Thomas Beddoes v James Watt lm vic vi nhau xut bn

cc cun sch cn nhc v vic s dng N2O trong lnh vc y t v sn xut ca nhnto irs.Cun sch ny l quan trng v hai l do. u tin, James Watt pht minhra mt my mi sn xut "irs nhn to" (tc l nit oxit) v mt "dng c th"

mi ht kh. Th hai, cun sch cng trnh by cc l thuyt y khoa mi caThomas Beddoes, bnh lao v cc bnh phi khc c th c iu tr bng cch ht"irs nhn to".

Thomas Beddoes

Pht hin ca Davy ht phi kh thi N2O lm cho ta mt cm gic au, 44 nmna tri qua trc khi cc bc s c gng s dng n gy m. Vic s dng nitoxit nh l mt loi thuc gii tr "bn kh ci", ch yu l sp xp cho tng lpthng lu nh, tr thnh mt thnh cng ngay lp tc bt u vo nm 1799.Trong khi nhng nh hng ca kh thng lm cho ngi dng cm thy m mngv thuc an thn, mt s ngi cng "c c ting ci khc khch" trong trng thihng phn, v thng xuyn, phun ra trong ting ci.

Ngy 11/12/1844 ln u tin nit oxit c s dng nh mt loi thuc gy mtrong vic iu tr ca bnh nhn l khi nha s Horace Wells, vi s h tr ca GardnerQuincy Colton v John Mankey Riggs th hin s v cm v cm gic au


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Nitrous Oxide (N2O) mi c thit k nh l mt ph gia thc phm NhtBn nh mt cht n y v cht to bt ca cc loi bnh phun kem ti v simulantsthc phm ca n. N2O c s dng ti hn 30 quc gia bao gm M v cc ncchu u nh l mt ph gia thc phm cho nhiu loi thc phm.

S an ton ca N2O c nh gi bng JECF v y ban n ton Thc phmNht Bn, v kt lunrng DI khng nn c yu cu bi v mc c tnh thpN2O c ng k trong dc in Nht Bn, c s dng nh l mt cht gym qua ng h hp, trong hn 40 nm.

b. Cng thc cu toNitruosoxide c sINS 942; DI CQ

c. Tnh cht ha - lCng thc phn t: N2O

Phn tlng: 44.013 (gam/mol)

Nitrous Oxide N2Ol cht kh gy m khng mu vi mi v ngt nh v nnghn khng kh 1.5 ln.

Kh Nitrous Oxide khng chy nhng c tnh Oxy ha v khuyn khch cc cht

chy, n khng duy tr s sng v c th gy ngt do thay th khng kh.

Kh Nitrous Oxide c np trong cc bnh thp dng kh ha lng vi p sut

bay hi 54.2 Bar nhit 21oC.
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ng dng: l loi kh gim au, kh Nitrous Oxide thng c s dng vi cckh khc thnh hn hp (V d N2O 50%/O2 50%) hoc nguyn cht dng gy m.ng thi kh ny cn c s dng lm phu thut Cryo (lnh su), dng lm phgia thc phm.

c tnh:Cc nguy c chnh: Kch thch s chy rt mnh, gy ngt nhanh chng;

Khnng gy chy: tnh Oxy ha cao

Mi: ngt nh

Dung tch ring 200C: 0.54 M3/Kg

T trng ring (Khng kh = 1) 200C: 1.53

Ha tan

Khnng ha tan ca nitrousoxide trong mt s cht:Trong nc, trong rau qu,trong sucrose solutionrong sodium chloride solution, trong ethanol solution, trong

propylene glycol

d. Cc ngun nitrousoxide

d.1.Ngun nitrousoxide trong tnhin

Trong khng kh nitrousoxide (N2O) chim khong 0.00003%.

Chn nui sc vt lm tht l ngun thn kh, v l ngun kh methan vnitrous oxide ln nht duy nht. Lnh vc chn nui to ra 9% lng thn kh, 65%lng nitrous oxide, v 37% lng methan t nhng hot ng lin quan n conngi.C hai loi kh methan (20 ln) v nitrous oxide (296 ln) l kh thi gy hiung nh knh nguy him hn thn kh.Sc vt cng to nn 64% kh amoniac, gp

phn cho hin tng ma a-xt.

d.2. iu chNit oxit thng c chun b bng cch nung nng cn thn ca amoni nitrat,

phn hy thnh nit oxit v hi nc .

NH4NO3 (s) 2 H2O (k) + N2O (g)

Cc qu trnh oxy ha trc tip ammoniac:

2 NH3 + 2 O2 N2O + 3 H2O

Nit oxit c thc thc hin bng cch nung nng mt gii php ca Acid

Sulfamic v axit nitric.


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HNO3 + NH2SO3H N2O + H2SO4 + H2O

Hydroxylammonium clorua c th phn ng vi natri nitrit sn xut N2Ocng:

NH3OH + Cl-+ NaNO2 N2O + NaCl + 2 H2O

Nu nitrite c thm vo cc gii php hydroxylamine, ch cn li sn phmphl nc mn.Tuy nhin, nu cc gii php hydroxylamine c thm vo cc giiphp nitrite (nitrite l vt qu), sau c hi oxit nit cao hn cng c hnhthnh. Ngoi ra, HNO3 c thc gim N2O SnCl2 v hn hp HCl:

2 HNO3 +8 HCl + 4 SnCl2 5 H2O + 4 SnCl4 + N2O

2.ng dng ca nitrousoxide trong thc phma.ng dng

Nitrousoxide ha hi nhit -890 C, ha hi thp nn c dng lmcht ti nhit bo quan thc phm. N2O dng lng lm lnhcc nhanh cc mthng thc phm.

N2O c s dng trong cc lnh vc y hc dng lm cht gy m, tn la, giitr v ua xe. Trong lnh vc thc phm: c s dng vi vai tr l cht ph gia.

Ngi ta dng n vi cc tc dng: Nhin liu y bao b, cht chng oxi ha, to bt.Nhin liu y, bao b: nitrousoxide nh mt nhin liu y phun aerosol.

b. Mt s sn phm tiu biu

Khoai ty chin


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Kem

c. C ch:c.1. Trong sn phm kh ng gi:

N2O l kh tr, n c lp y cc khong trng trong thc phm thay thoxy, c ch s pht trin ca vi khun.

V vy, vi sinh vt hiu kh khng c oxy thc hin qu trnh h hp, vi sinhvt ngng pht trin nn hn ch c s h hng ca thc phm gy bi vi sinh vt

S dng ph bin nht ca n trong lc ny l bnh thuc xt nu nthnh phn

ca n l N2O thnh phm. Ta dng n phun vo thc phmc ch s pht trinca vi khunhoc dng khi bao gi khoai ty chin v n nhanh khc.

c.2.To btTrong lnh vc cc sn phm sa, kh c s dng nh l mt cht to bt hoc

pha trn

Kem c cha t nht 36% lng cht bo sa. Khi nh, cht bo to thnh mtcu trc bt cha cc ti nh ca khng kh.Cc nh khoa hc thc phm gi l nhng

"cht bo n nh bt kh.Di tc ng c hc th lm cho thc phm b xo trn khi kh nitrousoxide s len li vo cc ti khng kh v th thc phm c kch thtv khi lng ln hn nguyn liu ban u.

Vi tc dng ny thN2O c s dng trong sn xut kem.

N2O l cht kh v cng ha tan trong cc hp cht bo.Cc sn phm kem chm lng cht bo cao nn ngi ta cho kh N2O vo n tng khi lng cng nhkch tht ca sn phm. Khi ta phun kh N2O vo sn phm kem th kh ny s hatan vo cht bo trong kem, n trng thi v do to ra bt. c s dng cch ny

s sn xut kem c khi lng gp 4 ln khi lng ca nguyn liu ban u. Trong


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khi nh khng kh vo kem th khi lng ch tng 2 ln m cht lng sn phmkem khng bo c lu v oxy khng kh s y nhanh i ca cc cht bo ca sa.

Nu dngN2O c ch s xung cp .Carbon dioxide khng c th c s dng chokem bi v n c tnh axit trong nc, trong s b ng li kem v cho n mt

seltzer ging nh cm gic 'lp lnh'.

Bn trong kem c th kem nng v hn hp kh N 2O di p lc. Cc N2O thmqua kem, ha tan vo cht bo trong sa. Khi tadng ngn tay nhn vo n th c

mtphnlc tc ng tr li vo ngn tay ca ta.

Hiu qu ca tc dng ny ph thuc vo hm lng cht bo c trong sa. Hmlng cht bo trong sa cang cao th kh nng hp thu cng nhiu. iu g s xy rakhi ta thay kh nitrousoxide bng mt loi kh khc hoc gim hm lng cht botrong sa xung.

Khi bn lm mt bnh kem bng cch s dng mt loi kh khc th sn phmca ta khng c trng n v xp ch to ra mt lp sa dy c. y l nhng g

bn nhn thy trn mt bnh kem lukhi N2Obin mt.Nu khng c nittora si kem, n ch l mt bn dy.


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Tng t nh vy, nu bn s dng mt loi kem t bo (15% cht bo) hocsa nguyn cht (3% cht bo)) s c t nit ha tan v do kt qu l t bt

Vn duy nht l, n khng n nh v s chuyn thnh trng thi lng sau 30n 60 pht.V vy, ngi ta dng n trong cc loi kem n lin th mi c hiu qu.

c.3.Chng oxi haQu trnh oxi ha xy ra trong sn phm thc phm l phn ng ca thnh phn

thc phm vi oxi, nc, cc gc t do,...

C ch chng oxi ha ca nitrousoxide: Nitrousoxide l mt kh tr nn n skhng tham gia vo cc phn ng ha hc. N c pha trn vi cc kh khc cho vo

bao b thc phm. Di s c mt ca n lm gim hot ca O2, H2O,... V vy, qutrnh oxi ha ca cc thnh phn thc phm gim.

Nitrousoxide pha trn vi kh O2 v CO2 c s dng trong cc xe ti vnchuyn v ng gi tmosphere thay i (MP) ko di thi hn s dng ca thc

phm ng gi bng cch ngn chn qu trnh oxy ha, nm mc, ph hoi ca cntrng.

Khi cc cht nh du thc vt v cc loi ru vang c lu tr, cc thuc tnhtr nit c th c s dng bo v chng li lm gim cht lng ca qu trnhoxy ha bng cch trc xut bt k khng kh b cun theo trong cht lng v bo v

cht lng trong b lu tr bng cch in hi khng gian

d. c tnhNitrousoxide l mt ph gia an ton.S an ton ca N2O c nh gi bng

JECF v y ban n ton Thc phm Nht Bn, v kt lun rng DI khng nnc yu cu bi v mc c tnh thp N2O c ng k trong dc in NhtBn.DI khng gii hn.

e. u v nhc imN2O l ph gia c xem an ton nn khng lo ngi g v cho ngi s dng khi

n thc hin ch nng ph gia. Khng c tc dng ph.

Hiu qu cao trong vic ng dng to bt, chng oxy ha.

Ngun cung cp di do: c th iu ch trong phng th nghim hoc trong cngnghip nn c th sn xut ra lng ln, gi thnh r.


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C. KH AGON

1. Gii thiu chung

a.Lch sAgon (ting Hy Lpargosc ngha l "khng hot ng") c Henry

Cavendish cho l tn ti trong khng kh t nm 1785 nhng ch c LordRayleigh (John William Strutt, nam tc i 3ca Rayleigh) v William Ramsayphthin chnh thc t nm 1894.

Lord Rayleigh William Ramsay

b.Tnh cht vt lKh Agon l kh him khng mi, khng mu v khng c.N nng gp 1,5 ln

khng kh.Nhit nng chy : 189,35 C, nhit si : 185,85 C

Agon ha tan trongncnhiu gp 2,5 lnnitv xp x ha tan ca xy.

Quang ph vch ca kh gon

c. Cu to ha hc- Agonl mtnguyn t ha hctrongbng tun hon. N c k hiu Arvs

nguyn tbng 18. Lkh himth ba trong nhm VIII, Agon chim khong
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0,934%kh quyn Tri t, iu ny lm cho n tr thnh kh him ph binnht trnTri t.

- Cu to phn t c 8 e lp ngoi cng, trng thi bn vng nn tr, kh phnng.

- Cu hnh electron:[Ne]3s23p6

- Khi lng phn t : 39.948

d.iu chNgy nay kh argon c iu ch ch yu bng phng php ngng t khng

kh nhit thp v sao tch argon khi oxi v nito. Ngoi ra c thiu chargon t cc sn phm ca nh my luyn kim en, hoc kh thi trong qu trnh snxut NH3.

rgon sau iu chc phn loi theo 2 cp tinh khit: Loi thng thng:t lrgon t t 99,99% trln; loi c sch cao Argon chim t 99,999%.

2. ng dng lm ph gia trong thc phm

Da vo tnh cht c trng ca kh gon l tr m n c s dng rng ri trong

cc ngnh cng ngh luyn kim, hn tin..Ring trong thc phm kh Agon lph gia bo qun, c ch s INS l 938, k hiu trong bng danh mc cc loi phgia l E938.

a.i tng ng dngKh gon c s dng bm vo cc loi bao b nhm mc ch bo qun cc

sn phm chng li s oxi ha do tc nhn oxi, vi sinh vt hoc cc enzym oxi ha gyra nh:

S phn b e trn v nguyn t AgonS phn b e trn v nguyn t Agon Cu trc tinh th : lp phng tm mt
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Ru vang hp

Khoai ty chinv rt nhiu sn phm thc phm cng nghip, c thi gian bo qun v s dng trongthi gian lu

b.C ch hot ngC ch chung ca kh gon khi c s dng lm ph gia trong thc phm l

dng bo qun, gon l kh tr nn khng phn ng vi cc thnh phn trong snphm, khng l mi trng sng ca VSV nn hn ch ti thiu s tc dng ca VSVn thc phm trong qu trnh bo qun khi dng bao b c cha kh gon, ng thingn cn s tip xc ca thc phm vi oxi trnh qu trnh oxi ha lm h hng ccsn phm thc phm.

* Sn phm ru vang

Sau khi ru c rt vo chai, kh Agon sc bm vo khong khng cn li

v sau l ng nt bo qun, do tnh cht nng hn khng kh nn kh gon ddng chim hon ton th tch khong khng trong chai, y ht khng kh c cha oxi


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ra ngoi, to ra mt ro cn gia oxy v b mt ru lm cho ru khng tip xcc vi oxi, trnh qu trnh lm dm ru, gy chua, gim cht lng sn phm. c

bit l gon tr nn khng phn ng vi thnh phn trong ru, m bo hng thmca ru c bo qun bn lu.

Qu trnh dm ru l phn ng oxi ha ru, trong ru b oxi ha theo 3mc phn ng to thnh aldehyde, acid hu cv oxi ha hon ton ( t chy ) thnhCO2 v H2O. Trong trng hp ny, ru phn ng vi oxi to ra cc acid hu c gygim, lm cho ru bchua,ng thi to ra cc aldehyde lm nh hng sc khengi s dng, lm gim gi tr cm quan v c cht lng ru.

Mc 1

CH3-CH2-OH + CuO -> CH3-CHO + Cu + H2O

Mc 2CH3-CH2-OH + O2 -> CH3-COOH + H2O

Mc 3

C2H5OH + 3 O2 -> 2 CO2 + 3 H2O

* Khoai ty chin

Trong khoai ty chin, qu trnh oxi ha ch yu xy ra i vi lng du thmtrong khoai ty, cc acid bo trong du b ct nh v oxi ha thnh cc hp cht

adehyl, thnh acid, gy ra mi hi thng gi l b hi du, lm cho khoai ty chinkhng gic gin v mu sc ti, thay vo l sn phm b mm ra, km muv b i.

Khi s dng bao b c cha kh Agon th vic sn phm tip xc vi oxi ckim sot, t cht lng sn phm sc m bo, thi gian bo qun c th luhn.

Qu trnh oxi ha du :R-COOH + O2 -> R

*-CHO + R**

R-COOH + O2 -> R*

-COOH.ng thi kh gon dy c hn cc loi kh khc nn gi cho thc phm trnh

c sva p trong qu trnh vn chuyn, trnh bin dng sn phm.

c. u , nhc im- Kh gon tr v mt ha hc, khng phn ng vi cc cht trong thc

phm nn khng nh hng n cht lng sn phm.

- An ton khng gy hi n sc khe ngi tiu dung nn khng c ctnh
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- Cht lng bo qun cao v hiu quhn cc loi kh thong dng.- Nhc im v l kh him nn slng t, gi ct.

d.Mt s cng trnh nghin cuCc nh khoa hc lm vic cho Safeway chng minh bng cch s dng khgon thay v nit ph bin hn trong bao b, thc phm c gi ti lu hn v cithin cht lng ca n, khoai ty chin gin, tht ch bin v rau dip tng 25%tuith, pizza ln n 50%.

Nhm nghin cu tm thy rng bng cch s dng gon thay v oxy nit oxic loi b hiu quhn. Agon l dy c hn v lp y khng gian xung quanhthc phm hon ton.

Tin s Kevin Spencer, c vn khoa hc cho Safeway, cho bit: "Ti bt k thiim c a ra, khoai ty chin gin c ng gi theo cch ca chng ti tt hn

so vi khoai ty chin gin c ng gi bng cch s dng cc phng php tiuchun."

Tin s Spencer, ngi trnh by pht hin ca mnh ti mt cuc hp caHip hi Ha hc M Chicago,ni rng : Agon dng lm bao b khhiu qu hnnit gp 4 ln.N cng ci thin an ton thc phm.

3. Xu th pht trinXt v hiu qu khi s dng, kh gon em li hiu qu gp 4 ln so vi vic s

dng kh Nit v cc loi kh khc vn thng dng.Xt v kinh t, v l kh him nn gi c snh hng n s quyt nh u t

sn xut ca cc cng ty thc phm. Nhng v lu di th kh Agon s l la chn ltng trong vic bo qun thc phm, nhm nng cao cht lng v ko di tui thca thc phm.


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KT LUN

Vi tt c nhng ni dung trn cung cp cho chng ta mt phn no bctranh ton cnh v ph gia kh, nhng cht ang, sv c s dng rtnhiu trong ch bin v bo qun thc phm ni ring v trong ngnh cngnghip ph gia thc phm ni chung. a ra nhng thng tin cn thit, nhngtc dng, li ch v c nhng tc hi, c th s dng mt cch hp l hntrong ng dng thc tin to ra nhng sn phm phc v cho nhu cu ngycng cao ca con ngi-x hi, ng thi trnh nhng tc hi khng mong muntrong qu trnh s dng.


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TI LIU THAM KHO

1.http://www.ehow.com/info_7985128_uses-hydrogen-gas.html

2.http://www.ehow.com/list_7432622_commercial-uses-hydrogen.html

3.http://www.ehow.com/about_5386775_uses-hydrogen.html

4.http://www.ehow.com/how-does_5311451_process-hydrogenation.html

5.http://www.ehow.com/list_7168465_foods-contain-hydrogenated-oils_.html

6.http://www.ehow.com/info_8601950_advantages-hydrogenation.html

7.http://www.hydrogenappliances.com/hydrogengeneration.html

8.http://www.school-for-champions.com/chemistry/hydrogen_uses.htm

9.http://www.naturalpedia.com/hydrogen_gas.html

10.http://www.justsayn2o.com/

11.http://www.befoodsmart.com/ingredients/partially-hydrogenated-oil.php

12.

http://www.befoodsmart.com/query-result.php?field=a

13.http://www.grokfood.com/ins/f34.htm

14.http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/fattyacids2.html

15.http://www.codexalimentarius.net/gsfaonline/additives/details.html?id=18

16.http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mlt50588.pdf

17.http://translate.google.com.vn/translate?hl=vi&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http%3A%2

F%2Flipidlibrary.aocs.org%2Fprocessing%2Fhydrog-mech%2Findex.htm

18.https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/sanco_foods/main/?event=substances.search&s

ubstances.pagination=6

19.http://translate.google.com.vn/translate?hl=vi&langpair=en%7Cvi&u=http://

www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/hydrogenation1.php

20.http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=vi&langpair

=en%7Cvi&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&u=http://www.fao.org/food/food-safety-

quality/scientific-advice/jecfa/jecfa-additives/en/&usg=ALkJrhj7-NwOYmTqv7X0YODfTqWsWe_F0A
http://www.ehow.com/info_7985128_uses-hydrogen-gas.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/info_7985128_uses-hydrogen-gas.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/list_7432622_commercial-uses-hydrogen.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/list_7432622_commercial-uses-hydrogen.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/about_5386775_uses-hydrogen.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/about_5386775_uses-hydrogen.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/how-does_5311451_process-hydrogenation.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/how-does_5311451_process-hydrogenation.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/list_7168465_foods-contain-hydrogenated-oils_.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/list_7168465_foods-contain-hydrogenated-oils_.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/info_8601950_advantages-hydrogenation.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/info_8601950_advantages-hydrogenation.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/info_8601950_advantages-hydrogenation.htmlhttp://www.hydrogenappliances.com/hydrogengeneration.htmlhttp://www.hydrogenappliances.com/hydrogengeneration.htmlhttp://www.school-for-champions.com/chemistry/hydrogen_uses.htmhttp://www.school-for-champions.com/chemistry/hydrogen_uses.htmhttp://www.naturalpedia.com/hydrogen_gas.htmlhttp://www.naturalpedia.com/hydrogen_gas.htmlhttp://www.justsayn2o.com/http://www.justsayn2o.com/http://www.befoodsmart.com/ingredients/partially-hydrogenated-oil.phphttp://www.befoodsmart.com/ingredients/partially-hydrogenated-oil.phphttp://www.befoodsmart.com/query-result.php?field=ahttp://www.befoodsmart.com/query-result.php?field=ahttp://www.grokfood.com/ins/f34.htmhttp://www.grokfood.com/ins/f34.htmhttp://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/fattyacids2.htmlhttp://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/fattyacids2.htmlhttp://www.codexalimentarius.net/gsfaonline/additives/details.html?id=18http://www.codexalimentarius.net/gsfaonline/additives/details.html?id=18http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mlt50588.pdfhttp://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mlt50588.pdfhttp://translate.google.com.vn/translate?hl=vi&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http%3A%2F%2Flipidlibrary.aocs.org%2Fprocessing%2Fhydrog-mech%2Findex.htmhttp://translate.google.com.vn/translate?hl=vi&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http%3A%2F%2Flipidlibrary.aocs.org%2Fprocessing%2Fhydrog-mech%2Findex.htmhttp://translate.google.com.vn/translate?hl=vi&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http%3A%2F%2Flipidlibrary.aocs.org%2Fprocessing%2Fhydrog-mech%2Findex.htmhttps://webgate.ec.europa.eu/sanco_foods/main/?event=substances.search&substances.pagination=6https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/sanco_foods/main/?event=substances.search&substances.pagination=6https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/sanco_foods/main/?event=substances.search&substances.pagination=6http://translate.google.com.vn/translate?hl=vi&langpair=en%7Cvi&u=http://www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/hydrogenation1.phphttp://translate.google.com.vn/translate?hl=vi&langpair=en%7Cvi&u=http://www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/hydrogenation1.phphttp://translate.google.com.vn/translate?hl=vi&langpair=en%7Cvi&u=http://www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/hydrogenation1.phphttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=vi&langpair=en%7Cvi&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&u=http://www.fao.org/food/food-safety-quality/scientific-advice/jecfa/jecfa-additives/en/&usg=ALkJrhj7-NwOYmTqv7X0YODfTqWsWe_F0Ahttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=vi&langpair=en%7Cvi&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&u=http://www.fao.org/food/food-safety-quality/scientific-advice/jecfa/jecfa-additives/en/&usg=ALkJrhj7-NwOYmTqv7X0YODfTqWsWe_F0Ahttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=vi&langpair=en%7Cvi&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&u=http://www.fao.org/food/food-safety-quality/scientific-advice/jecfa/jecfa-additives/en/&usg=ALkJrhj7-NwOYmTqv7X0YODfTqWsWe_F0Ahttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=vi&langpair=en%7Cvi&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&u=http://www.fao.org/food/food-safety-quality/scientific-advice/jecfa/jecfa-additives/en/&usg=ALkJrhj7-NwOYmTqv7X0YODfTqWsWe_F0Ahttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=vi&langpair=en%7Cvi&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&u=http://www.fao.org/food/food-safety-quality/scientific-advice/jecfa/jecfa-additives/en/&usg=ALkJrhj7-NwOYmTqv7X0YODfTqWsWe_F0Ahttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=vi&langpair=en%7Cvi&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&u=http://www.fao.org/food/food-safety-quality/scientific-advice/jecfa/jecfa-additives/en/&usg=ALkJrhj7-NwOYmTqv7X0YODfTqWsWe_F0Ahttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=vi&langpair=en%7Cvi&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&u=http://www.fao.org/food/food-safety-quality/scientific-advice/jecfa/jecfa-additives/en/&usg=ALkJrhj7-NwOYmTqv7X0YODfTqWsWe_F0Ahttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=vi&langpair=en%7Cvi&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&u=http://www.fao.org/food/food-safety-quality/scientific-advice/jecfa/jecfa-additives/en/&usg=ALkJrhj7-NwOYmTqv7X0YODfTqWsWe_F0Ahttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=vi&langpair=en%7Cvi&rurl=translate.google.com.vn&u=http://www.fao.org/food/food-safety-quality/scientific-advice/jecfa/jecfa-additives/en/&usg=ALkJrhj7-NwOYmTqv7X0YODfTqWsWe_F0Ahttp://translate.google.com.vn/translate?hl=vi&langpair=en%7Cvi&u=http://www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/hydrogenation1.phphttp://translate.google.com.vn/translate?hl=vi&langpair=en%7Cvi&u=http://www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/hydrogenation1.phphttps://webgate.ec.europa.eu/sanco_foods/main/?event=substances.search&substances.pagination=6https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/sanco_foods/main/?event=substances.search&substances.pagination=6http://translate.google.com.vn/translate?hl=vi&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http%3A%2F%2Flipidlibrary.aocs.org%2Fprocessing%2Fhydrog-mech%2Findex.htmhttp://translate.google.com.vn/translate?hl=vi&sl=en&tl=vi&u=http%3A%2F%2Flipidlibrary.aocs.org%2Fprocessing%2Fhydrog-mech%2Findex.htmhttp://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mlt50588.pdfhttp://www.codexalimentarius.net/gsfaonline/additives/details.html?id=18http://www.scientificpsychic.com/fitness/fattyacids2.htmlhttp://www.grokfood.com/ins/f34.htmhttp://www.befoodsmart.com/query-result.php?field=ahttp://www.befoodsmart.com/ingredients/partially-hydrogenated-oil.phphttp://www.justsayn2o.com/http://www.naturalpedia.com/hydrogen_gas.htmlhttp://www.school-for-champions.com/chemistry/hydrogen_uses.htmhttp://www.hydrogenappliances.com/hydrogengeneration.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/info_8601950_advantages-hydrogenation.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/list_7168465_foods-contain-hydrogenated-oils_.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/how-does_5311451_process-hydrogenation.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/about_5386775_uses-hydrogen.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/list_7432622_commercial-uses-hydrogen.htmlhttp://www.ehow.com/info_7985128_uses-hydrogen-gas.html


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21.http://www.understandingfoodadditives.org/pages/Ch6E900Frameset.htm

22.http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1338610/Packaging-with-argon-

helps-keep-food-fresh.html

23.http://www.sixwise.com/newsletters/06/02/08/what_exactly_does_it_mean_wh

en_foods_are_hydrogenated_and_what_risks_can_it_pose.htm

24.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide

25. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon

26.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen
http://www.understandingfoodadditives.org/pages/Ch6E900Frameset.htmhttp://www.understandingfoodadditives.org/pages/Ch6E900Frameset.htmhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1338610/Packaging-with-argon-helps-keep-food-fresh.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1338610/Packaging-with-argon-helps-keep-food-fresh.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1338610/Packaging-with-argon-helps-keep-food-fresh.htmlhttp://www.sixwise.com/newsletters/06/02/08/what_exactly_does_it_mean_when_foods_are_hydrogenated_and_what_risks_can_it_pose.htmhttp://www.sixwise.com/newsletters/06/02/08/what_exactly_does_it_mean_when_foods_are_hydrogenated_and_what_risks_can_it_pose.htmhttp://www.sixwise.com/newsletters/06/02/08/what_exactly_does_it_mean_when_foods_are_hydrogenated_and_what_risks_can_it_pose.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxidehttp://www.sixwise.com/newsletters/06/02/08/what_exactly_does_it_mean_when_foods_are_hydrogenated_and_what_risks_can_it_pose.htmhttp://www.sixwise.com/newsletters/06/02/08/what_exactly_does_it_mean_when_foods_are_hydrogenated_and_what_risks_can_it_pose.htmhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1338610/Packaging-with-argon-helps-keep-food-fresh.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1338610/Packaging-with-argon-helps-keep-food-fresh.htmlhttp://www.understandingfoodadditives.org/pages/Ch6E900Frameset.htm

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